CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS

PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING

Learning Unit 1a: TYPES OF REFERENCES

By the end of this session, you should be able to: explain why it is important to cite authority in academic writing. differentiate between journals, books and edited books. identify volume and issue number for journals. differentiate between first name and family/surname. identify names of authors and editors on edited books. find relevant information for writing references for journals, books and edited books.

A. The Importance of Citing Authority

Why is it important to cite authority in academic writing? In academic writing, we often refer to authority which may be in the form of books, journals and census reports. For example, we refer to the dictionary and encyclopedia for definitions. We turn to books when we explain the foundations of knowledge (or grounded theory) but we look for journals when we want to know the latest discoveries or trends in research. However, [a]uthority has shortcomings that one must consider. In the first place, authorities can be wrong; they have no claim to infallibility. Also, one may find that authorities are in disagreement among themselves on issues (Ary, Jacobs & Razavieh, 1990, p. 6). One of the challenges of academic writing is to make sense of writing of authorities who may be writing on related, but not the same, matter, and then present a coherent explanation of the phenomenon.
Reference: Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Razavieh, A. (1990). Introduction to research in education (4th ed.). Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.

B. Looking for Relevant References

You might be overwhelmed with the amount of reference materials available online and offline (e.g. at the library). When searching for relevant references, scan the following types of information: 1. Title this gives us an idea of the contents and the audience. Predict the likely audience for each of these books: a. Managing the non-profit organization b. An introduction to international political theory c. Language teaching methodology: A textbook for teachers d. A first course in Economics e. The arts management handbook: A guide for administrators

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CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS

PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING

2. Table of contents a list of chapters in a book, or articles in a journal. Note the differences in the way contents are listed for a book and a journal as shown in the following examples. Can you guess why they are listed in such a way?

Example 1 from Academic Writing and Plagiarism by Diane Pecorari, published in 2008 by Continuum Press
Acknowledgements 1. Plagiarism: Why the need for a linguistic analysis? 2. Plagiarism in perspective 3. Learning to write from sources 4. The texts 5. My position, it is impossible: The writers perspectives 6. The readers 7. Plagiarism, patchwriting and source use in context Appendix: Research Methods References Author Index Subject Index 1 9 37 56 98 123 142 168 187 207 211

Example 2 from Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 2010, Volume 33, Number 2
Applied Linguistics in its disciplinary context Anthony J. Liddicoat Whats in a name? Degree programs and what they tell us about applied linguistics in Australia Neil Murray and Jonathan Crichton Critical and alternative directions in applied linguistics Alastair Pennycook Multiculturalism in Australia: Reflections on current and future research trends Antonio Rubrino Investigating the effect of contextual clues on the processing of unfamiliar words in second language listening comprehension Wei Cai and Benny P. H. Lee 14.1-14.17

15.1-15.16 16.1-16.16 17.1-17.21

18.1-18.28

ARW-SEM2-2011/2012-LU1a-TYPES-OF-REFERENCES

CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS

PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING

C. Comparing Books and Journals

It is always crucial to remember the saying dont judge a book by its cover. By looking merely at the cover, both print journals and books may look the same. Hence, extra information is needed to differentiate these two types of references. Such information can be obtained by referring to the imprint page (the page with publishing details). Reference 1 Reference 2

Title

International Journal of Applied Linguistics Writing scientific English: Overcoming intercultural problems 191-220 Volume 2, Number 2 1992 Eija Ventola (not relevant) (not relevant) International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)

Academic Writing and Plagiarism

Article title

(not relevant)

Article pages Edition Year Author(s) Place of publication Publisher ISO- Unique Identifier

(not relevant) 2nd edition 2008 Diane Pecorari London Continuum International Standard Book Number (ISBN)

Task 1 1. Based on the information provided in the table above, talk about other differences between a book and a journal. 2. If you were given these two references, how would you write the referencing for both sources?
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CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS

PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING

Other important information in a book Parts of a book Cover of a book Title page Imprint page Information Title, author(s), publisher Title, author(s), publisher The page immediately before or after the title page which contains publishing details: 1. Publisher (e.g. Cambridge) vs printer (Biddles Sdn Bhd) 2. Place of publication (e.g. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey) - If many towns are listed, take the name of the first town/city mentioned. 3. Year of publication reprints vs edition - If reprints are made of a book, the contents are the same. Cite the year for the original version. E.g. published in 2008, reprinted in 2010, the original year (2008) should be used in citation. - If a book has several editions, cite the year of the latest edition because the contents of the book have been changed. E.g. Second edition 1993 4. ISBN (International Standard Book Number) - The number is unique for that title. This is useful for librarians. 5. Copyright - The copyright usually belongs to either the publisher or the author(s). Preface/Introduction the authors/authors aims and coverage of the book Foreword Table of contents Dedication Acknowledgements Introductory comments about the book, usually by someone other than the author(s) List of contents Example: For Chiara and Lucia Example: I am grateful to Martin Hewings, Diane Belcher and Malcolm Coulthard who have contributed in important ways to my understanding of plagiarism in academic writing. The blurb (short description of book contents), background of authors, a list of books by the same author(s), price, publisher, barcode and ISBN An alphabetical list of the topics covered and the page numbers these topics can be found in the book An alphabetical list of specialist terms used in the book and the meanings of these terms An alphabetical list of the sources used by the author(s) Sources of photographs/diagrams used in the book supplementary material which the author(s) want to include in the book

Back cover Index Glossary References/ Bibliography Illustration credits Appendices

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CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS

PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING

Task 2 Look at the following imprint pages of three different books and write down the necessary info in the respective bibliography card. Please note the different ways publishing details are provided in these imprint pages. Book 1

Bibliography Card Book 1 Book Title Author Publisher Year of Publication Place of Publication :_______________________________________ : (First Name)________________ (Last Name) ________________ : _______________________________________ : _______________________________________ : _______________________________________

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CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS

PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING

Book 2

Bibliography Card Book 2 Book Title Author Publisher Year of Publication Place of Publication :_______________________________________ : (First Name)________________ (Last Name) ________________ : _______________________________________ : _______________________________________ : _______________________________________

ARW-SEM2-2011/2012-LU1a-TYPES-OF-REFERENCES

CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS

PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING

Book 3

Bibliography Card Book 3 Book Title Author Publisher Year of Publication Place of Publication :_______________________________________ : (First Name)________________ (Last Name) ________________ : _______________________________________ : _______________________________________ : _______________________________________

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CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS

PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING

Journals A journal is considered as a compilation of research articles based on the specific themes or scopes required by the journal. For example, Journal of IT in Asia may be more interested in accepting articles related to IT development in Asian countries. These articles are usually reviewed by panel of reviewers consisting of established experts and also fellow researchers in the relevant fields. It can be published either in printed or electronic form. With the increasing cost of printing, more and more journals are published electronically. To get a list of established journals you may refer to: Thomson-Reuters Master Journal List for Science http://ip-science.thomsonreuters.com/cgi-bin/jrnlst/jlresults.cgi?PC=J Thomson-Reuters Master Journal List for Social Science http://ip-science.thomsonreuters.com/cgi-bin/jrnlst/jlresults.cgi?PC=K

Exploring Journal Cover Page

Task 3 By looking at the cover page of these two journals published by Oxford University Press, what are the similarity and differences that can be noted?
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CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS

PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING

D. Comparing Books and Edited Books

The author of the book is the person who writes the contents of that book. A book may have more than one author. An edited book has both editors and authors. The editor assembles and/or modifies the content of the book before it is published and the name(s) appear on the front cover. The names of authors of the chapters appear in the Table of Contents and the respective chapters. Reference 3 How to teach grammar Reference 4 National Language planning and language shifts in Malaysian minority communities Malay Javanese migrants in Malaysia: Contesting or creating identity? 163-172 2011 Jariah Mohd Jan Dipita Mukherjee and Maya Khemlani David Amsterdam

Book Title

Chapter title

(not relevant)

Chapter pages Edition Year Author(s) Editor(s)

(not relevant) 1990 Scott Thornbury (not relevant)

Place of publication Publisher Task 4

Essex England

Pearson Education Limited

Amsterdam University Press

1. Compare these two types of books. 2. Try to provide the referencing for both Reference 3 and Reference 4.

E. Other Types of References

Apart from books and journals, there are other types of reference materials which you can use. These include other periodicals (e.g. magazine, newspapers, and newsletter), web sites or e-books. However, in academic writing, reliability of the materials is crucial. Oftentimes, only books and journals are used as references in an academic writing. High dependency on unreliable websites should be avoided.
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