Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter review of literature pertinent to the present investigation is presented in order to provide background material for under taking the research study. Both critical and allied literature were reviewed and abstracts of relevant studies are cited here as under. Hofstetter MC, Mader U and Wysss T (2011) investigated the effects of a seven-week outdoor circuit training program on Swiss Army recruits. An intervention group (standard and additional training, n = 134, 21.0 + 1.1 years, 74.1 + 10.0 kg and 1.78 + 0.1 m) and a control group (standard training only, n = 125, 20.4 + 1.2 years, 73.3 + 9.1 kg and 1.78 + 0.1 m) from the same fusilier infantry training school were compared. Physical standard training in the Swiss Army is specified to consist of two sessions with a total duration of at least three hours per week. Groups of 20 to 50 recruits undergo these trainings in a gym hall and outdoors. Standard training includes a wide range of exercise and sport activities (strength and aerobic fitness training, team sports, obstacle courses, physical fitness tests, and orienteering). The additional circuit fitness training program implemented in this study was conducted once a week for 60 minutes. It was performed outdoors and consisted of the same exercises every week (warm-up, squats, prone bridge, back/shoulder exercise, stair climbing, side bridge, single leg balance, walking on a balance beam, intermitted running and active recovery). Volunteers physical fitness was assessed during the first and last weeks of basic military training (7 weeks) using a standing long jump, seated 2-kg shot put, one-leg standing test (OLS), trunk muscle strength test (TMS), and progressive endurance run (PER). Injury data were collected in medical records for the 21 weeks of military training school. The intervention group performed 1.0 session of standard training for 70.0 minutes and 1.0 session of additional outdoor circuit training for 50.0 minutes per week. The control

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group performed 1.3 session of standard training for a total of 70.7 minutes per week. After the seven-week basic military training, the intervention and the control groups showed significant improvements in OLS (35.63 and 3.79%), TMS (29.84 and 11.31%), PER (15.64 and 16.37%), and total physical fitness score (12.04 and 7.78%, p<0.05). The intervention group showed significantly greater improvements in OLS, TMS, and total physical fitness score than the control group (p<0.05). No significant difference in injury incidence rate between the two study groups (intervention group : 14.2, control group : 13.9 injuries/month/100 persons) was registered. The results indicate that the change from a civilian daily routing to the physically more demanding military routine led to significant improvements in physical fitness in both study groups. The additional outdoor circuit training session per week led to greater improvements in total physical fitness score, but did not increase injury rates. Miura Hajime (2005) studied the effects of long-term low-intensity circuit training on artery stiffness in sedentary women. Twenty healthy women divided into two groups (training group and control group). In the training group, subjects asked to perform the resistance exercise consisted of arm curls, bench presses, lateral pull-downs, leg presses and squats 3 days per week for 2 months. They conducted 5 sets at 30% of their 10RM. Aerobic capacity (ventilatory threshold [VT]), muscle strength, resting blood pressure, and arterial stiffness index (brachial-ankle Pulse Wave Velocity [baPWV]) were evaluated before and after training period. After the low-intensity circuit training, work rate at VT was significantly increased (108.6 + .25.6W to 128.1 + .24.3W). The baPWV was significantly decreased (988.7+-.80.5cm sec1 to 895.7+-.62.6cm sec-1). In control group, however, there were no significant differences during same duration. These results suggested that long-term low-intensity circuit training attenuates the large artery stiffness in healthy women. This kind of exercise may have great potential to lower the risks of circulatory illness in aged men.

