T-RAYS

VS

TERRORISTS
T. Sukesh kumar II/IV B-TECH ECE BALAJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & SCIENCES

sukesh.thogaru@gmail.com &
Mursaleen II/IV B-TECH ECE Mursaleen91@gmail.com BALAJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & SCIENCES

Abstract:
the suicide bombers and explosion of weapons through Terahertz radiation. T-ray technology will probably find its first big uses in security-related applications, now an enormously fast-growing business because of recent highprofile terrorist attacks. Not only that but they can tell what those objects are made of. Many explosives, including all the plastic explosives popular with terrorist groups, reflect and transmit a characteristic combination of terahertz waves that make them distinguishable from other materials, even those that might seem identical to the eye and hand. Here in the present paper we describe the different levels, schemes and techniques of detections information by using TRays.

We have recently witnessed the series of bomb blasts in Hyderabad and in Lucknow due to TERRORISTS Action. Bombs killed many people in the LUMBINI PARK and in the Gokul chats and left many injured. On August 25th two explosions took place at two different places with in short span of time and make the Indians in terror. This situation is not limited to Hyderabad but it can happen any where and any time in the world. Not only in India but many countries all over the world are facing one of the major problem is Terrorists activity. Here we show you the technology which predicts

Introduction
If you may remember those miraculous -sounding X-ray specs advertised in comic books. Theyd let you see through walls, boxes, and best of all, for a teenager, anywayclothing. They were bogus, of course. But technology is finally on the limit of giving us all those capabilities, and more, although in a package too big to alight on the bridge of your nose. The key advances are devices and circuitry that emit and sense radiation in the terahertz band of the electromagnetic spectrum, which extends from the upper edge of microwaves to the near infrared. The rays are reflected by metal but go through most other materials. Water soaks up the radiation, so human tissue, which is mostly water, absorbs it. But unlike X-rays, terahertz rays are thought to be harmless. Terahertz radiation (T-rays) cant penetrate much past your skin, and it lacks the energy to ionize molecules in human tissue the way X-rays do, so it cannot cause cancers by smashing up your DNA. The power levels most Tray imagers produce are lower than that of the infrared LED in your TV remote control.

T-ray technology will probably find its first big uses in securityrelated applications, now an enormously fast-growing business because of recent high-profile terrorist attacks. The technologys appeal here is patent in a terahertz image, a gun or a knife shines through whatever clothing its concealed in even a plastic knife shows up, because of the way its sharp edges scatter the radiation. But some terahertz imagers have another ability, not only can they see hidden objects, but they can tell what those objects are made of. Many explosives, including all the plastic explosives popular with

terrorist groups, reflect and transmit a characteristic combination of terahertz waves that make them distinguishable from other materials, even those that might seem identical to the eye and hand. In essence, different materials appear as different colors to the terahertz imaging system. Some short-range imagers available now can also do spectroscopy, but the imaging rate is currently too slow for use in a walk-through scanner. But terahertz sources and devices push the technologys limits that can do both imaging and spectroscopy at 50 meters or more.

T-rays are odd

Theyre not quite what we think of as radio and not quite what we expect from light. They can radiate from metal antennas as radio waves do, but they also bounce off ordinary mirrors as light does. They can be focused with silicon lenses but are

typically sensed in a circuit by their electric field. T-rays can distinguish normal skin tissue from tumors even when a trained dermatologist cannot.Unlike Xrays, T-ray screeners could be used routinely on people, because the radiation is harmless.

Range of detection:
Where the terahertz band begins and ends between 500 gigahertz and 10 terahertz, for a few reasons. That region is largely beyond the reach of pure radio frequency technology such as microwave circuits, requiring combinations of electronics and optics instead. Also, many interesting materials such as plastic explosives have distinctive colors in that region. On the downside, most terahertz radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere. And the technology that is needed to see in that band is much less mature than, say, the technology for the region near 100 GHz, whose fundamental components have been around for half a century. Others choose to define the terahertz band beginning at a lower frequency, 10 GHz in some cases, where light has a wavelength measured in millimeters. Like higher-frequency T-rays, millimeter waves can pass through clothing. They find hidden weapons beneath peoples clothing by noting the difference in the amount of radiation between the warm body and the cooler objects.

Passive imagers
These devices can see through many of the same materials as Trays, but they cant determine an objects chemical makeup the way T-rays can. Also, their resolution is naturally not as good as terahertz imagers, because as the imaging radiations wavelength gets shorter, an imagers resolution improves. These scanners are capable of discovering that someone is hiding something, but that somethinga cell phone, a knife, a bomb usually looks like a blob on the millimeter-wave imager The most extreme of theseusing a particle acceleratoris also the most powerful. The accelerators work well for this purpose, but they typically take up a hectare or more and cost tens of millions of dollars.

