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PSIKOLOGI SOSIAL

Psikologi Umum 2 Universitas Bunda Mulia

Social Psychology
Social Psychology
scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Norman Triplett (1897): first social psychological experiment (social facilitation)


Centered around cities at first

Attitudes
Dispositions to respond favorably or unfavorably toward some person, thing, event, place, idea, or situation. Belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events Persuasive communication, messages deliberately intended to change attitudes.

Attitudes
Attitudes follow behavior Cooperative actions feed mutual liking

Social Cognition
Social cognition is the process of trying to make sense of other people
Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as well as by external social influences
Internal attitudes External influences

Behavior

Social Cognition
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent example- when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes Cognitive consistency is the tendency to seek compatibility among our various thought and behavior

Social Cognition
Cognitive dissonance

Social Cognition
Often we built impression to other people on the basis of little information
Primacy effect first impression often count the most

Self fulfilling prophecy the schemas we have formed of people are right that we act toward them in ways that make them confirm those schemas. Priming occurs when someone encounters stimuli that activate a certain schema, and the schema is then often used to interpret (sometimes unfairly) new, unrelated information.

Attribution Theory
Attribution Theory
tendency to give a causal explanation for someones behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition

The thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals as shaped by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others

Attribution Theory
Causal attribution - how we explain someones behavior affects how we react to it
Situational attribution Maybe that driver is ill. Negative behavior Tolerant reaction (proceed cautiously, allow driver a wide berth)

Dispositional attribution Crazy driver!

Unfavorable reaction (speed up and race past the other driver, give a dirty look)

Attribution Theory
Fundamental Attribution Error
tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Actor observer bias when we are the actor, we are much more likely to consider the situation when making causal inferences. Self serving bias one exception is the inclination to take personal credit for things that go well.

Theories of Attraction
Reward Theory Physical Attractiveness Balance Theory: attitude similarity leads to attraction Proximity/Mere Exposure Effect: functional distance how often do paths cross Sociobiology

What do men and women look for in a partner?


Women look for:
Record of achievement Leadership qualities Skill at his job Earning potential Sense of humor Intellectual ability Attentiveness Common sense Athletic ability Good abstract reasoning

Men look for:


Physical Attractiveness Ability in bed Warmth and affection Social skill Homemaking ability Dress sense Sensitivity to others needs Good taste Moral perception Artistic creativity

Styles of Love
Hendrick and Hendrick: Love has different meaning to different people Six styles of loving
Eros: Passionate Love Ludus: Game Playing Love Storge: Friendship Love Pragma: Logical Love Mania: Dependent Love Agape: Selfless Love

Reactance
Sometimes we do say no! Reactance is a motive to protect or restore ones sense of freedom and self-efficacy Romeo and Juliet Effect

Social Prejudice
Social prejudice - inflexible, negative, attitudes toward members of a minority group based on erroneous or incomplete information
Racism prejudice toward members of racial groups other than ones own Sexism prejudice toward one sex

Social Prejudice
Stereotype preconceived ideas about what members of minority groups are like Stereotype often used to justify discrimination, the behavioral expression of prejudice

Social influence
Conformity merupakan perubahan pendapat dan
perilaku seseorang akibat hubungannya dengan orang lain Tekanan sosial sering mengakibatkan conformity
Seseorang dapat mempengaruhi pendapat kelompok dengan tetap menghargai pendapat masing-masing Pada kasus lain, orang dapat menyerap nilai baru melalui identifikasi maupun internalisasi.

Obedience
Obedience mengikuti pendapat orang lain yang memiliki otoritas tertentu. Penelitian Stanley Millgram menunjukkan bahwa manusia cenderung mematuhi perintah, walaupun mungkin dapat menyakiti orang lain.

Social Compliance
Social Compliance adalah tindakan yang meningkatkan pemenuhan permintaan dari seseorang yang tidak memiliki otoritas tertentu. Beberapa teknik dari social compliance adalah:

Foot in the door phenomenon; memberikan permintaan kecil yang tidak dapat ditolak orang lain, kemudian memberikan permintaan lain yang lebih besar Door in the face technique; memberikan permintaan besar (yang membuat orang ingin membanting pintu), kemudian memberikan permintaan yang lebih ringan. Low ball phenomenon; penjual menawarkan harga yang rendah pada awalnya, dan ketika orang telah memutuskan untuk membeli, penjual menaikkan harganya dengan alasan atasan tidak menyetujui perjanjian tersebut. Thats not all technique; penjual menawarkan harga yang lebih tinggi pada awalnya, kemudian harga diturunkan atau jumlah barang diperbanyak.

Group
Merupakan kumpulan dua orang atau lebih yang berinteraksi secara teratur, memiliki tujuan tertentu dan mengidentifikasi diri mereka sebagai bagian dari keseluruhan. Phillip Zimbardo melakukan penelitian simulasi perilaku di penjara dan memperlihatkan bahwa peran yang dimiliki seseorang dalam kelompok dapat merubah perilaku seseorang.

Social influence
Social facilitation kehadiran orang lain akan meningkatkan kemampuan kita untuk menyelesaikan tugas tertentu Social loafing bila usaha kita dalam kelompok bersifat anonim dan kita bergantung banyak pada kontribusi orang lain, kinerja kita dapat mengalami penurunan. Group think pikiran yang dimiliki kelompok secara kolektif.

Keputusan kelompok dapat membuat orang terhalang melihat alternatif lain dan dapat mendistorsi pertimbangan mereka terhadap realitas. Kelompok minoritas dapat merubah pendapat kelompok mayoritas hanya jika pendapat tersebut benar-benar berkualitas.

Aggression
Freud & Lorenz menyatakan bahwa agresi bersifat bawaan.
Menurut Freud dorongan agresi membutuhkan pelepasan yang disebut katarsis. Lorenz menyatakan bahwa fighting instinct memiliki peran dalam mempertahankan diri.

Aggression
Pandangan sosiobiologi menyatakan bahwa faktor biologis (struktur otak manusia dan sistem syaraf) memiliki kontribusi terhadap agresivitas. Social learning theories menyatakan bahwa perilaku agresif didapat dari model dan penguatan tindakan kekerasan.

Television and Violence


Average child sees 100,000 acts of violence and 8,000 murders before the end of elementary school 58% of TV programs contain violence 73% of these shows indicate no remorse or penalties for violence Rate of violence: 5-6 incidents per hour during primetime; 20-25 Saturday mornings Children's interest in shows increases if rated parental discretion advised

Frustration
Frustration adalah gangguan yang tidak diantisipasi, dari perilaku yang diarahkan untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu. Menurut Dollard frustrasi dapat mendorong perilaku agresif

Influences on Aggression
Frustration/strong emotion Alcohol usage is a factor in 2/3 of homicides, and 1/3 of all rapes Pain Crowding Temperature (92 degrees and higher) Pornography

Violent phornography
Merupakan material yang mengkombinasikan secara eksplisit perilaku seksual dan kekerasan.
Sangat meningkatkan emosi negatif dan agresivitas terhadap perempuan.

Material yang demikian meningkat jumlahnya baik di film, buku, majalah, sementara undangundang tidak memadai untuk mengatasinya.
Perlunya pendidikan masyarakat untuk lebih kritis memilih mass media.

Altruism
Altruisme merupakan perhatian yang tidak egois terhadap orang lain Tergantung pada:
Tuntutan respon Jumlah orang yang hadir Keadaan emosional Jumlah stress yang ada Tingkat keadilan situasional Kepercayaan seseorang

Faktor eksternal seringkali lebih mempengaruhi dibandingkan kecenderungan internal

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