You are on page 1of 47

Progress in Physical Geography 28,3 (2004) pp.

405 450

Progress report

Fluvial geomorphology
Evan S.J. Dollar
Centre for Water in the Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa

Introduction

Rivers are complex systems. The breadth and scope of research into fluvial geomorphology for the two-year period between July 2001 and July 2003 is evidence of this. It is also evident that river form, process and behaviour can be understood in a scalesensitive, hierarchical manner. This requires that the spatial and temporal complexities of fluvial systems be given due recognition. Thus, while smallscale process studies are vital, these need to be nested within the context of broadscale, long-term studies (cf. Cammeraat, 2002; Fukuoka, 2002; Goudie, 2002; Thorne, 2002; Vandenberghe, 2002; Beckedahl et al., 2002; Kjeldsen et al., 2002; Phillips, 2003a). Smith et al. (2002) in fact argue that much of the accumulated process knowledge should be used to bring longer-term and broader-scale perspectives of landscape change back to prominence. Fluvial geomorphology is also in a stronger position now than it ever has been. Research has broadened and strengthened, and the contribution of fluvial geomorphology to resolving complex interdisciplinary problems is now widely recognized (Conacher, 2002; Benda et al., 2002; Frei et al., 2002). This represents both an opportunity and a challenge, as too many policy decisions are made without adequate consideration of the spatial and temporal complexity of systems; this is an area in which fluvial geomorphologists can offer crucial insight (Knuepfer and Petersen, 2002).

II Palaeouvial geomorphology Most geomorphologists consider that current environmental conditions are strongly contingent on past processes. Palaeofluvial investigations continue to provide important clues about the evolution of fluvial systems and the imprint of the past
C W

Arnold 2004

10.1191/0309133304pp419pr

406

Fluvial geomorphology

on present-day forms (Magny, 2001; Moore and Larkin, 2001; Saito et al., 2001; Zaleha et al., 2001; Bullard, 2002; Garcia-Castellanos, 2002; Hereford, 2002; Kraus, 2002; Latrubesse, 2002; Lewis, 2002; Liu, 2002; Erskine and Peacock, 2002; Heine and Heine, 2002; Latrubesse and Kalicki, 2002; Lorenz and Nadon, 2002; Maas and Macklin, 2002; Moore and Blenkinsop, 2002; Pope and Millington, 2002; Rogers and Li, 2002; Ardies et al., 2002; Guccione et al., 2002; Lauriol et al., 2002; Reheis et al., 2002; Ringrose et al., 2002; Sander et al., 2002; Schildgen et al., 2002; Thomas, D.S. et al., 2002; Jiongxin, 2003a; Kukulak, 2003; Colman and Bratton, 2003; Manville and White, 2003; Meisina and Piccio, 2003; Nash and Smith, 2003; Prange and Lohmann, 2003; Brandt et al., 2003; Candy et al., 2003; Goodbred et al., 2003; Hou et al., 2003; Srivastava et al., 2003). Common threads that run through much of the palaeofluvial research is that fluvial evolution is effected by multicausal drivers of varying spatial and temporal dominance and complexity. These drivers include sea-level and climate changes, tectonic activity, variable sediment supply and transport (Schulte, 2002; Gibbard and Lewin, 2002; Johnson and Warburton, 2002a; Novak and Bjorck, 2002; Wegmann and Pazzaglia, 2002; Wisniewski and Pazzaglia, 2002; Andres et al., 2002; Ben-David et al., 2002; Formento-Trigilio et al., 2002; Nott et al., 2002; Polyak et al., 2002; Snyder et al., 2002, 2003; Brooks, 2003; Forsyth and Nott, 2003; Allison et al., 2003; Benito et al., 2003; Kumar et al., 2003; Mayer et al., 2003; Pekarova et al., 2003; Rigsby et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2003; Weber et al., 2003) and hydrological changes (Pisut, 2002; Magny et al., 2002; OSullivan et al., 2002; Viles and Goudie, 2003; Noon et al., 2003). A variety of morphological, lithological, palaeohydrological, pedogenetical, sedimentological and dating techniques are applied to help elucidate the evolution of fluvial systems (Dambeck and Thiemeyer, 2002; Latrubesse and Franzinelli, 2002; Saez and Cabrera, 2002; Stanistreet and Stallhofen, 2002; Bourke et al., 2003; Rittenour et al., 2003; Sanderson et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2003). While palaeofluvial research provides valuable insight into the evolution of fluvial systems, the imprint of the past on present fluvial behaviour needs to be made explicit to better understand present-day forms and processes. An example of how this might be achieved is the River Styles approach (Fryirs, 2002; Brierley et al., 2002). The River Styles approach demonstrates how antecedent controls such as different valley forms (River Styles) operate under a set of boundary conditions that constrain form and processes at lower spatial (and temporal) scales. Central to the concept of River Styles is that geomorphic diversity needs to be recognized in order to compare like with like, thereby recognizing that different basins/ecosystems have different levels of resilience and cannot be managed in a homogenous manner. Fryirs (2003) provides guiding principles for assessing geomorphic river condition through the application of the River Styles framework. III Sediment transfer The transfer of sediment from hillslopes to rivers, flood plains, lakes and transitional and coastal waters is, in part, a function of sediment delivery. The assessment of basin sediment budgets (Wasson, 2002; Fuller et al., 2002; Van Rompaey et al., 2002), sediment delivery (Golosov, 2002) and sediment flux (Jiongxin, 2002; Jones and Frostick, 2002; Nelson and Booth, 2002; Owens and Walling, 2002; Verstraeten and Poesen, 2002; Xu and Cheng, 2002; Gangyan et al., 2002; Fontana and March,

E.S.J. Dollar

407

2003; Phippen and Wohl, 2003; Donohue et al., 2003; Vanacker et al., 2003) are critical for fluvial system understanding. Delivery is spatially and temporally highly variable (Macaire et al., 2002) and requires hillslope channel/flood plain coupling (Michaelides and Wainwright, 2002; Slattery et al., 2002). Consequently, the interpretation of the stratigraphic record for determining sediment delivery is complicated by buffering, especially in larger basins (see Castelltort and Van Den Driessche, 2003), as is the application of techniques for estimating sediment yield (cf. Hancock and Anderson, 2002; Meadows and Hoffman, 2002; Symader and Roth, 2002; Fuller et al., 2003). Sourcing sediment is also critical for understanding transfer and for targeted management (Wasson et al., 2002; Cawood et al., 2003). Recent advances in the techniques for discriminating sediment sources provide valuable tools in this regard (Stefani, 2002; Collins and Walling, 2002; Foster et al., 2002; Jenns et al., 2002; Yeager et al., 2002; van der Perk and Slavak 2003; Di Giulio et al., 2003) and may aid in distinguishing between human-induced and natural, dynamic changes in storage (Klimek, 2002; Larue, 2002). Valuable lessons have been learnt, as evidence has shown that there is no simple relationship between event magnitude and sediment yield in basins, nor is there a simple relationship between river and flood plain sedimentation rates and event magnitude, duration, frequency or timing. What is clear is that sediment transfer may be asynchronous with disturbance drivers and therefore requires a longterm perspective. Trimble (1999) provides an excellent example of this. In the Coon Creek catchment, USA, basin sediment yield has not changed since the mid1850s, despite major land use changes. Storage change has provided a buffer that has decoupled basin sediment yield from land use change. Similarly, Fryirs and Brierly (2001) have shown that for many of the catchments of southeastern Australia, alluvial stores are the primary sources of fluvial clastic sediment since European settlement. In the Bega catchment, however, only 16% of the delivered sediment has reached the estuary. They argue that this is due to antecedent controls on valley width that have resulted in the lowland plain acting as sediment sink. Numerous studies have focused on quantifying sediment loads and rates of sedimentation in modern systems (Panin et al., 2001; Franzinelli and Igreja, 2002; Orfeo and Stevaux, 2002; Kothyari et al., 2002; Warne et al., 2002; White et al., 2002). Examples include estimating the total sediment load delivered from the Yangtze River (Higgitt and Lu, 2001) to the Three Gorges Project (TGP) in China (Lu and Higgitt, 2001). It is estimated that 84% of the eroded soil from the catchments is delivered to the reservoir; the remainder is deposited in valley floor paddy fields. Cao, S. et al. (2002) estimate the average annual sediment load entering the TGP is 523 million tons. Of this, 47% is sourced from the Jinsha River, one of the main tributaries of the Yangtze. Reductions in sediment load are reported for various fluvial systems worldwide (Chen et al., 2001; Xu, 2002a; Ta et al., 2002; Yang et al., 2002). Jiongxin (2003b) has shown, for example, that since the 1970s, the sediment flux into the Yellow River has declined as a result of effective soil control measures in upstream basins. Similarly, the reforestation of basins in Slovenia has reduced sediment loads, resulting in bed incision and reduced flood plain deposition (Keesstra, 2002). Similar incision (and associated consequences) has been reported for the Rhone River in France in response to decreased sediment yields (Kondolf et al., 2002; Arnaud-Fassetta, 2003). Increased sediment delivery to channels results in the opposite effect: increases in

408

Fluvial geomorphology

channel width, bank collapse, increased flood risk, lowering of water tables and the undermining of bridges and embankments (Kondolf et al., 2002). IV Channel pattern and morphology The growth of fluvial geomorphology as a science has led to the description and analysis of previously unreported channel patterns. For example, Bartholdy and Billi (2002) report on a river planform type in Tuscany, Italy, that is neither straight nor meandering. These rivers are typically almost straight, with a slightly incised main channel eroded into a former flood plain. They suggest the term pseudomeandering to describe this channel pattern. Discrimination of channel pattern and channel pattern change based on planform and process, however, remains an important area of research (Simpson and Smith, 2001; Zimmerman and Church, 2001; Hudson, P.F., 2002; Xu, 2002b; Lancaster and Bras, 2002; Mosselman and Sloff, 2002; Shafieefar and Husseini, 2002; Buhman et al., 2002; Ramonell et al., 2002). Numerical procedures for predicting pattern are common (Termini, 2002; Vignoli and Tubino, 2002; Kurabayashi et al., 2002; Watanabe et al., 2002; Yokoyama et al., 2002), less common are semi-empirical predictive methods (Richardson and Thorne, 2001; Young et al., 2002). The prediction of channel morphology has been a pursuit of river practitioners since the late nineteenth century. Two broad approaches are common: an engineering approach that favours a numerical, hydrodynamic perspective (Neary et al., 2001; Ma et al., 2002; Chitale, 2003; Olsen, 2003; Nicklow et al., 2003) and a qualitative, semiempirical approach that favours field observation and data collection (Halwas and Church, 2002). Most numerical models are based on asynchronous solution of simplified governing equations. This, however, ignores to some extent the strong relationship between discharge, sediment transport and morphological evolution of fluvial systems. Cao, Z. et al. (2002) recommend that in order to refine the modelling of alluvial rivers, the coupled system of complete governing equations needs to be synchronously solved. Investigations into downstream changes in channel morphology continue to provide important insights into the relationship between discharge descriptors and channel form parameters (Grifths, 2002; Radecki-Pawlick, 2002; Molnar and Ramirez, 2002; Moody and Troutman, 2002; Pitlick and Cress, 2002; Merritt and Wohl, 2003), and remain critical to modelling and understanding river behaviour. Amsler and Ramonell (2002), for example, were able to show that increases in thalweg sinuosity, channel width and bank erosion were related to high dominant discharges. Heritage et al. (2001), however, reject the notion of a channel-forming dominant or bankfull discharge for the Sabie River in South Africa. Results from 23 monitoring sites show that the sections are related to the entire flow regime, not a single-channel forming discharge. Similarly, Lewin and Brewer (2001) reject the assumption that it is possible to distinguish between meandering and braided channels on the basis of bankfull specific stream power and bed material size alone. They suggest that it is useful to consider the patterning processes that underlie the pattern scatter on the bankfull stream power/bed material size plots. They argue that largescale bedform development and stability is important for meandering and braiding. Field-based investigations provide valuable empirical data on channel morphology (Wohl and Legleiter, 2003). Thompson and Hoffman (2001), for example,

E.S.J. Dollar

409

characterised 145 pools in New England to better understand pool geometry and sorting characteristics. Pool dimensions were related to drainage area and channel slope through stream power at larger scales and local hydraulic conditions at finer scales. Similarly, Jackson and Sturm (2002) found that stream power and unit stream power were the dominant channel shaping factors in small first- and second-order forested channels in Washingtons coast ranges in the USA. Bufngton et al. (2003) demonstrate that pools in coarse-grained forest rivers in the USA were formed mainly by flow obstruction and that their geometry and frequency of occurrence depended on flow obstruction characteristics. These controls, in turn depended on a variety of factors, with their relative influence depending on channel type and location within the drainage basin. V Channel change Predicting channel pattern and morphology is, of course, contingent on understanding channel change. The drivers of channel change are widely known (Manville, 2002; Marchetti, 2002; Lach and Wyzga, 2002; Liebault and Piegay, 2002; Maingi and Marsh, 2002; Talbot and Lapointe, 2002a, b; Liebault et al., 2002; Perona et al., 2002; Thomas, R. et al., 2002; Warburton et al., 2002; Surian and Rinaldi, 2003; Heroy et al., 2003; Skelly et al., 2003), and predicting morphological change in rivers and flood plains using numerical methods and GIS/DEM technology is common (Rosatti, 2002; Basson and Beck, 2002; Cellino and Essyad, 2002; Kassem and Chaudhry, 2002; Olesen and Tjerry, 2002; Vetsch and Faeh, 2002; Langendoen et al., 2002; Willems et al., 2002). However, all these methods are influenced by various degrees of uncertainty, assumptions and choices of model schematization (van Vuren et al., 2002). Cao and Carling (2002: 470) in fact state that many computational river models remain . . . at best imperfectly constructed, and worst invalid. This is due to the fact that model calibration is often subjective, verification is impossible and validation does not necessarily establish model truth. They therefore suggest that high-level expertise, physical insight and experience are critical for meaningful solutions to be acquired and model limitations properly assessed. It is important to be aware of the limitations of computational/numerical modelling, as Model performance is overstated by using the afrmative terms verification and validation, which can mislead the public and decision-making. Despite these cautions, predicting change in response to changing drivers remains an important goal in fluvial research (Gautier and Peters, 2002). Examples of empirical studies of channel change reported in the literature are numerous. A few are mentioned here. Magilligan et al. (2002) report on geomorphic changes in response to the 1996 jo kulhlaup on Skeioararsandur, southeastern Iceland. The impacts of the jokulhlaup are explained in relation to antecedent conditions, particularly the asymmetric decoupling of the ice front from the sandur during the recent recession. Channel narrowing following impoundments are also well known. The style and degree of change, however, depend on the geomorphic context, type of streamflow regulation and post-impoundment sediment transport regime (Phillips, 2002). Grams and Schmidt (2002), working in the Green River in Colorado and Utah, USA, for example, determined that the degree of channel narrowing below the Flaming Gorge Dam in reaches with abundant sediment supply

410

Fluvial geomorphology

was proportional to specific stream power. Reaches with the greatest reductions in specific stream power showed the greatest reductions in bankfull channel width and vice versa. Hassan and Klein (2002) report on the channel changes of the Lower Jordan River associated with a drop in the Dead Sea level of $22 m in the last 70 years. Rapid drops in sea level since the late 1980s have resulted in major morphological changes and channel incision. Channel widths have narrowed by almost a factor of four and sinuosity has dropped by $25%. Incision is coincidental with sea level reductions, with the incision having moved upstream by $11 km by 1993. Holistic interpretations of channel changes in the context of past climate changes, shorter-term human impacts and potential future climate change, however, remain elusive (cf. Franks, 2002). Effort is being made in this regard, with some success (Stouthamer and Berendsen, 2001; Clague et al., 2003). This is of significance, as Brooks et al. (2003) have shown that sound and realistic management programmes cannot be achieved in rivers and basins without an understanding of long-term channel and flood plain evolutionary history. From a study of paired catchments in southeastern Australia, they demonstrated that the removal of riparian vegetation and woody debris from the Cann River resulted in orders of magnitude changes in various channel parameters (e.g., depth, slope and capacity). Importantly, they point out that management intervention through reintroducing pre-existing riparian vegetation and woody debris will simply not result in channel recovery, as numerous thresholds were crossed as a result of historical changes. Clearly, channel change needs to be understood in a historical, evolutionary context, otherwise the ultimate controls on and changes to river form and process will not be fully appreciated. VI Fluvial features The international literature is replete with descriptions and explanations of diverse fluvial features (Blair, 2001; Leclair and Bridge, 2001; Prent and Hickin, 2001; Smith and Pearce, 2001; Yang et al., 2001; Bourke, 2002, 2003; Bridgland, 2002; Gupta, 2002; Harvey, 2002a; Inbar, 2002; Lowey, 2002; Miall, 2002; Nin o, 2002; Purkait, 2002; Surian, 2002; Wittenberg, 2002; Knighton and Nanson, 2002; Latrubesse and Stevaux, 2002; Walsh and Hicks, 2002; Bendjoudi et al., 2002; Davis et al., 2002; De Souza et al., 2002; Hirayama et al., 2002; Kleinhans et al., 2002; Kostic et al., 2002; Loncke et al., 2002; Makaske et al., 2002; Strasser et al., 2002; Sun et al., 2002; Tooth et al., 2002a, b; Weissmann et al., 2002; Defina, 2003; Ferguson, 2003; Stock and Dietrich, 2003; Villard and Church, 2003; Willis and Griggs, 2003; Constantine et al., 2003; Fielding et al., 2003; Montgomery et al., 2003a; Radoane et al., 2003; Samuel et al., 2003). Some examples are described below. Outburst floods produce impressive and dramatic fluvial features. Quaternary International has devoted an entire edition to this topic (Volume 90, 2002). Their role in modifying landscapes has generated considerable interest and debate (Cutler et al., 2002; Fisher et al., 2002). Since description of the Lake Missoula flood (Baker, 1973), research has demonstrated that these outburst floods were more common than first thought. For example, Rudoy (2002) reports on Late Pleistocene superfloods following glacier-dam breaks in southern Siberia. These cataclysmic floods

E.S.J. Dollar

411

transformed the landscape and resulted in morphological associations of mountainous scablands, similar to those reported in North America. In some locations, discharges of up to 18 000 000 m3 s21 created features such as giant current ripple marks, giant diluvial ramparts and terrace bars. Maximum unit stream powers of $10 000 000 W m22 are estimated to have occurred, greater than those estimated for Lake Missoula. Drylands cover around half the worlds surface, but there is limited information on dryland rivers (Nanson et al., 2002). A timely book fills this gap (Bull and Kirkby, 2002) and provides a broad overview with a few case studies that will be of interest to geomorphologists interested in dryland environments. Bullard and Livingstone (2002) call for greater recognition of the interaction between aeolian and fluvial systems in dryland areas. They argue that aeolian and fluvial systems do not operate independently as commonly perceived, and that their interaction has important implications for understanding the geomorphology of dryland environments. A number of innovative techniques have also been developed to aid in the understanding of river behaviour. Many of these techniques allows us to address geomorphic questions that have not been addressed before (Lane et al., 2002; Lane and Chandler, 2003; Brasington et al., 2003). Table 1 presents an incomplete list of some of these techniques. VII Flood plains

Flood plains are an integral part of the fluvial system. Much of the work on flood plains is directed towards understanding present (Brunke, 2002; Middelkoop, 2002; Asselman and van Wijngaarden, 2002; Nicholas and Mitchell, 2003; Lusk et al., 2003) and past sedimentation rates (Walling and Owens, 2002; Foster, I.D.L. et al., 2002; Paine et al., 2002; Page, K.J. et al., 2003) and their relationship to the transportation of nutrients, organics (Morozova and Smith, 2003), contaminants (Rowan and Franks, 2002; Maurice-Bourgoin et al., 2002; Middelkoop et al., 2002), vegetation (Sims and Thoms, 2002; Webb et al., 2002) and to hydrology (Dyer, 2002; Aalto et al., 2002). Again, a variety of approaches are adopted in an attempt to understand flood plain behaviour; from laboratory experiments (Bathurst et al., 2002) to the longer-term interpretation of flood plain histories (Wasson, 2002). Nanson and Croke (2002) argue that flood plain research is critical for understanding material fluxes, contaminant storage, longitudinal and lateral connectivity and riverine ecology. They suggest that the following research directions are fundamental to moving the research field forward: flood plain formation processes, flood plain instability and changes in flood plain state, scale, the role of vegetation in flood plain systems and flood plains in interdisciplinary research. VIII Vegetation Vegetation plays an important role as an agent in fluvial geomorphology. At finer scales, this is effected through its influence on local hydraulics that determines sediment transport. At this scale, vegetation reduces bed shear through absorbing momentum by drag on the stems (Wilson and Horritt, 2002; Samuels et al., 2002;

