Feasibility report / Project Report

Baduludena village hydro project

Prepared By

Practical Action
(Intermediate Technology Development Group South Asia)

Contact Person Gihan Sajeew M.A. Project Manager Energy T.P: 0112829412/0772296240 Fax: 0112856188 gihan@practicalaction.org.lk

Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 3. 3.1. 3.2. 4. 4.1. 4.2. 5. 6. Location of the site. .......................................................................................................... 3 Contact person .................................................................................................................. 3 Developer ......................................................................................................................... 4 Proposed power output ..................................................................................................... 5 Type of ownership ............................................................................................................ 5 Leadership prospects ........................................................................................................ 5 Types of load .................................................................................................................... 6 Prospectus for rival power sources................................................................................... 7 Land Rights ...................................................................................................................... 7 Prospects for future difficulties ........................................................................................ 7

SITE DETAILS ....................................................................................................................... 4

MARKET FOR POWER......................................................................................................... 6

WATER RIGHTS.................................................................................................................... 7

GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITE ..................................................... 8 HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITE .................................................... 9 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. Estimate of the Run-off .................................................................................................. 10 Flow Duration Curves of the catchment ........................................................................ 12 TURBINE DESIGN FLOW .......................................................................................... 14

7. 8. 9.

HEAD MEASUREMENTS .................................................................................................. 14 CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT PROPOSALS AND COSTS ................................ 15 8.1. PAYMENT SCHEDULE............................................................................................... 16 WORK PLAN........................................................................................................................ 16

1. INTRODUCTION
Baduludena is a small village with a population of 120 people living in 25 houses situated in Haldummulla Divisional Secretariat in Badulla district in the Uva province. The village is accessible from Marangahawela on the A4 main road at 168km post and then along Marangahawela UvaKosgama by road. At present the village has no vehicular access and is accessible only by a 2.5 km long footpath from UvaKosgama Village. The Uva-Kosgama is about 8km off from Marangahawela. The nearest town is Haldummulla situated 15kms from the village. The main occupation of the villagers is agriculture. The national electricity grid is about 4km away from the village and it is very unlikely that the grid would be extended for the next 20 years. The main energy sources in the village are firewood for cooking, Kerosene for lighting and car batteries to watch Black and White TV. Each household has to spend at least Rs. 750 per month to meet the energy needs. The village has no post office, medical facilities or any other government institution except the primary school.

The main need in the hour is a road for the village but providing electricity too can contribute to improve the social and living condition to a greater extent. DewagalleAra, a tributary of Walawe River, runs about 2kms away from the village and this stream can be exploited for the production of electricity to the village.

1.1.

Location of the site.

The site is located about 2kms south west of Baduludena Village, on the bank of Dewagalle Ara, which is a small tributary of Walawe Ganga. The power house site shall be located close to the confluence of Walawe Ganga with DewagalleAra. Fig 1 shows the access route to the village and the location of the proposed site. The provincial boundary of Uva and Sabaragamuwa falls along the DewagalleAra in this area. Accordingly Imbulpe Division in Ratnapura district and the Haldummulla Division in Badulla district will be on right and left side of the stream.

1.2.

Contact person

The villagers have formed an electricity consumer society and Mrs.Dinusha Kumari of Baduludena has been elected as the secretary of the society. She will be the contact person for the proposed power project. Name: Dinusha Kumari Address: Baduluden, Uva Kosgama, Haldummulla

1.3.

Developer

The developer of this Project is Practical Action (formerly ITDG); through several years of hard work in micro hydro sector with the rural communities in Sri Lanka, has identified and proved a novel and sustainable strategy in empowering the disadvantaged communities. The strategy is the 'Electricity Consumers Society' (ECS) of which the objective is to enable communities to have their own renewable energy source of which they have control in all aspects. The most significant factor of the strategy is that it (ECS) has, while finding an effective and alternative energy-source viz. village hydro, made the energy supply a community-responsibility, thereby making the community independent The experience earned with this strategy was shared with the governmental officers, the NGOs, banks, multilateral agencies and the individuals interested, through seminars and observation visits to village hydro sites. The result was the national and international recognition of Practical Action-South Asia's work and the strategy in village hydro sector by many, after further research on the work. For example, the Government of Sri Lanka has recognized the services of ECS. The World Bank, on the other hand and for the first time, accepted the approach by including village hydro in its RERED (Renewable energy for rural economic development) project This is in addition to the ITDG-South Asia's own achievements such as, developing and sustaining the village hydro technology and inclusion of village hydro into the National Energy Policy. Contact Person Name: Eng.M.A.GihanSajeew Address: Practical Action, No 5, Lionel Edirisinghe Mw, Colombo 5 Telephone: 0772296240, 0112829412