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Taskin Halil (2009) conducted a study to determine the effect of circuit training directed toward motion and action velocity over the sprint-agility and anaerobic endurance. A total of 32 healthy male physical education students with a mean age of 23.93 + 1.81 years were randomly allocated into a circuit training group (CTG; n = 16) and control group (CG; n = 16). A circuit training consisting of 8 stations was applied to the subjects 3 days a week for 10 weeks. Circuit training program was executed with 75% of maximal motion numbers in each station. The FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC) test battery, which was designed by FIFA, was used for measuring sprint-agility and anaerobic endurance. Pre-and post training testing of participants included assessments of sprint-agility and anaerobic endurance. Following training, there was a significant (p <0.05) difference in sprint-agility between pre- and posttesting for the CTG (pretest = 14.76 + 0.48 seconds, posttest = 14.47 + 0.43 seconds). Also, there was a significant (p < 0.05) difference in anaerobic endurance between pre- and posttesting for the CG (pretest = 31.53 + 0.48 seconds, posttest = 30.73 + 0.50 seconds). In conclusion, circuit training, which is designed to be performed 3 days a week during 10 weeks for training, improves sprint-agility and anaerobic endurance. Kristina Neri (2008) studied the effect of a 6-week circuit weight training program on level of physical activity enjoyment and fitness among previously sedentary middle-aged women. Ten women, ages 31 to 51 years old, were assessed for physical fitness (curl up test, push up test, and step test) and given the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). Participants completed 6 weeks of progressive circuit weight training, 2 days a week for 60 minutes each day. The circuit consisted of 10 stations with cardiovascular and muscular endurance exercises. A1 (group) x 8 (time) repeated measures ANOVA with follow-up pairwise comparisons was used to determine if there were significant (p<0.05) differences in the PACES score. Results indicated a significant (p < .05) increase in PACES scores from the pretest (85.80 +/19.95) to the posttest (102.10+/-15.19). Results were also significantly greater

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at week 1, 2 and 6. Three simple 1 (group) x 2 (time) ANOVAs were used to determine any differences for the fitness variables. The results indicated significantly (p < .05) greater scores for upper body and abdominal muscular endurance, but no significant (p < .05) difference in recovery heart rate. These results indicate a relatively brief physical activity program can increase physical activity enjoyment and fitness levels among a sedentary middle-aged female population. Joshkatz Willson B.R.A. (1992) studied of the effects of a six-week, low-intensity Nautilus circuit training program on resting blood pressure in females. Twenty-six healthy, untrained females were studied to determine the effects of a low-intensity Nautilus circuit training program on resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Thirteen subjects who were in good health with no personal history or family history of cardiovascular disease participated in a six-week training program on the Nautilus circuit (14 exercises) and trained at 30% of maximum. Measurements in blood pressure were made before, during (three times per week) and after the study. Another group of 13 females served as controls. An attempt was made to determine if strength increase (due to circuit training) would have an effect on reducing resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The following changes occurred in the treatment group : (1) resting systolic blood pressure dropped significantly (from 113 to 99 mmHg) after training and (2) diastolic blood pressure dropped significantly from (70.9 to 62.0mmHg) after training. However, there were no differences in these decreases between the exercise and control groups. The investigators concluded that log-intensity, resistive training should be increase blood pressure in white, healthy females, aged 18 to 28 years. Malathi Balakrishnan (2010) conducted a study on the impact of 4minute circuit training on enhancing health related fitness among students. Random selection of classes was done from eight classes and two classes were chose. The intact sampling method was used to group the classes to control group (n1=27) and experimental group (n2=33). The one-way ANOVA

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test was used to make comparisons and evaluate the groups. The results showed that there were no significant differences (p>0.05) between the two groups and it was assumed that both groups were equal before the treatment. During the 10 weeks of normal physical education classes, the experimental group underwent 4-minute-circuit training after the warming-up session. Five health-related components based on AAPHERED (American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance) were used to measure in this study. The paired t-test results showed there were significant differences (p<0.05) in four components in the experimental group compared to two significant differences in the components (p<0.05) in the control group. The independent t-test result showed that the three components had a significant difference (p<0.05) in the experimental group compared to the control group. Hence, this study showed that 4-minute-circuit training in 80-minutes physical education class once a week does enhance the health-related fitness among students in this secondary school. Wilmore et al (1978) showed that, after a course of circuit training, women improved VO2 max by 4%, whereas men showed no improvement. However, the VO2 max of the women pre-training was much lower than the mens: 35.5ml/kg/min as opposed to 47 ml/kg/min. This suggests that a higher level of initial fitness may mean a higher intensity of aerobic effort is needed for further improvement. Thus the moderate gain in aerobic fitness shown in the studies, around 5% uplift in VO2 max, may not occur in fitter individuals. Gettmen2 et al (1982) showed that after eight weeks of circuit training a group of men improved their VO2max by 3%. They then completed eight weeks of continuous running training, whereupon their VO2max went up by a further 8%, proving once again that traditional aerobic training is more effective. However, half the group than carried on with the showed that after eight weeks of circuit training a group of men improved their VO2 max by 3%. They then completed eight weeks of continuous running training, whereupon

