Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ecology (Ch 7)
Learning
Objec8ves
A"er
studying
this
sec+on,
you
should
be
able
to:
1. Understand
and
compare
ectothermy
and
endothermy.
2. Understand
and
compare
poikilotherms
and
homeotherms.
3. Know
several
strategies
used
by
ecotherms
to
survive
extreme
cold,
and
the
role
of
torpor
and
hiberna8on
in
energy
conserva8on.
4. Compare
and
contrast
the
means
of
gas
exchange
in
water-breathing
animals
with
that
of
air- breathing
ones.
Thermo-Biology
Limited
temperature
range
to
support
life.
On
Earth,
this
ranges
from
polar
regions
to
tropics
and
hot
springs.
Some
Antarc8c
lichens
photosynthesize
at
temperatures
<
0C.
Some
deep
sea
bacteria
live
at
temperatures
>
100C.
Lepus
americanus
The
snowshoe
hare
can
maintain
its
body
temperature
of
+39C
at
outside
temperatures
of
-40C
and
below.
Balancing
Heat
HS
=
Hm
Hcd
Hcv
Hr
-
He
HS
=
Total
heat
stored
in
an
organism
Hm
=
Gained
via
metabolism/absorp8on
Hcd
=
Gained
/
lost
via
conduc8on
Hcv
=
Gained
/
lost
via
convec8on
Hr
=
Gained
/
lost
via
radia8on
He
=
Lost
via
evapora8on
Metabolic heat
Environmental heat/cool
Sceloporus serrifer
How?
Cryoprotectants
Released
at
approx.
0
to
-2
deg.
C
Produced
in
the
liver
and
shuhled
to
other
organs
via
blood.
Watch
Heat
conserva8on
Eec8ve
thermoregula8on
requires
ability
to
conserve
heat:
insula+on
Hairs
and
feathers
(down)
work
by
trapping
stagnant
air
Feather
structure
Bubo
scandiacus
Fat is a good insulator (mainly in aqua8c organisms) and keeps organisms warm
Torpor: Rela8vely short- term condi8on of decreased ac8vity (bats) Hiberna8on: Inac8vity during winter months Bats reduce their body temperature (turtles) during inac8ve 8mes of the day to reduce their energy usedaily Es8va8on: Inac8vity torpor during hot months (desert tortoise)
Torpor
Osmoregulators/Ionoregulators
Maintain
a
dierent
extracellular
ionic
composi8on
from
that
of
the
environment.
Damsely nymph
Caddisy Larva
Adapta8ons
Structures
to
move
water
over
the
gills
Counter-current
ow
Mangrove
Killish
Harsh
environment,
mangrove
forests.
Capable
of
breathing
air
when
water
is
not
available.
When
air-breathing,
cell
mass
grows
between
the
lamellae.
When
they
return
to
water,
they
shed
the
cells.
Ong
et
al.
(2007)
University
of
Guelph
Light micrographs of gill laments of K. marmoratus from (A) control condi8ons in water, (B) 1 h of air exposure, (C) 1 day of air exposure, (D,E) 1 week of air exposure and (F) 1 week of air exposure followed by 1 week of recovery in water. Scale bar, 40 m.