412

Fluvial geomorphology

Table 1
Technique

List of recent techniques applied to understand fluvial system behaviour


Author(s) Schroder et al. (2002) De Boer and Ali (2002); Milana and Tietze (2002); Moreton et al. (2002); Davies et al. (2003) Al Bakri (2002) Chang et al. (2003) Dinehart (2002); Antonelli and Provansal (2002); Gupta and Cvetkovic (2002); Rakoczi and Szekeres (2002); Sterling and Church (2002); De Bonis et al. (2002); Muller et al. (2002); Puertas et al. (2002); Rennie et al. (2002); Shteinman et al. (2002) Thomas and Nicholas (2002); Lee et al. (2002) Lane et al. (2001); Adriaensen et al. (2002); Asselman et al. (2002); Hicks et al. (2002); Whited et al. (2002); Baily et al. (2003); Mason et al. (2003) Bardossy and Schmidt (2002); Puech and Raclot (2002); Dawson et al. (2002); Sinha et al. (2002); Finlayson and Montgomery (2003); Khan and Islam (2003); Vogt et al. (2003) Gupta and Ping (2002); Toro and Mayerle (2002); Gupta et al. (2002) French (2003); Charlton et al. (2003) Brasington and Smart (2003); Chappell et al. (2003); Lane et al. (2003); Rippin et al. (2003) Baines et al. (2002) Steiger et al. (2003) Golz (2002); Ferguson and Hoey (2002); Blade et al. (2002); Ferguson et al. (2002); Milan et al. (2002) Bierman and Caffee (2002); Singh and FranceLanard (2002); Clapp et al. (2002); Nichols et al. (2002); Schaller et al. (2002); Small et al. (2002); Terry et al. (2002); van Wijngaarden et al. (2002a, b, c); Wallbrink et al. (2002); He and Walling (2003); Brocard et al. (2003); Vance et al. (2003) Tinkler (2001); Auler et al. (2002) Jiongxin (2003a) Valle and Pasternack (2002) Le Roux (2001); Bartley and Rutherfurd (2002); Lindsay and Ashmore (2002) Marren et al. (2002); McKee et al. (2002); Navratil et al. (2002); Rushmer et al. (2002); Heritage et al. (2003)

Use of World Wide Web Physical models Landscape-genesis (LG) models GPS and sonar Measuring sediment transport

Hydrodynamic models High resolution survey data

GIS

Remote sensing Laser Induced Direction and Ranging (LiDAR) Digital Elevation Models (DEM) Electrical Resistivity Ground Imaging (ERGI) Articial turf maps Tracers Cosmogenic nuclides and sediment ngerprinting

Magnetostratigraphic techniques Documentary evidence and oral records Time Domain Reectometry (TDR) River measurement techniques Magnitude frequency techniques

Jordanova and James, 2003). This enhances deposition and reduces sediment trans port capacity (Helmio, 2002; Righetti and Armanini, 2002). Complexity is introduced through large spatial and temporal variations between different vegetation types, growth stages, densities and locations (Jarvela, 2002a, b; Sellin and van Beesten, 2002; Yoshida and Dittrich, 2002). Flexible vegetation also behaves differently with stage changes and, as a consequence, roughness becomes variable and dynamic (Shi

E.S.J. Dollar

413

and Hughes, 2002; Stephan and Gutknecht, 2002). Consideration of the hydraulics of flow through and over vegetation therefore remains an important field of study, both experimentally (Rowinski and Kubrak, 2002a, b; Bennett et al., 2002; Carollo et al., 2002; James et al., 2002) and in the field (Baptist and Mosselman, 2002; Goodson et al., 2003). The important question remains the prediction of velocity profiles in open channels. At larger scales vegetation is also of importance (Steiger and Gurnell, 2002; Huisink et al., 2002). At the flood plain scale for example, the importance of vegetation in reducing the risk of flooding in the Waal River, the Netherlands, is recog nized (van Vuren et al., 2002). At the channel-type scale, Gradzinski et al. (2003) have shown how in-channel vegetation enhances channel aggradation and contributes to avulsion by blocking channels in the anastomosing upper Narew River in Poland. Similarly, Gumbricht et al. (2001) have demonstrated that local topographic features and channel flanking vegetation exert an important influence on the distribution of water in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. At the reach scale, it is also generally accepted that riparian vegetation increases bank stability and reduces stream bank erosion through enhancing resistance to erosion (Micheli and Kirchner, 2002a; Murray and Paola, 2003; Hession et al., 2003; McKergow et al., 2003). Birkeland (2002) quantified changes in flood power and riparian vegetation on the Escalante River, Utah, USA. Increased growth in riparian vegetation (86%), channel widening and flood plain narrowing resulted in an increase in flood power of between 11 and 53% in the active channel between 1922 and 1988, and a decrease in flood plain flood power of between 44 and 97% for the same period. At least 20 45% of this decrease was attributed to increased resistance resulting from vegetation growth. Similarly, Micheli and Kirchner (2002b) report on a study that demonstrated that for the Kern River in Californias Sierra Nevada, riparian banks with dry meadow vegetation are ten times more susceptible to erosion than banks with wet meadow vegetation. Simon and Collinson (2002), however, argue that many studies that consider the stabilizing effects of riparian vegetation under-represent the importance of hydrological processes, some of which may be detrimental to bank stability. They report that in some instances, the hydrological effects (pore-water pressure, soil moisture modification) of trees may in fact reduce bank stability, although the stabilizing mechanical effects usually offset this. This would suggest that hydrological, mechanical and ecological criteria should be jointly considered in determining the potential stabilizing and destabilizing effects of riparian vegetation on bank stability. Integrated research between ecology and geomorphology is gaining momentum (Viles and Naylor, 2002; Steiger et al., 2003). This endeavour will continue to provide new insights into both ecosystem behaviour and Earth surface processes (Naylor et al., 2002). However, as with most integrative endeavours, the issue of dealing with scale in an appropriate manner is critical to its success. A number of examples are evidence of this in the recent literature. Brooks and Brierley (2002) have shown, for example, that over thousands of years, channel capacity, hydraulics, bed load transport rates and bank erosion are influenced substantially by vegetation and wood, both within the channel and on the flood plain. Cowell and Dyer (2002) have shown how impoundments have affected the natural flooding dynamics along the Allegheny River in Pennsylvania, USA, which in turn has resulted in a functional change from floods acting as a disturbance (that generates early successional habitat) to a stressor. Changes in hydrological regime (lower peak discharges,

414

Fluvial geomorphology

longer duration) have favoured non-native species resulting in altered composition and vegetation dynamics. Jeffries et al. (2003) argue that given the importance of vegetation in fluvial form and process, its pigeon-holing as a dependent variable (e.g., Schumm and Lichty, 1965) should no longer be accepted.

IX Bank erosion Bank erosion and its associated consequence, channel migration, has received considerable attention in the literature (Duan, 2001; Darby and Delbano, 2002), and remains a significant engineering (Shimizu, 2002; Schmautz and Aufleger, 2002) and environmental concern (Simon and Thomas, 2002; Simon et al., 2002). The prediction of bank erosion remains a priority, but many existing models fail to simulate this process adequately. Wright et al. (2002) suggest that this is due to the fact that most models can only simulate one or two components of the bank erosion process (erosion by water flow; bank collapse under gravity and removal of failed debris) and cannot account for the influence of secondary currents. Darby et al. (2002) make a similar point and suggest that these models tend to be limited to steady state conditions, utilize idealized and nonmechanistic relationships to link bank erosion rates and near-bank velocities through an erodibility coefcient determined by calibration rather than via the characteristics of the sedimentary environment. Recent interventions have encouraged the use of vegetative-based approaches in dealing with the problems associated with bank erosion that offer ecological advantages and long-term sustainability (Environment Agency, 1999). Not all problems associated with bank erosion are, however, unidirectional. Couper et al. (2002), for example, report on negative erosion-pin recordings for some rivers in the UK.

Woody debris

The role of Coarse and Large Woody Debris (CWD and LWD) across a range of spatial and temporal scales has been recognized as being significant in channel form and process studies for nearly two decades. The effect of centuries of riparian gardening in Europe (Montgomery and Piegay, 2003) and widespread riparian vegetation clearing in North America (Collins et al., 2002) and Australia (Erskine and Webb, 2003) is startling. Regional differences in wood size, density, shape, availability, recruitment, character, geomorphic context, river size and pattern exist, however, that complicate understanding and the modelling of woody debris distribution and effects (Gurnell et al., 2002; Kraft et al., 2002; Kraft and Warren, 2003). Montgom ery and Piegay (2003) argue that the key uncertainties related to woody debris are its influence on pristine rivers and how it controls hydraulics and geomorphological features in channels of different sizes and regional locations. The geomorphic impact of woody debris depends on how the wood acts as an obstruction (distribution and function) and the consequent impact of the obstruction on local hydraulics and sediment processes (Bocchiola et al., 2002; Wallerstein, 2003; Daniels and Rhoads, 2003; Hygelund and Manga, 2003), as well as the additional material that it obstructs and collects (Curran and Wohl, 2003; Webb and Erskine,

E.S.J. Dollar

415

2003; OConnor et al., 2003). This impact can operate at a number of scales, from affecting local hydraulics and sediment transport at local scales to affecting channel geometry and morphological features at reach scales (Hughes and Thoms, 2002; Abbe and Montgomery, 2003; Montgomery et al., 2003b). For example, Marcus et al. (2002) suggest that for the Snake River, Soda Butte Creek and Cache Creek in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, USA, the movement of woody debris is perhaps the opposite of most sediment transport systems in mountains. In first- and second-order streams, the wood is too large to be moved so that the system is transport-limited, with floods introducing new material but not removing wood by downstream transport. In third- and fourth-order streams, the system displays a form of dynamic equilibrium in that the channel is able to move woody debris at the same rate it is introduced. In fifth-order and larger channels, the system can be considered to be supply-limited. Faustini and Jones (2003) have shown how sediment-limited streams in Oregon may, when deprived of woody debris, exhibit less morphological variation at the channel unit scale, store less sediment and release it more rapidly than those with woody debris. Similarly, Kail (2003) has shown from work on six central European rivers that structural diversity is greater in woody debris sections at almost all scales. At the reach scale, woody debris also creates greater variability in the longitudinal water profile of a river than a similar river without woody debris. Woody debris is therefore also critical in influencing the diversity and availability of aquatic habitat (Zika and Peter, 2002; Haga et al., 2002; Lehane et al., 2002). Montgomery and Piegay (2003) conclude that it is time that wood and vegetation assume their place beside sediment regime (supply and calibre for example) and discharge as a primary control on the dynamics and morphology of fluvial systems. XI Sediment transport The prediction of sediment transport (Cheng, 2002a; Yen, 2002; Abril and Knight, ` 2002; Cerda and Garca-Fayos, 2002; Huang and Nanson, 2002; Kleinhans and van Rijn, 2002; Ogawa and Watanabe, 2002; Wilcock and Kenworthy, 2002; Di Cristo et al., 2002; Hairsine et al., 2002; Link et al., 2002; Nikora et al., 2002; Nino et al., 2002; Delleur, 2003; Metivier and Meunier, 2003; Schmeeckle and Nelson, 2003; De Sutter et al., 2003), particle entrainment, settling velocity and deposition (Papanicolaou et al., 2001; Malmaeus and Hassan, 2002; Milburn and Prowse, 2002; Wu and Lin, 2002; Dancey et al., 2002; Paphitis et al., 2002; Seminara et al., 2002; Strom et al., 2002; Smith and Cheung, 2003; Wu and Chous, 2003; Aguirre-Pe et al., 2003; Haralam pides et al., 2003; Nino et al., 2003; Papanicolaou et al., 2003) is of great interest to fluvial geomorphologists, but tends to be the domain of river engineers. The limitations of sediment and bed load equations are widely known and predictions of all transport formulae show large uncertainties. Difculties introduced by sediment packing, variability of the near-bed turbulent velocity field, modification of the velocity field by upstream protruding grains and variable supply mean that a universal transport equation has not been developed. Field measurements of sediment transport confirm the limits of applying transport equations for prediction (Pearce et al., 2003). Obtaining reliable field data are almost impossible, particularly when evidence of extreme events does not survive (Coppus and Imeson, 2002; Sheets

416

Fluvial geomorphology

et al., 2002). Despite these challenges, researchers continue to develop new models for prediction (Cheng, 2002b; Le Roux, 2002; Richardson, 2002; Hunziker and Jaeggi, 2002; Monteith and Pender, 2002; Nagy et al., 2002; Pena et al., 2002; Ribberink et al., 2002; Wongsa et al., 2002; Wilcock and Crowe, 2003; Yang and Lim, 2003). Lisle and Church (2002) suggest that a better understanding of transport storage relations may improve predictive model capacity in the future. Studies that emphasize the collection of field data are rare, but important (Eaton and Lapointe, 2001; Habersack and Laronne, 2002; Hayes et al., 2002; Julien et al., 2002; Rodriguez et al., 2002; Ryan et al., 2002). These studies add much to our understanding of river behaviour. Some examples are presented below. Martin (2003) presents results from a study in which bed load transport formulae are evaluated against field data collected over a 10-year period along an 8-km-long study reach on the Vedder River, British Columbia, Canada. Martin (2003) found that the Bagnold stream power formula and the Meyer Peter and Muller formula underpredicted gravel transport for the period of record. Interestingly, however, the simple stream power correlation captured the downstream pattern of deposition best. Bagnolds formula was found to most realistically predict bed load transport, although Martin (2003) indicates that no one formula predicts best under all conditions. Johnson and Warburton (2002b) measured the annual sediment budget of a UK mountain torrent. They found that over the period of 1 year, 184 tonnes of sediment was removed from a 2.4 ha study area. Channel (70%) and bank (25%) sources dominated the supply, with surface processes and rockfall on hillslopes accounting for only 5% of the total budget. Konrad et al. (2002) report on spatial patterns of bed material entrainment by floods using bed tags. They showed that although the probability of bed material entrainment was approximately uniform over a gravel bar during individual floods and independent from flood to flood, regions of stability and instability occurred at some bars over the course of a season. XII River and ood plain hydraulics

Knowledge of the hydraulics of open channel flow including flow resistance (Bathurst, 2002; Katul et al., 2002), flow types (Crowley, 2002; Ferro and Carollo, 2002; Biron et al., 2002; Jordanova et al., 2002), velocity and turbulence (DeVries, 2002; Lee and Ferguson, 2002; Babaeyan-Koopaei et al., 2002; Chen and Chiew, 2003) and the role of flood plains in open channel flow (Carling et al., 2002) is of obvious importance to the fluvial geomorphologist. A recent two-volume proceedings from the River flow 2002 conference in Belgium (Bousmar and Zech, 2002a, b) covers three major topics in this regard. These are the hydrodynamics of river flow (overbank flows and flood propagation, resistance determination and interactions with vegetation, river engineering, rapid transients and dam-break hydraulics and interactions between river hydraulics and ecology), sediment transport in rivers (river morphology and morphodynamics, scour and techniques of sediment transport modelling) and methods and techniques (laboratory techniques and application of remote sensing and GIS technology to river modelling). The main message that emerges from the proceedings is that current river management requires practitioners and managers both to protect human lives and properties, while at the same time main-

E.S.J. Dollar

417

taining river function for a variety of purposes (including ecological). There is also recognition that there is a need to manage rivers in sympathy with their natural operation, rather than focusing on traditional river engineering approaches (cf. de Vriend, 2002). An additional focus of the proceedings related to ecohydraulics, a field of study that seeks to integrate water resource development with the sustainable utilization of aquatic ecosystems (Caruso, 2001; Leclerc, 2002; Clifford et al., 2002; Franks et al., 2002). However, the tools that are available to convert habitat time series (habitat regime) into meaningful operating rules require considerable validation and refinement. Of particular importance is the development of a conceptual framework to create a common understanding of the relationship between ecological and physical subsystems (Franzin et al., 2002).

XIII River management and remediation Human activities have influenced rivers for millennia (World Commission on Dams, 2000; Taylor and Kesterton, 2002; Asmal, 2002; Doyle et al., 2003; Thomas, D.S., et al., 2004). As a result, widespread changes to fluvial systems have taken place (Bonacci and Roje-Bonacci, 2003; Landwehr and Rhoads, 2003; Dennis et al., 2003; Ellery et al., 2003). Recognition of these impacts, and the need for management intervention has led to fluvial geomorphologists applying their skills to a variety of river management and remediation efforts. This importance is reflected in the literature [Dorn (2002), for example, makes the point that the most cited geomorphological literature in the 1990s related to river research with a biological emphasis]. Four recent books on this topic (Anthony et al., 2001; Kondolf and Piegay, 2003; Sear et al., 2003; Gordon et al., 2004) also reflect this interest. Management and remediation of rivers requires decision-makers to intervene in a manner that is beneficial to people and the environment (Goodwin, 2001; Feng et al., 2001; Gregory, 2002; Kurashige, 2002; Thompson, 2002a, 2003; Archer and Newson, 2002; Bhuiyan and Hey, 2002; Falkenmark and Folke, 2002; Larsen and Greco, 2002; Sato and Watanabe, 2002; Simon and Darby, 2002; Williams and Archer, 2002; Islam et al., 2002; Mount et al., 2002; Newson et al., 2002; Pedroli et al., 2002; Poole et al., 2002; Ward et al., 2002; Spaliviero, 2003; Ciof and Gallerana, 2003; Amos et al., 2003). This means managing ecosystem functionality (Frothingham et al., 2002) and the integration of physical, chemical and biological characteristics of a river at appropriate scales (Dovciak and Perry, 2002; Graf et al., 2002; Poudevigne et al., 2002; Cadenasso et al., 2003; Sauvage et al., 2003). The management of rivers as integrated ecosystems (Rodda, 2001) comprises at least four interacting subsystems: the active channel, flood plain (or, where absent, macro-channel), alluvial aquifer and riparian vegetation (Poole et al., 2002). Together these comprise the integrated fluvial system, emphasizing the importance of lateral and longitudinal connectivity and interdependence. Four broad themes are considered under river management and remediation. These are: river landscape and classification, ecological water requirements, the European Water Framework Directive and river restoration and remediation. Each of these will be discussed in turn.