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their VO2 max went up by a further 8%, proving once again that traditional aerobic running for a further eight weeks while half went back to circuit training. At the end, both groups had maintained the VO2 max improvements gained from the original running training. This means that circuit training could be a useful way for athletes to stay in shape when they are injured. A circuit of weights exercises that do not stress the injury, with short rest periods, can be used to maintain aerobic fitness. Brown (1962) had conducted the study on the effect of circuit training on the physical fitness on Grade V girls. Two classes were tested on the AAHPER fitness test before and after eight week of regular physical education classes. The experimental class, chosen a 10 minutes circuit training programme before each class. The circuit-training group shoed a significant gain on all tests except the 50yard dash. Simmons (1976) studied the effect of circuit training upon Cardiovascular condition and motor performance. 15 male students in required physical education course in circuit training showed statistically significant mean improvement in nine to fourteen cardio-vascular variables and in all 13 motor fitness variables. The training was done twice in a week in 30 minutes period and lasted 12 weeks. Shaw (1984) conducted a study on comparison of three modes of testing for improved Vo2 max and strength after the nautilus circuit-training programme. Measured by either arm cranking, leg cranking or arm-leg cranking the training protocol was conducted 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Testing was performed on a Schwinn Airdyne cycle ergometer. Differences were detected between arm cranking, arm-leg cranking tests, in both groups however there was no significant effect of circuit training on strength and Vo 2 max as measured by any of the three modes. It is possible that a long training period or an increase number of sets in the daily programme may result in development on strength and Vo2 max in novice subjects.

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Benerak (1983) is conducted a study on the training effect of an upper body circuit-training programme on heart rate and oxygen uptake. Training programme extended to eight weeks. Subjects include 8 college students (5 men, 3 women) with a control group of 4 man and 4 women. Training consisted of 8 exercises one circuit a day. Subjects exercised at a percentage of their body weight for a specific number of repetitions as developed by Vitace (1973). Control and experimental groups were pre and post tested using physical work capacity test on bicycle ergometer. Result showed that following the training period, the experimental group showed no significant decrease in resting heart rate but significant increase was in Vo2 max of the group. Foley (1986) conducted a study on the effect of circuit training programme on predicted oxygen uptake of pre pubescent children. A continuous sub max bicycle ergometer tests for prediction of maximal oxygen uptake was used to determine the effect of 8 weeks of training on 15 volunteers students age 10-11 years. Subjects for the study were randomly selected from an elementary school V Grade class. The experimental group trained three times per week for 8 weeks in a circuit training programme at a target rate of 70% of age predicted Vo2 max for 30 minutes per section acting as a control group, 12 students participated in ogranised game and sport activities for equivalent periods of time. A pre test and post test design utilizing ANCOVA revealed no significant difference at the 0.05 level between groups. It was concluded that although improvement is evident in the experimental group it was equated whether the results were attributable to the training programme. Smith (1980) studied the effect of circuit training on the performance skill of beginners and advanced beginner swimmers. Subjects were 52 male and female students of North Carolina Central University. The variables measured for beginner swimmers were breath holding, prone glide, arm stroke and crawl stroke, and advanced beginner swimmers, treading water,

