LINUX Cheat Sheet

*Please note that some of these commands are specific to the programs and environment I have set-up on my machine and will not work for you unless you have your machine set-up similarly. Use the command locate program_name to determine whether or not you have a specific program on your machine.

The Basics to Get Started

The first thing to understand about LINUX is that your files exist in what is called a directory tree which you can access from a terminal window. When you log in and open a terminal, you are in your home directory of the directory tree: "/usr/people/login_name". From this path you can see that the trunk of the directory tree starts a place called "/". Your home directory exists off a branch that has "grown" from the trunk called usr/ and this directory has split again into people/ and finally into your home directory. You can now create further branches off your branch of the directory tree, or work with system files that exist in other areas of the directory tree. If your are used to working with Windows, note that directories are very similar to what would be folders in Windows. Here are some very basic initial commands to get you started moving around the directory tree:
pwd tells you where you are in the directory tree ls lists the contents of the directory you are in cd directory_path moves you to another directory mkdir directory_name makes a new directory rm filename removes a file rmdir directoryname removes a directory

In order to remove all old files and directories contained in and below a directory use -r in the remove statement so it removes recursively. (Use rm not rmdir.)
rm -r directory

Adding the option -f (with or without the r) avoids having to confirm each remove (very useful on the supercomputers). cp filename placetocopyto copies a file to another location (or name if not a path) mv filename placetomoveto moves a file to another location (or name if not a path) ../ means go up one directory (You can do lots of these in a row (i.e. "../../../") . stands for the directory you are in ~ stands for your home directory Ctrl-a moves cursor to beginning of line Ctrl-e moves cursor to the end of line Tab will complete typing the rest of any unique partially typed filename or path.

Many commands have extra options you can add. For instance, using the ls command above with the extra options:
ls -latr

will list the contents of the directory in reverse order (oprion r) of the time last modified (option t) with additional informatiom about the file sizes and permissions. To copy files between computers use scp (ftp is no longer allowed for security reasons), which is almost the same as cp except that you need to include the user and machine name as well:
scp filename mayaan@sp.msi.umn.edu:/misc/folder/foo

Where filename is what you are copying and the rest is where you are copying to. The scp program must exist on both machines for this to work. If you need to install it on your Windows machine at home, WinSCP can be found on the web for free at http://winscp.sourceforge.net/eng/download.php. If you want to copy something to our group's laptop, you have to scp from rather than to it:
scp mayaan@sp.msi.umn.edu:/misc/folder/foo .

which will copy a file called foo in /misc/folder directory of your machine into whatever directory you are in on the laptop. If you need to login to your computer from home, or you want to login to another machine from your own, you will have to use ssh. On our lab's machines this will already be installed. To install it on your windows machine at home go to: http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html and get the PuTTY executable you need. For more information you can read about ssh at the MSI web page: http://www.msi.umn.edu/user_support/ssh/ To use ssh:
ssh -l mayaan sp.msi.umn.edu

Where 'mayaan' is your user name and sp.msi.umn.edu is the name of the machine you are ssh-ing to. (You can also use an IP address instead.) You only need to add your user name if it is different on the machine you are logging on to. Otherwise just use:
ssh sp.msi.umn.edu

If you want to be able to use molden or open emacs buffers in a new window then you will also need to use the options:
ssh -X -Y sp.msi.umn.edu

to enable X11 forwarding. (Usually you will want to do this.) When you ssh to a particular machine for the first time, it will ask you if you want to add them to your list of known hosts. Later, if the name of a machine you have ssh-ed to or from in the past is changed, it will create conflicts with the ssh security keys your machine has saved. If you get this warning, go into the .ssh/known_hosts file within your home directory and delete the old offending key. It will look something like this:
pinot-noir 1024 35 1291129784473943918414976868999086549 86410415517156181529778994379806391528830362867173995734 66658080759778377074425427610673221589448680346317493289 5288707144936026451479604363236711070229633796081649813

Most of the files you create in LINUX will be made with a file editor such as emacs, xemacs or vi. Usually emacs and vi will already be installed on your machine. To open a new file

with emacs type:

emacs filename

If you want to keep using the command line in your terminal while the editor is open you can type:
Ctrl-z bg

which places your currently opened file in the 'background'. Or open the editor instead with:
emacs filename &

If you want to bring the editor into the foreground again type:
fg

As long as the editor (or any program for that matter) is in the foreground, you can close it by typing:
Ctrl-c

