The Emotional Content of the Physical Space

Mahtab Akhavan Farshchi Research Fellow at the Advanced Construction Technology, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading, Reading, UK. Norman Fisher Professor of Project Management and the Director of the Advanced Construction Technology, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading, Reading, UK.

1.

ABSTRACT

Traditionally, architectural design has been a process of translating the often-conflicting spatial, physical and social needs of building promoter(s), distant and the immediate user(s) into feasible design solutions. Spatial needs are resolved by the creation of architectural forms, which in turn allow the fulfilment of individual, social and psychological needs in the form of a building. Individuals and social activities within a building are manifest in terms of functions with relevant degrees of performance for the building as a whole or in its parts. The knowledge about the possible future use of a building, and therefore the knowledge of the proposed activities within it, is an essential part of the task for any architectural creation. In order to gain some added value from the application of advanced technology in capturing the design knowledge related to the users' needs, we have proposed a preliminary model. It is argued that the existing architectural paradigm has offered inadequate means for supporting the project knowledge and information systems. We propose a model which not only challenges the current paradigm but also encourages a multidisciplinary approach to increase users input into the early design decisions by relying on the fields of environmental and social psychology, and aesthetics. Using a facet approach, the proposed model will capture and give priority to the user's need, as it enables constructing a theoretical model of information hierarchies for the extraction of design knowledge for large public spaces such as airport terminals. Thus, the research is sensitive to identify any significant differences in behaviour of the user groups concerned. This paper briefly outlines some of the preliminary results of an ongoing research project sponsored by a number of industrial partners and funding bodies at the Department of Construction Management and Engineering at the University of Reading.

2.

INTRODUCTION

The architecture community is believed to have been departing from the modern paradigm and slowly moving to a post modern paradigm for some time now. Grabow (1983, p2) argues that: The breakdown of the paradigm occurs when external anomalies introduce contradictions within its order. In case of science, phenomena may appear (or be invented) which cannot be accounted for or explained by the normal rules - just as the earths motion contradicted Ptolemaic astronomy, or relativity contradicted Euclidean geometry. In the case of architecture, changes in the external environment may appear which prevent the normal rules from satisfying its own standards. The modern architecture was born in the early days of the Twentieth Century. With rapid industrialisation after the Second World War there was an even greater demand on urbanisation. This swift social change has now created contradictions within the paradigm. The modern era is arguably blurring due to its dysfunctionality in terms of fulfilling the social and technical needs of the postindustrial society. It is postulated that the post-industrial architecture is likely to emerge as a consequence of radical progress in the fields of information technology and science, when the existing rules and values are no longer satisfactory. It is once again the contradiction between the technological development, social needs and values that can cause a shift away from the existing paradigm in architecture.

For almost all of the post World War period, architectural design and its production methods have remained somewhat different in relation to other industrial production methods. The idea of mass production (Fordism) - so appealing to the manufacturing industries - has so far failed to find a prominent place in architectural design or its production methods. References have been repeatedly made to the peculiarity of the construction industry and the historical separation of the design and construction functions. With the rapid developments of information technology, this historical separation is now much reduced, even though the social relations of production have remained somewhat reluctant to change. Nonetheless, there are aspects of the construction industry - that even with the present state of technological development - are very peculiar to the industry alone. Ball (1988) highlighted that buildings are mostly one-off products with very specific site-based conditions. Further, he discussed the significance of land and rental values, as he emphasised the significance of exchange and investment values in the construction industry. Having life expectancies far greater than other manufactured/industrially produced goods, buildings on the whole are known to have greater socio-economic and environmental impact. Their production has historically relied on many different agents, separated by socio-cultural, legal and educational systems. The once clear boundaries of the design and construction processes are currently being shaken, not only by the rapid technological changes alone, but there are some steps towards integration by offering a single point of responsibility by design and build routes. There is no barrier in the application of the theoretical advances in the fields of product modelling and computer programming to the design and production of buildings. The development of computer technology in architectural design has been much slower than manufacturing industries; nonetheless, the advancement of the artificial intelligence can play a significant role in architecture and construction. For the first time in the history of architecture, it has become possible to combine effectively and largely, the design and construction knowledge through using knowledge-based engineering systems. Understanding the ways in which knowledge in the past has been accumulated and used by the industry is the first step towards the application of computer technology in architecture and construction. Abdul Aziz (1991) research showed that design knowledge is usually gained through experience of individual firms on different projects and not shared by different sectors of the construction industry. It is also noticeable that construction research is not adequately linked to research in other fields such as social sciences, thus causing chronic problems of data and information quality. Even when data is collected rigorously, the information collected is more concerned with the creation of value for the paying clients as opposed to the building users. As supporters of a rethink of the architectural systems, we propose a new approach to formulating design parameters by capturing building users needs and applying them in the early stages of the design to aid its conceptualisation. Building upon the existing knowledge in environmental and social psychology, and using a facet approach to theory, here we outline a preliminary model of design information and knowledge for large public spaces.

