272

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

85. As k increases, the time required for the object to reach the ground increases. ex 2
x

87. y y

cosh x ex 2 e

89.

y cosh y

cosh x 1 1 sinh y

sinh x

sinh y y y

1 cosh2 y

1 x2

91. y y

sech x 2 ex

2 ex e
x

e
2

ex

2 e

ex ex

e e

x x

sech x tanh x

Review Exercises for Chapter 5

1. f x ln x 3
5 4 3 2 1 x 1 2 3 4 5 y

Vertical shift 3 units upward Vertical asymptote: x 0

x=0

3. ln

4x2 4x2

1 1

1 2x 1 2x ln 5 4x2 1

1 ln 2x 5

ln 2x

ln 4x2

5. ln 3

1 ln 4 3

x2

ln x

ln 3

ln 3 4

x2

ln x

ln

33 4 x

x2

7. ln x x x

1 1 1 x

2 e2 e4 e4 1 53.598

9. g x g x

ln x 1 2x

1 ln x 2

11. f x f x

x ln x x ln x 2 1 2 ln x 1 a bx ln a x 1 b a a bx 1 x
1 2

13. 1 x ln x 1 ln x 2 ln x 2 ln x

y dy dx

1 ln a b2 b 1 b2 a bx

bx

a a a ab bx bx x
2

bx

15.

y dy dx

1 ln a a 1 xa bx

bx

ln x

17. u 7x

7x 1 2

2, du dx

7dx 1 1 7 dx 7 7x 2 1 ln 7x 7 2 C

Review Exercises for Chapter 5 sin x dx 1 cos x sin x dx 1 cos x ln 1

3 4

273

19.

21.
1

x x

dx
1

1 dx x

ln x
1

ln 4

cos x

C
3

23.
0

sec

ln sec
1 2x 1 2x

tan
0

ln 2

25. (a)

f x y 2 y 2x f
1

3 3

(b)
f
11 1

10

3 3 x

x y 2x 6 (c) f
1
7

f x
1

1 1

2x

3 6
1 2

2 1x 2 2x 6

3 3

6 x

f f 27. (a) f x y y2 x2 f
1

x
4

f 2x

x x x y x2

1 1

(b)

f 1 f
3 6

1 1 x

1, x 0

(c) f

f x
1

x 1

1 x2

x2 1

f f

f x2 x2

x for x 0.

29. (a)

f x y y3 x3 f
1

3 3

x x

1 1

(b)

f 1 f

1 1 x

x y x3 1

(c) f

f x
1

f f f x f 6 f x

1 3

x 1

1
3

x 1

1 x

f f 31. f f f
1 1

x3

x3

f x
1

x3 x 1 x 3 1 3 1 35 3

2 2
1 3

33.

tan x 3 3 sec2 x 4 3 1 f 6 3 4

x x 1

2 1

2 3

2 3

1 3

2 3

f f
1

6 3 3

0.160

274 35. (a)

Chapter 5 f x y ey e2y e f
1 2x

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions x (b)

3 2

ln

f 1 f
3

ln x x x y e2x (c) f
1
2

f x
1

f f ln e 2x
x2

ln

x ln x2

e2 ln e2x

e ln x ex x

f f 39. f x f x

e2x

ln

37. y

x 2
y 6 4 2 x 2 2 4

41. g t g x

t2et t2et 2tet tet t 2

43. y y

e2x 1 2x e 2

e e

2x

2x

1 2

2e2x

2e

2x

e2x e 2x e2x e 2x

45. g x g x

x2 ex ex 2x e2x x2ex x2 ex x

47. y 1 x ln x dy dx

y ln x 2y

y2 dy dx dy dx dy dx

0 0 y x y x 2y ln x

2y

ln x

49. Let u xe
3x2

3x2, du dx 1 e 6

6x dx.
3x2

51. 1 e 6
3x2

e4x

e2x ex

dx

e3x 1 3x e 3 e4x

ex ex 3e2x 3ex e

e
x

dx C C

6x dx

53.

xe1

x2

dx

1 1 e 2 1 1 e 2
x2

x2

2x dx C

55. Let u ex ex 1

ex dx

1, du ln ex

ex dx. 1 C

57.

y y

ex a cos 3x e
x

b sin 3x 3b cos 3x a 3a 8a 3a b ex a cos 3x 3b cos 3x 3b sin 3x 6b cos 3x 10b sin 3x 8a 6b 2a 3b 10a cos 3x 0 ex 3a b sin 3x a 3b cos 3x b sin 3x