2. SITE DETAILS
DewagalleAra is a small tributary of Walawe Ganga, with a catchment area of 4.6 sq. kms. The annual average rainfall is about 1900 mm in the project site. The catchment is in the transition zone from wet zone to semi dry zone. The Samanalawewa Reservoir is located about 3kms to the west of the stream at a higher elevation. It has been observed that several springs also appeared in the upper reaches of stream with the impounding of Samanalawewa reservoir in 1992 contributing to the base flow throughout the year. It is estimated that about 60 l/s could be diverted for the operation of the proposed micro hydro power plant A diversion weir shall be located in the lower reach of the stream (Pusveltenna) to divert the stream flow to the power canal on left bank. The design water level would be 385m msl. A side spill shall be introduced to regulate the canal flow. The length of the canal 4

will be 70m and the forebay tank with a settlement basin shall be included as shown in the layout map (Fig 2). From the forebay water shall be conveyed to the power house using PVC penstock (225m in diameter). The length of the penstock shall be 350m. The penstock shall be taken to the left bank of the river. The power house shall be located on the left bank of the stream and the power house elevation shall be 323m MSL to ensure the net head of 55m. The present water level of the Walawe Ganga is around 319m at the confluence with Dewagalleara. This will ensure the powerhouse will be well above flood levels of Walawe Ganga.

2.1.

Proposed power output

385m MSL 383m MSL 323m MSL 60m 4.2m 55.8m 60 liters per second 60% 21.19kW

The design water level at the intake The design water level at the forebay The turbine level Gross Head Head loss in the penstock The net head Design flow Efficiency of the turbine & generators Power Output

2.2.

Type of ownership

The power plant shall be developed by Practical Action and owned by the Baduludena United Electricity Consumers Society of Baduludena, UvaKosgama, Haldummulla. The Operation and maintenance is done by the ECS of Baduludena. The Project has been registered with Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority.

2.3.

Leadership prospects

Most of the young generation of the village can read and write well. Some of them have completed vocational training courses in training centers. Some of them are skilled laborers like carpenters or masons. With a short training on the job, they can take on the appropriate responsibilities to handle the maintenance and operation of the power plant on a sustainable manner.

3. MARKET FOR POWER

Under the Gamidiriya Programme, a new road to the village is under construction. When the vehicular access would be available to the village, the living conditions of villagers drastically improve and villagers will tend to buy various household electric appliances such as refrigerators, color TVs, water pumps etc. Average consumption of 500W per house could be expected. A rice mill and a grocery are also required for day to day requirements of the village. The primary school in the village will have computer facilities in near future and use of other electric appliances such as bulbs, fans, heaters could be expected. There is a proposal to build a grid connected mini hydro power plant using the river flow in Walawe Ganga and the power shall be connected to the national grid from Mulgama/Watawala. However the access road for the power plant shall be constructed through Baduludena village and the construction camp also will be erected in Baduludena. When this project is commenced, accommodation for a large no of workers will have to be provided in Baduludena village during its construction period. Subsequently, operation & maintenance staff of the power plant would permanently stay in the village; the village society can meet their electricity requirements by giving them surplus power for these parties in the future and increase the no of members.

3.1.

Types of load

In the Day time: It is expected to provide electricity for the school to use computer facilities in future. Other than that domestic load would be the main load types during the day. In addition, excess power could be utilized for pumping water from nearby stream (BaduludenaAra) for agricultural usage. Usage School Load Type 2 computers 2 electric fans 5 bulbs 150 electric bulbs 5 electric irons 15 color TV 5 B&W TV 15 radios 40 mobile phone chargers 10 food processors 10 Ceiling Fans 5 Pumps 1 rice mill 6 Power (W) 300 150 125 4000 5000 2000 250 750 80 700 750 20kW 15kW

Domestic

Agriculture

3.2.

Prospectus for rival power sources

The national grid is about 4kms away from the village and there is no any other village in between as the lands belongs to forest. Therefore it is very unlikely to extend the national grid to this village. Besides, the national grid electricity tariff is much higher than the village scheme. Therefore, the national grid would not be a threat to the proposed project.

The solar power has been using in few houses for more than 3-5 yrs. It is very expensive and cannot be used for high power consuming appliances. Besides charging batteries is very cumbersome as closest battery charges to the village could be found at Haldummulla , 15kms from the village Accordingly, prospects for rival power sources are non existent.

4. WATER RIGHTS
Water rights shall be obtained from Divisional Secretary- Haldummulla.

4.1.

Land Rights

Land rights shall be obtained from Divisional Forest Office, Badulla for the construction of weir, canal and penstock & Power House in Baduludena proposed forest reserve.

4.2.

