Matter anything that occupies space and has weight Element a substance that cannot be decomposed any further

er by chemical action Compound a combination of two or more elements Molecule smallest particle that a compound can be reduced to before it breaks down into its elements. Atom smallest part that an element can be reduced to and still keeping the properties of the element. Parts of an atom: Proton 1.672E-27 kg Electron 9.107E-31 kg Neutron 1.672E-27 kg Valence Electrons electrons found in the outermost shell or orbit of an atom. Atomic Number represents the number of electrons or protons of an atom. Atomic Mass represents the sum of protons and neutrons of an atom. Copper Number of Electrons: 29 ; Protons: 29 ; Neutrons: 34 ; Valence electron(s): 1 Aluminum Number of Electrons: 13; Protons:13; Neutrons: 14; Valence electron(s): 3 Germanium Number of Electrons: 32; Protons:32; Neutrons: 41; Valence electron(s): 4 Coulomb unit of electric charge; 6.25E18 electrons or protons. Charles A. Coulomb. Potential the capability of doing work. Volt unit of potential difference, one joule of work done per one coulomb of charge. Alessandro C. Volta. Electric Current a charge in motion due to the potential difference between two charges. Ampere unit of charge flow equal to one coulomb of charge past a given point in one second. Andre M. Ampere Ohm practical unit of resistance. Georg S. Ohm. Specific Resistance (resistivity) resistance offered by a unit cube of the material.

Circular Mil area of a circle having a diameter of one mil. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance ohmic change per degree per ohm at some specified temperature. Conductance measure of the materials ability to conduct electric current. Reciprocal of resistance. Siemens unit of conductance. Ernst Werner Von Siemens. Ohms Law states that the current flowing in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the impressed emf applied to the circuit and inversely to the equivalent resistance of the said circuit. Electrical Power rate of using or consuming the electrical energy. Watt unit of electrical energy equal to one joule of energy consumed in one second. James Watt. Energy the capacity to do work. Kilowatt-hour (kw-hr) unit in which electrical energy is sold to a customer. Series Circuit the resistances are connected end to end. Series-parallel circuit a combinational circuit which when simplified will result into a series circuit. Parallel-series circuit a combinational circuit which when simplified will result into a parallel circuit. Kirchhoffs Law Gustav Robert Kirchhoff Current Law the algebraic sum of the currents at any junction or node of an electric circuit is zero. Voltage Law the algebraic sum of the emfs and the resistance voltage drops in any closed loop of an electric circuit is zero. Maxwells Mesh Method involves a set of independent loop currents assigned to as many meshes as it exist in the circuit and these currents are employed in connection with appropriate resistances when the KVL equations are written. Superposition Theorem the current in any resistor is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents delivered by each independent sources assuming that each source is acting alone or independently with respect to the others.

Nodal Node Method a circuit with n nodes, has a solution with only n-1 number of equations needed. Steady state current ration of the potential difference and the sum of the values of the resistance and the connected resistance. Charles Leon Thevenin. Nortons Theorem uses the short circuit test and the equivalent circuit is a parallel circuit. E. L. Norton. Millmans Theorem When any number of voltage sources of arbitrary generated voltage and finite internal resistance different form zero are connected in parallel, the resulting voltage across the parallel combination is the ratio of the algebraic sum of the currents that each source individually delivers when short circuited to the algebraic sum of the internal conductance. Source Transformation Method simplifies the number of meshes in the network and thus simplifies the number of equations needed. First Law of Electrostatics like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. Second Law of Electrostatics the force of attraction or repulsion between charges is directly proportional to the product of two charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Electrostatic Potential the electric potential resulting from the location of charged bodies in the vicinity. Electric Field Intensity the force per unit charge that will act at a point in the field on a very small test charge placed at the location. Capacitance is a measure of how well a capacitor can store electrical charges. Capacitor any device on which electric charges can be stored so as to posses electrical potential. Dielectric conducting plates separated by a layer of an insulated medium Farad unit of capacitance when one coulomb of charge given to its plates raises its potential difference by one volt. Michael Faraday. Elastance reciprocal of capacitance. Benjamin Franklin Lightning is electricity.

Magnetomotive Force or MMF force that sets up or tends to set up magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit. By passing an electric current through a number of turns of a wire produces it. Magnetic Flux number of magnetic lines of forces in a magnetic field. Maxwell unit of magnetic flux equal to one line of force. James Clerk Maxwell. Weber Wilhelm Weber. Leakage Flux the flux does not follow the intended path in a magnetic field. Magnetic Flux Density number of lines of flux per unit area through any substance in a plane at right angles to the lines of flux. Tesla Nikola Tesla. Weber per square meter. Gauss Johann Karl Freidrich Gauss. Maxwells per square centimeter. Magnetic Field Intensity mmf per unit length of path of the magnetic flux. Magnetizing force or magnetic potential gradient. Oersted unit of magnetic field strength. Gilbert per centimeter. H. C. Oersted. Permeability the ability of a material to conduct magnetic flux through it. Reluctance property of material that opposes flux flow. It is equal to the ratio of magnetomotive force in a magnetic circuit to the magnetic flux through any cross section of the magnetic circuit. Reluctivity reciprocal of permeability. Permeance reciprocal of reluctance Magnetic Circuit a closed path in which magnetic induction or flux flows. Steinmetzs Formula heat energy due to hysteresis released per cycle per unit volume of iron. Charles Proteus Steinmetz Faradays First Law of Electromagnetic Induction whenever the flux linking a coil or current changes, an emf is induced in it. Faradays Second Law of Electromagnetic Induction the magnitude of the induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of flux linkages.

Self inductance or coefficient of self induction measure of how much counter emf is generated in a circuit or component for a change in current through that circuit or component. Inductor or choke coil a two terminal device that consist of a coiled wire wound in common core or in free air. Henry- unit of inductance. Joseph Henry Mutual Induction it is the condition of inducing an emf in a coil or conductor by magnetic flux lines generated in another coil or conductors. Mutual Inductance the amount or degree of mutual induction that exists between two coils or windings. Series aiding the common current produces the same direction of magnetic fields. Frequency number of cycles produced per second or Hertz. Named after the German physicist, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. Period Time needed in seconds to produced one cycle. Wavelength Length of one complete cycle. Alternation equal to one-half of a cycle. Instantaneous value Magnitude of the wave at any instant of time or angle of rotation. RMS (root-mean square) or effective value of a sinusoidal wave The r.ms. value of a sinusoidal wave is that which when applied to a given circuit for a given time, produces the same expenditure of energy when DC is applied to the same circuit for the same interval of time. Average Value of a sinusoidal wave The mean of all the instantaneous values of one-half cycle. Form factor ration of rms value to the average value of an alternating quantity. Peak factor ration of maximum value to the rms value of an alternating quantity. Reactance Property of an inductor or a capacitor to oppose current flow in a given circuit. Impedance The joint effect of combining resistance and reactance in an AC circuit. Resistor Takes a current that is in phase with the voltage across it. Ideal Inductor Takes a current that lags the voltage across it. Ideal Capacitor Takes a current that leads the voltage across it. Power Factor it is defined as the ration of true power and apparent power. Unity pf The voltage and current are in phase. Lagging pf The current lags the voltage by an acute angle. Leading pf The current leads the voltage by an acute angle. Zero pf If the voltage and current are out of phase by exactly 90. Admittance Defined as the reciprocal of impedance. Siemens unit of admittance. Named after the German engineer, Ernst Werner von Siemens. Resonance A circuit phenomenon wherein the circuit power factor becomes unity.