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front, crawl, and back stroke students were randomly divided in to 2 equal groups. The experimental group engaged in 6 weeks of circuit training and swimming, while the control group engaged in 6 weeks of swimming. It was found that circuit training had a significant effect on the performance skills of the experimental beginner swimmers. James (1964) compared the effect of circuit training and isometric exercises on tread mill performance. 3 groups of college students were equated on the basis of the Balke Treadmill test. All three groups attended required Physical Education classes in which badminton was the activity twice a week for 5 weeks. In addition Group A did circuit training Group B did isometric exercises three times a week, and Group C acted as a control group. Ten minutes of circuit training or isometric exercise in addition of badminton was no more effective in improving treadmill performance time than badminton alone. Circuit training caused a greater improvement in treadmill performance than isometric exercise. Eric (1964) compared the relative effectiveness of interval circuit training compared with three other methods of fitness training in a school Physical Education programme. 4 groups of junior high school boys were matched on initial scores of the Larson Dynamic muscular strength and modified Harward step tests plus Mccoloys classification index. Each followed a different training pattern for eight-class periods spread over two months. The interval circuit running group showed significant improvement in combined Harward and Larson tests scores over circuit training and conventional Physical Education groups. There were no other differences shown between groups. Edward (1970) conducted a study on the effect of circuit training, weight lifting and interval training on circulo-respiratory endurance. Fifty one college males from developmental Physical Education classes at the University, of New Mexico were randomly assigned to one of the threeexercise programme. The subjects trained for ten weeks period at their

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respective exercise programme. Pre-test and Post-test measures of circulorespiratory endurance were administered under same experimental condition. The ANOVA showed no significant differences between the three exercise programme in the measures of circulo-respiratory endurance. Randall (1970) conducted a study in which students were distributed among 3 groups, one group (N=30) used interval running second group (N=30) had circuit training in addition to interval running and 3rd group (N=20) acted as the control. The training programme were designed to improve the ability of subjects to run a half mile by a improving their conditioning and teaching a sense of pace. The experiment was conducted over an 8 weeks period. The interval-running group and circuit training groups were significantly faster than the control group. No significant difference was found between the interval running group and the circuit-training group. Olsen (1980) investigated the effects of a set circuit-training programme on strength and muscular endurance of college age men 42 college males participated in the study. Pre-test and Post-tests for strength and absolute muscular endurance and relative muscular endurance were given for the bench press and leg press. Treatment consisted of 2 workout sessions per week for 7 weeks. Test, re test procedures and pretest and posttest mean changes were analysed using Pearson Correlation and dependent t- analyses. Absolute muscular endurance in the bench press and leg press, and relative muscular endurance in the bench press were significant, non-significant changes were found for the test of relative muscular endurance in the leg press. Tremblay (1968) conducted a study on the effect of the upper body specific circuit training on Grade V children. 57 healthy male and female subjects from 2 Grade V classes made up to the study population. One class control group 12 males and 13 females and another class of experimental group 18 males and 11 females. Testing and intervention took place during regularly scheduled Physical Education classes where occurred 3 time per

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week. They were given with 3.5 minutes of upper body circuit training in each physical education class. This procedure was continued for seven weeks. The result proved that there was a difference between control, experimental group in strength, strength endurance, and power. There were no difference found between groups or between sexes for any of anthropometric variables. Naghibzadesh (1987) investigated a study to determine if circuit training could be an effective method to improve aerobic capacity as well as strength. 47 female volunteers were assigned to circuit training, jogging and control groups. each subject was tested prior and at the end of eight weeks training period on Vo2 max and IRM bench press and leg press. Based on results of this investigation there was a 12% and 9.6% increase in Vo2 max for the circuit training and jogging group respectively. The circuit-training group improved 28.1% in leg press and 20.1% in bench press. There was no significant increase for the jogging group in strength parameters however there was a positive change in leg press. The control group did not change significantly in any variable. Scott (1982) conducted a study on comparison of a circuit strength training programme and a sport activity programme as measured by performance on the AAHPERD yough fitness test. 54 male subjects were participated in the study (11-14 years of age) circuit training group participated in a combination of weight training and sport activities. While sports activity group participated in a straight sports activity programme. The result proved the circuit training group improved in pull-ups, shuttle run, standing broad jump and 50 yard dash the sports activity group improved in sit-ups, shuttle run, standing broad jump and 50 yard dash. Charles (1967) conducted a study on the effect of circuit training exercises upon leg strength, free running speed and explosive power. He has taken an experimental group of 20 fresh male volunteers who were selected randomly from trampoline and handball classes. The experimental group went for a 5 week, circuit training programme of 8 stations with four sessions per