Concerning the Digital Camera

The ideal terahertz camera would be just like any digital cameraa dense array of millions of detectors arranged as pixels on an integrated circuit. Unfortunately, most terahertz detectors lack the combination of compactness, cheapness, and sensitivity to allow for that. Instead, terahertz researchers have come up with a number of alternatives that use one or only a few detectors. Two of the leading approaches are to reconstruct a terahertz image from the way T-rays interfere with one another or to convert the otherwise invisible rays into something a digital camera can see. But before you can make a picture, you need to be able to produce the radiation. Synchrotrons, which accelerate bunches of electrons along an enormous track to nearly the speed of light, are the brightest sources, but they typically occupy an entire building, and a rather large one at that. To produce T-rays, the synchrotron forces the fast-moving electrons to make either a sharp bend or to wriggle through a gauntlet of magnets, both resulting in a shower of T-rays, though of different bandwidths. There are many types of T-ray sources that have smaller footprints. These depend on combining electronics with lasers, befitting the radiations straddling of the two worlds. Gigahertz frequency oscillation is no big dealthe inexpensive circuits in your cellphone are a testament to that fact. But its quite another thing to build a circuit that oscillates trillions of times per second at terahertz rates. However, they have been able to generate laser pulses so short that 10 trillion or more could fit in a single second. So the most common commercial method of making T-rays is to drive an electronic circuit with a picoseconds pulse of laser light. Such a T-ray generator is basically a photosensitive semiconductor with a pair of antennas etched onto its surface. A voltage on the antennas sets up a strong electric field across the semiconductor between them. When the laser pulse strikes the semiconductor it creates pairs of charge carriers: electrons and holes. These accelerate across the semiconductor and through the antennas. For a femtosecond-long pulse, the rush of current lasts about a picoseconds, about the period of one cycle of 1-THz radiation. The resulting T-ray pulse is weak, with an average power only somewhere around a microwatt, but its still bright enough to produce still images. And the pulses have a couple of interesting side benefits. First, as with radar, timing the pulses echo as it bounces off an object gives the range to that object. Range is useful in processing multilevel Tray images, such as a scan of a suitcase that might be difficult to interpret unless it had been scrutinized layer by layer. Second, pulses let you perform

spectroscopy, the identification of a substance by the wavelengths of light it reflects. This capability comes from the fact that a single pulse actually comprises a broad swath of T-ray frequencies. You need only analyze the shape of the pulses echo to calculate which frequencies were absorbed and then look up what substances produce that absorption pattern. The problem with pulses is that they are quickly absorbed and smeared in air, particularly humid air. After only a few meters in moist air, a 1-ps pulse lasts 30 ps, and the resolution of an image

it forms degrades, as does its spectroscopic signal. Fortunately, the terahertz spectrum has a few transmission windows at frequencies that arent strongly absorbed in air. So the solution is to generate a continuous wave at one or more of those frequencies. The continuous-wave sources, basically with the same setup of a laser shining on the surface of an antenna-equipped semiconductor, but with the femtosecond laser replaced with a continuous one whose amplitude is oscillating at a terahertz frequency.

Focusing two infrared lasers in a device called a photo mixer, with the lasers tuned so that the difference between their frequencies is a frequency corresponding to one of the terahertz transmission windows. The photo mixer combines the lasers so that the resulting light beats at this terahertz-frequency difference. The beating laser drives a similar photoconductorantenna structure to the one used to generate pulses, causing current to flow through it at the terahertzbeat frequency, thereby generating many microwatts of T-rays. The optoelectronic methods work well enough, but they are of limited brightness and are still quite cumbersome. The terahertz wants to replace these technologies with a bright, completely solid-state terahertz laser. Its their best hope of getting imagers smaller, lighter, and cheap enough to massproduce, not only because the light source is smaller but also because its higher brightness would allow for less expensive and more compact detector arrays. The wavelength of semiconductor lasers is largely determined by the materials that are used to make them, and none naturally produce T-rays. A device called a quantum cascade laser; QC lasers can be engineered to emit any of a range of micrometer-wavelength light, including terahertz wavelengths. The secret to the QC laser is that its wavelength is determined by the thicknesses of the layers of semiconductor that make it up something that can be carefully

controlled. Heres how it works: lasers emit light when electrons that have been excited to a particular energy level fall to a lower energy level. A key difference between a laser and an ordinary light emitter is that there are always more electrons in the excited state than in the lower energy level. In a QC laser that aspect is guaranteed by sweeping fallen electrons from the lower, unexcited state into a third state, at a still lower energy level. In the QC laser these energy levels exist in three layers called quantum wells, each nanometer thick. Quantum wells are structures so thin that, from an electrons perspective, they are twodimensional. Confinement in a quantum well makes the electrons behave as though they were bound to an atom, with their energy constrained to certain specific levels. An electron injected into the highest energy level falls to the lower one, emitting radiation (photons) of a wavelength that is determined by the thicknesses of the quantum wells. The electron then immediately falls into the still lower third state, emitting a quantum of heat called a phonon. The same three-layer structure can be repeated more than two dozen times. At each structure the electron goes through exactly the same dance, emitting the same color photon. So a single electron can emit 24 or more photons on its journey through the QC laser, as if it were falling down a set of stairs and emitting a photon at each step.