418

Fluvial geomorphology

River and landscape classication

It is common knowledge that hierarchical landscape classification is a useful means to organize, interpret and understand complex systems such as fluvial landscapes (Vannote et al., 1980; Ward and Stanford, 1995; Wu and Loucks, 1995; Tockner et al., 2000; Berman, 2002; Poole, 2002; Wright and Li, 2002; Pess et al., 2002; Ralph and Poole, 2003). Two broad types of classification system are evident: structure-based classification systems (cf. Jensen et al., 2001; Berman, 2002) and process-based classification systems (cf. Montgomery, 1999; Winter, 2001; Berman, 2002; Church, 2002). Both approaches have strengths and weaknesses (see Berman, 2002 for a full description). Both approaches, however, recognize that a hierarchical system helps deal with the complexity and variability of river systems and the importance of spatial and temporal scale. Hierarchical classification systems recognize that river channels and flood plains are inextricably linked to the landscape and that basin features and scale-specific disturbance processes influence ecosystems at multiple scales and influence response and recovery times. Importantly, connectivity vector strength (longitudinal, lateral, vertical and temporal) between system components drives system heterogeneity and hence biotic distribution and pattern (Montgomery, 1999; Berman, 2002). These discontinuities (Rice et al., 2001) at multiple scales generate patches that represent distinct structural and process units and result in the heterogeneous distribution in space and time of biotic and abiotic environmental resources. These influence the flow of materials through the system. For a river system, structural and process patches at different scales form a nested, interactive hierarchy (Berman, 2002). Patch dynamics and geometry play a critical role in the distribution of biota (Crook et al., 2001). River and landscape classification methods must attempt to capture this complexity through partitioning ecosystem variability and determining patch response to disturbance at multiple scales. Identifying and delineating unique landscape classes therefore needs to account for the following (Berman, 2002): 1 catchment influences on river structure and resource dynamics; 2 disturbance and recovery processes influencing the strength of connectivity vectors, resource dynamics and biotic pattern; and 3 hierarchy, scale and patch dynamics influence on energy and materials flow through the system. Furthermore, classification systems need to capture that fact that large-scale factors constrain the structure and function of patches at smaller-scales and that small-scale factors shape the structure and function of patches at larger scales. This is needed to predict biotic pattern and distribution and to diagnose system impairment (Fausch et al., 2002). Classification must also allow for the prediction of human impacts on natural disturbance processes that alter the relationships between patches and the resource dynamics including the availability, delivery, transport and processing of materials fundamental to biotic communities (Berman, 2002). Berman (2002) considers that at the core of classification is the ability to categorize across scales those ecosystem processes driving the discontinuous distribution of biotic and abiotic resources. These concepts are not new to the fluvial geomorphologist (cf. Schumm and Lichty, 1965). The challenge remains developing a hierarchi-

E.S.J. Dollar

419

cal, scale-based classification system that can meet the requirements of ecological and geomorphological theory and the operational requirements of management intervention. 2 Ecological water requirements

An important tool in river management and remediation is the determination of Ecological Water Requirements (EWR) or Environmental Flow Allocations (EFA) for rivers. Demands placed on a variety of specialists, including fluvial geomorphologists to predict these EWRs are reflected in the amount of air-time given to this topic in the literature (cf. Rood et al., 2003; Special issue of Rivers Research and Application (Volume 19, 2003)). Naiman et al. (2002) argue that the ecosystem is a legitimate user of water and that one of the challenges to river science is forecasting the consequences of changing water regimes, especially as environmental issues related to water escalate over the next two to three decades. The determination of these requirements has progressed to the point where the information requirements need to be nested within the context of adaptive management, integrated ecosystem-based perspectives and increasing public participation (and scrutiny) (Hillman and Brierley, 2002; Thoms and Sheldon, 2002). (Some have questioned whether EWRs of rivers can be effectively integrated with management objectives, socio economic demands or a water market system (cf. Doupe and Pettit, 2002; Ladson and Finlayson, 2002).) This requires information about changes from a natural condition or virgin state. While numerous indices are available to characterize hydrological changes from a reference condition (Indicators of Hydrological Alteration) (cf. Olden and Poff, 2003) these are lacking from a geomorphological and ecological perspective. 3 European Water Framework Directive

A third important focus in river management and remediation is the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) (European Union, 2000). The main objective of the WFD is the achievement of a good water status (Chave, 2001) through preventing further deterioration of water bodies and protecting and enhancing the status of aquatic ecosystems and associated wetlands. Fluvial geomorphology is central both to the design and implementation of the WFD (Newson, 2002; Raven et al., 2002; BSI, 2003; Sear et al., 2003). This requires the description, monitoring and prediction of river channel conditions and behaviour; a major challenge, as discussed earlier. In Europe, the WFD recognizes the importance of considering hydromorphology in river management and protection. This includes consideration of: . the extent of modification of the flow regime; . the extent to which water flow, sediment transport and the migration of biota are impacted by artificial barriers; and . the extent to which the morphology of the river has been modified; including the constraints to the free movement of a river across its flood plain. Chave (2001) makes the point that the WFD implicitly recognizes that certain common hydromorphic features will emerge that will enable the ecosystem to flourish where there is no human intervention. The WFD therefore provides both an oppor-

420

Fluvial geomorphology

tunity to entrench the position of fluvial geomorphology in applied studies, but also offers a challenge to ensure that the science is appropriate, transparent and accountable. Monitoring and auditing are critical in measuring the success (and learning) of the WFD (cf. Osterkamp, 2002; Thorne, 2002; Bash and Ryan, 2002; Downs and Kondolf, 2002; Walker, J. et al., 2002). 4 River restoration and remediation

It has been recognized that while whole river training methods have brought many advantages (e.g., flood control), many disadvantages have also resulted, for example, continuous degradation of the bed, impacted aquatic ecosystems (Marti, 2002), groundwater recharge and social concerns (Ono, 2002). As a consequence, ecologically acceptable remediation has gained momentum as an approach (cf. River Restoration Centre, 2002). However, there is also a pragmatic realization that complete restoration of fluvial systems is seldom attainable, nor desirable. The real questions are what is an acceptable rate of change and how sustainable is the change? The fourth broad theme therefore considers the recent contribution of fluvial geomorphology to river remediation efforts (Hudson, H.H., 2002; Lenzi, 2002; Logan and Furse, 2002; Parsons and Gilvear, 2002; Boon et al., 2002; Filipe et al., 2002; Walker et al., 2002; Williams et al., 2002; Environment Agency, 2003; Zimmerman et al., 2003). Examples of river remediation approaches that consider the importance of ecosystem functionality and the contribution of fluvial geomorphology in resolving these issues comes from five continents (cf. Meyer, 2001; Thompson, 2002b; Florsheim and Mount, 2002; Steveaux and Takeda, 2002; Jonker et al., 2002; McGinness et al., 2002; Rowntree and du Plessis, 2003; Walters et al., 2003). A limitation of many river remediation projects, however, has been that they have tended to be small-scale in nature, without adequate consideration of the drainage basin linkages that provide the template for remediation and rehabilitation (Gregory and Chin, 2002). An example of a basin-scale perspective to river management and remediation is the River Styles approach (as described earlier). The approach provides a typology upon which spatial and temporal linkages of biophysical processes are assessed within a drainage basin (Brierley et al., 2002). River character and behaviour are recorded and the capacity for each river reach to adjust varies with each Style. This is important, as different rivers will respond differently to imposed changes. For example, despite the fact that the Toledo Bend Reservoir impounds 74% of the Sabine basin in the USA, minimal geomorphic impacts were experienced below the impoundment (Phillips, 2003b). This would suggest that the reach was transport-limited before impoundment; thus reduced sediment supply after impoundment had a limited effect on the channel boundary. Impacts therefore need to be interpreted within a broader geomorphic context. This illustrates the value of the River Styles framework in that it assesses geomorphic river condition and recovery potential in the context of the evolutionary pathways of the systems. The approach is also one of few that successfully manages to cross scale boundaries and provide a reasoned, integrated and implementable scale-based approach for river management and remediation. The aforementioned discussion illustrates the point that there is a need to recognize that predictions in geomorphology tend to be qualitative and imprecise. Furthermore, the ability of the discipline to apply experimental and laboratory data

E.S.J. Dollar

421

are limited, and repeatable observations and falsifying hypotheses are few because each geomorphic situation is unique (cf. Schumm, 1991; Benda et al., 2002). Even where quantitative approaches are applied (particularly in the field of sediment transport and hazard forecasting), these are only appropriate at limited scales and domains. Benda et al. (2002) point out, for example, that sediment transport is difcult to predict accurately (even though it may be done with precision) because of the problems mentioned earlier. Furthermore, accurate predictions are unlikely because larger-scale processes constrain smaller-scale processes. For example, hydrodynamic and hydromorphological models that seek to predict changes in the physical dimensions of channels rely on sediment input information from the contributing basins, another unresolved issue. Similar problems exist in predicting the effects of land use changes on fluvial systems. It could be argued that, a rigorous, defensible scale-based conceptual approach to prediction (and management) is preferable to a precise, yet conceptually flawed scale-less numerical approach.

XIV Ecohydrology It is widely acknowledged that hydrology plays a critical role in present-day fluvial systems and associated ecosystems (Arscott et al., 2001; Bonnel, 2002; Caruso, 2002; Collier, 2002; Alfredsen and Tesaker, 2002; Bovee and Scott, 2002; Brown and Ford, 2002; Bunn and Arthington, 2002; Prowse and Conly, 2002; Wu and Wang, 2002; Annear et al., 2002; Bond et al., 2002; Cortes et al., 2002; Dugger et al., 2002; Gibbins et al., 2002; McIntosh et al., 2002; Parkinson et al., 2002; Peel et al., 2002; Prowse et al., 2002; Rech et al., 2002; Smolders et al., 2002; Wanner et al., 2002; Hughes and Rood, 2003). This recognition has evolved into the field of ecohydrology. Evidence derived from palaeohydrological studies (Runge, 2002; Barker et al., 2002; Uliana et al., 2002; St George and Nielson, 2003; Keefer et al., 2003; Russell et al., 2003) can also help contextualize present-day problems through reconstructing past processes; shifts, for example, in ecotonal zones (cf. Starkel, 2002). There has also been recognition that there is a linkage between streamflow variability, precipitation and climate forcing (e.g., ENSO) (Chiew and McMahon, 2002; Jones and Woo, 2002; Woo and Thorne, 2003) that should be of considerable interest to geomorphologists, hydrologists and ecologists alike. Models are being developed, for example, to assist in providing rapid estimates of the ecological instream flow requirements of rivers (Hughes and Hannart, 2003). Ecohydrology has close links with fluvial geomorphology (cf. Marani et al., 2001) and hydraulics (cf. Walker et al., 2002; Booker, 2003; Odeh, 2003; Rowland et al., 2003). In fact, the concept of ecogeomorphology has also been mooted (Thoms and Parsons, 2002). While there is some debate as to exactly what ecohydrology is, there is consensus that there is a need for research into the interface between ecology and hydrology (Black et al., 2002). This is reflected in the recent launching of the International Journal on Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology and a special edition in the Hydrological Sciences Journal dedicated to ecohydrology. The special edition contains five broad discussion papers (Kundzewicz, 2002; Nuttle, 2002; Moir et al., 2002; Porporato and Rodriguez-Iturbe, 2002; Zalewski, 2002) that may be of interest to fluvial geomorphologists.

422

Fluvial geomorphology

XV

Conclusions

Fluvial geomorphology has much to offer both as a science, and as input into managing complex river systems. One of its strengths is that it views the world as a nested hierarchical system, in which consideration of spatial and temporal scale provides the context for understanding system behaviour. This presents a useful perspective that adds considerable value and offers much insight into interpreting a natural world characterized by complex multiscale and multidimensional problems. The breadth of research considered in this review demonstrates that within this broad systems umbrella, there is space for the continuum of spatial and temporal scales of research that, considered together, offers a potentially holistic understanding of river behaviour. Much of the future progress in fluvial geomorphology will rest on its ability to understand and interpret the links within and connectivity between patches of fluvial forms and processes at different spatial and temporal scales. Acknowledgements Many thanks to my wife Lynette who has helped with sourcing much of the reviewed material and helping in the laborious task of editing and checking the manuscript.

References
Aalto, R., Dunne, T., Nittrouer, C.A., MauriceBourgoin, L. and Montgomery, D.R. 2002: Fluvial transport of sediment across a pristine tropical foreland basin: channel flood plain interaction and episodic flood plain deposition. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 339 44. Abbe, T.B. and Montgomery, D.R. 2003: Patterns and processes of wood accumulation in the Queets river basin, Washington. Geomorphology 51, 81 107. Abril, J.B. and Knight, D.W. 2002: Sediment transport simulation of the Paute river using a depth-averaged flow model. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 895 901. Adriaensen, C., Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y. 2002: Integration of high resolution survey data for River Meuse modelling. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 1261 67. Aguirre-Pe, J., Olivero, M.L. and Moncada, A.T. 2003: Particle densimetric Froude Number for estimating sediment transport. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129(6), 428 37. Al Bakri, D. 2002: Geoscience and sustainable catchment and resource management: the Bed Chifley catchment case study. Environmental Geology 42(6), 588 96. Alfredsen, K. and Tesaker, E. 2002: Winter habitat assessment strategies and incorporation of winter habitat in the Norwegian habitat assessment tools. Hydrological Processes 16, 927 36. Allison, M.A., Khan, S.R., Goodbred Jr, S.L. and Kuehl, S.A. 2003: Stratigraphic evolution of the late Holocene Ganges-Brahmaputra lower delta plain. Sedimentary Geology 155, 317 42. Amos, C.L., Droppo, I.G., Gomez, E.A. and Murphy, T.P. 2003: The stability of a remediated bed in Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario, Canada. Sedimentology 50, 149 68.

E.S.J. Dollar
Amsler, M.L. and Ramonell, C.G. 2002: Parana river channel adjustments to dominant discharge changes. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 921 30. Andres, W., Reis, J. and Seegar, M. 2002: PreHolocene sediments in the Barranco de las Lenas, Central Ebro Basin, Spain, as indicators for climate-induced fluvial activities. Quaternary International 93 94, 65 72. Annear, T.C., Hubert, W., Simpkins, D. and Hebden, L. 2002: Behavioural and physiological response of trout to winter habitat in tailwaters in Wyoming, USA. Hydrological Processes 16, 915 25. Anthony, D.J., Harvey, M.D., Laronne, J.B. and Mosley, M.P., editors 2001: Applying geomorphology to environmental management, Highlands Ranch CO: Water Resources Publications, LLC. Antonelli, C. and Provansal, M. 2002: Characterisation and assessment of sand fluxes in the lower Rhone river, France. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 587 93. Archer, D. and Newson, M. 2002: The use of indices of flow variability in assessing the hydrological and instream habitat impacts of upland afforestation and drainage. Journal of Hydrology 268, 244 58. Ardies, G.W., Dalrymple, R.W. and Zaitlin, B.A. 2002: Controls on the geometry of incised valleys in the basal quartz unit (Lower Cretaceous), Western Canada sedimentary basin. Journal of Sedimentary Research 72(5), 602 18. Arnaud-Fassetta, G. 2003: River channel changes in the Rhone Delta (France) since the end of the Little Ice Age: geomorphological adjustment to hydroclimatic change and natural resource management. Catena 51, 141 72. Arscott, D.B., Tockner, K. and Ward, J.V. 2001: Thermal heterogeneity along a braided floodplain river (Tagliamento River, northeastern Italy). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 58, 2359 73. Asmal, K. 2002: Parting the waters. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 128(2), 87 90. Asselman, N.E., Middelkoop, H., Ritzen, M.R. and Straatsma, M.W. 2002: Assessment of the

423

hydraulic roughness of river flood plains using laser altimetry. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 38188. Asselman, N.E.M. and van Wijngaarden, M. 2002: Development and application of a 1D floodplain sedimentation model for the River Rhine in The Netherlands. Journal of Hydrology 268, 127 42. Auler, A.S., Smart, P.L., Tarling, D.H. and Farrant, A.R. 2002: Fluvial incision rates derived from magnetostratigraphy of cave sediments in the cratonic area of eastern Brazil. Zeitschrift fu r Geomorphlogie N.F. 46(3), 391 403. Babaeyan-Koopaei, K., Ervine, D.A., Carling, P.A. and Cao, Z. 2002: Velocity and turbulence measurements for two overbank flow events in the River Severn. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(10), 891 900. Baily, B., Collier, P., Farres, P., Inkpen, R. and Pearson, A. 2003: Comparative assessment of analytical and digital photogrammetric methods in the construction of DEMs of geomorphological forms. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 30720. Baines, D., Smith, D.G., Freox, D.G., Bauman, P. and Nimeck, G. 2002: Electrical resistivity ground imaging (ERGI): a new tool for mapping the lithology and geometry of channelbelts and valley-fills. Sedimentology 49(3), 441 50. Baker, V.R. 1973: Paleohydrology and sedimentology of Lake Missoula flooding in eastern Washington. Geological Society of America Special Paper 144, 79 pp. Baptist, M.J. and Mosselman, E. 2002: Biogeomorphological modelling of secondary channels in the Waal River. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 773 82. Bardossy, A. and Schmidt, F. 2002: GIS approach to scale issues of perimeter-based shape indices for drainage basins. Hydrological Sciences Journal 47(6), 93142. Barker, P., Telford, R., Gasse, F. and Thevenon, F. 2002: Late Pleistocene and Holocene palaeohydrology of Lake Rukwa, Tanzania, inferred from diatom analysis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 187, 295 305.

424

Fluvial geomorphology
Berman, C. 2002: Assessment of landscape characterization and classification methods. Wood compatibility initiative. Cooperative Agreement Number PNW 99-9053-1-CA. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, 31 pp. Bhuiyan, F. and Hey, R. 2002: Sediment transport in a meandering channel with instream hydraulic structures. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 1091 98. Bierman, P.R. and Caffee, M. 2002: Cosmogenic exposure and erosion history of Australian bedrock landforms. Geological Society of America (GSA) Bulletin 114(7), 787 803. Birkeland, G.H. 2002: Historical changes in flood power and riparian vegetation in lower Harris Wash, Escalante River, Utah. Physical Geography 23(1), 59 78. Biron, P.M., Richer, A., Kirkbride, A.D., Roy, A.G. and Han, S. 2002: Spatial patterns of water surface topography at a river confluence. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 913 28. Black, A.R., Bragg, O.M., Duck, R.W. and Rowan, J.S. 2002: Development of a method to assess ecological impact due to hydrological regime alteration of Scottish river. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 45 51. Blade, W.H., Walling, D.E. and He, Q. 2002: Using cosmogenic beryllium-7 as a tracer in sediment budget investigations. Geografiska Annaler 84A, 89 102. Blair, T.C. 2001: Outburst flood sedimentation on the proglacial Tuttle Canyon alluvial fan, Owens Valley, California, U.S.A. Journal of Sedimentary Research 71(5), 657 79. Bocchiola, D., Catalano, F., Menduni, G. and Passoni, G. 2002: An analytical-numerical approach to the hydraulics of floating debris in river channels. Journal of Hydrology 269, 6578. Bonacci, O. and Roje-Bonacci, T. 2003: The influence of hydroelectrical development on the flow regime of the karstic river Cetina. Hydrological Processes 17, 1 15. Bond, B.J., Jones, J.A., Moore, G., Phillips, N., Post, D. and McDonnell, J.J. 2002: The zone of vegetation influence on baseflow revealed patterns of streamflow and vegetation water use in a headwater basin. Hydrological Processes 16, 1671 77.

Bartholdy, J. and Billi, P. 2002: Morphodynamics of a pseudomeandering gravel bar reach. Geomorphology 42, 293 310. Bartley, R. and Rutherfurd, I. 2002: Techniques to quantify the variability of thalweg profiles. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 35 44. Bash, J.S. and Ryan, C.M. 2002: Stream restoration and enhancement projects: is anyone monitoring? Environmental Management 30(2), 209 24. Basson, G.R. and Beck, J.S. 2002: Simulation of artificial flood releases from Skuifraam Dam to limit its impact on the Berg River morphology. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 94150. Bathurst, J.C. 2002: At-a-site variation and minimum flow resistance for mountain rivers. Journal of Hydrology 269, 11 26. Bathurst, J.C., Benson, I.A., Valentine, E.M. and Nalluri, C. 2002: Overbank sediment deposition patterns for straight and meandering flume channels. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 659 65. Beckedahl, H.R., Sumner, P.D. and Garland, G. 2002: South African geomorphology: critical choices for the future. South African Geographical Journal 84(1), 145 52. Benda, L.E., Poff, N.L., Tague, C., Palmer, M.A., Pizzuto, J., Cooper, S., Stanley, E. and Moglen, G. 2002: How to avoid train wrecks when using science in environmental problem solving. Bioscience 52(12), 1127 36. Ben-David, R., Eyal, Y., Zilberman, E. and Bowman, D. 2002: Fluvial systems response to rift margin tectonics: Makhtesh Ramon area, southern Israel. Geomorphology 45, 14763. Bendjoudi, H., Weng, P., Guerin, R. and Pastre, J.F. 2002: Riparian wetlands of the middle reach of the Seine River (France): historical development, investigation and present hydrologic functioning. A case study. Journal of Hydrology 263, 131 55. Benito, G., Sanchez-Moya, Y. and Sopen a, A. 2003: Sedimentology of high-stage flood deposits of the Tagus River, Central Spain. Sedimentary Geology 157, 107 32. Bennett, S.J., Pirim, T. and Barkdoll, B.D. 2002: Using simulated emergent vegetation to alter streamflow direction within a straight experimental channel. Geomorphology 44, 115 26.

