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The single line diagram of a power system is shown in the Fig. 4.16. The line impedances in pu are
Bus ] matrix formulation is explained as given below:
also given. The step-by-step procedure for [Z
Figure 4.16: Single Line Diagram of the Power System for the example
Preliminary Step: The graph of the network and a tree is shown in Fig. 4.17. Elements 1,2,4
and 5 are the tree branches while 3, 6 and 7 are the links.
Bus ] matrix is
The resulting [Z
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
0
Bus = (1) [ j0.10 0 ] = (1) [ j0.1
Z
]
(2)
0
z20
(2)
0
j0.10
Step 3: Element 3 connected between existing nodes, node 1 (p = 1) and node 2 (q = 2),
having an impedance of z12 = j0.20 p.u. is added to the partial network, as shown in Fig. 4.20.
Since this is an addition of a link to the network a two step procedure is to be followed. In the
119
first step a new row and column is added to the matrix as given below :
(1)
(1)
(temp)
Z
= (2)
Bus
(`)
(`)
(2)
j0.10
0.0
(Z12 Z11 )
0.0
j0.10
(Z22 Z21 )
(Z21 Z11 ) (Z22 Z12 )
Z``
(1)
= (2)
(`)
(1)
(2)
(`)
where,
Z`` = Z11 + Z22 2Z12 + z20 = j0.10 + j0.10 0.0 + j0.20 = j0.40 p.u.
Bus ] matrix as given below:
Next this new row and column is eliminated to restore the size of [Z
j0.10
[
] [j0.10 j0.10]
j0.10
j0.40
Hence, the impedance matrix after the addition of element 3 is found out to be :
(1)
Bus ] =
[Z
(1)
(2)
(2)
j0.075 j0.025
]
j0.025 j0.075
Step 4: The element 4 , which is added next, is connected between an existing node, node 2
(p = 2) and a new node, node 3 (q = 3). The impedance of this element is z23 = j0.30 p.u. and
it is a tree branch hence, a new node, node 3 is added to the partial network. This addition, shown
Bus ] to (3 3).
in Fig. 4.21, thus increases the size of [Z
120
(1)
Bus = (2)
Z
(3)
(2)
(3)
j0.075 j0.025
Z12
j0.025 j0.0.075
Z22
Z21
Z22
Z22 + z23
(1)
= (2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Step 5: Element 5 is added next to the existing partial network. This is a tree branch connected
between an existing node, node 3 (p = 3) and a new node, node 4 (q = 4). This is illustrated
in Fig. 4.22.
(1)
Bus = (2)
Z
(3)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Z13
Z23
Z33 Z33 + z34
(1)
(2)
=
(3)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
j0.075
j0.025
j0.025
j0.025
j0.025
j0.075
j0.075
j0.075
j0.025
j0.075
j0.375
j0.375
j0.025
j0.075
j0.375
j0.525
Step 6: Next,the element 6 connected between two existing nodes node 1 (p = 1) and node
4 (q = 4) is added to the network, as shown in the Fig. 4.23. The impedance of this element
is z23 = j0.25 p.u. As this is a link addition, the two step procedure is used. The bus impedance
121
(1)
(temp)
Bus
(2)
= (3)
(4)
(`)
(2)
(3)
(4)
j0.075
j0.025
j0.025
j0.025
j0.025
j0.075
j0.075
j0.075
j0.025
j0.075
j0.375
j0.375
j0.025
j0.075
j0.375
j0.525
(Z41 Z11 ) (Z42 Z12 ) (Z43 Z13 ) (Z44 Z14 )
122
(`)
(Z14 Z11 )
(Z24 Z21 )
(Z34 Z31 )
(Z44 Z41 )
Z``
(1)
(temp)
Bus
(2)
= (3)
(4)
(`)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
j0.075
j0.025
j0.25
j0.025
j0.05
j0.025
j0.075
j0.075
j0.075
0.05
j0.025
j0.075
j0.375
j0.375
j0.35
(`)
j0.025 j0.05
j0.075 j0.05
j0.375 j0.35
j0.525 j0.50
j0.50 j0.80
where,
Z`` = Z44 + Z11 2Z14 + z14 = j0.075 + j0.525 2 j0.025 + j0.25 = j0.80 p.u.