Revealing of T-rays
T-rays can be detected in a number of ways. But one of the more common detector types is merely an extension of T-ray generation technology. Recall the picoseconds-pulse generators and the continuous-wave generators. The laser beam, split it, and feed it to another photoconductive antenna structure. But instead of applying a voltage across the antennas to push current through them and generate terahertz radiation, you measure the current through the antennas. As in the pulse-generation scheme, when the laser pulse hits a photoconductor, it creates short-lived pairs of electrons and holes. These then flow through the antenna under the influence of the electric field of incoming terahertz waves. So the current in the antenna, which is amplified, acts as a measure of terahertz radiation. Because the detector is sensing T-rays only during the picoseconds or so that the laser pulse allows, it takes several pulses to get the full waveform of the incoming T-rays. To get the full waveform, small increments of delay in the form of a longer path for the laser are added to the detectors optical fiber line. Measuring the electric field at a number of increments produces slices of the terahertz wave that can be pasted together in a computer.

Image making

The simplest way of producing an image is to scan a single transmitter and detector over an object and record the phase and amplitude of the T-rays that reflect back at each point. State-of the- art terahertz-imaging security systems are capable of such raster scanning at a rate of 100 Pixels per second, certainly not fast enough for video and only marginal for scanning a bag on a conveyor belt. A briefcase containing a gun, a glass bottle, and a knife would take half an hour to scan at a resolution of 1.5 millimeters per pixel using a T-ray pulse-based imager from Picometrix. Although there are no terahertz camera chips, there are infrared camera chips, and you can tweak those so they can pick up Trays. Such chips detect infrared radiation at each pixel because the radiation reduces the resistance of a minuscule patch of semiconductor there. Some of these chips are slightly sensitive to terahertz radiation, but to get a decent image you need a bright source such as the QC lasers under development. Another infrared detector concept is electro-optic terahertz imaging. In this scheme, T-rays striking certain types of crystal such as zinc telluridewill cause the crystals index of refraction to change. The result is that the polarization of infrared light passing through the crystal will rotate. Place a polarization filter between the crystal and a camera chip so that it blocks out any infrared light that hasnt been rotated and you get an infrared

facsimile of the terahertz image. In a sense, the terahertz radiation has been shifted up the electromagnetic spectrum into the infrared. Such cameras can produce Pictures in less than onesixtieth of a second, far quicker than raster scanners and fast enough to produce video. In an effort to get both speed and spectroscopy at a reasonable price, can produce complete images quickly enough for video and at a resolution comparable to what youd expect from a kilo pixel camera chip. The method, called interferometer imaging, relies on a common mathematical concept used in image processing, the spatial Fourier transform. According to Fourier theory, any signal can be broken down into the sum of many sine waves of different frequencies, phases, and amplitudes. Though it is less intuitive, the same can be said of any image. To get a grasp of spatial frequency in an image, imagine a photo of an American football referee in the traditional black-and-white vertical-stripe jersey. The spatial Fourier transform of that image would be dominated by the frequency that matches the jerseys stripes. The Fourier image is acquired almost instantly, and the main limit on the cameras speed is the time it takes the computer to digitize the data from the detectors and perform the needed Calculations. The resolution of a reversetransformed image comes from the number and Arrangement of spatial frequencies represented in the transform. Imagine trying to

represent the Picture of the football referee in a Fourier transform, restricting yourself only to the jerseys Frequency and one or two others. When you reverse the transformation you might be able to make out the bars in the jersey, but the rest of the picture would be a blur. But a transform having dozens, or better yethundreds of spatial frequencies represented would reconstruct the picture reasonably well. One of the imagers were developing is made up of 12 detectors arranged in a spiral pattern on a 1- meter disk; it can measure 66 spatial frequencies. The imager is good enough to resolve a 2.5-centimeter square of RDX plastic explosive at 50 meters. Powerful as terahertz imaging is, no imaging or detection technology can reliably find every threat to security. Each technology has its own strengths and weaknesses. But when several are used as part of a sensor suite, their collective strengths are

integrated. As an example, consider how you would screen trucks at a port or other checkpoint. That said, security screening is a more challenging application than it might seem at first. It has to work in real-world conditions, has to be small enough to fit in already crowded spaces such as an airport security checkpoint, and has to have a very low rate of false alarms. Otherwise it would become a bottleneck in the flow of people or goods. T-ray imagers are close to meeting all those requirements for short-range scanners, as long as the additional feature of spectroscopy is excluded. That feature may take a few more years of work, requiring smaller, brighter T-ray sources and more sensitive detectors. As for imagers that can see a suspicious object in your shopping bag from 50 meters, those are more like five years away at our current rate of progress .

Advantages

-T-ray scanners have standoff capability, meaning they can see a few meters away. -Drug companies are buying T-ray imagers for their ability to distinguish good pills from bad by their spectral signatures. -T-rays can distinguish normal skin tissue from tumors even when a trained dermatologist cannot.

.-Manufacturers can do the ordinary job of checking the contents of a box without opening it, or they can perform such crucial tasks as finding the invisible defects in the protective coatings on an aircrafts wings.

Conclusion
T-rays are widely used in variety of fields such as detecting good or bad drugs in drug industries and specially used in constraining terrorists from doing evil acts. So T-rays must be used to make the best use of them.

References:
www.google.co.in