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week. The groups were tested before and after the programme. The experimental group made significantly greater improvement in leg strength and explosive power but not in running speed. Wooden (1981) conducted a study on the effect of a circuit training programme on body composition, muscular endurance and muscular strength in untrained females. Seventeen untrained females volunteered for either the experimental group (N=13) and the control group (N=4). All subjects were pre and post-tested. The experimental group participated in circuit training programme. The result proved that there was no significant difference in total body weight change between groups, but there was a significant difference in change for body density, percentage of body fat, lean body weight, muscular endurance and muscular strength between groups as a result of the circuit training programme. Tompkins (1994) studied the effect of circuit breaker programme on middle school boys. According to him this programme is one of the best programme to develop the power ability in school students. Results showed a significant improvement on leg, shoulder and arm power of middle school level boys. Macbeth (1973) studied the effects of interval and continuous step training on attitudes, cardiovascular fitness, and Tennis skills of beginning Tennis students. This study was compared by ANOVA. Sixty five students were placed into two experimental groups and one control group, with the experimental groups receiving a 10 minutes training session twice a week for 10 weeks. Participation in the step training programmes did not affect the students attitude towards Physical Education or Tennis skills. The programme were successful in bringing about an increase in cardiovascular fitness of students. Ronnie (1971) compared the effects of different methods of training and detraining of the strength and speed of college men. Male students enrolled in 4 Tennis classes were tested on 4 items of Clarke-Schopf strength

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test. Students were randomly assigned to 3 groups, Group A ran one mile and Group B ran 440 yards dashing, Group C participated in Tennis. After 6 weeks training period students did not train for two and half weeks. No significant differences were found for trunk extension, knee extension and ankle plantar flexion. Significant differences were found in two items. Group C significantly improved their shoulder extension. Wilson (1993) study was performed to determine which of three theoretically optimal resistance-training modalities in the greatest enhancement in the performance of a series of dynamic athletic activities. The three training modalities include : (1) traditional weight training, (2) plyometirc training, (3) explosive weight training, at the load the maximised mechanical power out put. 64 previously trained subjects were randomly allocated to four groups that include the above 3 training modalities and a control group. The experimental groups trained for 10 weeks performing either heavy squat lifts, depth jumps or weighted squat jumps. All subjects were tested prior to training, after 5 weeks of training and the competition of the training period. The test items included (1) 30 mts spirnt (2) vertical jumps performance with and with out counter movement (3) maximal cycle test (4) iso-kinetic leg extension test, and (5) isometric test. The experimental group which trained with the load maximised mechanical power achieved the best overall results in enhancing dynamic athletic performance recording statistically significant (P<0.05) improvements on most test items and showing statistically superior results from the two other training modalities on the jumping and the iso kinetic test. Dutko (1993) conducted a study, the purpose of which was to compare two progressive strength training protocols, a plyometric exercise protocol and two flexibility protocols of the quadriceps and hamstring muscular complex of high school weight training students. Sixty men of 16-18 years age volunteered for a 6 weeks, 3 days a week, quadriceps, hamstrings muscular complex strength and flexibility study. All training protocols,

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significantly increased left quadriceps, and left hamstrings strength. However, the flexibility protocol static stretching was more effective in producing strength of the hamstrings. Quarles (1968) conducted a study to compare the increase in leg power of a rope-jumping group of subjects with a stair running group of subjects. He selected college men for his study. All subjects trained thrice a week for 6 weeks in their specific area. A Pre-test and post-test were conducted before and after the training. Result found that the stair running group showed a significant gain in leg power while the rope-jumping group did not show any significant gain. Santo and Del (1976) conducted a study to find the effect of physical conditioning programme on selected physiological components of college men. The subjects were 76 men from a junior college. They were divided into four different groups who participated in a different physical conditioning progammes. One was a control group, which has no formal physical conditioned programme. the experimental groups improved significantly in cardiovascular fitness in comparison to the control group. Choleking (1963) studied the effect two training programmes on selected physiological variables on college women. The physiological reactions measured were the pules rate, respiration rate, respiration amplitude, minute volume of respiration and oxygen consumption. The cardiovascular reaction was measured by counting the pulse rate. All variables improved during the four-week training period regardless of training programme prescribed. Both training programmes were of sufficient duration and intensity to effect changes in post exercise scores. Namara (1978) investigated the effects of three conditioning programme selected Physical and physiological parameters of college students. Cardiovascular endurance was one of the physical parameters in physical fitness training programme at Boaston Unviersity Armys physical training programme, weight training programme and calistthenics groups

