FUTURE CHRISTCHURCH JEREMY WYMER 1496669

RESEARCH: SOIL

LIQUEFACTION

BEFORE EARTHQUAKE
The young sediment Christchurch is built on means the city is prone to the effects of liquefaction during an earthquake event. Liquefaction variation is determined by the epicentre location, magnitude, depth, duration and geological conditions. Flat areas such as this, where the water table sits only a few meters under the surface, release a build up of pressure through sand boils and waterspouts in many areas and in lateral spreading and cracking near rivers. This occurs as waters are removed from the lower lying saturated loose sediment underground during the shaking. The water is forced up through weak points in the denser sediment just below the surface. As this occurs the loss of water in the lower layers gives way to compaction, producing a variety of effects to the natural and built environment.

DENSE SEDIMENT SATURATED LOOSE SEDIMENT

LIQUEFACTION
AFTER EARTHQUAKE

SETTLED FOUNDATIONS Weakened soil can cause buildings to sink or tilt as compaction occures. this results in deformation or cracking of the building.

SUBSIDED LAND As the lower sediment compacts and moisture is forced upwards, large chunks of land subside, damaging buildings above and leaving large steps in the landscape.

FLOATED SERVICES As the pressure increases pipes become buoyant and float up through the ground. manholes are pushed up out of the roads and pipes become damaged and severed in places, leaking their contents into the earth.

SAND BOILS Strong surface evidence that liquefaction has occured. the pressure in the ground forces the liquified silt upwards and out of the ground covering the surface in mud and water.

WEAKENED SOIL Trees, power poles, lamp posts and similar objects are unable to be supported properly by the liquified ground.

LATERAL SPREADING Earth on river banks slide towards each other under the pressure causing significant cracks to open up. this may extend quite some distance back from the river itself.

DENSE SEDIMENT COMPACTED SEDIMENT

SOIL

THE GEOLOGY OF CHRISTCHURCH

BASALT FLOWS ANDESITE POST-GLACIAL ALLUVIUM AND DUNE SAND GREYWACKE AND AGRILLITE FLOW RHYOLITE, BRECCIA AND OBSIDIAN SANDSTONE, SILTSTONE AND CLAYSTONE

SOIL

LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL

HIGH LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL MODERATE LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL LOW LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL HIGH LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL EXPECTED LOW LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL EXPECTED NO LIQUEFACTION PORT HILLS - NO LIQUEFACTION EXPECTED RIVERS CITY BOUNDARY CBD
SCALE: 1:100000 0 2 4 6 8km

Basemap data sourced from LINZ NZTopo Database.

INVESTIGATION: LIQUEFACTION

LIQUEFACTION
SIMULATOR

LIQUEFACTION SIMULATOR A form of shake table constructed to exert lateral shaking / vibrations to a composition of soils. Software on a computer allows for set frequencies to be outputed to the container of soil via a speaker driver. The software allows the amplitude and the frequency of the driver cone to be easily controlled. This can produce an array of different scenarios, with the aim of simulating a quake which would cause liquefaction so that the cause and effects can be closely analysed. EQUIPMENT - Computer - Audiotest software - Amplifer - Simulator with 5 driver - Soil in container

LIQUEFACTION
SIMULATION
SEQUENCE IN SECTION: 5s INTERVALS

SOIL CONDITIONS (LIQUEFACTION PRONE) LOWER: LOOSELY PACKED AND SATURATED SOIL. UPPER: COMPACTED, FINER SOIL

SEQUENCE IN PLAN: 5s INTERVALS

LIQUEFACTION
EFFECTS

LATERAL SPREADING Soil particles spread laterally under seismic stress, transferring volume from high areas to lower areas, especially near rivers and other bodies of water.

GROUND SETTLEMENT Over the duration of an earthquake the earth subsides as the seismic waves compact and densify the loose, saturated second layer soil.

GROUNDWATER PRESSURE As the soil compacts groundwater is forced out of the saturated particles, surging upwards and breaking through the dense top layer soil.

SAND BOILS / WATER FOUNTAINS Resulting from the increase in groundwater pressure, sand boils and water fountains occur through fissures in the surface layer.