3a sin 3x 3a 3a 6a 6a

ex y ex 3 ex y 2y 10y e
x

b sin 3x b cos 3x 8b sin 3x 8b 2

Review Exercises for Chapter 5

4

275

59. Area
0

xe

x2

dx

1 e 2

4 x2 0

1 e 2

16

0.500

61. y

33

2
y

63. y
y

log2 x
4 3 2 1

6 5 4 3 2
x

1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4

3 4

6 7

4 3 2 1 2

65. f x f x

3x 3x

1 1

67. ln 3

y ln y y y y

x2x 2x 2x x y

1 ln x 1 2 ln x 1 x
1
2

2x

2 ln x

x2x

2x x

2 ln x

69. g x g x

log3 1 1 2 1 xa ax a
1

1 log3 1 2 2x

71.

1 5x

dx

1 1 5x 2 ln 5

1 x ln 3

1 1 ln 3 (b) y y ax ln a ax (c) y ln y 1 y y y y xx x ln x x y1 xx Ph P 18,000 k Ph P 35,000 dy dx dy y x2 2 x2 x x 3 dx x 3 ln x C 1 1 x 1 ln x ln x ln x 30ekh 30e18,000k ln 1 2 18,000 30e 30e 3 15 ln 2 18,000 (d) y y aa 0

73. (a) y y

75. 10,000 P

Pe 0.07 10,000 e1.05

15

77. $3499.38

h ln 2 18,000 35,000 ln 2 18,000

7.79 inches

79.

P 2C 2 ln 2 t

Ce0.015t Ce0.015t e0.015t 0.015t ln 2 0.015 46.21 years

81.

276 83. y

Chapter 5 2xy dy dx 1 dy y ln y e
x2 C1

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

0 2xy 2x dx x2 y Cex y2
2

C1

y dy dx x2 2xy x2 Let y x2 x2

85.

(homogeneous differential equation) 2xy dy x dv dx 0

y2 dx vx, dy v2x2

v dx. v dx 2x3v dv x2v2 dx 1 v2 dx dx x ln x x 1 1 x2 0 0 2x3v dv 2x dv 2v 1 ln 1 C v2 Cx y2 1 v2 dv v2 C1 C y x

2

2x vx x dv 2x2v2 dx x2

v2x2

ln 1 Cx2 x2 x x2 y2

v2 y2

ln C

or C1

87. y y y x2 y

C1x C1 6C2 x 3xy

C2 x3 3C2 x2

3y

x2 6C2 x 6C2 x3

3x C1 3C1x

3C2 x2 9C2 x3 4C2 3C1x

C1x

C2 x3 0

3C2 x3

x x

2, y 2, y

0: 0 4: 4 4

2C1 C1

8C2 C1 12C2 4C2 12C2

8C2 C2

1 ,C 2 1

2x

1 3 x 2 3
4 y

89. f x

2 arctan x

2 2 4

x 2

Review Exercises for Chapter 5 1 2

2 1

277

91. (a)

Let

arcsin 1 2 sin arcsin 1 2 cos

sin 1 sin arcsin 2 (b) Let

1 . 2 1 2

sin cos arcsin 1 2

3 . 2 x

93. y y

tan arcsin x 1 x2
1 2

x2 x2
1 2

95. y 1 x2
3 2

x arcsec x x x x2 1 arcsec x

x2 1 1 x2 2x

97. y y

x arcsin x

2 1
2

x2 arcsin x 2 2 1 1 x2 x2 2x arcsin x 1 x2 arcsin x

2

2x arcsin x 1 x2 e2x, du 1 e2x e

2x

arcsin x

99. Let u

2e2x dx. 1 e2x dx e4x 1 2 1 1 e2x

2

dx

2e2x dx

1 arctan e2x 2 103. Let u

101. Let u x 1

x2, du x4 dx

2x dx. 1 2 x , du 2 1 2 1 1 x2 2 4 arctan k dt m k t m C 0. Thus, x2 x 2

2

16 x x2 dx

x2, du

2x dx. 1 ln 16 2 x2 C

2x dx

1 arcsin x2 2

16

1 1 2x dx 2 16 x2

105. Let u

arctan

dx. 2 4 x
2

arctan x 2 dx 4 x2 107. dy A2 y2 y arcsin A Since y sin 0 when t k t m y

dx

1 x arctan 4 2

109. y y

2x 2

cosh x 1 sinh 2 x x 2 sinh x 2 x

0, you have C y A A sin k t m

111. Let u x x4

x2, du 1 dx

2x dx. 1 2 1 x2
2

2x dx

1 ln x2 2

x4

278

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

Problem Solving for Chapter 5

1. tan tan 3 x 6
2

10
1

x
2:

6 3

Minimize f x f x 1
1

arctan 3 x2

3 x

arctan 1

6 10 10 x 6 x 3 x2 9 36 36 118 x 10 2x
2 2

1
0 x

2
10

1 9 x2

36 10 x
2

6 x2 9 18

36

10 100 20x x2

x2 20x

2x2 0

20

202 2

118

10

218

10
1

218
2

4.7648 1.7263 1.0304 1.2793 10

f a

1.4153

or 98.9

Endpoints: a a

0: 10:

Maximum is 1.7263 at a 3. f x sin ln x or 0,

218

4.7648.

