1-Dew point: the point at which the first droplet of liquid removed 2-Bubble point: the point at which

the first bubble of gas is formed23-Define octane number?

The volume percent of ISO-octane in a mixture of it with normal heptanes

4-How to increase O.N?

1. By making catalytic reforming as this process increase the percent of iso paraffins and aromatics which increase O.N 2. by additives such as MTBE iC4+CH3OH 3- Isomerization of light naphtha CH3-O-C-C-C-C

5-Why salt is removed from crude?

1-to minimize corrosion as salts will decompose and lead to the formation of acids which cause more corrosion 2-prevent formation of scale 3-poisoing of catalyst

6-Why we make vacuum distillation to fuel oil?

1-Because the distillation at atmospheric pressure will need high temperature which lead to the formation of coke or thermal decomposition So vacuum distillation is used because boiling temperature decreases with lowering pressure

7-
( 1- .) - - .2- ( 3- . )

8-What is the greater P1 or P2? Considering that D is greater than d.

D P2 P2 V2 P1 is greater than P2*(P1= P2+ P) *P is the friction force as the diameter decreases the friction force increases Hf= What are the types of flow? 1. Laminar flow Re= (not remembered.) which is steady flow Friction factor is very high F=64/Re 2- Turbulent flow which is unsteady flow Re= friction factor is smaller than laminar

shell or tube 9-
1-corrosivity The more corrosive one should put in tubes & the other in shell 2- Fouling: The fluid that cause more fouling should put in shell (need to be checked) 3-Pressure: the more pressured fluid is put in shell (to avoid friction force in small tubes) 4- temperature: ) ) 5- Viscosity: The more viscous is in the shell to avoid friction inside tubes

P1

P1 V1

9- Q=U*A*T = M*CP* T What is the different between the two T? Q=U*A*Tlm Log mean temp. Difference (LMTD) = M*CP* T But . T = T2 T1 = Q

10-What are the units of U? British metric=

BTU = 5 Kcal 1 metric British 11- as Fahrenheit