LIQUEFACTION
PRODUCTS

SPREAD

COMPACT

SURGE

ERUPT

LIQUEFACTION
RATE OF CHANGE
SEQUENCE IN SECTION: 5s INTERVALS

<

HIGH RATE OF CHANGE

>

<

LOW RATE OF CHANGE

>

LIQUEFACTION
THRESHOLD

GRADIENT = RATE OF CHANGE

START

SIGNIFICANT LIQUEFACTION

SIGNIFICANT LIQUEFACTION While the simulation was run for 60 seconds the obvious change from solid to liquid lasted only ~15 seconds. A clear threshold exsists between periods of very little change to the soil.

LIQUEFACTION
RATE OF CHANGE
THRESHOLD SEQUENCE TOPOGRAPHY: 1s INTERVALS

LIQUEFACTION

THRESHOLD: MODELLED TOPOGRAPHY

SITE & PROGRAM: EXCHANGE

CBD BLUEPRINT
SITE ANALYSIS
VIC RIA TO
CE RA TER RK PA

BEALEY AVENUE

HARPER

AVENUE

ET RE ST

H
SALISBURY STREET

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 A C D A B C D E F G H

THE FRAME CONVENTION CENTRE PRECINCT STADIUM METRO SPORTS FACILITY BUS INTERCHANGE AVON RIVER PRECINCT
A VE DEANS
HAGLEY PARK

PETERBOROUGH STREET

KILMORE STREET

TE PUNA AHUREA CULTURAL CENTRE THE SQUARE PERFORMING ARTS PRECINCT JUSTICE AND EMERGENCY SERVICES PRECINCT HEALTH PRECINCT CRICKET OVAL RESIDENTIAL DEMONSTRATION CENTRAL LIBRARY INNOVATION PRECINCT RETAIL PRECINCT

1
CHESTER STREET

CRANMER SQUARE

6
ARMAGH STREET

9 2 C 8 6
CAMBRIDGE TERRACE ROLLESTON AVENUE

13
GLOUCESTER STREET

14
LATIMER SQUARE

WORCESTER STREET

AVON PRECINCT (AMANDA) BUS INTERCHANGE (CHUN) MIXED USE RESIDENTIAL (DALIA)

FITZGERALD AVENUE

D G 16

HEREFORD STREET

CANTERBURY MUSEUM ARTS CENTRE CHRISTCHURCH ART GALLERY CCC CIVIC OFFICES BALLANTYNES CPIT CAMPUS TEMPORARY CATHEDRAL POSSIBLE FUTURE PARK

RIC

CAR

TON

CASHEL STREET

AVE

NU

11

16

16 3

LICHFIELD STREET

12 11
OX FO

RD

ER

C RA

10

15

HI

GH

15
ST RE ET
TUAM STREET

11

11

15
SAINT ASAPH STREET

RELATED PROGRAM
AV EN UE

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Y LE

FER

RY R

OAD

4
MANCHESTER STREET

F
BARBADOES STREET

MONTREAL STREET

COLOMBO STREET

MADRAS STREET

WALLACE STREET

DURHAM STREET

STEWART STREET

SELWYN STREET

ATIGUA STREET

0 50

100 200

MOORHOUSE AVENUE

SITE PHOTOS
PRE DEMOLITION

CASHEL STREET

HIGH STREET

HEREFORD STREET

HIGH STREET

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EXCHANGE PRINCIPLES

NON PUBLIC

PUBLIC

DEVELOPMENT

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INTERACTION

PRESENTATION

PUBLICATION

PRODUCTION OFFICE WORKSHOP REHEARSAL

EXCHANGE BAR/CLUB CAFE SHOP

SHOWCASE EXHIBTION PERFORMANCE DISPLAY

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EXCHANGE STRATEGY

FIXED SERVICES

ADJUSTABLE SPACE

STORAGE

TOILETS

KITCHEN

CORE OFFICE

PRODUCTION

CLUB

SHOWCASE

STORAGE

TOILETS

KITCHEN

CORE OFFICE

CLUB

SHOWCASE

STORAGE

TOILETS

KITCHEN

CORE OFFICE

PRODUCTION

CLUB

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DESIGN APPROACH

C A T H E D R A L

S Q U A R E

RELATED SITE CENTRAL SITE

H E R E F O R D

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