E.S.J. Dollar
Bonnel, M. 2002: Ecohydrology a completely new idea? Hydrological Sciences Journal 47(5), 809 10. Booker, D.J. 2003: Hydraulic modelling of fish habitat in urban rivers during high flows. Hydrological Processes 17, 577 99. Boon, P.J., Holmes, N.T.H., Maitland, P.S. and Fozzard, I.R. 2002: Developing a new version of SERCON (System for Evaluating Rivers for Conservation). Aquatic Conservation: Marine & Freshwater Ecosystems 12(4), 439 55. Bourke, M.C. 2002: Suspended sediment concentrations and the geomorphic effect of subbankfull flow in a central Australian stream. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 315 24. 2003: Current ripples: a small-scale throughflow outburst in a heterolithic ephemeral channel. Journal of Sedimentary Research 73(1), 2 4. Bourke, M.C., Child, A. and Stokes, S. 2003: Optimal age estimates for hyper-arid fluvial deposits at Homeb, Namibia. Quaternary Science Reviews 10 13, 1099 107. Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors 2002a: River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-LaNeuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 711 pp. editors 2002b: River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 46 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 568 pp. Bovee, K.D. and Scott, M.L. 2002: Implications of flood pulse restoration for populus regeneration on the upper Missouri River. Rivers Research and Applications 18(3), 287 98. Brandt, D., Andreoli, M.A.G. and McCarthy, T.S. 2003: Mesozoic fluvial deposits on a rifted continental margin near Vaalputs, Namaqualand, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology 106, 11 16. Brasington, J. and Smart, R.M.A. 2003: Close range digital photogrammetric analysis of experimental drainage basin evolution. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 231 47. Brasington, J., Langham, J. and Rumsby, B. 2003: Methodological sensitivity of morphometric estimates of coarse fluvial sediment transport. Geomorphology 53, 299 316. Bridgland, D.R. 2002: Fluvial deposition on periodically emergent shelves in the Quaternary: example records from the shelf around Britain. Quaternary International 92, 25 34. Brierley, G., Fryirs, K., Outhet, D. and Massey, C. 2002: Application of the River Styles frame-

425

work as a basis for river management in New South Wales, Australia. Applied Geography 22, 91 122. Brocard, G.Y., van der Beek, P.A., Bourles, D.L., Siame, L.L. and Mugnier, J-L. 2003: Longterm fluvial incision rates and postglacial river relaxation time in the French Western Alps from 10Be dating of alluvial terraces with assessment of inheritance, soil development and wind ablation effects. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 209, 197 214. Brooks, A.P. and Brierley, G.J. 2002: Mediated equilibrium: the influence of riparian vegetation and wood on the long-term evolution and behaviour of a near-pristine river. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 343 67. Brooks, A.P., Brierley, G.J. and Millar, R.G. 2003: The long-term control of vegetation and woody debris on channel and flood-plain evolution: insights from a paired catchment study in southeastern Australia. Geomorphology 51, 7 29. Brooks, G.R. 2003: Alluvial deposits of a muddominated stream: the Red River, Manitoba, Canada. Sedimentology 50(3), 441 58. Brown, L.R. and Ford, T. 2002: Effects of flow on the fish communities of a regulated California river: implications for managing native fishes. Rivers Research and Applications 18(4), 331 42. Brunke, M. 2002: Floodplains of a regulated southern Alpine river (Brenno, Switzerland): ecological assessment and conservation options. Aquatic Conservation: Marine & Freshwater Ecosystems 12(6), 583 99. BSI 03/300309 DC. 2003: Draft British Standard BS EN 14614 Water Quality Guidance standard for assessing the hydromorphological features of British Rivers. Milton Keynes: British Standards Institute. Bufngton, J.M., Lisle, T.E., Woodsmith, R.D. and Hilton, S. 2003: Controls on the size and occurrence of pools in coarse-grained forest rivers. Rivers Research and Applications 18(6), 507 31. Buhman, D.L., Gates, T.K. and Watson, C.C. 2002: Stochastic variability of fluvial hydraulic geometry: Mississippi and Red Rivers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(4), 426 37. Bull, L.J. and Kirkby, M.J., editors 2002: Dryland rivers: hydrology and geomorphology of semi-arid channels. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 388 pp. Bullard, J.E. and Livingstone, I. 2002: Interactions between aeolian and fluvial systems in dryland environments. Area 34(1), 8 16. Bullard, T.F. 2002: Geomorphic history and fluvial response to active tectonics and climate

426

Fluvial geomorphology
Caruso, B.S. 2002: Temporal and spatial patterns of extreme low flows and effects on stream ecosystems in Otago, New Zealand. Journal of Hydrology 257, 115 33. Castelltort, S. and Van Den Driessche, J. 2003: How plausible are high-frequency sediment supply-driven cycles in the stratigraphic record? Sedimentary Geology 157, 3 13. Cawood, P.A., Nemchin, A.A., Freeman, M. and Sircombe, K. 2003: Linking source and sedimentary basin: detrital zircon record of sediment flux along a modern river system and implications for provenance studies. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1 2, 259 68. Cellino, M. and Essyad, K. 2002: Reduction of sediment deposition by introducing an artificial stony bank. A practical example in upper Rhodes river, Switzerland. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 951 59. ` Cerda, A. and Garca-Fayos, P. 2002: The influence of seed size and shape on their removal by water erosion. Catena 48, 293 301. Chang, T.J., Bayes, T.D. and McKeever, S. 2003: Investigating reservoir sediment and watershed erosion using a geographical information system. Hydrological Processes 17, 979 87. Chappell, A., Heritage, G.L., Fuller, I.C., Large, A.R.G. and Milan, D.J. 2003: Geostatistical analysis of ground-survey elevation data to elucidate spatial and temporal river channel change. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 349 70. Charlton, M.E., Large, A.R.G. and Fuller, I.C. 2003: Application of airborne LiDAR in river environments: the river Coquet, Northumberland, UK. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 299 306. Chave, P.A. 2001: The EU water framework directive: an introduction. London: International Water Association (IWA) Publishing, 208 pp. Chen, X. and Chiew, Y-M. 2003: Response of velocity and turbulence to sudden change of bed roughness in open channel flow. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129(1), 35 43. Chen, Z., Li. J., Shen, H. and Zhanghua, W. 2001: Yangtze River of China; historical analysis of discharge variability and sediment flux. Geomorphology 41, 77 91. Cheng, N-S. 2002a: Bedload transport rates for low, moderate and high shear stresses. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow

change in an uplifted forearc region, Pacific coast of southern Costa Rica, Central America. Zeitschrift fur Geomorpholgie N.F. 129, 1 29. Bunn, S.E. and Arthington, A.H. 2002: Basic principles and ecological consequences of altered flow regimes for aquatic biodiversity. Environmental Management 30(4), 492 507. Cadenasso, M.L., Pickett, S.T.A., Weathers, K.C. and Jones, C.G. 2003: A framework for a theory of ecological boundaries. BioScience 53(8), 750 57. Cammeraat, L.H. 2002: A review of two strongly contrasting geomorphological systems within the context of scale. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 1201 22. Candy, I., Black, S., Sellwood, B.W. and Rowan, J.S. 2003: Calcrete profile development in Quaternary alluvial sequences, southeast Spain: implications for using calcretes as a basis for landform chronologies. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 169 85. Cao, S., Liu, X., Huang, E. and Chen, Y. 2002: Influences of Xiluodu reservoir to sediment transport of the Three Gorges Project in Yangtze River, China. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 1041 46. Cao, Z. and Carling, P.A. 2002: A critical reflection of computational fluid dynamics application to fluvial sedimentary systems. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 463 70. Cao, Z., Day, R. and Egashira, S. 2002: Coupled and decoupled numerical modelling of flow and morphological evolution of alluvial rivers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(3), 306 21. Carling, P.A., Cao, Z. and Ervine, D.A. 2002: Flood plain contribution to open channel flow structure. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 227 37. Carollo, F.G., Ferro, V. and Termini, D. 2002: Flow velocity measurements in vegetation channels. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(7), 664 73. Caruso, B. 2001: Regional river flow, water quality, aquatic ecological impacts and recovery from drought. Hydrological Sciences Journal 46(5), 677 704.

E.S.J. Dollar
2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-LaNeuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 575 78. 2002b: Exponential formula for bedload transport. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(10), 942 46. Chiew, F.H.S. and McMahon, T.A. 2002: Global ENSO-streamflow teleconnection, streamflow forecasting and interannual variability. Hydrological Sciences Journal 47(3), 505 22. Chitale, S.V. 2003: Modeling for width adjustments in alluvial rivers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129(5), 404 407. Church, M.E. 2002: Geomorphic thresholds in riverine landscapes. Freshwater Biology 47, 107 18. Ciof, F. and Gallerana, F. 2003: A two-dimensional self-adaptive hydrodynamic scheme for the assessment of the effects of structures on flooding phenomena in river basins. Rivers Research and Applications 19(1), 1 26. Clague, J.J., Turner, R.J.W. and Reyes, A.V. 2003: Record of recent river channel instability, Cheakamus Valley, British Columbia. Geomorphology 53, 317 32. Clapp, E.M., Bierman, P.R. and Caffee, M. 2002: Using 10Be and 26Al to determine sediment generation rates and identify sediment source areas in an arid region drainage basin. Geomorphology 45, 89 104. Clifford, N.J., Soar, P.J., Petts, G.E., Gurnell, A.M. and Emery, J.C. 2002: Numerical flow modelling for eco-hydraulic rehabilitation applications: a case study of the River Cole, Birmingham, UK. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-LaNeuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 1195204. Collier, K.J. 2002: Effects of flow regulation and sediment flushing on instream habitat and benthic invertebrates in a New Zealand stream influenced by volcanic eruption. Rivers Research and Applications 18(3), 213 26. Collins, A.L. and Walling, D.E. 2002: Selecting fingerprint properties for discriminating potential suspended sediment sources in river basins. Journal of Hydrology 261, 218 44. Collins, B.D., Montgomery, D.R. and Haas, A. 2002: Historic changes in the distribution and functions of large woody debris in Puget Lowland rivers. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, 66 76. Colman, S.M. and Bratton, J.F. 2003: Anthropogenically induced changes in sediment and biogenic silica fluxes in Chesapeake Bay. Geology 31(1), 71 74.

427

Conacher, A. 2002: A role for geomorphology in integrated catchment management. Australian Geographical Studies 40(2), 179 95. Constantine, C.R., Mount, J.F. and Florsheim, J.L. 2003: The effects on longitudinal differences in gravel mobility on the downstream fining pattern in the Cosumnes River, California. The Journal of Geology 111, 23341. Coppus, R. and Imeson, A.C. 2002: Extreme events controlling erosion and sediment transport in a semi-arid sub-Andean valley. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 1365 75. Cortes, R.M.V., Ferreira, M.T., Oliveira, S.V. and Oliveira, D. 2002: Macroinvertebrate community structure in a regulated river segment with different flow conditions. Rivers Research and Applications 18(4), 367 82. Couper, P., Stott, T. and Maddock, I. 2002: Insights into river bank erosion processes derived from analysis of negative erosion-pin recordings: observations from three recent UK studies. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 59 79. Cowell, C.M. and Dyer, J.M. 2002: Vegetation development in a modified riparian environment: human imprints on an Allegheny River wilderness. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92(2), 189 202. Crook, D.A., Robertson, A.I., King, A.J. and Humphries, P. 2001: The influence of spatial scale and habitat arrangement on diel patterns of habitat use by two lowland river fishes. Oecologia 129(4), 525 33. Crowley, J.M. 2002: Rough water, smooth water: a comprehensive classification of water-flow characteristics. Focus 46(4), 29 32. Curran, J.H. and Wohl, E.E. 2003: Large woody debris and flow resistance in step-pool channels, Cascade Range, Washington. Geomorphology 51, 141 57. Cutler, P.M., Colgan, P.M. and Mickelson, D.M. 2002: Sedimentologic evidence for outburst floods from the Laurentide Ice Sheet margin in Wisconsin, USA: implications for tunnel-channel formation. Quaternary International 90, 2340. Dambeck, R. and Thiemeyer, H. 2002: Fluvial history of the northern Upper Rhine River (southwestern Germany) during the Lateglacial and Holocene times. Quaternary International 93 94, 53 63. Dancey, C.L., Diplas, P., Papanicolau, A. and Bala, M. 2002: Probability of individual grain movement and threshold condition. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(12), 1069 75.

428

Fluvial geomorphology
along the Taquari River Alluvial Fan, Pantanal, Brazil. Zeitschrift fur Geomorpholgie N.F. 129, 73 107. De Sutter, R., Rushforth, P., Tait, S., Huygens, M., Verhoeven, R. and Saul, A. 2003: Validation of existing bed load transport formulas using in-sewer sediment. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129(4), 325 33. De Vriend, H.J. 2002: Model-based morphological prediction: from art to science. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 3 12. DeVries, P. 2002: Bedload layer thickness and disturbance depth in gravel bed streams. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(10), 983 91. Di Cristo, C., Leopardi, A. and Greco, M. 2002: A bed load transport model for non-uniform flows. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 859 63. Di Giulio, A., Ceriani, A., Ghia, E. and Zucca, F. 2003: Composition of modern stream sands derived from sedimentary sources rocks in a temperate climate (Northern Apennines, Italy). Sedimentary Geology 158, 145 61. Dinehart, R.L. 2002: Bedform movement recorded by sequential single-beam surveys in tidal rivers. Journal of Hydrology 258, 25 39. Donohue, I., Duck, R.W. and Irvine, K. 2003: Land use, sediment loads and dispersal pathways from two catchments at the southern end of Lake Tanganyika, Africa: implications for lake management. Environmental Geology 44(4), 448 55. Dorn, R.I. 2002: Analysis of geomorphology citations in the last quarter of the 20th century. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 667 72. Doupe, R.G. and Pettit, N.E. 2002: Ecological perspectives on regulation and water allocation for the Ord River, Western Australia. Rivers Research and Applications 18(3), 307 20. Dovciak, A.L. and Perry, J.A. 2002: In search of effective scales for stream management: does Agroecoregion, watershed, or their intersection best explain variance in stream macroinvertebrate communities? Environmental Management 30(3), 36577. Downs, P.W. and Kondolf, G.M. 2002: Postproject appraisals in adaptive management of river channel restoration. Environmental Management 29(4), 47796.

Daniels, M.D. and Rhoads, B.L. 2003: Influence of a large woody debris obstruction on threedimensional flow structure in a meander bend. Geomorphology 51, 159 73. Darby, S.E. and Delbano, I. 2002: A model of equilibrium bed topography for meander bends with erodible banks. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 1057 85. Darby, S.E., Alabyan, A.M. and Van de Wiel, M.J. 2002: Numerical simulation of bank erosion and channel migration in meandering rivers. Water Resources Research 38(9), 2-1-2-21. Davies, T.R.H., McSaveney, M.J. and Clarkson, P.J. 2003: Anthropic aggradation of the Waiho River, Westland New Zealand: microscale modelling. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 20918. Davis, L., Thoms, M.C., Fellows, C. and Bunn, S. 2002: Physical and ecological associations in dryland refugia: waterholes of the Cooper Creek, Australia. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 77 84. Dawson, F.H., Hornby, D.D. and Hilton, J. 2002: A method for the automated extraction of environmental variables to help the classification of rivers in Britain. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12(4), 391 403. De Boer, D.H. and Ali, K.F. 2002: Sediment budgets and self-organization in a cellular landscape model. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 365 72. De Bonis, P., Fattoruso, G., Grauso, S., Onori, F. and Pagano, A. 2002: An improved method for evaluation of sediment loads for river management. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 219 25. Defina, A. 2003: Numerical experiments on bar growth. Water Resources Research 39(4), 2-1-2-12. Delleur, J.W. 2003: Hydraulics of sediment movement in urban drainage systems. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129(4), 251 52. Dennis, I.A., Macklin, M.G., Coulthard, T.J. and Brewer, P.A. 2003: The impact of the October November 2000 floods on contaminant metal dispersal in the River Swale catchment, North Yorkshire, UK. Hydrological Processes 17, 1641 57. De Souza, O.C., Araujo, M.R., Mertes, L.A.K. and Melak, J.M. 2002: Form and process

E.S.J. Dollar
Doyle, M.W., Harbor, J.M. and Stanley, E.H. 2003: Towards policies and decision-making for dam removal. Environmental Management 31(4), 453 65. Duan, J.G. 2001: Numerical analysis of river channel processes with bank erosion. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 126(4), 702 703. Dugger, K.M., Ryan, M.R., Galat, D.L., Renken, R.B. and Smith, J.W. 2002: Reproductive success of the interior least tern (Sterna antillanum) in relation to hydrology on the lower Mississippi River. Rivers Research and Applications 18(2), 97 105. Dyer, F.J. 2002: Assessing the hydrological changes to flood plain wetland inundation caused by river regulation. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 245 53.

429

Eaton, B.C. and Lapointe, M.F. 2001: Effects of large floods on sediment transport and reach morphology in the cobble-bed Sainte Marguerite River. Geomorphology 40, 291309. Ellery, W.N., Dahlberg, A.C., Strydom, R., Neal, M.J. and Jackson, J. 2003: Diversion of water flow from a floodplain wetland stream: an analysis of geomorphological setting and hydrological and ecological consequences. Journal of Environmental Management 68(1), 51 71. Environment Agency 1999: Waterway bank protection: a guide to erosion assessment and management. Bristol: Environment Agency. 2003: River habitat survey in Britain and Ireland: field survey guidance manual. Bristol: Environment Agency. Erskine, W.D. and Peacock, C.T. 2002: Late Holocene flood plain development following a cataclysmic flood. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 177 84. Erskine, W.D. and Webb, A.A. 2003: Desnagging to re-snagging: new directions in river rehabilitation in southeastern Australia. Rivers Research and Applications 19(3), 233 49. European Union (EU) 2000: Directive 2000/60/ EC of the European Parliament and of the council. October 2003: Establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Ofcial Journal of the European Communities L327/1.

Falkenmark, M. and Folke, C. 2002: The ethics of socio-ecohydrological catchment management: towards solidarity. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6, 1 9. Fausch, K.D., Torgersen, C.E., Baxter, C.V. and Li, H.W. 2002: Landscapes to riverscapes: bridging the gap between research and conservation of stream fishes. BioScience 52(6), 1 16. Faustini, J.M. and Jones, J.A. 2003: Influence of large woody debris on channel morphology and dynamics in steep, boulder-rich mountain streams, western Cascades, Oregon. Geomorphology 51, 187 205. Feng, Q., Cheng, G.D. and Endo, K.N. 2001: Towards sustainable development of the environmentally degraded River Heihe basin, China. Hydrological Sciences Journal 46(5), 64758. Ferguson, R.I. 2003: Emergence of abrupt gravel to sand transitions along rivers through sorting processes. Geology 31(2), 159 62. Ferguson, R.I. and Hoey, T.B. 2002: Long-term slowdown of rive tracer pebbles: Generic models and implications for interpreting short-term tracer studies. Water Resources Research 38(8), 17-1-17 11. Ferguson, R.I., Bloomer, D.J., Hoey, T.B. and Werritty, A. 2002: Mobility of river tracer pebbles over different timescales. Water Resources Research 38(5), 3-1-3-9. Ferro, V. and Carollo, F.G. 2002: Discussion on estimating depth-averaged velocities in rough channels. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 1021 25. Fielding, C.R., Trueman, J.D., Dickens, G.R. and Page, M. 2003: Anatomy of the buried Burdekin River channel across the Great Barrier Reef shelf: how does a major river operate on a tropical mixed siliciclastic/carbonate margin during sea level lowstand. Sedimentary Geology 157, 291 301. Filipe, A.F., Cowx, I.G., Collares-Pereira, M.J. 2002: Spatial modelling of freshwater fish in semi-arid river systems: a tool for conservation. Rivers Research and Applications 18(2), 123 36. Finlayson, D.P. and Montgomery, D.R. 2003: Modeling large-scale fluvial erosion in geographic information systems. Geomorphology 53, 147 64. Fisher, T.G., Clague, J.J. and Teller, J.T. 2002: Preface: the role of outburst floods and glacial meltwater in subglacial and proglacial landform genesis. Quaternary International 90, 14. Florsheim, J.L. and Mount, J.F. 2002: Restoration of floodplain topography by sand-splay complex formation in response to intentional levee breaches. Geomorphology 44, 67 94.

430

Fluvial geomorphology
French, J.R. 2003: Airborne LiDAR in support of geomorphological and hydraulic modelling. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 321 35. Frothingham, K.M., Rhoads, B.L. and Herricks, E.E. 2002: A multiscale conceptual framework for integrated ecogeomorphological research to support stream naturalization in the agricultural Midwest. Environmental Management 29(1), 16 33. Fryirs, K. 2002: Antecedent landscape controls on river character, behaviour and evolution at the base of the escarpment in Bega catchment, South Coast, New South Wales, Australia. Zeitschrift fu r Geomorphologie N.F 46(4), 475 504. 2003: Guiding principles for assessing geomorphic river condition: application of a framework in the Bega catchment, South Coast, New South Wales, Australia. Catena 53, 17 52. Fryirs, K. and Brierley, G.J. 2001: Variability in sediment delivery and storage along river courses in Bega catchment, NSW, Australia: implications for geomorphic river recovery. Geomorphology 38, 237 65. Fukuoka, S. 2002: River management for hydraulic harmony between flood control and environmental considerations. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 45 54. Fuller, C.W., Willett, S.D., Hovius, N. and Slingerland, R. 2003: Erosion rates for Taiwan Mountain Basins: new determinations from suspended sediment records and a stochastic model of their temporal variation. The Journal of Geology 111, 71 87. Fuller, I.C., Passmore, D.G., Heritage, G.L., Large, A.R.G., Milan, D.J. and Brewer, P.A. 2002: Annual sediment budgets in an unstable gravel-bed river: the River Coquet, northern England. In Jones, S.J. and Frostick, L.E., editors, Sediment flux to basins: causes, controls and consequences. London: Geological Society, Special Publications 191, 115 31. Gangyan, Z., Goel, N.K. and Bhatt, V.K. 2002: Stochastic modelling of the sediment load of the upper Yangtze River (China). Hydrological Sciences Journal 47, S93 S105. Garcia-Castellanos, D. 2002: Interplay between lithospheric flexure and river transport in foreland basins. Basin Research 14, 89 104.

