BIO 202 - EXAM 1 REVIEW ( PART 2 )

Chapter 20
1) What is the primary function of the heart?

2) 3)

Your heart is about the size and shape of your _______________. Arrange in order the heart wall and its coverings from most superficial to deepest. Endocardium, Fibrous pericardium, Myocardium, Pericardial Cavity, Parietal Pericardium, Visceral Pericardium

4) 5)

Which layer of the heart is made of muscle that forms the bulk of the weight of the heart? In the conditions known as pericarditis and cardiac tamponade, where does fluid accumulate, causing compression of the heart? ____________________________________________

6)

Which layer lines the inside of the heart and forms much of the tissue of valves and inflammation of this layer can be detected by auscultation of heart murmurs? _________________________________________________

7) 8) 9)

Be able to diagram the different parts of the heart (valves, atria, ventricles, etc). _________________________ are the thin-walled chambers that receive blood from veins. _________________________ are blood vessels that carry blood that is rich in oxygen from lungs to the left atrium.

10)

_________________________ is the site of the fossa ovalis (the location of the foramen ovale

in fetal life). 11) _________________________ is the strong wall separating the two ventricles.

12) 13)

__________________________ is the site of most myocardium. __________________________ is the groove separating left from right side of the heart; con-

tains fat and coronary blood vessels. 14) __________________________ are the irregular ridges and folds of myocardium covered with

smooth endocardium. 15) __________________________ are the strong tendons that anchor atrioventricular valves to

ventricular muscle preventing eversion of the AV valves. 16) __________________________ are the muscles that give a roughened appearance to parts of

the atrial walls. 17) __________________________ are the nipple-shaped muscles in ventricles that are attached to

chordae tendineae. 18) Which ventricle has a thicker wall? ( RIGHT or LEFT ? ) The difference between the two is re-

lated to which ventricle pumps to a particular part of circulation. The right ventricle pumps to the ___________________________ circulation, whereas the left ventricle pumps to the _____________________________ circulation. 19) The fibrous skeleton of the heart consists of ____________________________ tissue that sup-

ports and anchors _____________________________. Action potentials in the atria ( CAN or CANNOT ? ) be transmitted across this fibrous skeleton. 20) The human heart has ( 2 / 4 / 6 ) valves. The primary function of heart valves is to

______________________________________________. 21) 22) ______________________________ is also called the mitral valve. ______________________________ prevents backflow of blood from right ventricle to right

atrium.

23)

______________________________ prevents backflow from pulmonary trunk to right ventri-

cle. 24) 25) ______________________________ prevents backflow of blood into left atrium. ______________________________ and _____________________________ have half-moon

shaped cusps. 26) ______________________________ and _____________________________ are held in place

by chordae tendineae and are between the atria and ventricles. 27) All blood vessels other than the pulmonary vessels are known as

______________________________ because they supply a variety of body systems. 28) Defend or dispute this statement: the myocardium receives all of the oxygen and nutrients it

needs from blood that is passing through its four chambers.

29)

The left coronary artery and its branches supplies blood to all the chambers of the heart EXCEPT the _________________________________.

30)

Define anastomoses and how this term is related to the heart.

31)

The coronary sinus functions as ( AN ARTERY or A VEIN ? ). It collects blood that has passed through coronary arteries and capillaries into _______________________________ veins. The ( GREAT / MIDDLE / SMALL ) cardiac vein parallels the anterior interventricular coronary artery. The coronary sinus finally empties this blood into the ( RIGHT or LEFT ? ) ( ATRIUM or VENTRICLE ? ).

32)

Heart attack is a common name for a ______________________ ____________________.

33) CIRCLE C (CARDIAC) OR S (SKELETAL) TO INDICATE CHARACTERISTICS OF THESE MUSCLE TYPES. - Contains more mitochondria: C S S

- Have sarcomeres with actin and myosin arranging in bands: C

- Contains desmosomes and gap junctions that facilitate spread of action potentials to adjacent muscle fibers: C S

34)

The normal pacemaker of the heart is the ( SA or AV ) node. Each time this node fires, impulses travel via the conduction system and also by the ________ junctions in intercalated discs of cardiac muscle.

35)

What structural feature of the heart makes the AV node and AV bundle necessary for conduction from atria to ventricles? __________________________________________

36)

Through which part of the conduction system do impulses pass most slowly ( SA node / AV node / AV bundle [bundle of His]) ? Based on the anatomy of this tissue, why does the rate of impulse conduction slow down? How is this slowing beneficial?

37)

On its own, the SA node, located in the ( LEFT or RIGHT ) atrium, normally fires at about _________ times per minute. This rate is typically the same as a normal resting heart rate. At rest, ( ACETYLCHOLINE or EPINEPHRINE ) is released from ( SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPA-

THETIC ) nerves normally slows the pace of the SA node to modify the heart rate to about ________ beats per minute. 38) If the SA node fails to function as the pacemaker, then responsibility for setting the pace of the heart may be passed on to the _______ node, which fires at ________ to _________ times per minute. If both the SA and AV nodes fail, then autorhythmic fibers in _______________ may take over with a rate of only _______ to _______ beats per minute.

CARDIAC MUSCLE CONTRACTION Contractile fibers of a normal heart have a resting membrane potential that is close to -90 mV. Na+ enters through fast Na+ channels; voltage rises rapidly to about +20 mV. Slow Ca2+ channels open, and Ca2+ enters muscle fibers. Combined flow of Na+ and Ca2+ maintains depolarization for about 250 milliseconds, which is about 250 times longer than depolarization in skeletal muscle. The presence of calcium binding to troponin permits myocardial contraction via sliding of actin filaments next to myosin filaments. K+ channels open so K+ ions leave the fiber; meanwhile fewer Ca2+ ions enter as those channels are slowly closing. Voltage returns to a resting level. 39) A second contraction cannot be triggered during this period. This is known as a refractory period. State the significance of the prolonged depolarization (250 milliseconds) of cardiac muscle compared to the brief depolarization (1 millisecond) of skeletal muscle.

40)

Explain the significance of the long refractory period of cardiac muscle.

41)

Cardiac muscle tissue depends on ( AEROBIC or ANAEROBIC ) respiration, which produces ( LARGE or SMALL ) amounts of ATP.

42)

List two structural features of cardiac muscle cells that normally supply this ATP.

43)

At rest, (CREATINE PHOSPHATE / FATTY ACIDS / GLUCOSE / LACTIC ACID ) provide most of the fuel to cardiac muscle. During exercise, ( CREATINE PHOSPHATE / FATTY ACIDS / GLUCOSE / LACTIC ACID ) provides more of the fuel.

44)

What do the letters ECG/EKG stand for?