(This isn't the best way to close most programs. It usually comes in most handy when you accidentally open something and want to quit out of it immediately.) To learn about more editor commands you can visit either http://www.cs.fsu.edu/general/vimanual.html for vi or http://www.ma.iup.edu/MathDept/HomePageHelp/emacs.html for emacs. (There are also some additional commands in the miscellaneous section below.) You can also look at a file using your terminal by typing:
more filename

You can't edit it this way though, only view. Whenever you want to learn more about how a specific command works, you can type: man command or command --help and a help page will pull up that explains the command details to you. To print out what man says type:
man -t command >print.ps

and then use the program gv to look at the print.ps file you created.
gv print.ps

Some common programs we use in the lab that you may want to familiarize yourself with are: molden (for viewing Gaussian .out files or creating .xyz or z-matrix files) vmd (for viewing CHARMM pdb and dcd files) xmgrace or tecplot (for making data graphs) cvs (for storing and accessing files) latex or pdflatex (for creating/compiling LaTeX documents) gnumeric (for creating spreadsheets) xpdf or acroread (for viewing pdf files) gimp (for editing image files) tkYorkLib.pl (for looking up journal references) ooffice (stands for OpenOffice and is a complete set of word processing, spread sheet, and presentation software similar to what you may be used to from Windows)

Additional information about using and obtaining most of these programs can be found on the Software link of our York Group Intranet.

Searching, Editing and other Basics

To combine a number of files into one file type:
cat *.bib > allfiles

Don't use an output file with the same filename suffix as the files you are cat-ing or it will try cat-ing in that one too. To search through the files of a directory for a word or phrase use:
grep -i 'word' *

Without the -i option, the grep command will be case sensitive. Other grep options include: -v to print lines that do not match -n to print output with line numbers -c to print only a count of number of lines matching To search within all the files of a directory branch for a word or phrase type:
find . -type f -print -exec grep -i 'searchword' {} \;

You can also use:

grep -i 'searchword' */*.src90 | grep INE

where "*/*" will search both the current and next lower directories, and "| grep INE" will filter out all the lines found with 'searchword' which don't also contain "INE". To find any file that has been on your computer for more then a day type:
locate filename

In addition to editors like emacs, you can also edit files directly from the terminal using sed, the built-in stream editor. You can use it to make substitutions or deletions in a file with commands such as:
sed 's/oldword/newword/g' filename

which substitutes "newword" for "oldword". The "g" makes the substitution global (all instances on that line). Without the g, it will only change the first match on that line. Other sed commands:
sed 's/word/d' filename

This deletes the whole line, not just the word. To delete just the word:
sed 's/word//' filename

The examples given will print out the changes to the terminal. If you want to print the changes to a file instead type: sed 's/oldword/newword/' filename > newfilename where > directs the output into a file called newfilename To link more than one command together use &&. For example:
sed 's/oldword/newword/' filename > newfilename && emacs newfilename

Installing, Tarring, Zipping & RPMs, Etc.

Most of the program files you need to install on your machine will be downloaded in a compressed format that takes less time to transfer. Once on your machine, you will need to uncompress the file before you can install it. First, determine the type of file you have from the file suffix. If it ends in .tar it is probably an unzipped tar file. If it ends in .Z, .gz, .bz2 or.tgz it is probably a zipped tar file (zipping is a form of further compression). In order untar a tar file type:
tar -xvf file.tar

if it is a zipped tar file add a z to the options: tar -zxvf file.tar.Z (except for bz2 which uses -j instead of -z) If you want to look at the contents of a tar file before you untar it use:
tar -t filename.tar

If you then decide there is only a small part of the total tar file you actually need to extract, type:
tar -zxvf tarfile filepath

If you have a large number of files you wish to transfer you can make it simpler by tarring them first:
tar -cvf file.tar directory_to_tar

(Make sure you don't reverse the order of "file.tar" and "directory_to_tar"). Then to zip it type:
gzip -cv file.tar

Or better yet, do it all at once with:

tar -zcvf

On our SGIs, this must be done with the command: tar -tvf file.tar directoryname instead. Here's a neat trick for transferring a tar file to another machine that will tar "on the fly" rather then requiring you to create a tar file on your own machine first. (Which can be useful if you don't have much space left.) To do this simultaneous tar, zip, and transfer type:
tar --rsh-command=`which shh` -zcvf -- --host_computer:filename.tar -- -directory_to_tar