Fontana, G.D. and March, L. 2003: Slope area relationships and sediment dynamics in two Alpine streams. Hydrological Processes 17, 73 87. Formento-Trigilio, M.L., Burbank, D.W., Nicol, A., Shulmeister, J. and Rieser, U. 2002: River response to an active fold-and-thrust belt in a convergent margin setting, North Island, New Zealand. Geomorphology 49, 12552. Forsyth, A. and Nott, J. 2003: Evolution of drainage patterns on Cape York Peninsula, northeast Queensland. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 50, 145 55. Foster, I.D.L., Lees, J.A., Jones, A.R., Chapman, A.S. and Turner, S.E. 2002: The possible role of agricultural land drains in sediment delivery to a small reservoir, Worcestershire, UK: a multiparameter fingerprint study. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 433 42. Foster, J.M., Thoms, M.C. and Parsons, M. 2002: Using multivariate statistical techniques to interpret patterns of flood plain sedimentation. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 451 61. Franks, C.A., Rice, S.P. and Wood, P.J. 2002: Hydraulic habitat in confluences: an ecological perspective on confluence hydraulics. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 61 68. Franks, S.W. 2002: Assessing hydrological change: deterministic general circulation models or spurious solar correlation? Hydrological Processes 16, 55964. Franzin, W.G., Nelson, P.A. and Cooley, P.M. 2002: Erosion, transport and deposition; a hydraulics-based approach to fish habitat. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-LaNeuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 527 32. Franzinelli, E. and Igreja, H. 2002: Modern sedimentation in the Lower Negro River, Amazonas State, Brazil. Geomorphology 44, 25971. Frei, A., Armstrong, R.L., Clark, M.P. and Serreze, M.C. 2002: Catskill Mountain water resources: vulnerability, hydroclimatology, and climate-change sensitivity. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92(2), 203 24.

E.S.J. Dollar
Gautier, J.N. and Peters, J.J. 2002: Morphology, bedload surveys and studies in the Loire River. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 1177 84. Gibbard, P.L. and Lewin, J. 2002: Climate and related controls on interglacial fluvial sedimentation in lowland Britain. Sedimentary Geology 151, 187 210. Gibbins, C.N., Moir, H.J., Webb, J.H. and Soulsby, C. 2002: Assessing discharge use by spawning Atlantic salmon: a comparison of discharge elective indices and PHABSIM simulations. Rivers Research and Applications (18)4, 383 95. Golosov, V. 2002: Temporal spatial variations in the sediment delivery ratio of small drainage basins: the Russian Plain example. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 345 53. Golz, E. 2002: Iffezheim field test three years experience with a petrographic tracer. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 417 24. Goodbred, S.L., Kuehl, S.A., Steckler, M.S. and Sarker, M.H. 2003: Controls on facies distribution and stratigraphic preservation in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta sequence. Sedimentary Geology 155, 301 16. Goodson, J.M., Gurnell, A.M., Angold, P.G. and Morrissey, I.P. 2003: Evidence for hydrochory and the deposition of viable seeds within winter flow-deposited sediments: the River Dove, Derbyshire, UK. Rivers Research and Applications 19(4), 31734. Goodwin, P. 2001: Forum: Nato workshop: new paradigms in river and estuarine management. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 122, 792 93. Gordon, N.D., McMahon, T.A., Finlayson, B.L., Gippel, C. and Nathan, R. 2004: Stream hydrology: an introduction for ecologists. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 736 pp. Goudie, A.S. 2002: Aesthetics and relevance in geomorphological outreach. Geomorphology 47, 245 49. Gradzinski, R., Barya, J., Doktor, M., Gmur, D., Gradzinski, M., Kedzior, A., Paszkowski, M., Soja, R., Zielin ski, T. and Zurek, S. 2003:

431

Vegetation-controlled modern anastomosing system of the upper Narew River (NE Poland) and its sediments. Sedimentary Geology 157, 253 76. Graf, W.L., Stromberg, J. and Valentine, B. 2002: Rivers, dams and willow flycatchers: a summary of their science and policy connections. Geomorphology 47, 169 88. Grams, P.E. and Schmidt, J.C. 2002: Streamflow regulation and multi-level flood plain formation: channel narrowing on the aggrading Green River in the eastern Uinta Mountains, Colorado and Utah. Geomorphology 44, 33760. Gregory, K.J. 2002: Urban channel adjustments in a management context: an Australasian example. Environmental Management 29(5), 620 33. Gregory, K.J. and Chin, A. 2002: Urban stream channel hazards. Area 34(3), 312 21. Grifths, G.A. 2002: Downstream hydraulic geometry and hydraulic similitude. Water Resources Research 39(4), 3-1-3-4. Guccione, M.J., Mueller, K., Champion, J., Shepherd, S., Carlson, S.D., Odhiambo, B. and Tate, A. 2002: Stream response to repeated coseismic folding, Tiptonville dome, New Madrid seismic zone. Geomorphology 43, 313 49. Gumbricht, T., McCarthy, T.S. and Merry, C.L. 2001: The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications. South African Journal of Geology 104, 24364. Gupta, A. 2002: Editorial: large rivers. Geomorphology 44, 173 74. Gupta, A. and Cvetkovic, V. 2002: Material transport from different sources in a network of streams through a catchment. Water Resources Research 38(7), 3-1-3-3. Gupta, A. and Ping, C. 2002: Sediment movement on steep slopes to the Mekong River: an application of remote sensing. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 399 406. Gupta, A., Hock, L., Xiaojing, H. and Ping, C. 2002: Evaluation of part of the Mekong River using satellite imagery. Geomorphology 44, 221 39. Gurnell, A.M., Piegay, H., Gregory, S.V. and Swanson, F.J. 2002: Large wood and fluvial processes. Freshwater Biology 47, 601 19. Habersack., H.M. and Laronne, J.B. 2002: Evaluation and improvement of bed load discharge

432

Fluvial geomorphology
Heritage, G.L., Broadhurst, L.J. and Birkhead, A.L. 2001: The influence of contemporary flow regime on the geomorphology of the Sabie River, South Africa. Geomorphology 38, 197 211. Heritage, G.L., Large, A.R.G., Moon, B.P. and Birkhead, A.L. 2003: Estimating extreme flood magnitude in bedrock-influenced channels using representative reach-based channel resistance data. Geografiska Annaler 85A(1), 1 11. Heroy, D.C., Kuehl, S.A. and Goodbred Jr, S.L. 2003: Mineralogy of the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers: implications for river switching and Late Quaternary climate change. Sedimentary Geology 155, 343 59. Hession, W.C., Pizzuto, J.E., Johnson, T.E. and Horwitz, R.J. 2003: Influence of bank vegetation on channel morphology in rural and urban watersheds. Geology 31(2), 147 50. Hicks, D.M., Duncan, M.J., Walsh, J.M., Westway, R.M. and Lane, S.N. 2002: New views of the morphodynamics of large braided rivers from high-resolution topographic surveys and time-lapse video. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 373 80. Higgitt, D.L. and Lu, X.X. 2001: Sediment delivery to three gorges: 1. Catchment controls. Geomorphology 41, 143 56. Hillman, M. and Brierley, G. 2002: Information needs for environmental-flow allocation: a case study from the Lachlan River, New South Wales, Australia. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92(4), 617 30. Hirayama, K., Yamazaki, M. and Shen, H.T. 2002: Aspects of river ice hydrology in Japan. Hydrological Processes 16, 891 904. Hou, B., Frakes, L.A., Alley, N.F. and Clarke, J.D.A. 2003: Characteristics and evolution of the Tertiary palaeovalleys in northwest Gawler Craton, South Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 50, 215 30. Huang, H.Q. and Nanson, G.C. 2002: A stability criterion inherent in laws governing alluvial channel flow. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 929 44. Hudson, H.H. 2002: Linking the physical form and processes of rivers with ecological response. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 121 39.

formulas based on Helley-Smith sampling in an alpine gravel bed river. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(5), 484 99. Haga, H., Kumagai, T., Otsuki, K. and Ogawa, S. 2002: Transport and retention of coarse woody debris in mountain streams: an in situ field experiment of log transport and a field survey of coarse woody debris distribution. Water Resources Research 38(8), 1-1-1-16. Hairsine, P.B., Beuselinck, L. and Sander, G.C. 2002: Sediment transport through an area of net deposition. Water Resources Research 38(6), 22-1-22-7. Halwas, K.L. and Church, M. 2002: Channel units in small, high gradient streams on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Geomorphology 43(3 4), 24356. Hancock, G.S. and Anderson, R.S. 2002: Numerical modelling of fluvial strath-terrace formation in response to oscillating climate. Geological Society of America Bulletin 114(9), 1131 42. Haralampides, K., McCorquodale, J.A. and Krishnappen, B.G. 2003: Deposition properties of fine sediment. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129(3), 230 34. Harvey, A.M. 2002a: The role of base-level change in the dissection of alluvial fans: case studies from southeast Spain and Nevada. Geomorphology 45, 67 87. 2002b: Effective timescales of coupling within fluvial systems. Geomorphology 44, 175 201. Hassan, M.A. and Klein, M. 2002: Fluvial adjustment of the Lower Jordan River to a drop in the Dead Sea level. Geomorphology 45, 21 33. Hayes, S.K., Montgomery, D.R. and Newhall, C.G. 2002: Fluvial sediment transport and deposition following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Geomorphology 45, 211 24. He, Q. and Walling, D.E. 2003: Testing distributed soil erosion and sediment delivery models using 137Cs measurements. Hydrological Processes 17, 901 16. Heine, K. and Heine, J.T. 2002: A paleohydrological reinterpretation of the Homeb silts, Kuiseb River, central Namib Desert (Namibia) and paleoclimatic implications. Catena 48, 107 30. Helmio, T. 2002: Unsteady 1D flow model of compound channel with vegetated floodplains. Journal of Hydrology 269, 89 99. Hereford, R. 2002: Valley-fill alluviation during the Little Ice Age (ca. A.D. 1400 1880) Paria River basin and southern Colorado Plateau, United States. Geological Society of America Bulletin 114(12), 1550 63.

E.S.J. Dollar
Hudson, P.F. 2002: Pool-rife morphology in an actively migrating alluvial channel: the lower Mississippi River. Physical Geography 23(2), 154 69. Huggett, R.J. 2002: Cranks, conventionalists and geomorphology. Area 34(2), 182 89. Hughes, D.A. and Hannart, P. 2003: A desktop model used to provide an initial estimate of the ecological instream flow requirements of rivers in South Africa. Journal of Hydrology 270, 167 81. Hughes, F.M.R. and Rood, S.B. 2003: Allocation of river flows for restoration of floodplain forest ecosystems: a review of approaches and their applicability in Europe. Environmental Management 31(1), 12 33. Hughes, V. and Thoms, M.C. 2002: Associations between channel morphology and large woody debris in a lowland river. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 11 18. Huisink, M., De Moor, J.J.W., Kasse, C. and Virtanen, T. 2002: Factors influencing periglacial fluvial morphology in the northern European Russian tundra and Taiga. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 1223 35. Hunziker, R.P. and Jaeggi, M.N.R. 2002: Grain sorting processes. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(12), 1060 68. Hygelund, B. and Manga, M. 2003: Field measurements of drag coefcients for model large woody debris. Geomorphology 51, 175 85. Inbar, M. 2002: A geomorphic and environmental evaluation of the Hula drainage project, Israel. Australian Geographical Studies 40(2), 155 66. Islam, M.M., Hassan, K.I. and Tjerry, S. 2002: Simulation of hydro-morphological processes for the prediction of the effect of dredging. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-LaNeuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 851 58. Jackson, C.R. and Sturm, C.A. 2002: Woody debris and channel morphology in first- and second-order forested channels in Washingtons coast ranges. Water Resources Research 38(9), 16-1-16 14. James, C.S., Jordanova, A.A. and Nicolson, C.R. 2002: Flume experiments and modelling of flow sediment vegetation interactions. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial

433

sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 3 9. Jarvela, J. 2002a: Determination of flow resistance of vegetated channel banks and floodplains. In Bousmar,D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-LaNeuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 311 18 2002b: Flow resistance of flexible and stiff vegetation: a flume study with natural plants. Journal of Hydrology 269, 44 54. Jeffries, R., Darby, S.E. and Sear, D.A. 2003: The influences of vegetation and organic debris of flood-plain sediment dynamics: case study of a low-order stream in the New Forest, England. Geomorphology 51, 61 80. Jenns, N., Heppell, C.M., Burt, T.P., Walden, J. and Foster, I.D.L. 2002: Investigating contemporary and historical sediment inputs to Slapton Higher Ley: an analysis of the robustness of source ascription methods when applied to lake sediment data. Hydrological Processes 16, 3467 86. Jensen, M.E., Goodman, I.A., Bourgeron, P.S., Poff, N.L. and Brewer, C.K. 2001: Effectiveness of biophysical criteria in the hierarchical classification of drainage basins. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37(5), 1155 67. Jiongxin, X. 2002: Sediment flux into the sea as influenced by different source areas in the drainage basin: example of the Yellow River, China. Hydrological Sciences Journal 47(2), 187 202. 2003a: Growth of the Yellow River delta over the past 800 years, as influenced by human activities. Geografiska Annaler 85A(1), 21 30. 2003b: Sediment flux to the sea as influenced by changing human activities and precipitation: an example of the Yellow River, China. Environmental Management 31(3), 328 41. Johnson, R.M. and Warburton, J. 2002a: Flooding and geomorphic impacts in a mountain torrent: Raise Beck, Central Lake District, England. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 945 69. 2002b: Annual sediment budget of a UK mountain torrent. Geografiska Annaler 84A(2), 73 89. Jones, J.A.A. and Woo, M.-K. 2002: Modelling the impact of climate change on hydrological regimes. Hydrological Processes 16, 1135 45. Jones, S.J. and Frostick, L.E., editors 2002: Sediment flux to basins: causes, controls and conse-

434

Fluvial geomorphology
Kjeldsen, T.R., Smithers, J.C. and Schulze, R.E. 2002: Regional flood frequency analysis in the KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa, using the index-flood method. Journal of Hydrology 255, 194 211. Kleinhans, M.G. and van Rijn, L.C. 2002: Stochastic prediction of sediment transport in gravel-bed rivers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(4), 412 25. Kleinhans, M.G., Wilbers, A.W.E., De Swaaf, A. and van den Berg, J.H. 2002: Sediment supply-limited bedforms in sand-gravel bed rivers. Journal of Sedimentary Research 72(5), 62940. Klimek, K. 2002: Human-induced overbank sedimentation in the foreland of the eastern Sudety mountains. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 391 402. Knighton, A.D. and Nanson, G.C. 2002: Inbank and overbank velocity conditions on an arid zone anastomosing river. Hydrological Processes 16, 1771 91. Knuepfer, P.L.K. and Petersen, J.F. 2002: Introduction: geomorphology in the public eye: policy issues, education, and the public. Geomorphology 47, 95 105. Kondolf, G.M. and Piegay. H., editors 2003: Tools in fluvial geomorphology. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 696 pp. Kondolf, G.M., Piegay, H. and Landon, N. 2002: Channel response to increased and decreased bedload supply from land use changes: contrasts between two catchments. Geomorphology 45, 35 51. Konrad, C.P., Booth, D.B., Burges, S.J. and Montgomery, D.R. 2002: Partial entrainment of gravel bars during floods. Water Resources Research 38(7), 9-1-9-13. Kostic, S., Parker, G. and Marr, J.G. 2002: Role of turbidity currents in setting the foreset slope of clinoforms prograding into standing fresh water. Journal of Sedimentary Research 72(3), 353 62. Kothyari, U.C., Jain, M.K. and Ranga Raju, K.G. 2002: Estimation of temporal variation of sediment yield using a GIS. Hydrological Sciences Journal 47(5), 693706. Kraft, C.E. and Warren, D.R. 2003: Development of spatial pattern in large woody debris and debris dams in streams. Geomorphology 51, 127139. Kraft, C.E., Schneider, R.L. and Warren, D.R. 2002: Ice storm impacts on woody debris and debris dam formation in northeastern US streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, 1677 84. Kraus, M.J. 2002: Basin-scale changes in floodplain paleosols: implications for interpreting

quences. London: Geological Society, Special Publications 191. Jonker, V., Rooseboom, A. and Gorgens, A.H.M. 2002: Environmentally significant morphological and hydraulic characteristics of cobble and boulder bed rivers in the Western Cape. Water Research Commission Report No. 979/1/01, Pretoria: Water Research Commission, 238 pp. Jordanova, A.A. and James, C.S. 2003: Experimental study of bed load transport through emergent vegetation. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129(6), 474 78. Jordanova, A.A., James, C.S. and Birkhead, A.L. 2002: The role of hydraulics in holistic instream flow requirement assessment. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. LouvainLa-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 51519. Julien, P.Y., Klaassen, G.J., Ten Brinke, W.B.M. and Wilbers, A.W.E. 2002: Case study: bed resistance of Rhines River during 1998 flood. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(12), 1042 50. Kail, J. 2003: Influence of large woody debris on the morphology of six central European streams. Geomorphology 51, 207 23. Kassem, A.A. and Chaudhry, M.H. 2002: Numerical modelling of bed evolution in channel bends. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(5), 507 14. Katul, G., Wiberg, P., Albertson, J. and Hornberger, G. 2002: A mixing layer theory for flow resistance in shallow streams. Water Resources Research 38(11), 32-1-32-8. Keefer, D.K., Moseley, M.E. and deFrance, S.D. 2003: A 38 000-year record of floods and debris flows in the Ilo region of southern Peru and its relation to El Nino events and great earthquakes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 194, 41 77. Keesstra, S.D. 2002: Channel and flood plain response to reforestation in the Dragonja basin, southwestern Slovenia: linking past and present. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 185 94. Khan, N.I. and Islam, A. 2003: Quantification of erosion patterns in the Brahmaputra-Jamuna River using geographical information system and remote sensing techniques. Hydrological Processes 17, 959 66.

