Department Of Management Studies

ASSIGNMENT ON COMPUTER APPLICATION IN BUSINESS

SUBMITTED BY AKHIL AJITH MBA, S1, I1 SNGCE Kadayiruppu

SUBMITTED TO KIRAN VIJAY SNGCE Kadayiruppu

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Department Of Management Studies

Input and Output Devices

Contents:
I. Introduction II. Input Devices a. Keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanners, digital camera, bar code Reader, touch Screen, Pointing Devices, Speech input device (microphone), Track ball, Track point, Track point, Midi device III. Output Devices a. Monitor, Audio Output: Sound Cards and Speaker, Printers (different types), plotter, modem, video card, and projector. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I. Introduction
The computer will be of no use unless it is able to communicate with the outside World. Input And Output devices are required for users to communicate with the computer. In simple terms, input devices bring information INTO the computer and output Devices bring information OUT of a computer system. These input/output devices are Also known as peripherals since they surround the CPU and memory of a computer System. Some commonly used Input and Output devices are listed in table below. Input Devices
Keyboard Mouse Joystick Scanner Light Pen Touch Screen etc.

Output Devices
Monitor LCD Printer Plotter etc

II. Input Devices

(a) Keyboard It is a text base input device that allows the user to input alphabets, numbers and Other Characters. It consists of a set of keys mounted on a board. Alphanumeric Keypad It consists of keys for English alphabets, 0 to 9 numbers, and special characters like + / * ( ) etc. Function Keys There are twelve function keys labeled F1, F2, F3 F12. The functions assigned to these keys differ from one software package to another. These keys are also user programmable keys. Special-function Keys These keys have special functions assigned to them and can be used only for those specific purposes. Functions of some of the important keys are defined below.

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Enter It is similar to the return key of the typewriter and is used to execute a command or program. Spacebar It is used to enter a space at the current cursor location. Backspace This key is used to move the cursor one position to the left and also delete the character in that position. Delete It is used to delete the character at the cursor position. Insert Insert key is used to toggle between insert and overwrite mode during data entry. Shift This key is used to type capital letters when pressed along with an alphabet key. Also used to type the special characters located on the upper-side of a key that has two characters defined on the same key. Caps Lock Cap Lock is used to toggle between the capital lock features. When on, it locks the alphanumeric keypad for capital letters input only. Tab Tab is used to move the cursor to the next tab position defined in the document. Also, it is used to insert indentation into a document. Ctrl Control key is used in conjunction with other keys to provide additional functionality on the keyboard. Alt Also like the control key, Alt key is always used in combination with other keys to perform specific tasks. Esc This key is usually used to negate a command. Also used to cancel or abort executing programs. Numeric Keypad Numeric keypad is located on the right side of the keyboard and consists of keys having numbers (0 to 9) and mathematical operators (+ * /) defined on them. This keypad is provided to support quick entry for numeric data. Cursor Movement Keys These are arrow keys and are used to move the cursor in the direction indicated by the arrow (up, down, left, right). (b) Mouse The mouse is a small device used to point to a particular place on the screen and select in order to perform one or more actions. It can be used to select menu commands, size windows, start programs etc. The most conventional kind of mouse has two buttons on top: the left one being used most frequently. Mouse Actions Left Click : Used to select an item. Double Click : Used to start a program or open a file. Right Click : Usually used to display a set of commands. Drag and Drop : It allows you to select and move an item from one location to another. To achieve this place the cursor over an item on the screen, click the left mouse button and while holding the button down move the cursor to where you want to place the item, and then release it.

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Department Of Management Studies

(c) Joystick The joystick is a vertical stick which moves the graphic cursor in a direction the stick is moved. It typically has a button on top that is used to select the option pointed by the cursor. Joystick is used as an input device primarily used with video games, training simulators and controlling robots (d)Scanner Scanner is an input device used for direct data entry from the source document into the computer system. It converts the document image into digital form so that it can be fed into the computer. Capturing information like this reduces the possibility of errors typically experienced during large data entry.
Figure 4: The Scanner