Note that "which ssh" needs back-ticks rather than apostrophies. After you uncompress a program tar file you will usually still have to install the program yourself. The usual directory to install programs in is /usr/local/. (You will need root permissions.) Look for a README file in the file's source code to get further instructions. An easier method of installing programs though is to get a rpm package rather then a tar file for a program whenever possible. Rpm packages do all the work of untarring and installing for you. A good source for these files can be found at: http://linux.s390.org/download/rpm2html/index.html or ftp://ftp.software.umn.edu/pub/linux/redhat/redhat-9-en/os/i386/RedHat/RPMS (Note that this particular link is for people using Redhat 9 but if you go up a few directories you can get to the directory specific to the LINUX version your using).

To install rpm packages type:

rpm -Uvh file.rpm

You will often have to be root when you do this but you can do it from any location in the directory tree. There are lots of other options for rpm files as well. Go to:
rpm --help

to learn more options. An even easier way to install things is to use a program that grabs and installs all the rpms you need for you. One such program (which you may already have installed) is called yum and you can get it from: http://linux.duke.edu/projects/yum/download.ptml. Once yum is installed you can install new packages by either:
yum install packagename

for a specific package or

yum upgrade

to get everything newly available for your LINUX version. To see where the executable for a program you want to run is type:
which executablename

Environment Set-up, Paths and Linking, Etc.

There are a number of "hidden files" (files named with a . as the first character which don't show up when you type "ls") in some directories, some of which you can put personal environment options in. Within your home directory, use emacs or another editor to look at the files .bash_profile, .bashrc and /etc/profile to get an idea of the kinds of things which these files contain. After making a change to these files you will need to either type:
source .hidden_filename

in each terminal you use or else re-login. To display all of the environment variables which are currently set:
env

To set environment variables needed to run programs such as CVS, go to the file .bash_profile, (or in c shell to .cshrc). Then, to set up a variable such as CVSROOT, type:
export CVSROOT=:ext:theory.chem.umn.edu:/usr/local/cvsroot

which tells CVS to look for its home on theory in the directory /usr/local/cvsroot. You will have to re-login for these changes to take effect. If a variable should be in the path of the whole computer rather than just a particular user, (such as for a program all users will use), put this variable in /etc/profile instead. If you want to be able to run a program from anywhere in your directory tree it needs to be "in your path", meaning in the list of places it will look for it. (You can see what is currently in your path by typing the env command mentioned above). The directory "~/bin" is always in your path and is a good place for personal programs/files. To run a program file though you will also need to have executable permission for that file.

In order to change the permissions for a file:

chmod XYZ filename

where X is the sum of the user permissions, Y is the sum of the group permissions, and Z is the sum of the all users permissions. For read permission add 4, for write permission add 2, and for executable permission add 1. For example, to create a file which had read, write and executable permissions for the user but only read permission for every one else, type:
chmod 744 filename

or
chmod +x filename

which will add executable permission to all three. In order to change the user ownership of a file, go root and then type:
chown user filename

To change group ownership type:

chgrp -R groupname directory/filename

Or you can change both permissions at once by typing:

chown -R user.group directory/filename

(Adding the -R makes it recursive through all directories in the path you type). If you want to use a file/program that is in a different directory but you don't want to actually move or copy the file/program over, you can instead make a link to it. There are two types of links, hard and soft. To make a soft link:
ln -s filepathtoexecutable placetomakelinkto

for example:
ln -s ~/CVS/DataBase/Semiempirical-SRP/Utilities/EXE/GenRefGeomData .

where the "." stands for the directory you are in. A soft link is usually preferable to a hard link, as a hard link will delete the actual file if you delete the link. This is often used to set up a link to an executable from your "~/bin" directory because it allows you to run the executable from anywhere in your directory tree. You can also link one directory to another:
ln -s /usr/local/src/xmgr/xmgr-4.1.2/xmgr/doc/ doc

which will link the original directory to a new directory called doc that exists in the directory you are currently in. If you want to make up your own command name to stand for something else, you can make an alias. Make a file in your ~/bin directory named what you want your command to be. Then, inside of the file put the commands that you want it to execute when you type your command. For example, you can make a file called "sl", inside of which is the command ls. (That way, every time you accidentally type sl instead of ls, it will still execute ls.) Make sure you give the file executable permission or you won't be able to run it.

