1

Reed-Muller expansion -
exercises and problems
The Fixed Polarity Reed-Muller (FPRM) expansion of a function f with a
given polarity vector is defined as
Where
The number of terms in a FPRM expansion for a given polarity vector H is the
number of non-zero terms in the binary vector
Fixed Polarity Reed-Muller
expressions
1 1 0
( ,... , )
n
H h h h

=
1 1 0
1 1
( ,... , ) [1, ] (1)
i i
n n
h h
n i
i i
f x x x x R F

= =
| || |
=
| |
\ \
1 0
0
1 1 0
(1)
1 0 1
1
1 1
i i
i
i i h h
i
i i
i
i
h
x h
x and R
x h
h
(
=
(
=
= =

=
(

=
(

1
(1) mod(2)
i
n
h
i
S R F
=
| |
=
|
\
2
1. Derive the positive polarity RM expression for a function of two variables.
2. Determine the PPRM expression for the function
3. How many FPRM expression there are for functions of 3 variables.
4. Determine the FPRM expression for the function
with a polarity vector (010).
5. The Boolean difference for a switching function with respect to the variable x
i
is
Show that
Exercises and Problems
( )( )
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 3
( , , ) f x x x x x x x x x x = + +
1 2 1 2
( , ,..., ,..., ) ( , ,..., ,..., )
i n i n
i
f
f x x x x f x x x x
x

0 1 2
( , , ) (0, 4, 5, 6, 7) f x x x =

1 2 1 2
( , ,..., 0,..., ) ( , ,...,1,..., )
n n
i
f
f x x x f x x x
x

Q1: Derive the positive polarity RM expression for a function of two variables.
A1:
Exercises and Problems
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 1
2
1 2 2
2 1
( , ,..., ,... ) , ,..., 0,... , ,..., 0,... , ,...,1,...
,
( , ) , 0 , 0 ,1
0, 0 0, 0 0,1
0, 0 0, 0 0,1 1, 0 1, 0 1,1
0, 0 0, 0 0,1 0
i n n i n n
note that
f x x x x x x x x f x x x f x x x
Therefore
f x x f x x f x f x
f x f f
x f x f f f x f f
f x f f x f
=
=
=
+
= ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
2 1 1 2
, 0 1, 0
0, 0 0,1 1, 0 1,1
0, 0 1 0 0 0
0,1 1 1 0 0
[1, , , ]
1, 0 1 0 1 0
1,1 1 1 1 1
f
x x f f f f
f
f
x x x x
f
f


( (
( (
( (
=
( (
( (
(
3
Q2: Determine the PPRM expression for the function
( )( )
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 3
1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 2 3 1 2 3
( , , )
(1 ) (1 )
f x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
= + +
= + + =
=
=
( )( )
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 3
( , , ) f x x x x x x x x x x = + +
A2: calculation by direct computation
A2: calculation by using matrix notation
1 2 3
1 2 3 1 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 3
( , , ) (3) (3) (3)
(3) [1, ] [1, ] [1, ] [1, ] [1, , , ] [1, , , , , , , ]
[00010011].
f x x x X S X R F
where
X x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
F
= =
= = =
=

For fast calculation of the Spectral coefficients vector S we may use the FFT-like structure
2 3 1 2 1 2 3
[00010011] S
f x x x x x x x
=
=
4
Q4: Determine the FPRM expression with a polarity vector (010) for the function
A4: First we define the RM matrix
010 1 2 3 1 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 3
010
010 2 1 0 0 2 0 1 2
(3) [1, ] [1, ] [1, ] [1, ] [1, , , ] [1, , , , , , , ]
(3) [0,1,1, 0,1,1, 0,1]
(3)
X x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
S R F
f X S x x x x x x x x
= = =
= =
= =
0 1 2
( , , ) (0, 3, 5, 6, 7) [1, 0, 0,1, 0,1,1,1] f x x x = =

0
X
Remark:
The indices of columns of
R
010
(3) are define as
Thus
(01234567)(23016745)
0 0 1 1 2 2
( , , ) i h i h i h
010
1 0 0 1 1 0
(3)
1 1 1 1 1 1
RM
( ( (
=
( ( (