2.1

Architectural Design

The inadequacy of existing methods of design began to be realised in the second half of this century. Debates were mainly around the insufficient quality of design. Design methods were therefore proposed as the means to improve quality by responding to the rapidly changing nature of the design tasks (Mitchell, 1992). The main source of debate emerged from the engineering discipline and the first encouraging results came about rather unplanned. Christopher Jones (1970) one of the first design theorists was an industrial designer in the 1950s, who according to Mitchell was frustrated with the superficiality of industrial design. His studies of ergonomics led him to propose new design methods to improve design by responding to the users requirements. Joness observations demonstrated that: The existing methods [had] left engineers with no possibility of incorporating rationally arrived at data early on their design process when it was most needed.

He then produced some prescriptive measures to guide designers in their design effort. Among this generation of design theorists there are a number of significant figureheads; Christopher Alexander (1969), for example, was more concerned with providing a theoretical account of design and so offered a generative theory of architecture. Alexander was particularly interested in a theory of design which generated good environments. His pattern language is still stimulating and is respected by the new generation of design theorists. The complexity, goal seeking, and the ill-structured nature of the design problem have been discussed by many authors since the 1960s. In particular, an account of the differences between design and scientific processes was offered by Rittel and Webber (1973) which was signified by the notion of wicked problems. What followed were attempts to replicate a scientific approach into the design process. In general there were three identifiable approaches. These are what Dybkjaer (1992) calls prescriptive, descriptive or philosophical approaches to design. As design methods came out of its infancy there were attempts to understand the design process by careful observation in its own natural environment using research methods such as protocols and direct observation (Akin, 1986). It is obvious that design theories were initially more influenced by engineering than the social sciences. The systematic approach of Jones identified three main stages; i.e., Analysis, Synthesis and Evaluation has appealed to some designers, but has been criticised for its prescriptive nature by others (Drake, 1979). In contrast, Christopher Alexander (1979), developed his theory of design methods by suggesting that 'everything within architecture can be described by patterns of which there exists a limited and well-defined set'. Design activity for Alexander was a process of definition making of its Context, Problem, and Solution. Hillier, Musgrave and O'Sullivan (1972) proposed a philosophical approach to design, which challenged the conventional thinking in architectural design: 'We need to try to think out completely new and better methodologies'. Hillier, et al believed that under any design situation, the architects had no alternative but to pre-structure their design problems in order to solve them. For them conjecture was 'a sort of catalyst' which comes of 'pre-existing cognitive capability, knowledge of the instrumental sets, solution types and informal codes, and occasionally from right outside'. At the same historical moment, buildings came to be the focus of attention in a new discipline. An interest initially emerged from a need to manage people in large organisations in order to improve productivity. There was also some demand from psychologists to offer explanations for the possible impact of buildings on the behaviour of psychiatric patients. The result was the birth of a new branch in psychology, namely environmental psychology, which has in the past forty years provided a body of knowledge for building professionals (Bell, et al, 1996). Canter (1983) has extended the application of environmental psychology in the evaluation of buildings using a facet approach. This approach has produced an effective conceptual framework for understanding the human behaviour in their environments. In recent years the facet approach has been more widely used by environmental psychologists (Groat, 1985).

2.2

The research framework

The architectural design research community in the 1990s has inherited a body of knowledge and experience in the fields of environmental psychology, design and computer technology. The theories of human spatial behaviour combined with design theories can help designers to produce more userfriendly buildings. In this paper we explore some of the underlying theories in the above fields with the aim to exhibit briefly our framework for a new thinking in the development of conceptual design. Here, we provide a preliminary framework for our interpretation of the design information at two levels, corresponding to the conceptual and the detailed design components. Further, we examine the relevance of the theories of human spatial behaviour and particularly the role of emotions and affective appraisal. Finally, we demonstrate our methods for data collection and structuring. The end-of- research results are scheduled for publication next year.