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were given treatment for ten weeks, three days in a week for a total of 23 hours. Pre-test and post-test measures were collected separate group sessions. It is of interest to note that female improved as much on all training methods as did the marks for all variables, although there were no statistically significant difference among the training methods. Bangerter (1965) investigated to determine what relative contribution each of the three components of the lower extremities made to the vertical jump. A jump reach from of the vertical jump, with a reliability coefficient of 0.925 was of the three components of leg isolation and weekly workloads for progressive resistance exercise programme were used to validate strength gains. Sayed (1973) studied on 9th grade boys (N=149) who were assigned to four treatment groups (circuit training, weight training, swedish exercise, and non-conditioning control). The conditioning programmes were administred during the 1st 10 minutes of each of 20 physical education class periods (3 times a week over 7 weeks). Activity for the rest of each class period consisted of volleyball, wrestling, and street hockey. ANOVA revealed within group improvements and differences among the groups. There was no difference in cumulative performance and no difference in cumulative standard scores. The post no conditioning test revealed a decrease in pullups performance. McCann (1968) studied on 49 women physical education majors who were enrolled in 2 track and field classes. These women participated in 2 separate conditioning programmes twice a week for 7 weeks in addition to their regular class-work. The Harvard Step Test was given before and after the 7 week experimental period. It was concluded that a traditional method of conditioning produced a significant increase in endurance as measured by the Harvard Step Test. Harper Billinge and Mathew (1969) conducted a study of the Effect of two physical conditioning programmes on cardio-respiratory fitness of 25

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college men. The subjects were placed into three groups on the basis of maximum oxygen consumption, one group participated in a modified army conditioning programme and second group in interval training involving running. The third group (control) participated in recreational activities. The group met five days per week for seven weeks. Cardio-respiratory efficiency was measured with the help of the Harvard Step Test. The results showed that both interval training and army trained groups improved significantly in their cardio-respiratory efficiency. The control group did not improve significantly. Berger (1973) in his study has mentioned that a decision with regard to the type of conditioning exercise to be included in a training programme is based on the understanding of the primary physiological system and undergo stress during a game, and the kind of activities which best provide this type of stress during practice, the body adopts itself to the type of stress placed upon it. This physiological adaptation is necessary for physical conditioning to occur. The adaptation made by playing basketball is the best condition for the sport. Likewise, the running of a cross country athlete results in physiological adaptation which is the best way for improving condition in that sport. No matter what the component of conditioning strength, endurance, flexibility or power, specificity of training applies. The best training to improve best performance is to practice the movements at the same rate and intensity as during an actual game situation. Stothart (1966) conducted a study on the specificity concept related to muscular endurance. He tested the maximum isometirc strength at 130 degree and 160 degree angles of knee extension for 42 university men who averaged 19 years in age, 69.9 inches in height and 159.4 lb. in weight. Muscular endurance of right quadriceps was tested at each angle with load of 30 per cent and 45 per cent of the maximum strength, with one week between the test. The correlation between isometric strength and muscular endurance were low and negative. Component analysis and inter-correlation of muscular

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endurance measures showed that although endurance component was common to all measures specific to the angle of testing, yet endurance was not specific to the load. Correlation between the knee angle lengths were moderate, but using these in partial correlation left the original endurance correlations relatively unaltered. Arther Jones (1977) had stated, Do not be misled...... and you might be on the subject of specificity....either you have it, or you do not. A movement is either utterly specific or it is not specific at all. This being true, it obviously states that the only possible specific training for basketball is the act of playing basketball... the only specific training for swimming is swimming itself, and so on. He further advised that to build your skills or even to retain your skills you must practice an activity with total specificity exactly in the same manner, with the same tool. Strength, in general, contributes to any activity, but the applied demonstration of strength is specific, and learning to apply strength properly in any activity, requires skill. Moorehouse and Miller (1963) when defining anatomical fitness, went to the extent of saying, In order to be fit, the individual must possess all of the body parts essential to the performance of the task and must possess the appropriate body size and shape for the task...... slight individual difference in point of attachment of tendons to bones and difference in lengths of bones results in different machanical leverage advantages or disadvantages for various events. Thus, one person is fit for weight lifting, another for sprint running and yet another for jumping. If a person enters a competition for which he is anatomically unfit, he does so, with a distinct disadvantage compared to this opponent possessing anatomical features more fit to the event. The further said that physiological fitness was specific to the activity. Since different activities make different demands upon the organism with