Checking Processes

To find your IP address:

/sbin/ifconfig

and look for inet addr: To change your printer setup, run:
printconf-gui

To restart your network:

service network restart

To have the output of a running job (program) be output both to the screen and to a file, type:
executable < infilename | tee outfilename

You will have to wait until the job finishes to use your command line again however. Another way to both direct output to a file and to the screen is to first direct it to a file:
executable < infilename > outfilename &

And then to view what is being written to your output file as the program runs, type:
tail -f outfilename

This command can be stopped anytime with Ctrl-c without killing the actual program that is running. The -f command for tail stand for following. You can also print out only a certain number of lines by instead using:
tail -10 outfilename

which would print out the last 10 lines. To see how much disk space is being used by a directory tree branch:
du -sh directoryname

To see the space used per directory in a branch:

du | sort -nr | more

To see total space used for each disk partition:

df -h

To check which jobs have run recently type:

find . -mtime -1 -print

The -1 means check everything within the last day. You can change this to any number you want. To find out where a job on your machine is running, first:
cd /proc/

then locate the process id (PID) directory of your job (which you can find by running top, see below) and look inside it to see where the executable path is. If something running on your machine is taking up too much of your processor, you can change its priority by 'renice'-ing it. To renice something, first run top:
top

then type r at the cursor prompt. It will ask you which PID you would like to renice (the PID found in the left most column). Finally it will ask you what renice value you would like to set the process to. Entering a positive value (something like 20) will lower your job's priority while a negative one will raise it.

If the process you want to change belongs to another user, you will have to be root to be allowed to change it. Other useful top commands: To see all the jobs a user has running type u at the top command prompt and then enter the users name. To sort processes by newest to oldest type A. Or to reverse order type R. To kill (stop) a job type k at the command prompt and enter 15 as the kill signal. (15 kills "nicely". If that doesn't work, you can use 9 instead which kills abrubtly.) Many other top commands can be viewed with 'man top'. You can also kill a job on the command line by typing: kill -15 jobid (note the minus sign this time). To kill only the jobs of a certain user type:
kill `ps aux | grep username | awk '{print $2}'`

To see the parent to child branching for all processes running type,
ps afx

This will tell you, for instance, which programs are running out of each terminal and will give you the PID for each process too.

File type conversions

If a file is missing a file type suffix, you can find out what type of file a file is (text, tar, png, etc.) by typing:
file name_of_file

To convert from a ps file to a png or gif file format type:

ps2png file.ps file.png or ps2gif file.ps file.gif

To convert from a eps file to a pdf file format type:

epstopdf --nocompress filename

To convert an rgb file (made with vmd) to a png file use:

convert file.rgb file.png convert works for many other file types convert file.png file.eps

as well. Such as:

To look at a dvi file (created with LaTeX):

xdvi filename

To print the output of a dvi file:

dvips -f file.dvi > file.ps and then open it with gv and print.

To add more white space around an image:

convert filename -bordercolor white -boarder 10x10 newfilename

where 10x10 specifies how many pixels of space to add.

Supercomputers
There are a number of supercomputers available for use at MSI to help you run jobs more quickly using multiple processors. To find a full list of your machine options go to: http://www.msi.umn.edu/user_support/ You can also use the Linux cluster we have available in our own lab. To find out more about what computers are available on this go to: http://theory.chem.umn.edu/Group/Private/compinfo.html To change your password type passwd and follow prompts. (This works on our Linux machines too). To temporarily (1 day) stop our Linux cluster jobs from running on your machine:
nodemodify.pl pause computername

or to remove your computer from the Linux cluster:

nodedown

and to re-add it again:

nodeup

Note than when you are off the cluster other people can't run their jobs in cluster queue on your machine but you can't run your on theirs either. In order to use many of the programs available on the MSI machines you will have to load a module first. Going to http://www.msi.umn.edu/user_support/software/all.html and finding your desired program will usually tell you how to do this. To make computer usage equally distributed between all users, the supercomputers use a queuing system. You have to submit large jobs to the queue in order to have them run (rather than run them interactivly like you can on your own machine). To put something into the queue system you need to make a submission script file. The format of these files is a different depending on which supercomputer you running are on. For instance, on the netfinity, a multiple processor submission script file looks something like this:
#PBS -l nodes=4:ppn=2,mem=1000mb,walltime=96:00:00 #PBS -m e cd ~/charmm/projects/ mpirun -np 8 ~/charmm/projects/charmmpar < ribo379_ionequil.inp > ribo379_ionequil.out