E.S.J. Dollar
alluvial architecture. Journal of Sedimentary Research 72(4), 500 509. Kukulak, J. 2003: Impact of mediaeval agriculture on the alluvium in the San River headwaters (Polish Eastern Carpathians). Catena 51, 255 66. Kumar, R., Ghosh, S.K., Mazari, R.K. and Sangode, S.J. 2003: Tectonic impact on the fluvial deposits of the Plio-Pleistocene Himalayan foreland basin, India. Sedimentary Geology 158, 209 34. Kundzewicz, Z.W. 2002: Ecohydrology seeking consensus on interpretation of the notion. Hydrological Sciences Journal 47(5), 799 807. Kurabayashi, H., Shimizu, Y. and Hoshi, K. 2002: Numerical analysis on bed configuration in braided stream with emerged mid-channel bars. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 803 808. Kurashige, Y. 2002: Topographical change and sediment transport after habitat improvement in the Pankenai River, Japan. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 93 101. Lach, J. and Wyzga, B. 2002: Channel incision and flow increase of the Upper Wisoka River, southern Poland, subsequent to the reafforestation of its catchment. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 44562. Ladson, A. and Finlayson, B. 2002: Rhetoric and reality in the allocation of water to the environment: a case study of the Goulburn River, Victoria, Australia. Rivers Research and Applications 18(6), 55568. Lancaster, S.T. and Bras, R.L. 2002: A simple model of river meandering and its comparison to natural channels. Hydrological Processes 16, 1 26. Landwehr, K. and Rhoads, B.L. 2003: Depositional response of a headwater stream to channelization, east central Illinois, USA. Rivers Research and Applications 19(1), 77 100. Lane, S.N. and Chandler, J.H. 2003: Editorial: the generation of high quality topographic data for hydrology and geomorphology: new data sources, new applications and new problems. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 22930. Lane, S.N., Chandler, J.H. and Porfiri, K. 2001: Monitoring river channel and flume surfaces

435

with digital photogrammetry. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 127(10), 871 77. Lane, S.N., Hardy, R.J., Elliott, L. and Ingham, D.B. 2002: High-resolution numerical modelling on three-dimensional flows over complex river bed topography. Hydrological Processes 16, 2261 72. Lane, S.N., Westaway, R.M. and Hicks, D.M. 2003: Estimation of erosion and deposition volumes in a large, gravel-bed, braided river using synoptic remote sensing. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 249 71. Langendoen, E.J., Thomas, R.E. and Bingner, R.L. 2002: Numerical simulation of the morphology of the Upper Yalobusha River, Mississippi between 1968 and 1997. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 931 39. Larsen, E.W. and Greco, S.E. 2002: Modeling channel management impacts on river migration: a case study of Woodson Bridge State recreation area, Sacramento River, California, USA. Environmental Management 30(2), 20924. Larue, J.P. 2002: Small valley bottom deposits in the sandy districts of the Sarthe basin (France): climate and/or human origin? Geomorphology 45, 309 23. Latrubesse, E.M. 2002: Evidence of Quaternary palaeohydrological changes in the middle Amazonia: The Aripuana-Roosevelt and Jipar ana fans. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie N.F. 129, 61 72. Latrubesse, E.M. and Franzinelli, E. 2002: The Holocene alluvial plain of the middle Amazon River, Brazil. Geomorphology 44, 241 57. Latrubesse, E.M. and Kalicki, T. 2002: Late Quaternary palaeohydrological changes in the upper Purus basin, southwestern Amazonia, Brazil. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie N.F. 129, 41 59. Latrubesse, E.M. and Stevaux, J.C. 2002: Geomorphology and environmental aspects of the Ara guaia fluvial basin, Brazil. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie N.F. 129, 109 27. Lauriol, B., Duguay, C.R. and Reil, A. 2002: Response of the Porcupine and Old Crow Rivers in northern Yukon, Canada, to Holocene climate change. The Holocene 12(1), 27 34. Leclair, S.F. and Bridge, J.S. 2001: Quantitative interpretation of sedimentary structures formed by river dunes. Journal of Sedimentary Research 71(5), 713 16. Leclerc, M. 2002: Ecohydraulics, last frontier for fluvial hydraulics: research challenges and

436

Fluvial geomorphology
Liu, K.W. 2002: Deep-burial diagenesis of the siliciclastic Ordovician Natal Group, South Africa. Sedimentary Geology 154, 177 89. Logan, P. and Furse, M. 2002: Preparing for the European Water Framework Directive making links between habitat and aquatic biota. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12(4), 425 37. Loncke, L., Gaullier, V., Bellaiche, G. and Mascle, J. 2002: Recent depositional patterns of the Nile deep-sea fan from echo-character mapping. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists 86(7), 1165 86. Lorenz, J.C. and Nadon, G.C. 2002: Braided-river deposits in a muddy depositional setting: the Molina member of the Wasatch formation (Paleogene), West-Central Colorado, U.S.A. Journal of Sedimentary Research 72(3), 376 85. Lowey, G.W. 2002: Sedimentary processes of the Kusawa Lake torrent system, Yukon, Canada, as revealed by the September 16, 1982 event. Sedimentary Geology 151, 293 312. Lu, X.X. and Higgitt, D.L. 2001: Sediment delivery to the Three Gorges 2: local response. Geomorphology 41, 157 69. Lusk, S., Halaoka, K. and Luskova , V. 2003: Rehabilitating the floodplain of the lower River Dyje for fish. Rivers Research and Applications 19(3), 28188. Ma, L., Ashworth, P.J., Best, J.L., Elliot, L., Ingham, D.B. and Whitcombe, L.J. 2002: Computational fluid dynamics and the physical modelling of an upland urban river. Geomorphology 44, 375 91. Maas, G.S. and Macklin, M.G. 2002: The impact of recent climate change on flooding and sediment supply within a Mediterranean mountain catchment, southwestern Crete, Greece. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 1087 105. Macaire, J-J., Bellemlih, S., Di-Giovanni, C., De Luca, P., Visset, L. and Bernard, J. 2002: Sediment yield and storage variations in the Negron River catchment (South Western Parisian Basin, France) during the Holocene period. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 991 1009. Magilligan, F.J., Gomez, B., Mertes, L.A.K., Smith, L.C., Smith, N.D., Finnegan, D. and Garvin, J.B. 2002: Geomorphic effectiveness, sandur development, and the pattern of land` scape response during jokulhlaups: Skeioararsandur, southeastern Iceland. Geomorphology 44, 95 113. Magny, M. 2001: Palaeohydrological changes as reflected by lake-level fluctuations in

multidisciplinary perspectives. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 13 25. Lee, A.J. and Ferguson, R.I. 2002: Velocity and flow resistance in step-pool streams. Geomorphology 46, 59 71. Lee, H-Y., You, J-Y. and Lin, Y-T. 2002: Continuous saltating process of multiple sediment particles. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(4), 443 50. Lehane, B.M., Giller, P.S., OHalloran, J., Smith, C. and Murphy, J. 2002: Experimental provision of large woody debris in streams as a trout management technique. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12(3), 289 311. Lenzi, M.A. 2002: Stream bed stabilization using boulder check dams that maintain step-pool morphology features in Northern Italy. Geomorphology 45, 243 60. Le Roux, J.P. 2001: Estimation of channel sinuosity from paleocurrent data: a method using fractal geometry discussion. Journal of Sedimentary Research 71(6), 1029 30. 2002: Shape entropy and settling velocity of natural grains. Journal of Sedimentary Research 72(3), 363 66. Lewin, J. and Brewer, P.A. 2001: Predicting channel patterns. Geomorphology 40, 329 39. Lewis, C.A. 2002: Radiocarbon dates and the Late Quaternary palaeogeography of the Province of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Quaternary International 89, 59 69. Liebault, F. and Piegay, H. 2002: Causes of 20th century channel narrowing in mountain and piedmont rivers of southeastern France. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 425 44. Liebault, F., Clement, P., Piegay, H., Rogers, C.F., Kondolf, G.M. and Landon, N. 2002: Contemporary channel changes in the Eygues basin, southern French Prealps: the relationship of subbasin variability to watershed characteristics. Geomorphology 45, 53 66. Lindsay, J.B. and Ashmore, P.E. 2002: The effects of survey frequency on estimates of scour and fill in a braided river model. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 27 43. Link, O., Cecioni, A., Duyvestein, A. and Vargas, J. 2002: Hydrology of the Bio Bio River. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie N.F. 129, 31 39. Lisle, T.E. and Church, M. 2002: Sediment transport storage relations for degrading, gravel bed channels. Water Resources Research 38(11), 1-1-1-14.

E.S.J. Dollar
the Swiss Plateau, the Jura Mountians and the northern French Pre-Alps during the Last Glacial Holocene transition: a regional synthesis. Global and Planetary Change 30, 85 101. Magny, M., Miramont, C. and Sivan, O. 2002: Assessment of the impact of climate and anthropogenic factors on Holocene Mediterranean vegetation in Europe on the basis of palaeohydrological records. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 186, 47 59. Maingi, J.K. and Marsh, S.E. 2002: Quantifying hydrological impacts following dam construction along the Tana River, Kenya. Journal of Arid Environments 50(1), 53 79. Makaske, B., Smith, D.G. and Berendsen, H.J.A. 2002: Avulsions, channel evolution and floodplain sedimentation rates of the anastomosing upper Columbia River, British Columbia, Canada. Sedimentology 49(5), 1049 72. Malmaeus, J.K. and Hassan, M.A. 2002: Simulation of individual particle movement in a gravel streambed. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 81 97. Manville, V. 2002: Sedimentary and geomorphic responses to ignimbrite emplacement: readjustment of the Waikato River after the A.D. 181 Taupo Eruption, New Zealand. The Journal of Geology 110, 519 41. Manville, V. and White, J.D.L. 2003: Incipient granular mass flows at the base of sedimentladen floods, and the roles of flow competence and flow capacity in the deposition of stratified bouldery sands. Sedimentary Geology 155, 157 73. Marani, M., Eltahir, E. and Rinaldo, A. 2001: Geomorphic controls on regional base flow. Water Resources Research 37(10), 2619 30. Marchetti, M. 2002: Environmental changes in the central Po Plain (northern Italy) due to fluvial modifications and anthropogenic activities. Geomorphology 44, 361 73. Marcus, W.A., Marston, R.A., Colvard, C.R. and Gray, R.D. 2002:Mapping the spatial and temporal distributions of woody debris in streams of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, USA. Geomorphology 44, 323 35. Marren, P.M., Russell, A.J. and Knudsen, O. 2002: Discharge magnitude and frequency as a control on proglacial fluvial sedimentary systems. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 297 303. Marti, C. 2002: Morphodynamics of widenings in steep rivers. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., edi-

437

tors, River flow 2002, Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 865 73. Martin, Y. 2003: Evaluation of bed load transport formulae using field evidence from the Vedder River, British Columbia. Geomorphology 53, 75 95. Mason, D.C., Cobby, D.M., Horritt, M.S. and Bates, P.D. 2003: Floodplain friction parameterization in two-dimensional river flood models using vegetation heights derived from airborne scanning laser altimetry. Hydrological Processes 17, 1711 32. Maurice-Bourgoin, L, Aalto, R. and Guyot, J.L. 2002: Sediment-associated mercury distribution within a major Amazon tributary: century-scale contamination history and importance of floodplain accumulation. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 161 68. Mayer, L., Menichetti, M., Nesci, O. and Savelli, D. 2003: Morphotectonic approach to the drainage analysis in the North Marche region, central Italy. Quaternary International 101 102, 157 67. McGinness, H.M., Thoms, M.C. and Southwell, M.R. 2002: Connectivity and fragmentation of flood plain river exchanges in a semiarid, anabranching river system. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 19 26. McIntosh, M.D., Benbow, M.E. and Burky, A.J. 2002: Effects of stream diversion on rife macroinvertebrate communities in a Maui, Hawaii stream. Rivers Research and Applications 18(6), 569 81. McKee, L.J., Hossain, S. and Eyre, B.D. 2002: Magnitude frequency analysis of suspended sediment loads in the subtropical Richmond River basin, northern New South Wales, Australia. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 28996. McKergow, L.A., Weaver, D.M., Prosser, I.P., Grayson, R.B. and Reed, A.E.G. 2003: Before and after riparian management: sediment and nutrient exports from a small agricultural catchment, Western Australia. Journal of Hydrology 270, 253 72.

438

Fluvial geomorphology
quences. London: Geological Society, Special Publications 191, 133 48. Milana, J.P. and Tietze, K-W. 2002: Three-dimensional analogue modelling of an alluvial basin margin affected by hydrological cycles: processes and resulting depositional sequences. Basin Research 14, 23764. Milburn, D. and Prowse, T.D. 2002: Under-ice movement of cohesive sediments before river-ice breakup. Hydrological Processes 16, 823 34. Moir, H.J., Soulsby, C. and Youngson, A.F. 2002: Hydraulic and sedimentary controls on the availability and use of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) spawning habitat in the River Dee system, north-east Scotland. Geomorphology 45, 291 308. Molnar, P. and Ramirez, J.A. 2002: On downstream hydraulic geometry and optimal energy expenditure: case study of the Ashley and Taieri Rivers. Journal of Hydrology 259, 10515. Monteith, H.L. and Pender, G. 2002: The response of graded sediment beds to flow abstraction. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002, Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-LaNeuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 699 702. Montgomery, D.R. 1999: Process domains and the river continuum. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35(2), 397 410. Montgomery, D.R. and Piegay, H. 2003: Editorial: wood in rivers: interactions with channel morphology and processes. Geomorphology 51, 1 5. Montgomery, D.R., Greenberg, H.M. and Smith, D.T. 2003a: Streamflow response to the Nisqually earthquake. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 115(1 2), 19 28. Montgomery, D.R., Massong, T.M. and Hawley, S.C.S. 2003b: Influence of debris flows and log jams on the location of pools and alluvial channel reaches, Oregon Coast Range. Geological Society of America Bulletin 115(1), 78 88. Moody, J.A. and Troutman, B.M. 2002: Characterization of the spatial variability of channel morphology. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 1251 66. Moore, A. and Blenkinsop, T. 2002: The role of mantle plumes in the development of continental-scale drainage basins: the southern African example revisited. South African Journal of Geology 105, 353 60. Moore, A.E. and Larkin, P.A. 2001: Drainage evolution in south-central Africa since the breakup of Gondwana. South African Journal of Geology 104, 47 68.

Meadows, M.E. and Hoffman, M.T. 2002: The nature, extent and causes of land degradation in South Africa: legacy of the past, lessons for the future? Area 34(4), 428 37. Meisina, C. and Piccio, A. 2003: River dynamics and slope processes along a sector of the Villalvernia Varzi Line (Northern Italy). Quaternary International 101 102, 179 90. Merritt, D.M. and Wohl, E.E. 2003: Downstream hydraulic geometry and channel adjustment during a flood along an ephemeral, arid-region drainage. Geomorphology 52, 165 80. Metivier, F. and Meunier, P. 2003: Input and output mass flux correlations in an experimental braided stream. Journal of Hydrology 271, 22 38. Meyer, G.A. 2001: Recent large-magnitude floods and their impact on valley-floor environments of northeastern Yellowstone. Geomorphology 40, 271 90. Miall, A.D. 2002: Architecture and sequence stratigraphy of Pleistocene fluvial systems in the Malay Basin, based on seismic time-slice analysis. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists 86(7), 1201 16. Michaelides, K. and Wainwright, J. 2002: Modelling the effects of hillslope channel coupling on catchment hydrological response. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 1441 57. Micheli, E.R. and Kirchner, J.W. 2002a: Effects of wet meadow riparian vegetation on streambank erosion. 1. Remote sensing measurements of streambank migration and erodibility Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 627 39. 2002b: Effects of wet meadow riparian vegetation on streambank erosion. 2. Measurements of vegetated bank strength and consequences for failure mechanics. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 687 97. Middelkoop, H. 2002: Reconstructing floodplain sedimentation rates from heavy metal profiles by inverse modelling. Hydrological Processes 16, 47 64. Middelkoop, H., Thonon, I. and van der Perk, M. 2002: Effective discharge for heavy metal deposition on the lower River Rhine flood plains. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 151 59. Milan, D.J., Heritage, G.L. and Large, A.R.G. 2002: Tracer pebble entrainment and deposition loci: influence of flow character and implications for rife-pool maintenance. In Jones, S.L. and Frostick, L.E., editors, Sediment flux to basins: causes, controls and conse-

E.S.J. Dollar
Moreton, D.J., Ashworth, P.J. and Best, J.L. 2002: The physical scale modelling of braided alluvial architecture and estimation of subsurface permeability. Basin Research 14, 265 85. Morozova, G.S. and Smith, N.D. 2003: Organic matter deposition in the Saskatchewan River floodplain (Cumberland Marshes, Canada): effects of progradational avulsions. Sedimentary Geology 157, 15 29. Mosselman, E. and Sloff, K. 2002: Effect of local scour holes on macroscale river morphology. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 767 72. Mount, J.F., Florsheim, J.L. and Trowbridge, W.B. 2002: Restoration of dynamic flood plain topography and riparian vegetation establishment through engineered levee breaching. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 85 91. Muller, G., Bruce, T. and Kauppert, K. 2002: Particle image velocimetry: a simple technique for complex surface flows. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 1227 32. Murray, A.B. and Paola, C. 2003: Modelling the effect of vegetation on channel pattern in bedload rivers. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 131 43. Nagy, H.M., Watanabe, K. and Hirano, M. 2002: Prediction of sediment load concentration in rivers using artificial neural network model. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(6), 588 95. Naiman, R.J., Bunn, S.E., Nilsson, C., Petts, G.E., Pinay, G. and Thompson, L.C. 2002: Legitimizing fluvial ecosystems as users of water: an overview. Environmental Management 30(4) 455 67. Nanson, G.C. and Croke, J.C. 2002: Emerging issues in flood plain research. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 271 78. Nanson, G.C., Tooth, S. and Knighton, A.D. 2002: A global perspective on dryland rivers:

439

perceptions, misconceptions and distinctions. In Bull, L.J. and Kirkby, M.J., editors, Dryland rivers: hydrology and geomorphology of semi-arid channels. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 17 54. Nash, D.J. and Smith, R.F. 2003: Properties and development of channel calcretes in a mountain catchment, Tabernas Basin, southeast Spain. Geomorphology 50, 227 50. Navratil, O., Albert, M.B. and Breil, P. 2002: Water level time-series analysis for bank-full flow studies in rivers. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 1167 75. Naylor, L.A., Viles, H.A. and Carter, N.E.A. 2002: Biogeomorphology revisited: looking towards the future. Geomorphology 47, 3 14. Neary, V.S., Wright, S.A. and Bereciartua, P. 2001: Case study: sediment transport in proposed geomorphic channel for Napa River. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 127(11), 901 10. Nelson, E.J. and Booth, D.B. 2002: Sediment sources in an urbanizing, mixed land-use watershed. Journal of Hydrology 264, 51 68. Newson, M.D. 2002: Geomorphological concepts and tools for sustainable river ecosystem management. Aquatic Conservation: Marine & Freshwater Ecosystems 12(4), 365 81. Newson, M.D., Pitlick, J. and Sear, D.A. 2002: Running water: fluvial geomorphology and river restoration. In Peerow, M.R. and Davy, A.J., editors, Handbook of ecological restoration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 133 53. Nicholas, A.P. and Mitchell, C.A. 2003: Numerical simulation of overbank processes in topographically complex floodplain sediments. Hydrological Processes 17, 72746. Nichols, K.K., Bierman, P.R., Hooke, R. LeB., Clapp, E.M. and Caffee, M. 2002: Quantifying sediment transport on desert piedmonts using 10Be and 26Al. Geomorphology 45, 105 25. Nicklow, J.W., Ozkurt, O. and Bringer Jr, J.A. 2003: Control of channel bed morphology in a large-scale river networks using a genetic algorithm. Water Resources Management 17, 113 32. Nikora, V., Habersack, H., Huber, T. and McEwan, I. 2002: On bed particle diffusion in gravel bed flows under weak bed load transport. Water Resources Research 38(6), 17-1-17-9.

440

Fluvial geomorphology
Olsen, N.R.B. 2003: Three-dimensional CFD modelling of self-forming meandering channel. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129(5), 366 72. Ono, Y. 2002: Landform conservation and flood control: the issue of the Chitose diversion channel project in Hokkaido, Japan. Australian Geographical Studies 40(2), 143 54. Orfeo, O. and Stevaux, J. 2002: Hydraulic and morphological characteristics of middle and upper reaches of the Parana River (Argentina and Brazil). Geomorphology 44, 30922. Osterkamp, W. 2002: Geoindicators for river and river-valley monitoring in the humid tropics. Environmental Geology 42(7), 725 35. OSullivan, P.E., Moyeed, R., Cooper, M.C. and Nicholson, M.J. 2002: Comparison between instrumental, observational and high resolution proxy sedimentary records of Late Holocene climatic change a discussion of possibilities. Quaternary International 88, 27 44. Owens, P.N. and Walling, D.E. 2002: Changes in sediment sources and floodplain deposition rates in the catchment of the River Tweed, Scotland, over the last 100 years: the impact of climate and land use change. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 403 23. Page, K.J., Nanson, G.C. and Frazier, P.S. 2003: Floodplain formation and sediment stratigraphy resulting from oblique accretion on the Murrumbidgee River, Australia. Journal of Sedimentary Research 73(1), 5 14. Paine, J.L., Rowan, J.S. and Werritty, A. 2002: Reconstructing historic floods using sediments from embanked floodplains: a case study of the river Tay in Scotland. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 211 18. Panin, A.V., Walling, D.E. and Golosov, V.N. 2001: The role of soil erosion and fluvial processes in the post-fallout redistribution of Chernobyl-derived caesium-137: a case study of the Lapki catchment, Central Russia. Geomorphology 40, 185 204. Papanicolaou, A.N., Diplas, P., Evaggelopoulos, N. and Fotopoulos, S. 2001: Stochastic incipient motion criterion for spheres under various bed packing conditions. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(4), 369 80. Papanicolaou, A.N., Strom, K., Schuyler, A. and Talebbetdokhti, N. 2003: The role of sediment specific gravity and availability on cluster

Nino, Y. 2002: Simple model for downstream variation of median sediment size for Chilean Rivers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(10), 934 41. Nino, Y., Atala, A., Barahona, M. and Aracena, D. 2002: Discrete particle model for analysing bedform development. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(4), 381 89. Nin o, Y., Lopez, F. and Cearcia, M. 2003: Threshold for particle entrainment into suspension. Sedimentology 50(2), 247 64. Noon, P.E., Leng, M.J. and Jones, V.J. 2003: Oxygen isotope (d 18O) evidence of Holocene hydrological changes at Signy Island, maritime Antarctica. The Holocene 13(2), 251 63. Nott, J., Price, D. and Nanson, G. 2002: Stream response to Quaternary climate change: evidence form the Shoahowen River catchment, southeastern Highlands, temperate Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews 21(8), 965 74. Novak, B. and Bjorck, S. 2002: Late Pleistocene early Holocene fluvial facies and depositional processes in the Fehmarn Belt, between Germany and Denmark, revealed by high-resolution seismic and lithofacies analysis. Sedimentology 49(3), 451 66. Nuttle, W.K. 2002: Is ecohydrology one idea or many? Hydrological Sciences Journal 47(5), 805 808. OConnor, J.E., Jones, M.A. and Haluska, T.L. 2003: Flood plain and channel dynamics of the Quinault and Queets Rivers, Washington, USA. Geomorphology 51, 31 59. Odeh, M. 2003: Discharge rating equation and hydraulic characteristics of Standard Denil fishways. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129(5), 341 48. Ogawa, T. and Watanabe, Y. 2002: Experimental study on bed load transportation of large-size material. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 579 85 Olden, J.D. and Poff, N.L. 2003: Redundancy and the choice of hydrological indices for characterizing streamflow regimes. Rivers Research and Applications 19(2), 101 21. Olesen, K.W. and Tjerry, S. 2002: Morphological modelling of the Chaktomuk Junction. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-LaNeuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 879 87.