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respect to neurological, respiratory, circulatory, metabolic, and temperature regulating functions, the physiological systems of the body must be fit to function well enough to support the activity that the individual was performing. Wilmore (1984) while discussing modes of testing, said there is an increasing awareness of the importance of selecting the appropriate test mode when testing athletes in various sports, i.e. a mode which must closely approximate the actual sport activity. The concept of specificity can also be applied to the test protocol. When subjects are trained by hill running, the increase in VO 2 max is greater than when using a trademill protocol which increase power by increase in grade compared to a protocol which increase power by increase in speed. Thus due care should be taken to march the protocol for the testing mode or device, as closely as possible, to the conditions under which the individual trains. Considine (1967) conducted a study on task specificity. He concluded from his study that the data collected from groups of athletes and nonathletes indicated that reflex time was significantly faster than reaction time of non-athletes. A low positive but non-significant correlation between reflex time and reaction time, suggested task specificity. Fink (1960) conducted a study on the specificity of conditioning in swimming and running. He tested fresh men swimmers and fresh men varsity runners during the first week of practice and retested them after six weeks. After brief warming-up, the subjects ran at maximum speed for 30 seconds on one day and swam for 30 seconds the following day. The pulse rate stem-down method was employed to determine how quickly the cardiovascular system recuperated. The experimental results supported the principles of specificity of training that gain in general endurance and cardiovascular efficiency acquired in training for one sport made only a light contribution to performance in the other sport.

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Bergeron (1967) studied the effects of state static training at various positions and dynamic strength training through a full range motion on strength, speed of movement, and power. The 96 male subjects were randomly assigned to three experimental groups that trained either isotonically with the supine press through a full range of motion or isometrically at the extended position in the supine press and a control group. All three experimental groups showed significant gains in static strength at both positions of measurement, in speed of movement, and in the two tests of power. The control groups did not make any significant gains. No difference was found among the three experimental groups.

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References Alae-Eldin Sayed, (1973) The Effect of Different Conditioning Programmes on the Performance of Selected Motor Factors Related to Gymnastics Performance. Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol. 15, p. 45. Alexander Edward, (1970) The Effect of Circuit Training, Weight lifting and Interval training on Muscular Strength and Circulo-Respiratory Endurance, Dissertation Abstracts International vol.31, p. 1600A. Annie Brown, (1962) The Effects of Circuit Training on the Physical Fitness of Grade V Girls completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol. 4 p. 29. Arther Jones, (May 1977) Specificity in Strength Training The Facts and Fables, The Athletic Journal vol. 57, p. 70-75. Banister, Eric, (1964) The Relative Effectiveness of Interval, Circuit Training Compared with Three Me Methods of Fitness Training in a school Physical Education Programme, Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol. 6, p.43. Benerakis, (1983) Training Effect of Upper Body Circuit Training Programme on Heart Rate and Oxygen Uptake, completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol. 27 p.125. Blaner L. Bangerter, (1965) Contributive Components in the Vertical Jump, Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol. 7, p. 38. Brad Shaw, (1984) The Effect of Circuit Training on Comparison of Three modes testing for Improved Vo2 max and strength complete research in health, physical education and recreation vol. 28 p.32. Donald D. Harper, Charles D. Billinge and Donald D. Mathew, (May 1969) Comparative Effect of Two Physical Conditioning Programmes on Cardiovascular Fitness in Men, Research Quarterly p. 290-293.