Prospects for future difficulties

Vehicular access will not be available up to the power house even in the future. Therefore major repairs such as replacement machines etc. cannot be done immediately. Power interruptions longer lasting few days to weeks could be expected. Accessibility can be obtained if the proposed grid connected hydro power project is being constructed. Seasonal forest fires are very common in the area during dry weather .Therefore special precautions have to be taken to protect PVC penstock line and the transmission line in certain sections. So the penstock will be buried one or two feet and the transmission line will construct with concrete poles.

5. GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITE

The project area falls within the major lithological complex known as highland series, which is made up of high grade metamorphic rocks. Out of the rock types forming the highland series, mainly following rock types are present in the project area. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Quartz rich biotite gneiss Biotite gneiss Charnokitebiotite gneiss Charnokite Garnetiferousgranulites White crystalline limestone which occurs as narrow bands within the highland series was noted in exposures along the stream. Dewagulu Ara flows through a fairly steep valley. In upper reaches, old scar of an earth slip could be identified and 5-7m deep overburden could be observed in this section. In lower reaches of the stream, slopes do not show any landslide activity. Upstream section of the proposed weir site along the stream shows mild to moderate gradient. Exposed bed rock could be seen in several places below the boulders along the stream. The slopes are covered with grayish brown residual soils of estimated thickness of 2-3m. From weir site to the downstream, stream drops fast forming small waterfalls and rapids over the exposed bed rock.

6. HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITE

The site is located in the transition zone from wet zone to semi dry zone. The annual rainfall of the area is about 2000ml. Rainfall data is available for more than 6 yrs at a weather station in Samanalawewa project. The location is Kumbalgama, just 2 kms away from the catchment of the stream. The daily rainfall values from 1999 to 2007 (except the year 2005) are available. The annual rainfall in the area was between 1700 ml and 2500 mm. Dewagalle Ara has a catchment area of 4.6 sq. kms. Estimate of runoff Two main sources contribute to the stream flow at the location of the intake weir. They are: 1. Ground water discharge from springs along the Killekanduraara fed by Samanalawewa reservoir 2. Surface runoff of the catchment.

Ground water The Samanalawewa Reservoir is located about 3kms to the west of the stream at an higher elevation. It has been observed that several springs appeared in the upper reaches of the stream with the impounding of Samanalawewa reservoir in 1992. A large spring can be found in KilleKandureAra which is a branch of the DegalleAra. In general the discharge from these springs increases with the increase of reservoir level. A weir has been installed inKilleKandureAra stream for continuous monitoring of discharge by Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB). A few readings of the flow measurement in KilleKandureAra given in Appendix 3. It can be seen that minimum flow there exceeds 25 liters/sec.

Surface runoff The catchment of the DewaguluAra is shown in Fig 3. The extent of the catchment is 4.6 sqkms. Surface runoff in the catchment drains into the DewaguluAra through dry and wet streams on fairly steep valleys in both banks.

Kumbalgama rain gauging station is located within the catchment and but the observation period is limited to 8 years. The possibility of use of rainfall data of Balangoda rain gauging station which is the second nearest and having long historical data was also considered. However those records were found to be not representative data for the catchment and it will over estimate the actual flow.

Average Monthly Rainfall Distribution at Kumbalgama

Rainfall (mm) Fig 4: Average monthly Rainfall Distribution at Kumbalgama The average annual rainfall is about 1912mms and the monthly rainfall distribution is shown in Fig 2. From the above diagram it can be seen that both monsoon equally contribute to the stream flow and the lowest rainfall experienced during the months of June to August. Accordingly separate analysis of Yala and Maha seasons and water years were not considered for this study.

6.1.

Estimate of the Run-off

The total catchment of the proposed project is about 4.6 sqkms. Catchment area measurements were carried out using 1:10,000 contour maps with a high accuracy. In order to estimate the runoff coefficient of the catchment very conservatively, following assumptions were made in conformation with the guidelines given in Design of Irrigation Headworks for small catchments (A.J.P. Ponrajah) The pan evaporation data is available for Ratnapura and it was found more appropriate for the study. (Table 6). In the absence of direct stream flow measurements, a long term stream flow series at the proposed site has to be generated from a mathematical model. For this purpose rainfall runoff model shall be used with assumed model parameters and selection of these parameters shall be carried out from the experience in similar catchments in the country. The NAM conceptual model developed by the Danish Hydraulic Institute in Denmark (DHI) shall be used in this study with observed rainfall and evaporation Data as inputs. Following parameters were assumed for the NAM Model. Upper Zone Moisture Umax =5 10

Lower Zone Moisture Overland Runoff Coefficient Time Constants for overland flow routing -doBase flow parameters for routing (upper zone) Base flow parameters for routing (lower zone) Correction for the catchment Pan Coefficient

Lmax= 100 CQ of = 0.50 CK1 =10.0 CK2 =20.0 CKbfu = 400 CKbfl = 8000 Carea = 0.95 Ceva =0.80

