Geometry is all about a lot of formulae, but it is difficult to remember them.

What we will try

to do is come up with some ways to understand and hence memorize formulae. We can also
look at some general techniques that can help us solve a wide range of problems. To kick off
the series we will start with Lines and Triangles followed by Polygons and Circles in the next
part. Finally we shall look at Mensuration.

Parallel Lines

When you have a transversal cutting two parallel lines you can have two cases.

Case I: The transversal cuts the lines perpendicularly in this case all angles are equal to each
other.
Case II: If the transversal does not cut perpendicularly then the angles formed are either acute
or obtuse. Now all angles can be related in the following manner:
1. All acute angles are equal to each other
2. All obtuse angles are equal to each other
3. Any acute angle + any obtuse angle = 180

Triangle Inequality

Let’s say you have two sides ‘a’ and ‘b’. If you place them at an angle of 180 degrees, then
you will get a straight line of length ‘a+b’, which will not lead to a triangle. To get a triangle
you will have to nudge one of the sides up or down, hence the third side will always be less
than the straight line ‘a+b’. In a similar fashion if you put one line on the top of another then
the length between the two points is |a-b| again this will not be a triangle. To get a triangle
you will need to nudge one of the sides again hence the third side will always be more than |
a-b|. You do not need to check this with all combinations of sides, any two sides will do.

Interior and Exterior Angle Bisection Theorem

It is very easy to remember the interior angle bisection theorem because the ratio is of sides
on the same side of the bisector. If you have a triangle ABC where angle A is bisected by AD
then on one side of AD you have AB and BD on the other side you have AC and CD and
guess what, their ratios are equal.

But unhappily on cursory observation, the exterior angle bisection theorem does not appear as
beautiful. So in the same triangle if angle A is bisected externally and the angle bisector cuts
line BC at X you will have AX lying outside the triangle. Now imagine this angle bisector
actually pivoting inside and becoming the internal angle bisector then you will have AB/BX
= AC/CX which is how it actually looks. So it is very easy to get the external bisection ratio
by considering it to be an internal bisection.

Along with this you will need to know the Appollonius Theorem and the various methods for
finding the area of a triangle.

Important Points

There are four different lines we can draw in a triangle, these lines are centered around a
vertex and its bisection, perpendicularity and mid-point of opposite sides.
1. Vertices and mid-point of opposite sides give you medians.
2. Vertices and perpendicularity to the opposite sides give you altitudes.
3. Vertices and bisection of the angle at the vertex give you angle bisectors.
4. Perpendicular at the mid-point of sides give perpendicular bisectors.
5. Medians intersect to give us the centroid where centroid divides each median in the ratio
2:1.
6. Altitudes intersect to give you the orthocenter.

Now the major property of angle bisectors is that any point on the angle bisector is
equidistant from the two sides of the vertex. So the intersection of the angle bisectors will be
equidistant from the three sides. Hence you get the incenter which will be equidistant from
the sides, that distance is the inradius and you can draw the incircle.

Similarly any point on the perpendicular bisector will be equidistant from the end-points of
the segment. Hence the intersection will be equidistant from the vertices so that gives you the
circumcenter and you can draw the circumcircle from the same point.

Important Triangles

Equilateral Triangle

Know all the following things inside out.

1. Area, height
2. It is composed of two 30-60-90 triangles
3. Circumradius = side / root(3)
4. Inradius = side / 2xsquareroot (3)
5. The only triangle where all points that is, incenter, circumcenter, orthocenter, centroid
intersect.

Right angled triangle

Circumradius can be found as half of hypotenuse, Inradius can be found using the area
formula i.e. 0.5xbxh = 0.5 (inradius)x(semi-perimeter).

Pay special attention to these triangles.

1. 3-4-5 know its inradius (1), its circumradius = 1/2 of hypotenuse = 2.5, its area.
2. 5-12-13 triangle, here inradius is 2, circumradius = 6.5.
3. 30-60-90 triangle can be seen as half of an equilateral triangle so sides opposite the
respective angles bear the ratio of 1:squareroot(3):2.
4. 45-45-90 can be seen as half of a square so in a similar fashion sides bear the ratio of
1:1:squareroot(2).

How does knowing all these triangles help?

Good Question. A lot of times I have solved tougher triangle problems which was based on
sides a,b,c and changed that to an equilateral triangle or if the sides are distinct to a 3-4-5
triangle got the required answer and re-substituted a,b,c with the required numbers. Believe
me it is much faster. Also comfort with these basic triangles means a lot of on-paper solving
reduces. So lets hope this was helpful. I will start looking squarely at polygons and circles
now.