The additional row and column ` are to be eliminated to restore the impedance matrix size to
Bus ] matrix after the addition of element 6 is calculated as:
(m m), and the [Z
j0.075
Bus ] = j0.025
[Z
j0.25
j0.025
j0.025
j0.075
j0.075
j0.075
j0.025
j0.075
j0.375
j0.375
j0.05
j0.50
j0.50
j0.075
j0.80
j0.375
j0.525
Hence,
(1)
Bus = (2)
Z
(3)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
j0.0719
j0.0281
j0.0469
j0.0563
j0.0281
j0.0719
j0.0531
j0.0437
j0.0469
j0.0531
j0.2219
j0.1562
j0.0563
j0.0437
j0.1562
j0.2125
Step 7: Finally the element 7 connected between two existing nodes node 2 (p = 2) and node 4
(q = 4) is added to the partial network of step 6. The impedance of this element is is z23 = j0.40
pu. This is also a link addition, as shown in Fig. 4.24 and hence the two step precedure will be
Bus ] matrix. In the first step the Z
(temp)
is calculated after a row and a
followed to obtain the [Z
Bus
123
Bus as follows:
column are added to the exiting Z
(1)
(1)
(2)
(temp)
Z
= (3)
Bus
(4)
(`)
(2)
(3)
(4)
j0.0719
j0.0281
j0.0469
j0.0563
j0.0281
j0.0719
j0.0531
j0.0437
j0.0469
j0.0531
j0.2219
j0.1562
j0.0563
j0.0437
j0.1562
j0.2125
(Z41 Z21 ) (Z42 Z22 ) (Z43 Z23 ) (Z44 Z24 )
(`)
(Z14 Z12 )
(Z24 Z22 )
(Z34 Z32 )
(Z44 Z42 )
Z``
(1)
(temp)
Bus
(2)
= (3)
(4)
(`)
(1)
(2)
(3)
j0.0719
j0.02810
j0.0469
j0.0563
j0.281
j0.0281
j0.0719
j0.0531
j0.0437
j0.281
j0.0469
j0.0531
j0.2219
j0.1562
j0.1031
(4)
(`)
j0.0563 j0.281
j0.0437 j0.281
j0.1562 j1031
j0.2125 j0.1688
j0.1688 j0.5969
where,
Z`` = Z22 + Z44 2Z24 + z24 = j0.0719 + j0.2125 2 j0.0563 + j0.40 = j0.5969 p.u.
The additional row and column ` are to be eliminated to restore the impedance matrix size to
124
j0.0719
Bus ] = j0.0281
[Z
j0.469
j0.0563
j0.0281
j0.0719
j0.0531
j0.0437
j0.0469
j0.0531
j0.2219
j0.1562
j0.0281
j0.0281
j0.1688
j0.0437
j0.5969
j0.1562
j0.2125
Hence,
(1)
Bus = (2)
Z
(3)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
j0.0705
j0.0295
j0.0420
j0.0483
j0.0295
j0.0705
j0.0580
j0.0517
j0.0420
j0.0580
j0.2041
j0.1271
j0.0483
j0.0517
j0.1271
j0.1648
4.2.1
Bus ] :
Modifications in the existing [Z
1
result
24
1
1
1
+ add =
=0
z
z24
org
24
or
org
add
z24
=
z24
= j0.40 p.u.
org
add
Hence, by adding an element z24
= j0.4 p.u. in parallel to z24
the removal of line between nodes
2 and 4 can be simulated. The new added fictitious element is a link addition between the two nodes,
p = 2 and q = 4 and is shown in Fig. 4.25 . Hence, this will require a two-step procedure. The
addition of the fictitious element 8 , which is a link, will introduce a temporary row and column.
125
(temp)
The Z
is given as:
Bus
(1)
(1)
(temp)
Bus
(2)
= (3)
(4)
(`)
(3)
(2)
(`)
(4)
j0.0705
j0.0295
j0.0420
j0.0483
j0.0295
j0.0705
j0.0580
j0.0517
j0.0420
j0.0580
j0.2041
j0.1271
j0.0483
j0.0517
j0.1271
j0.1648
(Z14 Z12 )
(Z24 Z22 )
(Z34 Z32 )
(Z44 Z42 )
Z``
(1)
(2)
(temp)
Z
= (3)
Bus
(4)
(`)
(1)
(2)
(3)
j0.0705 j0.0295
j0.0295 j0.0705
j0.0420 j0.0580
j0.0483 j0.0517
j0.0188 j0.0188
j0.0420
j0.0580
j0.2041
j0.1271
j0.0691
(4)
(`)
j0.0483 j0.0188
j0.0517 j0.0188
j0.1271 j0.0691
j0.1648 j0.1131
j0.1131 j0.2681
where,
add
Z`` = Z22 + Z44 2Z24 + z24
= j0.0705 + j0.1648 2 j0.0483 + (j0.40) = j0.2681 p.u.
126
j0.0705
Bus ] = j0.0295
[Z
j0.0420
j0.0483
j0.0295
j0.0705
j0.0580
j0.0517
j0.0420
j0.0580
j0.2041
j0.1271
j0.0188
j0.0188
j0.1131
j0.0517
j0.2681
j0.1271
j0.1648
(1)
Bus = (2)
Z
(3)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
j0.0719
j0.0281
j0.0469
j0.0563
j0.0281
j0.0719
j0.0531
j0.0437
j0.0469
j0.0531
j0.2219
j0.1562
j0.0563
j0.0437
j0.1562
j0.2125
127