On the sp:
#!/bin/csh #@ error = err.err #@ job_type = parallel #@ wall_clock_limit =3:00:00 #@ network.MPI = css0,shared,US #@ node = 4 #@ tasks_per_node = 2 #@ node_usage = shared #@resources = ConsumableMemory(500) #@ queue

setenv MP_SHARED_MEMORY yes charmmpar < ribo301mg_watequil.inp > ribo301mg_watequil.out

Once you have your submission script, you then need to send it to queue. This also varies by machine. qsub scriptname (for the netfinity) or llsubmit scriptname (for the sp) If you are running Gaussian jobs, however, you can have the submission script created for you. First load the Gaussian module:
module load g03

then create the submission script and submit it to the queue simultaneously with:
qg03 -p 2 -t 96:00:00 -m 512mb jobname.inp

where "-p 2" is the number of processors you want, "-t 96:00:00" is the amount of time you want (each system has an upper limit on this) and "-m 512mb" is the amount of memory you need. Make sure you set this to match up with what you put in your Gaussian input file. You can find out more about the queuing systems by going to http://www.msi.umn.edu/user_support/ and selecting the link for the system you are using. To check the status of a job that has been submitted on the netfinity: showq or qstat | grep username or qstat -f jobid if you need more information. On the sp: showq or llq | grep username showq can also be used to see how many processors are available. Once a job has been submitted you can find out how soon it will run by:
showstart jobid

To delete a job after it has been queued, first use qstat or llq to find the job id. It will be something like this: "17147.ofs". Then: On the sp: llcancel jobid On the netfinity: qdel jobid To find out your disk space quota on a system:
quota

To find out how many hours of allocated time you have used on a system:
acctinfo

This will also tell you how many total hours of allocation our group has left before the current grant period ends (each July 1st and Jan. 1st). InsightII is only available on the bscl supercomputer machines and you may need to email them to get an account set up. To use InsightII remotely:
source /usr/local/biosym/cshrc InsightII -axxess

(It may give you some error messages but it should still work.)

To make molden stop beeping!:

xset -b

(Sorry I can't help you with InsightII). To use babel on the supercomputers you will need to be in bash shell first (just type bash at the command prompt to get this). Then:
export BABEL_DIR=`pwd`

Miscellaneous
If your computer freezes, it is best to not just shut it off. First try going to another computer, shh to your machine and become root. Then use the top (see info on using top above) to kill the job that is causing the problem. You can also try:
Ctrl-F4

to open another session on your own computer amd run top from there. Then to get back to your session:
Ctrl-F7

To turn off your computer properly, first become root. Then:

shutdown -h now

or use -r to reboot. Sometimes a more useful way of transferring files between machines is to use rsync rather than scp. This can be a good idea if, for instance, you want to copy all of the files in a particular directory over that are not already there but omit the ones that are. Or you want to transfer only files that are newer versions of similarly named files than ones already there. There are many options for this command that can be looked up in the man pages. One usage example:
rsync -Wvult muscat.chem.umn.edu:/directory/* .

which will copy over all the files of a directory that are newer than older versions while preserving symbolic links and file modification times. If you have a floppy disk you want to look at the files on type:
mount /dev/floppy

or if it is Windows formatted:
mount -t vfat /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy

You will have do be root to do this or have permissions for this device. When you are done, unmount the disk with:
unmount /dev/fd0

To read a cd:
mount /dev/cdrom cd /mnt/cdrom

Some of the newer LINUX versions will mount things like disks, cds and flash drives automatically.

To play a cd:
xplaycd &

To burn files onto a cd (you have to be on theory for this):

cdrecord -vv -dev=cdrw -blank=fast -dao -pad -audio filenames

To compile a program you've written in fortran with a Makefile, checkout the directory: ~/CVS/Software/Configure and copy the file prog.mk to the directory your program is in. Edit the file to be specific for your program. Then type:
configure

(which should be in your path) to create your Makefile. Now to compile your code type:
make

If you do not have a Makefile you can compile with:

f95 filename

To check the spelling of a file:

ispell filename

Emacs also has a spell check option under the Tools menu. To see how many lines in a file:
wc -l filename

To install CHARMM (in serial, not parallel), go into the main directory of the source code where the script install.com exists. (You can check out different versions of CHARMM from "~/CVS/Software/Programs/CHARMM") Then type:
./install.com machinetype memorysize