Hand-held scanners are commonly seen in big stores to scan codes and price information for each of the items. They are also termed the bar code readers. (e) Bar codes A bar code is a set of lines of different thicknesses that represent a number. Bar Code Readers are used to input data from bar codes. Most products in shops have bar codes on them.Bar code readers work by shining a beam of light on the lines that make up the bar code and detecting the amount of light that is reflected back (f) Light Pen It is a pen shaped device used to select objects on a display screen. It is quite like the mouse (in its functionality) but uses a light pen to move the pointer and select any object on the screen by pointing to the object. Users of Computer Aided Design (CAD) applications commonly use the light pens to directly draw on screen. (g) Touch Screen It allows the user to operate/make selections by simply touching the display screen. Common examples of touch screen include information kiosks, and bank ATMs. (h)Digital camera A digital camera can store many more pictures than an ordinary camera. Pictures taken using a digital camera are stored inside its memory and can be transferred to a computer by connecting the camera to it. A digital camera takes pictures by converting the light passing through the lens at the front into a digital image. (i) Pointing Devices

The graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in use today require some kind of device for positioning the on-screen cursor. Typical pointing devices are: mouse, trackball, touch pad, track point, graphics tablet, joystick, and touch screen. Pointing devices, such as a mouse, connected to the PC via a serial (old), PS/2 mouse port (newer), or USB port (newest). Older Macs used ADB to connect their mice, but all recent Macs use USB (usually to a USB port right on the USB keyboard).
(j) The Speech Input Device The Microphones - Speech Recognition is a speech Input device. To operate it we require using a microphone to talk to the computer. Also we need to add a sound card to the computer. The Sound card digitizes audio input into 0/1s .A speech recognition program can process the input and convert it into machine-recognized commands or input.

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(k)Track ball

Most laptop computers today have a touch pad pointing device. You move the onscreen cursor by sliding your finger along the surface of the touch pad. The buttons are located below the pad, but most touch pads allow you to perform mouse clicks by tapping on the pad itself. Touch pads have the advantage over mice that they take up much less room to use. They have the advantage over trackballs (which were used on early laptops) that there are no moving parts to get dirty and result in jumpy cursor control. (l) Track point Some sub-notebook computers (such as the IBM ThinkPad), which lack room for even a touch pad, incorporate a track point, a small rubber projection embedded between the keys of the keyboard. The track point acts like a little joystick that can be used to control the position of the on-screen cursor
(m) Graphic tablet

A graphics tablet consists of an electronic writing area and a special pen that works with it. Graphics tablets allows artists to create graphical images with motions and actions similar to using more traditional drawing tools. The pen of the graphics tablet is pressure sensitive, so pressing harder or softer can result in brush strokes of different width (in an appropriate graphics program).

III. Output Devices

(a) Monitor

Monitor is an output device that resembles the television screen and uses a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) to display information. The monitor is associated with a keyboard for manual input of characters and displays the information as it is keyed in. It also displays the program or application output. Like the television, monitors are also available in different sizes. (b) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) LCD was introduced in the 1970s and is now applied to display terminals also. Its advantages like low energy consumption, smaller and lighter have paved its way for usage in portable computers (laptops). (c) Printer Printers are used to produce paper (commonly known as hardcopy) output. Based on the technology used, they can be classified as Impact or Non-impact printers. Impact printers use the typewriting printing mechanism wherein a hammer strikes the paper through a ribbon in order to produce output. Dot-matrix and Character printers fall under this category.

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Department Of Management Studies

Non-impact printers do not touch the paper while printing. They use chemical, heat or electrical signals to etch the symbols on paper. Inkjet, DeskJet, Laser, Thermal printers fall under this category of printers. When we talk about printers we refer to two basic qualities associated with printers: resolution, and speed. Print resolution is measured in terms of number of dots per inch (dpi). Print speed is measured in terms of number of characters printed in a unit of time and is represented as characters-per-second (cps), lines-per-minute (lpm), or pages-per-minute (ppm).
(d) Plotters

A plotter is a special-purpose output device that draws images with ink pens. That is, the plotter is a graphics printer for making sophisticated graphs, charts, maps, and three-dimensional graphics as well as high-quality colored documents. It can also produce larger size of documents. Plotters require data in a vector graphics format that can produce images with a series of lines. There are two main types of plotters:

Drum Plotter: This is a plotter that has a drum. A paper wraps the drum that rotates to produce plots. Pens in a drum plotter move across the paper while the drum is turning. A drum plotter is usually used to produce smaller drawings. Flatbed Plotter: This is a plotter that has a bed. This is also called a table plotter. The plotter draws graphics on the paper placed on the bed. There are several size of beds. This plotter is usually used for producing large drawings.