The runoff rainfall ratio found from the generated flow rates from the model was 56%. The Generated Runoff Volume at weir site of the DewaguluAra is given in Table 7. Base flow of the catchment was taken as 25 litres/S. Mean annual Runoff = 5.704 MCM Standard Deviation = 0.347 MCM P(X) 75% = 5.345 MCM From the generated flow data of average climatic conditions (50% Probability), the variation of runoff during the year were computed on monthly basis. 75% probable climatic conditions were identified and the generated monthly runoff volumes for (P(x) =75%) are given in Table 8. Table 9 shows the 75% probable average flow rates of DewaguluAra (1999- 2007). The 50% probable average daily flow rates and the 75% probable daily flow rates of the catchment were established with average daily rainfall figures of Kumbalgama Station. The results are shown in Table 10 & Table 11 respectively. Fig 4 shows the average flow regime for 75% probability.

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Fig 5
Average Flow Regimefor P(X)=75% (cumecs) Dewagulu Ara-Weir site A=4.6 sq.km
River Flow (cumecs)

6.2.

Flow Duration Curves of the catchment

The flow duration curves (FDC) represent the variation of runoff in a year with respect to their magnitude and not according to their calendar sequence. FDC provides vital information in selecting hydro mechanical components of the power plant. For the catchment FDCS were derived for P(X) = 50% and P(X) = 75% using Table 6 and Table 5 respectively. These curves are shown graphically in Fig 6 & Fig 7 below.

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River Flow (cumecs)

Fig. 6 Flow Duration Curve for P(X)=50%-Dewagulu Ara,Weir site A=4.6 sq. km

Percentage Exedence (%)

Fig 7
River Flow (cumecs)

Flow Duration curve for P(X)=75% (cumecs) Dewagulu AraWeir site A=4.6 sq.km

Percentage Exedence (%)

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From these curves, upper and lower deciles, quadrilles and the median could be obtained. Following are the ordinates of the two flow duration curves.

TABLE 1 FLOW-DURATION DATA (for the catchment) Discharge (m3/sec) P(x)=50% 1.700 1.100 0.900 0.750 0.530 0.350 0.230 0.150 0.120 0.060 0.010

% Exceedance 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 75 80 90

P(x)=75% 1.600 1.050 0.800 0.680 0.460 0.330 0.220 0.120 0.090 0.056 0.010

6.3.

TURBINE DESIGN FLOW

Although the stream flow exceeds 100 lts/sec more than half of the year, the design flow was chosen as 60 l/s as the load required is about 20 kW. It can be seen from the figure 7, the design flow is available 78% of the time with P(x) =75%

7. HEAD MEASUREMENTS
Head measurement was done by using an engineering level and the level sheet is given in appendix 1 14

8. CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT PROPOSALS AND COSTS

No Cost element 1 Weir 2 3 4 5 6 Head race canal Fore-bay tank Settling tank Thrash rack Spill way Specifications width is 5m and 0.6m height concreted weir 60m long concrete lined concreted concreted steel Masonry walled 225mm T600,360m length Steep locations anchoring needed Galvanized steel 3 jet turbine ,Cast iron runner, bearings, Casing ,gates Rate Total (LKR) 35,000.00 65,000.00 35,000.00 35,000.00 15,000.00 22,000.00 1,000,000.00 20,000.00 275,000.00

7 UPVC penstock 8 Penstock anchoring 9 Turbine manifold ,valves

Turbine, turbine and generator mountings, 10 turbine housings, shaft and bearings. 11 Power House

685,000.00

75,000.00 3 phase electronic load controller, ballast heaters, protection ,all power cables, power house wiring

12 Control Unit

625,000.00

Brush less 13 Synchronous 3 phase ,30kW Generator 14 Transmission line 1.8km Administration cost, Physical 15 contingencies & Price escalation Grand Total

235,000.00 1,000,000.00 250,000.00 4,372,000.00

Closure 1: The budget (LKR 4,372,000.00) doesnt include any taxation and statutory deductions to the authorities, if so it is also should add to the final budget.

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8.1.

PAYMENT SCHEDULE
Payment

Percentage (%) from the total budget 1. Advance payment to start works 30 2. Second Payment after complete the turbine ,controller 40 and site delivery 3. Final Payment Within one month after commissioning 30 the project

9. WORK PLAN
No Work item 1 Formation of electrical consumer society and strengthen ECS 2 Purchase of penstock pipes and accessories 3 Construction of Weir and fore bay tank 4 Construction of Power House 5 Laying of penstock Pipes 6 Supplying of electrical posts 7 Construction of electricity distribution networks 8 Fabrication of mechanical equipment 9 Fabrication of electrical and electronic equipment 10 Installation of electro mechanical equipment 11 Test running and fine tuning 12 Connecting to the load centers 13 Handing over the project to Electrical consumer society 1st month 2nd month 3rd month 4th month 5th month 6th month

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