E.S.J. Dollar
evolution. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 69 86. Paphitis, D., Collins, M.B., Nash, L.A. and Wallbridge, S. 2002: Setting velocities and entrainment thresholds of biogenic sands (shell fragments) under unidirectional flow. Sedimentology 49(1), 211 30. Parkinson, A., MacNally, R. and Quinn, G.P. 2002: Differential macrohabitat use by birds on the unregulated Ovens River floodplain of southeastern Australia. Rivers Research and Applications 18(5), 495 506. Parsons, H. and Gilvear, D. 2002: Valley floor landscape change following almost 100 years of flood embankment abandonment on a wandering gravel-bed river. Rivers Research and Applications 18(5), 461 79. Pearce, J.T., Pazzaglia, F.J., Evenson, E.B., Lawson, D.E., Alley, R.B., Germanoski, D. and Denner, J.D. 2003: Bedload component of glacially discharged sediment: insights from the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska. Geology 31(1), 7 10. Pedroli, B., de Blust, G., van Looy, K. and van Rooij, S. 2002: Setting targets in strategies in river restoration. Landscape Ecology 17(1), 5 18. Peel, M.C., McMahon, T.A., Finlayson, B.L. and Watson, F.G.R. 2002: Implications of the relationship between catchment vegetation type and the variability of annual runoff. Hydrological Processes 16, 2995 3002. Peka rova, P., Mikla nek, P. and Peka r, J. 2003: Spatial and temporal runoff oscillation analysis of the main rivers of the world during the 19th 20th centuries. Journal of Hydrology 274, 62 79. Pena, E., Fe, J., Puertas, J. and Sanchez-Tembleque, F. 2002: A 2D numerical model using finite volume method for sediment transport in rivers. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 69398. Perona, P., Porporato, A. and Ridolfi, L. 2002: River dynamics after cutoff: a discussion of different approaches. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 715 21. Pess, G.R., Montgomery, D.R., Steel, E.A., Bilby, R.E., Feist, B.E. and Greenberg, H.M. 2002: Landscape characteristics, land use, and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) abundance,

441

Snohomish River, Washington, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 59, 613 23. Phillips, J.D. 2002: Geomorphic impacts of flash flooding in a forested headwater basin. Journal of Hydrology 269, 236 50. 2003a: Sources of nonlinearity and complexity in geomorphic systems. Progress in Physical Geography 27(1), 1 23. 2003b: Toledo Bend Reservoir and geomorphic response in the lower Sabine River. Rivers Research and Applications 19(2), 137 59. Phippen, S.J. and Wohl, E.E. 2003: An assessment of land use and other factors affecting sediment loads in the Rio Puerco watershed, New Mexico. Geomorphology 52, 269 87. Pisut, P. 2002: Channel evolution of the pre-channelized Danube River in Bratislava, Slovakia (1712 1886). Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 369 90. Pitlick, J. and Cress, R. 2002: Downstream changes in the channel geometry of a large gravel bed river. Water Resources Research 38(10), 34-1 34-11. Polyak, L., Levitan, M., Khusid, T., Merklin, L. and Mukhina, V. 2002: Variations in the influence of riverine discharge on the Kara Sea during the last deglaciation and the Holocene. Global and Planetary Change 32, 291 309. Poole, G.C. 2002: Fluvial landscape ecology: addressing uniqueness within the river discontinuum. Freshwater Biology 47, 641 60. Poole, G.C., Stanford, J.A., Frissell, C.A. and Running, S.W. 2002: Three-dimensional mapping of geomorphic controls on flood-plain hydrology and connectivity from aerial photos. Geomorphology 48, 329 47. Pope, R.J.J. and Millington, A.C. 2002: The role of alluvial fans in mountainous and lowland drainage systems: Examples from the Sparta Basin, Lakonia, southern Greece. Zeitschrift fur. Geomorphologies N.F. 46(1), 10936. Porporato, A. and Rodriguez-Iturbe, I. 2002: Ecohydrology a challenging multidisciplinary research perspective. Hydrological Sciences Journal 47(5), 811 2 1. Poudevigne, I., Alard, D., Leuven, R.S.E.W. and Nienhuis, P.H. 2002: A systems approach to river restoration: a case study in the lower Seine valley, France. Rivers Research and Applications 18(3), 239 47. Prange, M. and Lohmann, G. 2003: Effects of midHolocene river runoff of the Arctic Ocean/seaice system: a numerical model study. The Holocene 13(3), 335 42. Prent, M.T.H. and Hickin, E.J. 2001: Annual regime of bedforms, roughness and flow

442

Fluvial geomorphology
editors 2002: Towards a harmonized approach for hydromorphology assessment of rivers in Europe: a qualitative assessment of three survey methods. Aquatic Conservation: Marine & Freshwater Ecosystems 12(4), 405 24. Rech, J.A., Quade, J. and Betancourt, J.L. 2002: Late Quaternary paleohydrology of the central Atacama Desert (alt 228 248S), Chile. Geological Society of America Bulletin 114(3), 334 48. Reheis, M.C., Stine, S. and Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. 2002: Drainage reversals in Mono Basin during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Geological Society of America Bulletin 114(8), 991 1006. Rennie, C.D., Millar, R.G. and Church, M.A. 2002: Measurement of bed load velocity using an acoustic Doppler current profiler. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(5), 473 83. Ribberink, J.S., Blom, A., van der Scheer, P. and van Stralen, M.P. 2002: Multi-fraction techniques for sediment transport and morphological modelling in sand-gravel rivers. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-LaNeuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 731 39. Rice, S.P., Greenwood, M.T. and Joyce, C.B. 2001: Tributaries, sediment sources, and the longitudinal organisation of macroinvertebrate fauna along river systems. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58, 824 40. Richardson, W.R. 2002: Simplified model for assessing meander bend migration rates. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(12), 1094 97. Richardson, W.R. and Thorne, C.R. 2001: Multiple thread flow and channel bifurcation in a braided river: Brahmaputra-Jamuna River, Bangladesh. Geomorphology 38, 18596. Righetti, M. and Armanini, A. 2002: Flow resistance in open channel flows with sparsely distributed bushes. Journal of Hydrology 269, 55 64. Rigsby, C.A., Baker, P.A. and Aldenderfer, M.S. 2003: Fluvial history of the Rio Ilave valley, Peru, and its relationship to climate and human history. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 194, 165 85. Ringrose, S., Kampunzu, A.B., Vink, B.W., Matheson, W. and Downey, W.S. 2002: Origin and palaeo-environmental environments of calcareous sediments in the Moshaweng dry valley, southeast Botswana. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 591 611. Rippin, D., Willis, I., Arnold, N., Hodson, A., Moore, J., Kohler, J. and Bjornsson, H. 2003: Changes in geometry and subglacial drainage of Midre Lovenbreen, Svalbard, determined

resistance, Lillooet River, British Columbia, BC. Geomorphology 41, 369 90. Prowse, T.D. and Conly, F.M. 2002: A review of hydroecolgical results of the Northern River Basins study, Canada. Part 2. Peace-Athabasca Delta. Rivers Research and Applications 18(5), 447 60. Prowse, T.D., Conly, F.M., Church, M. and English, M.C. 2002: A review of hydroecolgical results of the Northern River Basins study, Canada. Part 1. Peace and Slave Rivers. Rivers Research and Applications 18(5), 429 46. Puech, C. and Raclot, D. 2002: Using geographical information systems and aerial photographs to determine water levels during floods. Hydrological Processes 16, 1593602. Puertas, J., Pena, E. and Sanchez-Tembleque, F. 2002: Experimental techniques for sediment transport using PIV and 3D scanning technologies. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 1233 37. Purkait, B. 2002: Patterns of grain-size distribution in some point bars of the Usri River, India. Journal of Sedimentary Research 72(3), 367 75. Radecki-Pawlik, A. 2002: Bankfull discharge in mountain streams: theory and practice. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 115 23. Radoane, M., Radoane, N. and Dimitriu, D. 2003: Geomorphological evolution of river profiles in the Carpathians. Geomorphology 50, 293 306. Rakoczi, L. and Szekeres, J. 2002: In-situ checking the performance of bed-load samplers by underwater video. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 1145 49. Ralph, S.C. and Pool, G.C. 2003: Putting monitoring first: designing accountable ecosystem restoration and management plans. In Montgomery, D.R., Bolton, S., Booth, D.B. and Walls, L., editors, Restoration of Puget Sound Rivers. Seattle WA: University of Washington Press. Ramonell, C.G., Amsler, M.L. and Toniolo, H. 2002: Shifting modes of the Parana River thal weg in its middle/lower reach. Zeitschrift fur. Geomorphologie. N.F. 129, 129 42. Raven, P.J., Holmes, N.T.H., Charrier, P., Dawson, F.H., Naura, M. and Boon, P.J.,

E.S.J. Dollar
from digital elevation models. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 273 98. Rittenour, T.M., Goble, R.J. and Blum, M.D. 2003: Optical age chronology of Late Pleistocene fluvial deposits in the northern lower Mississippi valley. Quaternary Science Reviews 10 13, 1105 10. Rodda, J.C. 2001: Water under pressure. Hydrological Sciences Journal 46(6), 841 53. Rodriguez, J., Admiraal, D.M., Lopez, F. and Garca, M.H. 2002: Unsteady bed shear stresses induced by navigation: laboratory observations. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(5), 515 26. Rogers, J. and Li, X.C. 2002: Environmental impact of diamond mining on continental shelf sediments off southern Namibia. Quaternary International 92, 101 12. Rood, S., Tymensen, W. and Middleton, R. 2003: A comparison of methods for evaluating streamflow needs for recreation along rivers in southern Alberta, Canada. Rivers Research and Applications 19(2), 123 35. Rosatti, G. 2002: Validation of the physical modelling approach for braided rivers. Water Resources Research 38(12), 31-1 31-8. Rowan, J.S. and Franks, S.W. 2002: Heavy metal mining and flood plain response in the upper Clyde basin, Scotland. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 143 53. Rowinski, P.M. and Kubrak, J. 2002a: Velocity profiles on vegetated flood plains. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-LaNeuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 303 309. 2002b: A mixing-length model for predicting vertical velocity distribution in flows through emergent vegetation. Hydrological Sciences Journal 47(6), 893 99. Rowland, E.R., Hotchkiss, R.H. and Barber, M.E. 2003: Predicting fish passage design flows at ungaged streams in eastern Washington. Journal of Hydrology 273, 17787. Rowntree, K.M. and Du Plessis, M. 2003: Geomorphological research for the conservation and management of Southern African rivers, volume 1: geomorphological impacts of river regulation. Pretoria: Water Research Commission Report 849/2/03, 148 pp. River Restoration Centre (RRC) 2002: Manual of river restoration techniques. 2002 update. Bedford: Area Press.

443

Rudoy, A.N. 2002: Glacier-dammed lakes and geological work on glacial superfloods in the Late Pleistocene, Southern Siberia, Altai Mountains. Quaternary International 87, 119 40. Runge, J. 2002: Holocene landscape history and palaeohydrology evidenced by stable carbon isotope (d13C) analysis of alluvial sediments in the Mbari valley (58N/238E), Central African Republic. Catena 48, 67 87. Rushmer, E.L., Russell, A.J., Tweed, F.S., Knudsen, O. and Marren, P.M. 2002: The role of hydrograph shape in controlling glacier outburst flood (jokulhlaup) sedimentation. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 305 13. Russell, J.M., Johnson, T.C., Kelts, K.R., Laerdal, T. and Talbot, M.R. 2003: An 11 000-year lithostratigraphic and paleohydrologic record from Equatorial Africa: Lake Edward, Uganda-Congo. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 193, 25 49. Ryan, S.E., Porth, L.S. and Troendle, C.A. 2002: Defining phases of bedload transport using piecewise regression. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 97190. Saez, A. and Cabrera, L. 2002: Sedimentological and palaeohydrological responses to tectonics and climate in a small closed, lacustrine system: Oligocene As Pontes Basin (Spain). Sedimentology 49(5), 1073 94. Saito, Y., Yang, Z. and Hori, K. 2001: The Huanghe (Yellow River) and Changjiang (Yangtze River) deltas: a review on their characteristics, evolution and sediment discharge during the Holocene. Geomorphology 41, 219 31. Samuel, A., Kneller, B., Raslan, S., Sharp, A. and Parsons, C. 2003: Prolific deep-marine slope channels of the Nile Delta, Egypt. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists 87(4), 541 60. Samuels, P.G., Bramley, M.E. and Evans, E.P. 2002: Reducing uncertainty in conveyance estimation. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River Flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 293302. Sander, M., Bengtsson, L., Holmquist, B., Wohlfarth, B. and Cato, I. 2002: The relationship between annual varve thickness and maximum annual discharge. Journal of Hydrology 263, 23 35.

444

Fluvial geomorphology
Sear, D.A., Newson, M.D. and Thorne, C.R. 2003: Guidebook of applied fluvial geomorphology. Swindon: Department of Environment and Rural Affairs and Environment Agency, 229 pp. Sellin, R.H.J. and van Beesten, D.P. 2002: Berm vegetation and its effect on flow resistance in a two-stage river channel: an analysis of field data. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 31927. Seminara, G., Solari, L. and Parker, G. 2002: Bed load at low Shields stress on arbitrarily sloping beds: failure of the Bagnold hypothesis. Water Resources Research 38(11), 31-1 31-16. Shafieefar, M. and Husseini, S. 2002: Migration pattern of a young meandering river. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-LaNeuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 809 12. Sheets, B.A., Hickson, T.A. and Paola, C. 2002: Assembling the stratigraphic record: depositional patterns and time-scales in an experimental alluvial basin. Basin Research 14, 287 301. Shi, Z. and Hughes, J.M.R. 2002: Laboratory flume studies of microflow environments of aquatic plants. Hydrological Processes 16, 327989. Shimizu, Y. 2002: A method for simultaneous computation of bed and bank deformation of a river. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 793 801. Shteinman, B., Wynne, D., Khanbilvadi, R. and Inbar, M. 2002: Studies of sediment transport in the Jordan River using fluorescent tracer methods. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River Flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 1159 64. Simon, A. and Collinson, A.J.C. 2002: Quantifying the mechanical and hydrologic effects of riparian vegetation on streambank stability. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 527 46. Simon, A. and Darby, S.E. 2002: Effectiveness of grade-control structures in reducing erosion along incised river channels: the case of the Mississippi. Geomorphology 42, 229 54.

Sanderson, D.C.W., Bishop, P., Stark, M.T. and Spencer, J.Q. 2003: Luminescence dating of anthropogenically reset canal sediments from Angkor Borei, Mekong Delta, Cambodia. Quaternary Science Reviews 10 13, 1111 21. Sato, K. and Watanabe, Y. 2002: Influences of bars in river channels with bifurcation and convergence. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River Flow 2002, Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 741 50. Sauvage, S., Teisser, S., Vervier, P., Ameziane, T., Garbe tian, F., Delmas, F. and Caussade, B. 2003: A numerical tool to integrate biophysical diversity of a large regulated river: hydrobiogeochemical bases. The case of the Garone River (France). Rivers Research and Applications 19(2), 181 98. Schaller, M., von Blanckenburg, F., Veldkamp, A., Tebbens, L.A., Hovius, N. and Kubik, P.W. 2002: A 30 000 yr record of erosion rates from cosmogenic 10Be in middle European terraces. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1 2, 307 20. Schildgen, T., Dethier, D.P., Bierman, P. and Caffee, M. 2002: 26Al and 10Be dating of Late Pleistocene and Holocene fill terraces: a record of fluvial deposition and incision, Colorado Front Range. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 77387. Schmautz, M. and Aufleger, M. 2002: Gravel river widening by bank erosion theory and results of physical and numerical modelling. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-LaNeuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 639 49. Schmeeckle, M.W. and Nelson, J.M. 2003: Direct numerical simulation of bedload transport using a local, dynamic boundary condition. Sedimentology 50, 279 301. Schroder, J.F., Bishop, M.P., Olsenholler, J. and Craiger, J.P. 2002: Geomorphology and the world wide web. Geomorphology 47, 343 63. Schulte, L. 2002: Climatic and human influence on river systems and glacier fluctuations in southeast Spain since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary International 93 94, 85 100. Schumm, S.A. 1991: To interpret the earth, ten ways to be wrong. Sydney: Cambridge University Press. Schumm, S.A. and Lichty, R.W. 1965: Time, space and causality in geomorphology. American Journal of Science 263, 110 19.

E.S.J. Dollar
Simon, A. and Thomas, R.E. 2002: Processes and forms of an unstable alluvial system with resistant, cohesive streambeds. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 699 718. Simon, A., Thomas, R.E., Curini, A. and Shields, F.D. 2002: Case study: channel stability of the Missouri River, Eastern Montana. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(10), 88090. Simpson, C.J. and Smith, D.G. 2001: The braided Milk River, northern Montana, fails the Leopold Wolman discharge gradient test. Geomorphology 41, 337 53. Sims, N.C. and Thoms, M.C. 2002: What happens when flood plains wet themselves: vegetation response to inundation on the lower Balonne flood plain. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 195 202. Singh, S.K. and France-Lanard, C. 2002: Tracing the distribution of erosion in the Brahmaputra watershed from isotopic compositions of stream sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 3 4, 645 62. Sinha, R., Das, S. and Dikshit, O. 2002: GISassisted mapping of catchment-scale erosion and sediment sources, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Zeitsdrift fur Geomorphlogie N.F. 46(2), 145 65. Skelly, R.L., Bristow, C.S. and Ethridge, F.G. 2003: Architecture of channel-belt deposits in an aggrading shallow sandbed braided rivers: the lower Niobrara River, northeast Nebraska. Sedimentary Geology 158, 249 70. Slattery, M.C., Gares, P.A. and Phillips, J.D. 2002: Slope channel linkage and sediment delivery on North Carolina coastal plain cropland. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 1377 87. Small, I.F., Rowan, J.S. and Franks, S.W. 2002: Quantitative sediment fingerprinting using a Bayesian uncertainty estimation framework. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 443 50. Smith, B.J., Warke, P.A. and Whalley, W.B. 2002: Landscape development, collective amnesia and the need for integration in geomorphological research. Area 33(4), 409 18. Smith, D.A. and Cheung, K.F. 2003: Settling characteristics of calcareous sand. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129(6), 479 83. Smith, D.G. and Pearce, C.M. 2001: Ice jamcaused fluvial gullies and scour holes on northern river flood plains. Geomorphology 42, 85 95.