(e) Audio Output: Sound Cards and Speakers: The Audio output is the ability of the computer to output sound. Two components are needed: Sound card Plays contents of digitized recordings, Speakers Attached to sound card.
(f) Modem

Another form of the output device is a modem. A modem is short for "MOdulatorDEModulator." Modulation is the process of converting from digital to analog. Demodulation is the process of converting from analog to digital. The modem enables digital microcomputers to send output through analog telephone lines. Both voice and data can be carried over through the modem. The modem is not only an output device but also an input device that receives data and voice through a communication channel.

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Department Of Management Studies

(g) video card

Alternatively referred to as a display adapter, graphics card, video adapter, video board, or a video controller, a video card is an internal circuit board that allows a display device such as a monitor to display images from the computer. Today's video cards are most commonly connected to the AGP, PCI, or PCIeexpansion slot on the motherboard, however, can also be found on-board
(h)Projectors

An output device that can take the display of a computer screen and project a large version of it onto a flat surface. Projectors are often used in meetings and presentations to help make sure everyone in the room can view the presentation. In the picture to the right, is a ViewSonic projector and an example of what a projector may look like. Projectors used with computers are small devices that are rarely much larger than a toaster and typically weigh a few pounds

A. Computer Storage Devices

There are different types of computer storage devices which are used. Using these storage devices will ensure that the storage space on the computer hard drive is left free. Scroll down for more information. A storage device is necessary for recording data. One of the most important tasks performed by computers is storing data. Different types of devices are used to store data. The data stored is stores in digital forms. There are three types of data storage, namely primary data storage, secondary storage devices and tertiary storage devices. The classification of computer storage devices is made based on the task performed by the device. The primary storage device is commonly called random access memory, while the secondary storage device is the hard disk. The tertiary storage devices are removable mass storage devices. While the amount of data stored on the primary is less and is volatile in nature, while the secondary storage device have better storage space and also is non-volatile in nature. Let's see the data storage types 1. PRIMARY COMPUTER STORAGE DEVICE the primary storage devices for computers are actually a part of the computer's memory. We have previously used the terms like RAM and ROM, but may not have know what they are exactly. They are the Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM). Random Access Memory The Random Access Memory is used for storing information temporarily. When the computer is switched off, the information on the RAM is wiped off. The access rate of RAM is much higher. They are more expensive than the other types of primary

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storage devices. Read Only Memory It is used to permanently store data. Data can be stored on ROM, either when the computer is being manufactured or by the computer user. However, the disadvantage of this type of memory is that the data stored on ROM cannot be changed. The access rate necessary to get to the memory is much lesser as compared to the access rate of the RAM. Unlike the RAMs, ROMs are not expensive.

2. SECONDARY COMPUTER STORAGE Most of the storage devices we are acquainted with, come under this category. They are not a part of the processor. People make use of these devices, so that the storage capacity of the computer can be increased. Like the ROM, the secondary computer storage are also nonvolatile. The information stored on these devices is retained, even if the computer has been switched off. Hard Drives The hard drives are one of the most important of the secondary types of computer data storage devices, the hard drive types. Data is stored on the hard drives in the digital format on the hard drives. In the initial days of the computers, hard disks were like removable mass storage devices. However, with time they started coming as a part of the central processing unit of the computer. However, now there are external hard drives available as well. Floppy Discs this is a magnetic storage device, which is set in square plastic shell. They are available in different sizes, like 8 inches, 5 inches and 3 inches. In the initial days floppy discs were very popular; however, with the advancements they got over shadowed by the other devices. Compact Discs Previously compact discs (abbreviated as CD) were used only for recording and storing audio files. Subsequently along with audio, video and other data is also stored on them. These discs can store data for long time. The data is stored on the CDs in optical format. Backup can be stored on the CDs. Digital Versatile Disc The format of storing data in the digital versatile discs (DVD) is similar to that of a compact disc. The difference lies in the storage capacity. There is six times more storage space in the DVD's as compared to the CD's. Like the CD's, DVDs are also used as backup device.

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Department Of Management Studies

Flash Memory With a lot of research came the flash memory. This storage device for a computer is similar to the read only memory. However, there is a big difference between the flash memory and the ROM. Data from the flash memory can be erased in a matter of few seconds from the flash drives, which is not the case with the ROM's. At the same time, the data can be changed as per the requirement. Blu-ray Discs Blue-rays discs are abbreviated as BD are used for high-definition video storage. It is often used by gamers. Blu-ray discs are similar to the CD's and DVD's in their looks. It is the memory space which makes all the difference between the CD's, DVD's and BD's. Blu-ray disc is an optical storage device. USB Flash Drive the USB flash drives consist of a NAND type flash memory. It has an integrated Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface. They are non-volatile and data can be rewritten on them. They are very small in size, but have very large memory space. There are some of the USB drives, where 1 million erase and write cycles can be carried out. On the other hand, some of them are known to retain data for as long as 10 years. Memory Cards Data is stored in digital format on the memory cards. They can be used in various electronic devices from hand held computers, mobile phones, cameras, etc. They are also rewritable. Although they are small in size, they can store a high amount of data.
3. ZIP

