MOTIVASI DAN EMOSI

Psikologi Umum 2 Universitas Bunda Mulia

Motivation
Motivation is what gives impetus to our behavior by arousing, sustaining, and directing it toward the attainments of goals.

Instincts and Genetic Influence

One of motivational factor. Instinct is an innate force found in all members of species that directs behavior in predictable ways when the right eliciting stimulus is present
William McDougall human instinct proposed list more than 2500 items John Bowlby imprinting

Evolutionary psychology is a more contemporary approach to the study of innate factors, attempting to explain motivation in terms of their adaptive significance role of genetics
Sociobiology the study of the adaptive significance to inherited tendencies.

Freud and Unconscious Motives

Two basic instincts
The urge toward life, procreation, and self-preservation include sexual drives The urge toward death and self destruction aggression toward others

Peoples way to satisfying impulse may conflict with societys moral standards, the impulses are often blocked from consciousness
Repression Sublimation

Drive Reduction Theory

Clark Hull: Biological needs (food, water, relief from pain, etc) as the basic motivation of action
Primary drives the most fundamental the ones that arise from needs that are built into our physiological systems Secondary drives drives learned through association with primary drives.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation - beyond drive reduction theory those things that are rewarding in and of themselves Robert White suggested that humans and other animals have a basic need to deal effectively with their environment, and to master new challenges.

Optimal Arousal Theory

Donald Hebb: Humans are motivated to maintain a comfortable level of arousal.
If they are under stimulated they act to increase their arousal If they are over stimulated they act to bring their level of arousal down.

Summary
No single theory has been able to explain all facets of motivation Motivation often have biological (or genetic) component, can be shaped by experiences, and in some cases involve unconscious process.

Sexual Activity
Sexual activity is strongly influenced by hormones, especially estrogen (primary secreted by the ovaries), and testosterone (primary secreted by the testes) Sexually arousing stimuli also needed to activate sexual responses. Human sexual response cycle:
Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution

Cognition plays a crucial role in interpreting sexual signals and in directing sexual behavior toward appropriate goals.

Emotion
Motivation is certainly influenced by emotion Emotions are largely involuntary responses involving visceral changes, and visible expression (especially facial) changes. They are accompanied by subjective states or feeling. Many older theories viewed emotions as primitive and disruptive, but most modern theories consider emotions functional and adaptive.

Physiology of Emotion
One of defining features of emotion is physiological arousal. Numerous studies have shown that strong emotions are associated with activation of the peripheral nervous system:
Vascular changes Hormonal changes Respiratory changes Circulatory changes Visual changes Sweat gland changes Muscular changes

Such change can be measured by polygraph.

The Brain and Emotion

The brain coordinates the activities of the peripheral nervous system. A number of emotional responses involve the limbic system, particularly the hypothalamus. More recent research show that the cerebral cortex is also involved in emotional experience.

Behavioral Expression
Behavioral expression is also an integral part of emotion
Often our face and posture say more about what we are feeling than the words are.

Charles Darwin believed that many patterns of non verbal communication are the product of evolution and serve an adaptive function of alerting others to our state of mind and how we are likely to act. Recent studies show that many facial expression are the same across cultured and universally recognized. But which emotion we express freely or attempt to conceal, and how we read emotional expression, is largely the result of cultural learning.

Emotions as Subjective States or Traits

Emotions are also subjective states, what we call moods or feelings The circle of emotions models holds that emotions vary along two dimensions:
Pleasant to unpleasant High to low activation

Many contemporary researchers are interested not only in emotional states, but also in emotional traits. Individual differs from each other in the frequency and the intensity of their emotions.

Theories of Emotion
Theories of emotion can be divided into two broad groups:
Emphasize in physiological arousal Emphasize the role of cognition in emotion.

THEORIES OF EMOTION:

Physiological Arousal
James-Lange Theory
Our perception of bodily changes is itself the emotion, and that each emotional states is signaled by unique physiological pattern However, physiological arousal may to vague, diffuse and slow to cause emotion.

Cannon-Bard Theory
Sensory information is sent first to the thalamus, where it is simultaneously routed to both the cerebral cortex (triggering to subjective experience) and the autonomic cerebral system (causing physiological changes).

Research in facial feedback.

Physiological change in the face may initiate or at least modulate, the experience of emotion.

THEORIES OF EMOTION:

The Role of Cognition

Schachter and Singers theory of cognitive arousal
We interpreted physiological arousal by reading cues in the environment

Cognitive appraisal theory

Emotion are arise from how we appraise events in our environments in relation to our goals and our abilities and resources to coping.