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Foley M.E., (1986) The Effect of Aerobic Circuit Training Programme on Maximal Oxygen Uptake of Pre-Pubescent Children, Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol. 29 p.117. G.J. Wilson, (Nov, 1993) The Optimal Training Load for the Development of Dynamic Athletic Performance Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise vol. 25, p.1279-1286. George Lesile Dutko, (May, 1993) A Comparison of Two Progressive Strength Training Protocols, A Plyometric Exercise Protocol and Two Flexibility Protocols for improving the Quardriceps and Hamstring Muscular Complex, Strength and Flexibility of High School Weight Training Students Dissertation Abstracts International vol. 53, p. 3841A. Gray C. Charles, (1967), The Effect of Circuit Training Exercise upon Leg Strength, Running Speed and Explosive Power Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol. 9, p. 104. Harold Milton Fink, (1960) Specificity of Conditioning in Swimming and Running, Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol. 2, p. 26. Harris Ronnie, (1971) A Comparison of the Effects of Different Methods of Training and Detraining of the Strength and Speed of College Men. Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation Vol. 3, p. 23. Hodgson, James, (1964) The Effect of Circuit Training and Isometric Exercise on Treadmill Performance, Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol.6, p.39. Hofstetter MC, Mader U, Wyss T (2011) Effects of a seven-week outdoor circuit training program on Swiss Army recruits J. Strength Cond Res. p. 746.

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Jack 11. Wilmore, (1984) The Assessment of and Variations in Aerobic Power in World Class Athletes as Related to Specific Sports, The American Journal of Sports Medicine vol. 12, p. 120-125. John Nelson Quarles, (1968) A Comparative Study of Two Training Methods and Their Effects Upon Leg Power as Measured by Vertical Jump Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol. 10, p. 23. John Peter Stothart, (1966) Application to the Specific Concept Four Measures of Muscular Endurance Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol. 8, p. 34. Joshkatz Willson B.R.A., (1992) The effects of a six-week, low-intensity Nautilus circuit training program on resting blood pressure in females The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, vol. 32(3), p. 299-302. Kathleen McCann, (1968) A Comparison of Two Methods of Conditioning for Endurance of College Women in Track and Field, Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol. 10, p. 67. Kirk Randall, (1970) The Effect of Circuit Training on running the Half mile. Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol. 12, p.186. Krishtina Neri, (2008) The Effect of circuit training on physical activity enjoyment and fitness among middle-aged women M.Phil. Thesis California State University, Fullerton. Lawrence S. Moorehouse and Augustus T. Miller, (1963) Physiology of Exercise (St. Louis : The C.V. Mosby Company) pp. 275-277. Louis Choleking, (1963) An Investigation of the Effects of Two Training Programmes on Selected Physiological Variables of College Women. Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol. 5, p. 101.

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M.G. Scott, (1982) Comparison of Circuit Strength Programme and a Sport Activity Programme as Measured by Performance on the APPHER Youth Fitness Tes Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol. 27, p.64. Macbeth, Jon, (1973) The Effect of Interval and Continuous Step Training on Attitudes, Cardiovascular Fitness, and Tennis Skill of Beginning Tennis Students, Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol. 18, p. 62. Malathi Balakrishnan (2010) The Impact of 4-minute circuit training on enhancing health related fitness among students Malaysian Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 38, p. 45-48. Mark Tremblay, (1986) The Effect of Upper Body Specific Circuit Training on Grade V Children Journal of Physical Education and Sports Science vol.3, p.6-19. Micheal Namara, (December 1978) The Effect of Three Conditioning Programme on Selected Physical and Physiological Parameters of College Students. Dissertation Abstracts International vol. 38, p. 7212A. Miura Hajime (2005) Influence of Low-Intensity Circuit Training on Artery Stiffness in Female Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, Vol. 54, No. 3, p. 205-210 Naghibzadesh, (1987) The Effect of Circuit Training on Aerobic Capacity and Strength, Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol. 30, p. 144. Olsen C.E., (1980) The Effect of a Set Circuit Training programme on Strength and Muscular Endurance on College age Men. Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation vol. 23, p. 224. Phillip C. Bergeron, (1967) The Effect of Static Strength Training at Various Positions and Dynamic Strength Training through a Full Range of

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