When referring to computer software or software compression, zip is a file extension associated with such compression programs as WinZip or PKZIP. Zip files are commonly a collection of software files or programs compressed into the one zip file. How do I extract or uncompressed a compressed file? How do I compress or make multiple files into one file? Computer files extension listing and help. Zip is also a command line command used in Linux and UNIX. See the zip command page for further information on this command. When referring to a hardware drive, diskette, or backup device, Zip commonly refers to the Iomega Zip drive. Short for Zone Information Protocol, ZIP is a network protocol used to manage zones in an AppleTalk network. Short for Zoning Improvement Plan, zip codes, also known as postal codes, are designated areas in the United States.
4. TAPE

A magnetically thin coated piece plastic wrapped around wheels capable of storing data. Tape is much less expensive than other storage mediums but commonly a much

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slower solution that is commonly used for backup. Today, tape has mostly been abandoned for faster and more reliable solutions like disc drives, hard drives, and flash drives. In the image to the right, is a picture and example of magnetic tape taken by KENPEI and shared under the creative commons.

5.

LS-120

The LS120, or Super Disk, is a drive which supports a special floppy diskette which can store up to 120MB of information as well as being backwards compatible and still supporting the standard 1.44MB floppy diskettes
6. JUMP DRIVE

Alternatively referred to as a USB flash drive, data stick, pen drive, keychain drive and thumb drive, a jump drive is a portable drive that is often the size of your thumb that connects to the computer USB port. Today, flash drives are available in sizes such as 256MB, 512MB, 1GB, 5GB, and 16GB and are an easy way to transfer and store information. In the picture to the right, is an example of the SanDisk Cruzer Micro 16GB flash drive and a good example of what many flash drives look like. As can be seen in this picture, the drive has a small casing that stores the flash memory connected to a USB connection that is plugged into the USB port on your computer The more uncommon storage devices are: Removable Hard Drive: -Internet Hard Drive -Flash -PC Cards -Smart Cards -Storage Tapes -Memory Sticks -Smart Media Removable Hard Drive This is a disk drive in which a plastic or metal case surrounds the hard drive. It can be inserted and removed just like a floppy disk. It holds about 2 GB of data. Internet Hard Drive This one is a service on the Internet that provides storage space to computer users. This service offers about 25 MB of space, but it could be more, depending on the service type. Flash Drive This storage device that comes in many colours and has a stick shape to it. They are very small in size, but they can hold anywhere between 256 MB and 3 GB of material on them. PC Card This is a thin credit card size device that fits into a PC card slot, usually on a notebook computer. This card simply adds storage to most notebooks.

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Department Of Management Studies

Smart Cards These are the size of an ATM card. When inserted into a smart card reader, they can read and update data for you. Storage Tape This one is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic, capable of storing large amounts of data at a very low cost. Usually, storage tapes are a little bigger than audio tapes. Older computers used tape and tape drives, but even today, some people still back their systems up with storage tape. These tapes hold between 20 GB to about 110 GB of data. An external tape drive can be purchased separately as well, but those are even harder to find. Miniature Mobile Storage Media and digital cameras.

This is used mostly with handheld computers

Memory Stick This is a rectangular shaped disk that is used mostly with digital cameras and notebook computers. They hold approximately 128 MB as well. Micro Drive This is a square disk that has 1 GB of space and is used with digital cameras and handheld computers. Smart Media Disc This is a square disk that has 2 MB to about 128 MB of space on it. Its used with digital cameras, handheld computers and photo printers
7. OPTICAL MEDIA STORAGE

Optical media storage is basically writing data to a CD or DVD. When your burn a CD, you are storing songs and music on the CD so that you can listen to it later. If you are burning a DVD, you are storing a video on it so that you can watch it later. CDRW and DVD-RW media has the capability to be recorded on and erased later if necessary. This makes optical media storage ideal for transporting relatively small amounts of data.

Summary:
The Chapter has given an introduction to the Input/Output devices. It gives a detailed listing of the various types of input devices and the output devise. The concepts are also very clearly understood by seeing at the figures in the chapter.

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