EULOGIO AMANG RODRIGUEZ INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Nagtahan, Manila

COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

General Education Department

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
MIDTERMS REVIEWER ANTHROPOLOGY- is a discipline of infinite curiosity about human beings. - Comes from the greek word anthropos for man and logos for study - Simply means the study of man - Is holistic, it means to study of the whole of human condition; past, present, and future. FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY 1. BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY- studies man as a biological being. It seeks to answer questions about human evolution and human variations and why and how humans emerge and evolve through diff. points in time. 2. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY- is the study of human society and culture. It has four subdisciplines: Ethnography, Ethnology, Archeological Anthropology and Linguistic Anthropology. a. Ethnography is the study of human social phenomena and communities. b. Ethnology is the interpretation and comparison of data gathered by ethnographers c. Archeological Anthropology is the study of past cultures, primarily through their material remainscalled artifacts. d. Linguistic Anthropology studies language in its social and cultural context, across space and over time. 3. APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY- refers to the application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems. SOCIOLOGY is a body of knowledge that covers a very wide and differentiated range of phenomena such as the conduct of individuals in institutions like families, churches and sectors, military, social economics and political associations, ethnic and national communities, the patterns of relationship among individuals, the role of structure and authority in an organization, the stratification of societies and various beliefs of people in a particular communities. SOCIOLOGY can be linked to other sciences such as 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Social Anthropology Political Science Philosophy History Economics Psychology Science Interpretative Discipline

AREAS OF SOCIOLOGY 1. Social Organization- this includes social institution, social groups, social inequality, social mobility, religious group and bureaucracy. 2. Social Psychology- this area is interested in the study of human nature, and its focus on social processes. 3. Social Change- the area is concerned with ecological changes, culture change, political process, social transformation, modernization, organizational reform and revolution, socialization, mass communication, and the impact of natural disaster. 4. Population- this area includes size, growth, demographic characteristics, composition, migration, changes, and quality vis--vis economic, political, and social systems. 5. APPLIED SOCIOLOGY- is concerned with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organization. 6. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY AND RESEARCH- is concerned with a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions or behavior and the discovery and development of research that test the validity, applicability, and usefulness of the results of the investigation for the improvement of life. SOCIETY- is the most fundamental to sociology. It is derived from the Latin word socius which means companionship or friendship. Companionship means sociability, According to George Simmel, it is the element of sociability which defines the true essence of society. It indicates that man always lives in the company of other people. Man is a social animal said Aristotle centuries ago. Is defined as a social organism possessing a harmony of structure and function. Is a total complex of human relationships in so far as they grow out of the actions interms of means-end relationship intrinsic or symbolic. Is an exchange of gestures which involves the use of symbols.

TYPES OF SOCIETY 1. HUNTER-GATHERER is based on the exploitation of wild plants and animals. Consequently, hunter gatherers are relatively mobile, and groups of hunter gatherers have fluid boundaries and composition. 2. PASTORALIST- a society in which the primary means of subsistence is domesticated livestock/ 3. HORTICULTURALIST- are societies in which the primary means of subsistence is the cultivation of crops using hand tools 4. AGRARIAN- are societies in which the primary means subsistence is the cultivation of crops using a mixture of human and non-human means. AGRICULTURE is the process of producing food, feed, fiber, and other desired products by cultivation of plants and the raising of domesticated animals. 5. INDUSTRIAL- is a society in which the primary means of subsistence is industry. Industry is a system of production focused on mechanized manufacturing of goods. 6. POST-INDUSTRIAL- is a society in which the primary means of subsistence is derived from service-oriented work, as opposed to agriculture or industry. PROFOUNDER OF SOCIETY 1. THOMAS HOBBES- was of opinion that society came into being as a means for the protection of men against the consequences of their own nature. 2. JOHN LOCKE- believed that man in the state of nature was enjoying as ideal liberty free from all sorts of rules and regulations. 3. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU- that man in the state of nature was a noble savage who led a life of primitive simplicity and idyllic happiness. COMMUNITY- is a collection of people in a geographical area. - maybe thought of as collections of people with a particular social structure. CHARACTERISTICS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Territory Close and informal relationships Mutuality Common Values and beliefs Organized interaction Strong group feeling Cultural similarity

THREE ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY 1. Territory- when the inhabitants live together in bands, they most likely belong to a territory. 2. Interaction- refers to day-to-day social encounters with other members of society, taking into consideration the role and status of other individuals with whom one is interacting. 3. Common ties- in every community, there must be a common standard of proper behavior for all those who belong to it. TYPES OF COMMUNITY 1. RURAL COMMUNITY- may develop randomly on the basis of natural vegetation and fauna available in a region, urban settlements are proper, planned settlements built up according to a process called urbanization. Basic Features a. Relatively Small Population b. Homogeneous c. Dominant Activity d. Relationship e. Group Unity 2. URBAN COMMUNITY- are defined by their advanced civic amenities, opportunities for education, facilities for transport, business and social interaction, and overall better standard of living. Basic Features a. Population b. Relationship c. Specialization d. Anonymity CULTURE- is defined by Edward Taylor as a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society. CHARACTERISTICS 1. CULTURE IS ALL-ENCOMPASSING 2. CULTURE IS LEARNED 3. CULTURE IS SHARED 4. CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE 5. CULTURE IS DYNAMIC

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE 1. Symbols and Language- is something verbal or nonverbal, within a particular language or culture that comes to stand for something else. 2. Norms- are established standards of behavior maintained by a society. 3. Sanctions- are shared rules by a certain society to enforce what is proper or not. 4. Values- are culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty, and which serve as broad guidelines for social living. 5. Cultural Universals- are general practices found in every culture 6. Cultural Variation VALUES- comes from the latin word valere which means to be strong, to be worthy, and to be indispensable. - It is a standard by which society gives the opinion or the worthiness, usefulness of an action, a person or objects. IMPORTANCE 1. Values are guides for our behavior 2. It is significant to our life and the society in general 3. It gives direction to our lives. Its values are clear and consistent people will live a meaningful one. 4. Values are principles by which individuals are guided on their proper behavior in a society 5. Values have something to do with the total formation of a person. PROCESS OF VALUING 1. Choosing 2. Pricing 3. Acting SKILLS AND DEVELOPMENT OF VALUES 1. Instrumental Skills- these are skills which make a person competent and professional. 2. Interpersonal Skills- is the ability to communicate with feelings to act generously and with understandings 3. Imaginal skills- refer to the ability to create something by combining ideas and images to change ways of doing things. 4. System Skills- refer to the ability of an individual to plan and make changes in the whole system depending in the ability of the individual. CORE VALUES 1. Truth 2. Love 3. Social Responsibility 4. Economic Efficiency 5. Nationalism and Patriotism 6. Global Solidarity 7. FILIPINO VALUES 1. Fatalism 2. Smooth Interpersonal relationship 3. Tungkulin ng panganay sa pamilya 4. Particularism 5. Pagkatitulado 6. Segirusta Attitude 7. Pagkamatiisin 8. Pagkamatiisin 9. Kamag-anak system 10. Baka-sakali attitude 11. Crab Mentality 12. Bata System 13. Authoritativeness 14. Lagay System 15. Kabit system 16. Colonial Mentality 17. Palabra de honor 18. Pakipot 19. Maana habit FILIPINO PRACTICES 1. FIESTAS A. Black Nazarene B. Sinulog C. Ati-atihan D. Moriones E. Fertility dance/Rituals F. Pahiyas G. Pagoda sa Wava H. Flores de Mayo I. Balsa Festivals