IMPOSSIBLE is not a FACT.

BUT an OPINION

L. M. CASTILLO, REE, RME the_leaf_artist@yahoo.com

Objectives:
At the end of the discussion, the participants should be able to: 1. Understand the principle of the DC Motor; 2. Familiar with the nature of DC Motors from their Load Characteristics; 3. Able to appreciate the principle of the starter; 4. Familiarized with the methods of reversal of the direction of rotation of the DC Motor; 5. Familiarized with the methods of speed for the DC Motors .

Contents of the discussion:

1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

The Motor Principles Flemings Left Hand Rule Counter Electromotive Force (emf) and Speed Torque and Mechanical Power Types of DC Motors Speed-Load and Torque-Load Characteristics of DC Motors DC Motor Speed Control Starter Principle Reversal of the Direction of Rotation

The Motor Principle

The Motor Principle

Where: Thumb Forefinger Middle finger Direction of motion Magnetism flux direction Direction of electric current

The Motor Principle

Generation of magnetic flux used to produce rotation

Commutation Principle

Poles Conductor Split ring Brush contact Battery

Counter Electromagnetic Force and Speed, n

EC = K n = K1 Ia ( 1 ) counter emf ( 2 ) by armature reaction

where: K = motor constant K1 = proportionality constant due to armature reaction = flux induced by the shunt field coil = reduction in magnetic flux n = speed of motor in rpm therefore : EC = K ( - ) n

( 3 ) APPARENT counter E.M.F.

Counter Electromagnetic Force and Speed, n

E = EC + Ia ( Ra + Rb ) (4) where : E : applied voltage Ra : armature resistance Rb : brush contact resistance therefore :

E = K ( - ) n + Ia (Ra + Rb)
also,

(5)

NOTE

: Counter E.M.F. because it opposes the direction of the current that induced it.

E Ia ( R a + R b ) n = K2 ------------------------(6) - But is much greater than , such that : E - Ia ( R a + R b ) n = K2 -------------------------(7)

Torque and Mechanical Power

Let F = useful force developed by all the conductors on the armature producing electromagnetic torque r = radius of the armature N = number of revolutions of the armature t = the time for the armature to rotate N times

Torque and Mechanical Power

The work one per revolution of the armature is : W = F ( 2 r ) / revolution W Pm = --------t but since =F r and speed is N n = -----t W Pm = ------ = t F ( 2 r ) = ------------------- X rev. N -------t (8)

(9)

( 10 )

( 11 )

2 n

( 12 )

Torque and Mechanical Power

also, Pm = EC I a therefore : Pm = -------2n From Equation (4): E Ia = EC Ia + Ia2 (Ra + Rb ) + If2 (Rsh + Rf ) (15) electric mechanical heat loss in the should be added for power input power of armature balance in the equation power armature ( Pm , also mechanical power of DC motor.) (13) E C Ia = ---------2n

(14)

Types of DC Motor
1. Separately excited DC Motor 2. Shunt DC Motor (Self-excited) 3. Series DC Motor 4. Compound DC Motor a) Differential Compound b) Cumulative Compound

1. Separately excited DC Motor

2. Shunt DC Motor

3. Series DC Motor

4. Compound DC Motor
a) Cumulative Compound DC Motor

4. Compound DC Motor
b) Differential Compound DC Motor

SHUNT DC MOTOR :
EC E - Ia ( R a + Rb ) n = -------- = -----------------------K K Where: E, K are nearly constant.

(24 )

Also, since Ia is very small, the curve is almost linear .

EC Ia = --------2n EC = EC K n Ia K Ia = -------------- = ----------2 n 2

(25)

(26)

SERIES DC MOTOR :
E ~ E Where: E Therefore: = K n = applied voltage E E = ------- = -----------K K K1 I a = K 1 Ia (16)

n
Since

(17)
(18)

n Ia
EC

K ------ hyperbola EC Ia E C Ia = ---------= ---------2n 2 n = K n = K K1 Ia n = K2 Ia n K2 Ia2 n K2 Ia2 = ---------= ----------2 n 2 I a2

(19)
(20) (21) (22) (23)

Therefore:

Cumulative Compound DC MOTOR :

E - Ia ( Ra + Rb ) = K2 ---------------------- + 1

(29)

1
1

= flux from the field coil = additional magnetic flux produced by series coil. = proportional to Ia
= K ( f + s ) Ia (28)

Differential Compound DC MOTOR :

E - Ia ( Ra + Rb ) = K2 ---------------------- - 1

(27)

1
1

= flux from the field coil = additional magnetic flux produced by series coil. = proportional to Ia
= K ( f - s ) Ia (28)

Motor Load Characteristics Curves

Speed Control of DC Motor

E Ia ( Ra + Rb ) n = K2 -------------------------

(31)

(i) field-resistance method of control (ii) armature resistance method of control - Ra (iii) armature voltage method of control E (Ward Leonard Control)

Starter for DC Motor

Given:
100 V DC shunt motor, with the following characteristics : Ra = 0.6 ohms Rf = 56 ohms Iafl = 27 amperes BD = 2 volts

Starter for DC Motor

From the motor equation : EC = Va - Ia ( Ra ) BD (32)

at starting, EC = 0 since the speed is zero. Also, Va = 100V. Therefore, the starting current is : Va BD 100 -2 Ia = ------------- = ----------- = 163.33 A Ra 0.6 163.33 full load = ----------- X 100 27

(33)

= 604.93 ( 34 )

Starter for DC Motor

The current equation at starting becomes : Va - BD = ---------------Rs + Ra Ia (35)

where :
Ra = armature resistance Rs = starting resistance to limit the armature current. As the motor gains speed, EC 0. equation becomes : Va - BD EC Ia = -------------------Ra + Rs Recall: EC = K n Therefore, the current

(36) (37)

Principle of Armature Resistance Starter

The

starting resistance (starter) is reduced progressively as the motors develops Counter EMF due to acceleration.

Principle of Armature Resistance Starter

Principle of Armature Resistance Starter

Reversal of Rotation of DC Motor:

Principle: To reverse the direction of rotation of any DC motor - reversed the direction of the armature current with respect to the direction of the magnetic field

Reversal of Rotation of DC Motor:

Reverse the battery of the supply of the armature

Reversal of Rotation of DC Motor:

Shunt or Series Motor: The reversal of the direction of rotation is being done simply by - reversing either the armature circuit with respect to the field circuit or vice versa.

Reversal of Rotation of DC Motor:

Compound Motor:
The reversal of the direction of rotation is bring done by simply: - reversing either the armature circuit with respect to the field circuit or vice versa. (the same) - However, it is advisable to used the armature for reversal since accidental open circuit of the field circuit will cause infinite speed.

Reversal of Rotation of DC Motor:

Reverse the battery of the supply of the armature

THANK YOU