You can use "large" on our machines or "xlarge" on the supercomputers for the memorysize and for machinetype use: "gnu" for Linux, "ibmsp" for the sp, etc. A list of possible types as well as other compiler options, can be found inside the install.com script file. To install CHARMM in parallel, use instead: ./install.com machinetype memorysize M
MPICH

You will be prompted for where the mpi include and mpi lib files are. This changes as upgrades are made but you can find what's current by going to: http://www.msi.umn.edu/cgibin/soft/software_detail.html?id=225&lab_id=&subject_id=30. Currently on the netfinity they are:
/usr/local/mpich-gm-rhel3/include /usr/local/mpich-gm-rhel3/lib

These may be different depending on which libraries your platform uses though. You can also see our message board for more details. When recompiling charmm, especially if you are making changes to the code itself, you may need to delete the platform directory created within the lib/ and build/ directories. For example:
rm -rf build/gnu rm -rf lib/gnu

Don't delete the entire lib/ or build/ directories though or you will lose files you need to compile!

To follow the output of the compilation:

tail -f build/gnu/gnu.log

where gnu is the computer platform type you are using. It is often useful to create shell scripts for carrying out tasks. For instance, if you want to change the names of many files at once, instead of changing each one separately, you can do this by typing the following set of commands:
for i in `ls *.dat` do mv $i `echo $i|sed 's/dat/txt/'` done

This will substitute "tex" for "dat" in each filename that ends in "*.dat". Or, if you wanted to run a number of jobs in succession, you can create your own submission script. First open a file named what you want your script to be called. Then type:
#! /bin/sh name="job1.inp job2.inp job3.inp job4.inp" for i in $name do g03 < $i > `echo $i|sed 's/inp/out/'` done

Add executable permission to the script and then run it with:

nohup ./script &

(Be careful to keep back-ticks and apostrophes strait and don't use a & in the g03 command line or the jobs will try to run all at once!) To sort names or data:
for i in `ls *.xyz`; do echo $i; done | sort

which sorts alphabetically. To instead sort numerically use sort -n (or sort -nr for reverse order). Please note that these commands are specific to bash shell. If you are using a different shell (such as on the supercomputers which use c-shell by default) you will need to either change to bash shell temporarily: bash (to enter) exit (to leave) or use commands specific to c shell instead. For example:
foreach i (`ls *`) do mv $i `echo $i|sed 's/dat/txt/'` done

To turn off beeping, go into Current Profile under the Edit menu of one of your terminals and de-select terminal bell. You will have to re-login for this to become permanent. To get rid of a CVS sticky tag on a file (usually created when checking out an older version of a file), first make a backup file, then:
cvs update -A

To get a previous cvs version of a file, first:

cvs log filename

to list all previous versions, then: cvs update -r version filename To make a graph from only some of the columns in a file:
xmgrace -block filename -bxy 2:3

where -bxy 2:3 tells xmgrace which columns to use for the x & y axis To change your screen saver run:
xscreensaver

To send a ps or pdf file to the printer:

lp -d lpc -P 1-2 filename

where "lpc" is our color printer (you can also use "lpbw" for our black & white printer) and "-P 1-2" is the pages to print (can be left out if there is only 1 page or you want to print the whole file). To view the print jobs you have submitted:
lpq

to cancel a print job:

cancel jobid

(You have to be quick though!) Some common keyboard commands in emacs: Alt-w to copy Ctrl-w to cut Ctrl-y to paste Ctrl-x Ctrl-l to lower case text Ctrl-x Ctrl-s to save Ctrl-x Ctrl-c to close buffer Esc-< to move to beginning of buffer Esc-> to move to end of buffer Esc % to replace text Ctrl-g to abort a command Ctrl-a to move cursor to the beginning of line Ctrl-e to move cursor to the end of line Esc lpr-buffer to print an emacs buffer without the header Many of these commands can also be found in the toolbar menus. To change to font settings of your emacs editor, left mouse click inside the emacs buffer while holding the shift key or go into xfontsel. To change defaults for xemacs/emacs, look in .Xdefaults or .emacs To have your computer beep to tell you when a job your running is finished use:
program < inputfile && cat /usr/share/sounds/KDE_Beep_Beep.wav > /dev/audio

(Very useful if you have your computer set-up to have more than one workspace screen). Depending on what you have installed you may or may not have this specific wav sound file but you can look through the directory to find another one you do have.