2.3

Information Theory of Design

People live and work in man-made structures, i.e., buildings. These can either facilitate or restrict human actions. Despite extensive progress in the fields of environmental psychology, geography, economics, sociology and planning, building design has not yet enjoyed much benefit from the above.

Buildings have generally been criticised for their incompatibility with their surroundings, unsatisfactory artistic qualities, alienating the people who use or live in or around them, or simply failing to function adequately. Many have blamed this on architectural determinism of the design profession, but unable to suggest any feasible alternative solution to eliminate these shortcomings. In this research, the conventional approach to formulating the design problems/goals is challenged by providing a down-up account of the design needs. We therefore propose a systematic approach to compiling design briefs, which we call the information theory of design. The model proposed here is under construction and therefore details will be left for an end of project report. The model under construction proposes a two-level hierarchy of information (Diagram 1). In the first stage of our theory development, we have made direct observations, in-depth interviews and have enjoyed the accumulated knowledge of industrial partners. In this model we hypothesise that the interface between the design and its users happen at two levels, which we call macro and micro levels of information. Diagram 1. Hierarchy of Design Information Macro level information system Purposes Flows and movements within the building Site, orientation, topography and access (both vertically and horizontally) Space Syntax (layouts in terms of patterns of connections between spaces) Structural constraints Micro level information system Functions and Performance levels: Spatial requirements; dimensions, details and proportions Internal environmental qualities/ambient factors; noise, air, lighting, temperature, electrical services, controls, security, and views Textures, materials, colours, and furnishings Structural details Overall performance levels of the different parts and the building

Current design theorists, Gero et al (1996) have aimed to develop detailed accounts of design by providing a breakdown of the parameters in terms of their functions, behaviour and structures. Although this approach has provided a language by which the design tasks can be rationalised and computerised, these can be criticised for their disregard of the emotional content of design. One aspect of human experience of buildings can be explained in terms of the success or failure of the building experience to satisfy the individual/group purposes or expectations. This experience, we argue, is time dependent. By this we mean that the proposed experience can be enhanced or deterred by the time spent in a building. This is more clearly evident in the case of public spaces where the experience is of a dynamic nature. The analogy proposed here is what we call the 'motorway' and the 'countryside' driving experiences. The short-term memory in humans has a limited capacity and in the case of the 'motorway drive' the human brain can only register a vision of the road, which is limited to lines, signs, connections and movements. This limits the number of details, which can be observed by the driver. While in a 'countryside drive', on the other hand, a leisurely experience can provide a more detailed account of events as well as recollections associated with those events.

3.

Environmental Research

The human spatial habits have been discussed by a number of environmental psychologists since the 1960s.The early days of environmental research were heavily influenced by a Positivist world of atomistic facts, and most research was conducted through a hypothesis-testing procedure that insisted on reliable, and publicly verifiable results (Golledge, 1987). Golledge argues that: 4