(a) Domain: x > 0 (b) f x 1

(f) 2 . 3 2 2k .
0

sin ln x ln x e
2

Two values are x (c) f x 1

,e

sin ln x ln x e
2,

2k .
x0

Two values are x

e3

2.

lim f x seems to be e 1. e 1.
2,

1 . (This in incorrect.) 2 e
3 2,

1, 1 , (d) Since the range of the sine function is 1, 1 . parts (b) and (c) show that the range of f is (e) f x f x 1 cos ln x x 0 cos ln x 0 ln x x f e f 1 f 10
2

(g) For the points x we have f x For the points x

2,

...

,e

,e

,...

2 e
2

we have f x

on 1, 10

1 0 0.7440 Maximum is 1 at x e
2

That is, as x 0 , there is an infinite number of 1, and an infinite number where points where f x f x 1. Thus lim sin ln x does not exist.
x0

4.8105

You can verifiy this by graphing f x on small intervals close to the origin.

Problem Solving for Chapter 5 5. (a) Area sector Area circle t Area sector 2 1 base height 2 1 cosh t 2 1 cosh2 t 2 1 cosh2 t 2 1 cosh2 t 2 At 1 t 2 C. But, A 0 1 t or t 2 sinh t
1

279

t 2 x2

t 2 1 dx 1 dx 1 sinh t

cosh t 1 cosh t

(b) Area AOP At A t

x2 cosh2 t sinh2 t 1 2 0 C

sinh2 t sinh2 t sinh2 t C 2A t .

Thus, A t

7.

y y y b y If x

ln x 1 x 1 x a 1 x a 0, c b a b 1 Tangent line 1. Thus, b c b b 1 1.

9. Let u dx Area

1 2u
4 1

x,

1, x

u2

2u

1,

2 du. 1 dx x x
3 2

2u u u u2 du
3

2 u2 2u 1

du

32 2

1 du u

32 2

2 ln u
2

2 ln 3 0.8109 dy dt y
1.01

2 ln 2

2 ln

3 2

11. (a)

y1.01 dt t C1 0.01t 1 0.01t 1 0.01t

100

(b)

dy y y y kt

k dt C1 kt 1 C 1 C1 1 y0 . kt
1

dy

0.01

0.01 1 y0.01 y0.01 y y0 1: 1

C y0 y0

C1 1
1

1 C y0 .

1 y0

C C

Hence, y

kt

1 C C100 1
tT

For t

1 , y y0 k

Hence, y For T

1 0.01t

100

100, lim y

280

Chapter 5 dy dt 1 y ln y 20

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

13. Since

k y dy

20 , k dt kt Cekt C 20. 52. 52ek 22.35 . dS dt d 2S dt2 4 S 100 9 4 9 S dS dt 2S 50 or 20, ek 28 52 7 13 , and k ln 7 13 .

20 y

When t When t Thus, y When t dS dt S dS dt

0, y

72. Therefore, C

1, y 48. Therefore, 48 52e ln 7 13 t 20. 5, y 52e5 ln 7

13

20

15. (a)

k1S L L Ce L1 LC ke 1 Ce k L 1 k L 1 k1S L

S is a solution because
kt 2

(b)

ln ln ln

S 100 dS dt dS dt 0. S dS dt

kt

Ce
kt kt 2

C ke

kt

4 100 9

0 when S C Le kt 1 Ce kt L 1 k . L 9. And, (d)

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 S

L Ce L Ce

Choosing S 50

50, we have: 1 1 t 100 9eln 4 9eln 4

9t 9t

kt

kt

L Ce

kt

2 ln 1 9 ln 4 9 t

S , where k1

L S

100. Also, S 10 when t 0 C 20 when t 1 k ln 4 9 . 1 1 100 9eln 4

9t

2.7 months

Particular Solution. S

100 9e 0.8109t

(c)

125
1 2 3 4

(e) Sales will decrease toward the line S

0
0 10

L.