445

Smolders, A.J.P., Guerrero Hiza, M.A., van der Velde, G. and Roelofs, J.G.M. 2002: Dynamics of discharge, sediment transport, heavy metal pollution and Sabalo (Prochilodu linectus) catches in the lower Pilcamayo River (Bolivia). Rivers Research and Applications 18(5), 415 27. Snyder, N.P., Whipple, K.X., Tucker, G.E. and Merritts, D.J. 2002: Interactions between onshore bedrock channel incision and nearshore wave-base erosion forced by eustasy and tectonics. Basin Research 14, 10527. 2003: Channel response to tectonic forcing: field analysis of stream morphology and hydrology in the Mendocino triple junction region, northern California. Geomorphology 53, 97 127. Spaliviero, M. 2003: Historic fluvial development of the Alpine-foreland Tagliamento River, Italy, and consequences for floodplain management. Geomorphology 52, 317 33. Srivastava, P., Sharma, M. and Singhvi, A.K. 2003: Luminescence chronology of incision and channel pattern changes in the River Ganga, India. Geomorphology 51, 259 68. Stanistreet, I.G. and Stallhofen, H. 2002: Hoanib River flood deposits of Namib Desert interdunes as analogues for their permeability barrier mudstone layers in aeolianite Reserves. Sedimentology 49(3), 451 66. Starkel, L. 2002: Change in the frequency of extreme events as the indicator of climatic change in the Holocene (in fluvial systems). Quaternary International 91, 25 32. Stefani, C. 2002: Variation in terrigenous supplies in the Upper Pliocene to Recent deposits of the Venice area. Sedimentary Geology 153, 43 55. Steiger, J. and Gurnell, A.M. 2002: Spatial hydrogeomorphological influences on sediment and nutrient deposition in riparian zones: observations from the Garonne River, France. Geomorphology 49, 1 23. Steiger, J., Gurnell, A.M. and Goodson, J.M. 2003: Quantifying and characterizing riparian sedimentation. Rivers Research and Applications 19(4), 335 52. Stephan, U. and Gutknecht, D. 2002: Hydraulic resistance of submerged flexible vegetation. Journal of Hydrology 269, 27 43. Sterling, S.M. and Church, M. 2002: Sediment trapping characteristics of a pit trap and the Helley Smith sampler in a cobble gravel bed river. Water Resources Research 38(8), 19-1 19-11. Stevaux, J.C. and Takeda, A.M. 2002: Geomorphological processes related to density and

446

Fluvial geomorphology
Talbot, T. and Lapointe, M. 2002a: Modes of response of a gravel bed river to meandering straightening: the case of the SainteMarguerite River, Saguenay Region, Quebec, Canada. Water Resources Research 38(6), 9-1 9-7. 2002b: Numerical modelling of gravel bed river response to meander straightening: the coupling between the evolution of bed pavement and long profile. Water Resources Research 38(6), 10-1 10-10. Taylor, M.P. and Kesterton, R.G.H. 2002: Heavy metal contamination of an arid river environment: Gruben River, Namibia. Geomorphology 42, 311 27. Termini, D. 2002: A numerical simulation of bed topography in large meandering channels In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 723 29. Terry, J.P., Garimella, S. and Kostaschuk, R.A. 2002: Rates of floodplain accretion in a tropical island river system impacted by cyclones and large floods. Geomorphology 42, 171 82. Thomas, D.S., Holmes, P.J., Bateman, M.D. and Marker, M.E. 2002: Geomorphic evidence for late Quaternary environmental change from the eastern Great Karoo margin, South Africa. Quaternary International 89, 151 64. Thomas, R. and Nicholas, A.P. 2002: Simulation of braided river flow using a new cellular routing scheme. Geomorphology 43, 179 95. Thomas, R., Nicholas, A.P. and Quine, T.A. 2002: Development and application of a cellular model to simulate braided process form interactions and morphological change. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics.Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 783 91. Thompson, D.M. 2002a: Long-term effects of Instream Habitat-Improvement structures on channel morphology along the Blackledge and Salmon Rivers, Connecticut, USA. Environmental Management 29(2), 250 65. 2002b: Channel-bed scour with high versus low deflectors. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(6), 640 43. 2003: A geomorphic explanation for a meander cutoff following channel relocation of a coarse-bedded river. Environmental Management 31(3), 385 400.

variety of zoobenthic community of the upper Parana River, Brazil. Zeitschrift fur Geomorpholgie N.F. 129, 143 58. St George, S. and Nielson, E. 2003: Palaeoflood records for the Red River, Manitoba, Canada, derived from anatomical tree-ring signatures. The Holocene 13(4), 547 55. Stock, J. and Dietrich, W.E. 2003: Valley incision by debris flows: evidence of a topographic signature. Water Resources Research 39(4), 1-1 1-25. Stouthamer, E. and Berendsen, H.J.A. 2001: Avulsion frequency, avulsion duration, and interavulsion period of Holocene channel belts in the Rhine-Meuse delta, the Netherlands. Journal of Sedimentary Research 71(4), 589 98. Strasser, M.A., Vinzon, S.B. and Kosuth, P. 2002: Bottom structures geometry of the Amazon River. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 1185 93. Strom, K., Papanicolaou, A.N. and Odeh, M. 2002: Formation of cluster microforms and effects on bedload transport. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 56573. Sun, G., McNulty, S.G., Amatya, D.M., Skaggs, R.W., Swift Jr, L.W., Shepard, J.P. and Riekerk, H. 2002: A comparison of the watershed hydrology of the coastal forested wetlands and the mountainous uplands on the Southern Us. Journal of Hydrology 263, 92 104. Surian, N. 2002: Downstream variation in grain size long an Alpine River: analysis of controls and processes. Geomorphology 43, 137 49. Surian, N. and Rinaldi, M. 2003: Morphological response to river engineering and management in alluvial rivers in Italy. Geomorphology 50, 307 26. Symader, W. and Roth, M. 2002: Changes in chemical characteristics of river bed samples caused by exceptional high floods in the Kartelbornsbach basin near Trier. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 333 38. Ta, T.K.O., Nguyen, V.L., Taleishi, M., Kobayashi, I., Tanabe, S. and Saito, Y. 2002: Holocene delta evolution and sediment discharge of the Mekong River, southern Vietnam. Quaternary Science Reviews 21(16 17), 180719.

E.S.J. Dollar
Thompson, D.M. and Hoffman, K.S. 2001: Equilibrium pool dimension and sediment-sorting patterns in coarse-grained, New England channels. Geomorphology 38, 301 16. Thoms, M.C. and Parsons, M. 2002: Eco-geomorphology: an interdisciplinary approach to river science. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 11319. Thoms, M.C. and Sheldon, F. 2002: An ecosystem approach for determining environmental water allocations in Australian dryland river systems: the role of geomorphology. Geomorphology 47, 153 68. Thorne, C.R. 2002: Geomorphic analysis of large alluvial rivers. Geomorphology 44, 203 19. Tinkler, K.J. 2001: The case of the missing flood: the unrecorded flood of 1935 on the James River, Mason County, Texas. Geomorphology 39, 239 50. Tockner, K., Malard, F. and Ward, J.V. 2000: An extension of the flood pulse concept. Hydrological Processes 14, 2861 83. Tooth, S., McCarthy, T.S., Brandt, D., Hancox, P.J. and Morris, R. 2002a: Geological controls on the formation of alluvial meaders and floodplain wetlands: the example of the Klip River, eastern Free State, South Africa. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 797 815. Tooth, S., McCarthy, T.S., Hancox, P.J., Brandt, D., Buckley, K., Nortje, E. and McQuade, S. 2002b: The geomorphology of the Nyl River and floodplain in the semi-arid Northern Province, South Africa. South African Geographical Journal 84(2), 226 37. Toro, F. and Mayerle, R. 2002: Real time handling of in-situ measurement data using GIS and information technologies. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 1269 73. Trimble, S.W. 1999: Decreases rates of alluvial sediment storage in the Coon Creek basin, Wisconsin, 1975 1993. Science 20, 1244 46. Uliana, E., Lange, C.B. and Wefer, G. 2002: Evidence for Congo River freshwater load in Late Quaternary sediments of ODP Site 1077 (58S, 108E). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 187, 137 50. Valle , B.L. and Pasternack, G.B. 2002: TDR measurements of hydraulic jump aeration in

447

the South Fork of the American River, California. Geomorphology 42, 153 65. Vanacker, V., Govers, G., Barros, S., Poesen, J. and Deckers, J. 2003: The effect of short-term socioeconomic and demographic change on landscape on land use dynamics and its corresponding geomorphic response with relation to water erosion in a tropical mountainous catchment, Ecuador. Landscape Ecology 18(1), 1 15. Vance, D., Bickle, M., Ivy-Ochs, S. and Kubik, P.W. 2003: Erosion and exhumation in the Himalaya from cosmogenic isotope inventories of river sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 206, 273 88. Vandenberghe, J. 2002: The relation between climate and river processes, landforms and deposits during the Quaternary. Quaternary International 91, 17 23. Van der Perk, M. and Slavak, O. 2003: Simulation of event-based and long-term spatial redistribution of Chernobyl-derived radiocaesium within catchments using geographical information system embedded models. Hydrological Processes 17, 943 57. Vannote, R.L., Minshall, G.W., Cummins, K.W., Sedell, J.R. and Cushing, C.E. 1980: The river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 37, 130 37. Van Rompaey, A.J.J., Govers, G. and Puttemans, C. 2002: Modelling land use changes and their impact on soil erosion and sediment supply to rivers. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 481 94. Van Vuren, S., van der Klis, H. and de Vriend, H. 2002: Large-scale floodplain lowering along the River Waal: a stochastic prediction of morphological impacts. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 90312. Van Wijngaarden, M., Rigollet, C. and de Meijer, R.J. 2002a: Assessment of historic flood plain sedimentation rates along the River Meuse in The Netherlands using 137Cs dating with PHAROS. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 38997. Van Wijngaarden, M., Venema, L.B. and De Meijer, R.J. 2002b: Radiometric sand mud characterisation in the Rhine-Meuse Estuary Part B. In situ mapping. Geomorphology 43, 103 16. Van Wijngaarden, M., Venema, L.B., De Meijer, R.J., Zwolsman, J.J.G., Van Os, B. and Gieske, J.M.J. 2002c: Radiometric sand-mud

448

Fluvial geomorphology
tary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 425 32. Wallerstein, N.P. 2003: Dynamic model for constriction scour caused by large woody debris. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 49 68. Walling, D.E. and Owens, P.N. 2002: The role of flood plain sedimentation in catchment sediment and contaminant budgets. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 407 16. Walsh, J. and Hicks, D.M. 2002: Braided channels: Self-similar or self-afne? Water Resources Research 38(6), 18-1 18-6. Walters, D.M., Leigh, D.S., Freeman, M.C., Freeman, B.J. and Pringle, C.M. 2003: Geomorphology and fish assemblages in a Piedmont river basin, U.S.A. Freshwater Biology 48, 1950 70. Wang, H., Hughes, R.E., Steele, J.D., Lepley, S.W. and Tian, J. 2003: Correlation of climate cycles in middle Mississippi Valley loess and Greenland ice. Geology 31(2), 179 82. Wanner, S.C., Ockenfeld, K., Brunke, M., Fischer, H. and Pusch, M. 2002: The distribution and turnover of benthic organic matter in a lowland river: influence of hydrology, seston load and impoundments. Rivers Research and Applications 18(2), 107 22. Warburton, J., Danks, M. and Wishart, D. 2002: Stability of an upland gravel-bed stream, Swinhope Burn, Northern England. Catena 49, 309 29. Ward, J.V. and Stanford, J.A. 1995: Ecological connectivity in alluvial river ecosystems and its disruption by flow regulation. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 11, 105 19. Ward, J.V., Malard, F. and Tockner, K. 2002: Landscape ecology: a framework for integrating pattern and process in river corridors. Landscape Ecology 17(1), 35 45. Warne, A.G., Meade, R.H., White, W.A., Guevara, E.H., Gibeaut, J., Smyth, R.C., Aslan, A. and Tremblay, T. 2002: Regional controls on geomorphology, hydrology, and ecosystem integrity in the Orinoco Delta, Venezuela. Geomorphology 44, 273 307. Wasson, R.J. 2002: Sediment budgets, dynamics, and variability: new approaches and techniques. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 47178. Wasson, R.J., Caitcheon, G., Murray, A.S., McCulloch, M. and Quade, J. 2002: Sourcing

characterisation in the Rhine-Meuse Estuary Part A. Fingerprinting. Geomorphology 43, 87101 Verstraeten, G. and Poesen, J. 2002: Using sediment deposits in small ponds to quantify sediment yield from small catchments: possibilities and limitations. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 1425 39. Vetsch, D. and Faeh, R. 2002: Numerical simulation of morphological development of the river Rhine at the lake of Constance. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-LaNeuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 889 94. Vignoli, G. and Tubino, M. 2002: A numerical model for sand bar stability. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 833 41. Viles, H.A. and Goudie, A.S. 2003: Interannual, decadal and multidecadal climatic variability and geomorphology. Earth-Science Reviews 61, 105 31. Viles, H.A. and Naylor, L.A. 2002: Editorial. Geomorphology 47, 1 2. Villard, P.V. and Church, M. 2003: Dunes and associated sand transport in a tidally influenced sand-bed channel: Fraser River, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, 115 30. Vogt, J.V., Colombo, R. and Bertolo, F. 2003: Deriving drainage networks and catchment boundaries: a new method combining digital elevation data and environmental characteristics. Geomorphology 53, 281 98. Walker, D.R., Millar, R.G. and Newbury, R.W. 2002: Hydraulic and design aspects of constructed rock rifes in gravel-cobble bed rivers. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-LaNeuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 497 506. Walker, J., Diamond, M. and Naura, M. 2002: The development of Physical quality objectives for rivers in England and Wales. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12, 381 90. Wallbrink, P., Olley, J.M. and Hancock, G. 2002: Estimating residence times of fine sediment in river channels using fallout 210Pb. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimen-

E.S.J. Dollar
sediment using multiple tracers in the catchment of Lake Argyle, northwestern Australia. Environmental Management 29(5), 634 46. Watanabe, Y., Sato, K., Hoshi, K. and Oyama, F. 2002: Experimental study on bar formations under unsteady flow conditions. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-LaNeuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 813 23. Webb, A.A. and Erskine, W.D. 2003: Distribution, recruitment, and geomorphic significance of large woody debris in an alluvial forest stream: Tonghi Creek, southeastern Australia. Geomorphology 51, 109 26. Webb, A.A., Erskine, W.D. and Dragovitch, D. 2002: Flood-driven formation and destruction of a forested flood plain and in-channel benches on a bedrock-confined stream: Wheeny Creek, southeast Australia. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 203 10. Weber, M.E., Wiedicke-Hombach, M., Kudrass, H.R. and Erlenkeuser, H. 2003: Bengal Fan sediment transport activity and response to climate forcing inferred from sediment physical properties. Sedimentary Geology 155, 36181. Wegmann, K.W. and Pazzaglia, F.J. 2002: Holocene strath terraces, climate change, and active tectonics: the Clearwater River basin, Olympic Peninsula, Washington State. GSA Bulletin 114(6), 731 44. Weissmann, G.S., Mount, J.F. and Fogg, G.E. 2002: Glacially driven cycles in accumulation space and sequence stratigraphy of a streamdominated alluvial fan, San Joaquin Valley, California, U.S.A. Journal of Sedimentary Research 72(2), 240 51. White, W.A., Morton, R.A. and Holmes, C.W. 2002: A comparison of factors controlling sedimentation rates and wetlands loss in fluvialdeltaic systems, Texas Gulf coast. Geomorphology 44, 47 66. Whited, D., Stanford, J.A. and Kimball, J.S. 2002: Application of airborne multispectral digital imagery to quantify riverine habitats and different base flows. Rivers Research and Applications 18(6), 58394. Wilcock, P.R. and Crowe, J.C. 2003: Surface-based transport model for mixed-size sediment. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129(2), 120 28. Wilcock, P.R. and Kenworthy, S.T. 2002: A twofraction model for the transport of sand/

449

gravel mixtures. Water Resources Research 38(10), 12-1 12-12. Willems, P., Vaes, G., Popa, D., Timba, L. and Berlamont, J. 2002: Quasi 2D river flood modelling. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-LaNeuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 125359. Williams, A. and Archer, D. 2002: The use of historical flood information in the English Midlands to improve risk assessment. Hydrological Sciences Journal 47(1), 67 77. Williams, L.R., Taylor, C.M., Warren Jr, M.L. and Clingenpeel, A. 2002: Large-scale effects of timber harvesting on stream systems in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, USA. Environmental Management 29(1), 76 87. Willis, C.M. and Griggs, G.B. 2003: Reductions in fluvial sediment discharge by Coastal Dams in California and implications for beach sustainability. The Journal of Geology 111, 167 82. Wilson, C.A.M.E. and Horritt, M.S. 2002: Measuring the flow resistance of submerged grass. Hydrological Processes 16, 2589 98. Winter, T.C. 2001: The concept of hydrologic landscapes. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37(2), 335 49. Wisniewski, P.A. and Pazzaglia, F.J. 2002: Epeirogenic controls on Canadian River incision and landscape evolution, Great Plains of northeastern New Mexico. The Journal of Geology 110, 437 56. Wittenberg, L. 2002: Structural patterns in coarse gravel river beds: typology, survey and assessment of the roles and grain size and river regime. Geografiska Annaler 84A(1), 25 37. Wohl, E. and Legleiter, C.J. 2003: Controls on pool characteristics along a resistant-boundary channel. The Journal of Geology 111, 103 14. Wongsa, S., Nakui, T., Iwai, M. and Shimizu, Y. 2002: Runoff and sediment transport modelling for mountain river. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1, 683 91. Woo, M-K. and Thorne, R. 2003: Comment on Detection of hydrological trends and variability by Burn, D.H. and Hag Elnur, M.A. 2002, Journal of Hydrology 255, 107 122. Journal of Hydrology 277, 150 60. World Commission on Dams 2000: Dams and development: a new framework for decisionmaking. London: Earthscan.

450

Fluvial geomorphology
Yeager, K.M., Santschi, P.H., Phillips, J.D. and Herbert, B.E. 2002: Sources of alluvium in a coastal plain stream based on radionuclide signatures from the 238U and 232Th decay series. Water Resources Research 38(11), 24-124-11. Yen, B.C. 2002: Stochastic interference to sediment and fluvial hydraulics. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(4), 365 67. Yokoyama, H., Watanabe, Y. and Shimizu, Y. 2002: Numerical simulation of sandbars using 2-D shallow water equation under unsteady flow. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-LaNeuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 82531. Yoshida, H. and Dittrich, A. 2002: 1D unsteadystate flow simulation of a section of the upper Rhine. Journal of Hydrology 269, 79 88. Young, W.J., Ogden, R.W., Hughes, A.O. and Prosser, I.P. 2002: Predicting channel type from catchment and hydrological variables. In Dyer, F.J., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M., editors, The structure, function and management of fluvial sedimentary systems. Wallingford: IAHS Publication No. 276, 53 60. Zaleha, M.J., Way, J.N. and Suttner, L.J. 2001: Effects of syndepositional faulting and folding on Early Cretaceous rivers and alluvial architecture (Lakota and Cloverly Formations, Wyoming, U.S.A.). Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 71(6), 880 94. Zalewski, M. 2002: Ecohydrology the use of ecological and hydrological processes for sustainable management of water resources. Hydrological Sciences Journal 47(5), 823 32. Zhang, J.F., Zhou, L.P. and Yue, S.Y. 2003: Dating fluvial sediments by optimally stimulated luminescence: selection of equivalent doses for age calculation. Quaternary Science Reviews 10 13, 1123 29. Zika, U. and Peter, A. 2002: The introduction of woody debris into a channelized stream: effect on trout populations and habitat. Rivers Research and Applications 18(4), 355 66. Zimmerman, A. and Church, M. 2001: Channel morphology, gradient profiles and bed stresses during flood in a step-pool channel. Geomorphology 40, 311 27. Zimmerman, J.K.H., Vondracek, B. and Westra, J. 2003: Agricultural land use effects on sediment loading and fish assemblages in two Minnesota (USA) watersheds. Environmental Management 31(1), 93 105.

Wright, K.J. and Li, J.L. 2002: From continua to patches: examining stream community structure over large environmental gradients. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 59, 1404 17. Wright, N.G., Dastorani, M.T., Goodwin, P. and Slaughter, C. 2002. Using artificial neural networks for correction of hydrodynamic river flow modelling results. In Bousmar, D. and Zech, Y., editors, River flow 2002. Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 4 6 September 2002. Lisse: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2, 1245 51. Wu, F-C. and Chous, Y-J. 2003: Rolling and lifting probabilities for sediment entrainment. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129(2), 110 19. Wu, F-C. and Lin, Y-C. 2002: Pickup probability of sediment under log-normal velocity distribution. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(4), 438 42. Wu, F.C. and Wang, C.F. 2002: Effect of flow related substrate alteration on physical habitat: a case study of the endemic river loach (Sinagastromyson pulienis, Cypriniformes homalopteridae) downstream of Chi-Chi diversion weir, Chou-Shui Creek, Taiwan. Rivers Research and Applications 18(2), 155 69. Wu, J. and Loucks, O.L. 1995: From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology. The Quarterly Review of Biology 70(4), 439 66. Xu, J. 2002a: Complex behaviour of natural sediment-carrying streamflows and the geomorphological implications. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 749 58. 2002b: River sedimentation and channel adjustment of the lower Yellow River as influenced by low discharges and seasonal channel dry-ups. Geomorphology 43, 151 64. Xu, J. and Cheng, D. 2002: Relation between the erosion and sedimentation zones in the Yellow River, China. Geomorphology 48, 365 82. Yang, D., Li, X., Ke, X., Zhou, L., Ren, L., Zhang, J., Chen, D., Yang, T. and Xue, G. 2001: A note on the troughs in the Three Gorges channel of the Changjiang River, China. Geomorphology 41, 13742. Yang, S-L., Zhao, Q-Y. and Belkin, I.M. 2002: Temporal variation in the sediment load of the Yangtze River and the influence of human activities. Journal of Hydrology 263, 5671. Yang, S-Q. and Lim, S-Y. 2003: Total load transport formula for flow in alluvial channels. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129(1), 68 72.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

You might also like