'The epistemological base of positivism was often wanting in research that accepted cognition as a significant factor mediating the dialectical relationship between man and environment'. There is now a tendency to consider a much wider range of influences both on personal and social levels to form our views of the environment around us. This is well elaborated by Golledge in the following: 'Information from "a priori given world" is mediated by sets of values, beliefs and meanings that have both idiosyncratic and general significance and, that heavily influenced the probability that a bit of information emanating from an element or thing is received, stored, and potentially used by people. The current understanding of the human environment relationship regards: 'Interpretation, experience, and even knowledge as a function of social, cultural values and constraints, memory, affect, emotion, fears, beliefs, prejudices, misconceptions, mental capabilities, habits, expectations and other idiosyncratic values along with all the institutional, economic, and physical factors that not only characterise the public (objective) environment but are an essential part of the flow of information from it.' (ibid. p134). It is argued, for example, that a house is not the 'same' house when perceived by different people. To allow for individual differences, Golledge asserts the interactionalist is an approach which provides an effective method which allows a merger of aspects of phenomenology and positivism, literature and science, human feelings, emotions, and objective measurement to a degree that is not apparent in other epistemologies. Since the early days of environmental psychology, the concepts of personal space and territoriality generated a great deal of interest. Robert Sommer's (1969). Hall (1966) proposed a 'proximic framework', which is regarded as a milestone in the development of the way people make active use and manipulate space. In particular, he identified four distance zones, which reflected the four principal categories of relationships (intimate, personal, social and public) and the types of activities and spaces corresponding to them. As more research has focused on the environmental cognition, it is now widely believed that humans interaction with their environments is an organised activity. The concept of plan originally developed in the 1960s refer to 'any organised pattern of action about which an individual thinks; it may include alternatives to a specific action that is undertaken and must be considered as part of the cognitive component of decision making' (Golledge, 1987). For the first time Miller, et al (1960) developed the concept of the plan to explain the intended sequence of acts leading to a goal: 'A plan is hierarchically organised in the sense that each act in the sequence can be thought of as itself composed of a sequence of sub-actions with a goal, [] In the first step, a person, P, perceives a problem and plans how to do something about it. P plans a sequence of behaviours intended to accomplish a goal. P then chooses an appropriate place and travel there for execution of the plan. Finally, P arrives and carries out the plan -or not, as circumstances allow'. Kaplans (1983) suggestion of a plan refered to any organised pattern of action about which an individual thinks; and Russell and Snodgrass (1987) showed that the sequence of 'plan-travelexecute' can constitute a unit of varied size. For example, this can refer to a brief episode at home reading a travel brochure, or it can refer to migration to another country. Canter (1983) has also emphasised repeatedly the purposefulness of the human activity. The expected value from this course of actions as many have argued depends on the probabilities of the various outcomes of those actions and the value of those outcomes.

3.1

Environment Meaning

In environmental psychology much attention has been paid to the meaning that people attribute to their environments. Osgood (1975) developed a three-dimensional model involving concepts such as evaluation, activity and potency. 5

These dimensions of meaning have been confirmed repeatedly by evidence gathered using semantic differential methods. Berlyne et al (1974) also confirmed these dimensions in their research in aesthetic appreciation. Mehrabian and Russell (1974) found similar dimensions, which they called pleasure, arousal and dominance. However, Canter (1969) found out that Osgood three-dimensions of evaluation, potency and activity are not so relevant to architecture. He further asserted that: 'The basic dimensions of environmental meaning are not likely to be equivalent to the dimensions of semantic meaning identified by Osgood and his associates'. The empirical studies have identified other factors. For example, Canter (1969) observed seven factors of environmental meaning: character, coherence, friendliness, roughness, flexibility, fashion, and safety. Hersberger (1970) found five factors: pleasantness, organisation, potency noveltyexcitement and spaciousness. Vielhauer (1965) developed a set of 66 bipolar adjectival descriptors relevant to architecture, which after further analysis generated five factors: aesthetic appeal, physical organisation, size, temperature-ventilation, and lighting (see Appendix B). Russell et al (1981) have demonstrated that the discrepancy between Osgoods theory and empirical studies of environmental meaning have been simply caused by measuring different affective and cognitive components of meaning. Russell and Snodgrass (1987) extensively studied the affective components of meanings and emotions. They have referred to emotions as a heterogeneous class of different phenomena. The difficulty as they have pointed out is that emotions can embrace both prototypical episodes such as falling in love, or they can refer to vague feelings of mood, attitudes, preferences, or just about anything that is not coldly rational. Zajonc (1980) has defined emotions which are bodily feelings that reveal preferences, and Clore and Parrott (1991) have refered to emotions as a means to conveying information to individuals about the nature of the their psychological situation. However vague the concept of emotions, there is growing interest in the benefits gained from the stimulation of positive emotions in people. In the study of organisational emotions, Locke (1996) has demonstrated that displays of positive emotions to consumers has resulted in encore gains for organisations. Other research has further highlighted that the quality of services affect customers emotions (Locke, 1996). In architectural design, management of emotions have been vastly neglected by the traditional architectural design methods, and in this research we have aimed to investigate the nature of emotions relevant to public space design. Diagram 2. shows some of the concepts which are currently being examined using semi-structure interviews of building users. Diagram 2. Emotional Content of Space Environmental qualities
Aesthetics Cleanliness Complexity Friendliness Incongruity Legibility Ornate Potency Privacy Size Spaciousness Surprisingness

Spaces
Bathroom Classroom Corridor Dinning Room Entrance Hall Information Point Lift/Elevator Meeting Room Music Room Office Playing Room Queuing space Smokers Room Waiting Room

Activities
Acceding Cleaning Descending Eating Listening Moving Playing Queuing Resting Rushing Sitting Talking Waiting Walking

3.2

Emotions and Affective Appraisal

In this section we examine the nature of emotions in more depth. Russell and Snodgrass have identified four types of emotions, which they call emotional dispositions, moods, affective appraisals and emotional episodes. These refer to long and short term emotions in general.

However, the two emotional descriptions, which we have found appropriate to the present research are those of mood and affective appraisal. Russell and Snodgrass (1987) have provided a comprehensive discussion of emotions, which relates to activity in space: 'The different steps thus highlight different aspects of emotion: planning requires affective appraisal of the events planned'. Emotional dispositions, as they have argued 'relates to long-term emotions and a tendency to do or think or feel particular things when the right circumstances occur'. Feeling for our parents is said to be an emotional disposition. Emotional disposition is argued to be 'a disposition because it exists even during the times when we are not thinking or feeling anything about our parents, but it is manifested on certain occasions'. By mood they refer to 'the core emotion-tinged feeling of a persons subjective state at any given moment'. In their account moods refer to psychological states such as calm, upset, depressed, excited, unhappy, or neutral. By this definition a person is always in a mood. Moods are usually measured in self-report formats. Further, pleasure and arousal are taken as the key dimensions of mood. Affective appraisals refers to 'our judgements of things as pleasant, attractive, valuable, likeable, preferable, repulsive and so on'. It is in this respect that these can be distinguished from moods. Affective appraisal is always directed towards something - the appraisal always refers to a quality of the object appraised. It is the object that appears pleasant or disgusting. It could also occur with no inner emotional feelings. It can be distinguished from mood in as much as the appraiser may evaluate a subject while experiencing a certain mood, which has no relation to the appraisal event. Finally, emotional episodes, are 'emotional reaction to something, with the reaction typically involving co-ordinated and distinctive physiological, behavioural and mental changes like falling in love with someone, suffering a grief at death, getting angry at someone and being frightened by a bear in the woods'. Emotional episodes have common characteristics with both affective appraisals and mood. Like affective appraisal, emotional episodes are about something and like moods they refer to a core subjective feeling. Emotional episodes are prototypical examples of what is usually meant by an emotion.

4.

Research Method

In pursuit of the development of a theory of design information, we have so far demonstrated that the architectural design can benefit from broadening its scope by careful consideration of studies in other fields such as environmental psychology, particularly, the study of emotions and environmental meanings. In Diagram 3., we outline our interpretation of what is meant by the macro and micro level information systems. The interface between strategic design and the detailed design forms is what is commonly known as the user experience of the building. The concepts of macro and micro refer to the overall experience and individual events respectively. The degree to which an individual's experience moves along a macro-micro continuum is hypothesised to be dependent on the length of time spent in the space, purpose and experience of the user, as it is on the subjective appraisal of the space by that individual. This research has set to explore the above relationships by mapping the behavioural patterns of the building users against design knowledge compiled by client/user organisations. It is believed that such an approach would enable the conceptualisation phase of the architectural creation, while reducing the gap between the silent users whose needs are not so well understood by the paying client. The facet approach proposed by Canter (1983) has provided a valuable framework for identifying the interrelationship between design information and the resultant psychological impact on the building users. Canter has proposed literature review as the starting point in his facet approach to theory development. In addition, our research has vastly benefited from the clients' experience of the buildings in operation. In order to identify categories and concepts grounded in the users' personal constructs we have proposed multiple sorting procedures.

Diagram 3. Micro and Macro Design Information Interaction

Macro Level

Building

Micro Level Functions Performances Behaviour

Intents Purposes Forms

The Interface between forms and functions

The following facets (see Appendix A.) presented here demonstrate a few examples of the important categories, which have been derived from our preliminary investigations. The method used here is based on what Canter (1983) has suggested for the study of housing satisfaction. The model is responsive to physical, physiological, psychological, social and cultural differences of the users, as it is sensitive to the nature of their experiences and past experiences. The model refutes a top-tobottom approach in design by allowing the true beneficiaries of a space influencing its design. The above model is applied to each of the identified factors in order to determine the nature of experience and those aspects of cognitive and emotive processes, which lead to a higher degree of satisfaction from a place.

5.

Conclusions

During the early phases of design, architects/designers seek from their promoters information relating to the design's overall needs. Statement of needs may be in the form of the clients' design brief documents, specifications or any other supporting documents. Within the current practice, eliciting knowledge, information and design data is an art mostly to be mastered by the practical experience of both architects/designers and their client organisations. Therefore, one can argue that the more experienced clients who are also the buildings main user/operator may over time form a better view of the physical and socio-psychological needs of their building users than the less experienced ones. However, the quality of the data collected on the needs of the building users is much dependent on the methods and the underlying theories of data collection as they are on the accuracy of the data collected. In the absence of a strong theoretical framework, data collection can resolve in an ad hoc attempt, which would naturally be very unsystematic, and unrepresentative to the real needs of the building users. On the other hand, theoretically strong research on the users' habits and their environmental behaviour can help accumulate building design knowledge and thus reduce costs of learning by errors. The research outlined above is an ongoing effort part of a two-year Link/IDAC project at the Advanced Construction Technology, University of Reading. As a step towards integration of design and construction activities this project has set itself the task of combining the dynamism of an industrial approach with the underpinning of a theoretical framework with a view to proposing a new thinking for managing the design information. The research is in the first year of its two-year life, and the research team is presently undertaking fieldwork. The pilot study results are due for publication shortly. It is also hoped that the detailed account of the fieldwork and the model discussed briefly in this paper would be available for presentation in September.

6.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all our industrial partners and funding bodies who have supported us wholeheartedly. Further, we are very grateful for the valuable advice, contribution and support of Dr. Marylin Williams, Rose Smith, Richard Lorch, Prof. Tom Mitchell, Prof. Roy Davis and Prof. David Canter.

6.1 Appendix A.
Table 1. A Facet Approach to the Evaluation of Airport Design Facet One ROLE The extent to which [1. Short-haul passenger [2. Long-haul passenger [3. Other airport visitors ] ] ] (an airport user) states that

LEVEL = L [1. The airport itself ] [2. The location ] [3. The neighbourhood ]

is satisfactory for

REFERENT =R [1.Social contact [2.Space [3.Services

] ] ]

FOCUS = F [1. Overall [2. In general 3. In particular

] ] meets her/his objectives ]

[1. Not at all [2.Somewhat negatively [3.In between [4.Somewhat positively [5. Very much

] ] ] ] ]

Facet Two. ROLE

The extent to which

[1. Business traveller [2. Holiday maker [3. Other airport visitors

] ] ]

(an airport user) states that

LEVEL = L [1. The Route used by the passenger [2.The overall design of the building [3. The specific aspects of design

] ] ]

is satisfactory for

REFERENT =R [1. Aesthetic Appeal [2. Personal Space [3. Movement within building [4. Services

] ] ] ]

FOCUS = F [1. Overall [2. In general [3. In particular

] ] ]

meets her/his objectives

[1. Not at all [2.Somewhat negatively [3.In between [4.somewhat positively [5. Very much

] ] ] ] ]

6.2 Appendix B.
Early Environmental Research, Source Zube & Craik
VielhauerKasmar, 1970 Aesthetics Canter 1968 Impressive Unique Interesting Soft Friendly Welcoming Tidy Coherent Clear Rough Coarse Dark Spaciousness Changeable Flexible Craik 1968 Dynamic Different Interesting Civilised Cheerful Joyful Hersberger 1972 Exciting Unique Interesting Soft Friendly Comfortable Ordered Controlled Clear Rugged Massive Permanent Spacious Large Loose Generous Rich Lavish Collins 1969 Expensive Unique Interesting Fun Happy Joyful Equipped Co-ordinated Complete

Friendliness

Organisation

Beautiful Attractive Appealing Organised Efficient Orderly

Potency

Space

Roomy Large Wide Bright Colourful Gay Clean Tidy Neat Large Huge

Liveable Lived in Curtained Textured Bright colours Flashy Cluttered Confined Roomy Big Large Roomy

Ornate

Neat

Size

Conservativ e Colourful Bizarre Dirty Empty Broad Big Huge Broad

Large Formal Proud

10

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