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In WrIIing !rOm IHC pUbIsHCrs.
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A caIaIOgUC rCcOrd !Or IHs bOOK Is aVaIabIC !rOm IHC BtIIIsH Lbtar.
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I 40
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horicdu su)cl, vIicIIcrcbyaIasIbccOmcsavaiIabcinEngisIIransa-
IiOn, is Aain adiOus mOsI passiOnaIc and cxpcrmcnIaI bOOk. !nIcrms
O sIccrpcrsOna cngagcmcnI, iIispcrIapscOmparabcOnyIOIiscary
nOvcs, Almacslcs ( I 64) and Porlulans ( I 67) , Or IO Iis vriIings Or IIc
tIcaIrc sucI as IIc Opcra-nOvc L charc rouc, vIcI daIcs rOm IIc
samcpcrOd ( ! 7) , OrAhmcdlcsublil, a IariOus arcc cOmpOscdin I 84
durng a brcpcriOd OisOaIiOn and caIm sIOrIyaIcr IIcprcscnIbOOk
vas hrsIpubisIcdn!rcncI. mycycs, 1horcdu su)clsasO adiOus
mOsIdaring,IcrmcIc, andbcvIdcringvOrkOpIiOsOpIy, andIIcImc
IIaI Ias passcd sincciIs OrignaappcaranccOnIysccms IO Iavc addcd IO
tIccccI ObcvidcrmcnI. SOmcinIrOducIOryrcmarks mayIIcrcOrcbc
nOrdcrsOasIOsIuaIcIIcbOOkinIsvdcrcOnIcxI.
!rcscnIcd in IIc Orm O a scmnar bcIvccn anuary I 75 and unc
! 7,vIicIisIOsayduringIIccIOsurcOIIcsO-cacdrcdycars ( I 66-
76) andin a IimcIIaIvOuId viIncss IIc dcpOrabc riscIO amcOIIc
'ncvpIOsOpIcrs ( ! 76)asvcasIIcascIOpcssurrOundingIIccrca-
IiOn OIIc cOmmOn prOgrammc ( signcd n I 72) uniIing COmmunsIs,
SOciaisIs, andradicaILcIsIsinranccvrIIcn in IIcmidsIOvIaI can
OnIybccaIcd anacIvccampaign OOsIracsm againsIiIs auIIOrbccausc
O Iis undyng MaOsm, viII sOmc gOng sO ar as IO ca Iim a MaOisI
piI-bu: andpubIsIcdn I 82 inIIcaIcrmaII OIIcvdcycccbraIcd
cccIOra vicIOry in I 8 I O !ranOis MiIIcrrand IO IIc !rcsidcncy, IIc
bOOk makcs nO cOnccssiOns IO IIc dOminanI visdOm and pOsI-pOIica
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cupIOriaO!iIsIimc.TOIIccOnIrary, sOIiIudcOnIysccmsIOIavcIadan
cmbOIdcning c!ccI. !n IIs scnsc, vc cOuId appIy adiOus Ovn vOrds,
Iakcn rOm Sainl Paul. 1hc Foundalion o] |nivcrsalism, IO IIc auIIOr O!
IIcprcscnIbOOk. EvcryIIing indcaIcs IIaI Ic rcuscd any cOmprOmisc
vIcn iI camc IO hdcIiIy IO prncipIcs. Or agan: His discOursc is Onc O
purc hdcIIy IO IIc pOssibiIiIy Opcncd by IIc cvcnI. TIc pvOIaI cvcnI
in IIs casc bcing nOI sO mucI IIc OuIbursI O May 68, vIOsc rcmark-
abIcnIcnsiIyand sIOrIIivcd cxpcrcnccIIcIvO usuaIIy gOngIandin
IandviIInIIcIradiIiOnOuIIra-IcIism-IIcbOOkOIIcrviscaIsO sccks
IO dagnOsc, sOmucIasIIcpaIcnI acIOn nccdcdIOvOrkOuIIIccOnsc-
qucnccs O!IIisuprisng, duringIIc hrsIIaIOIIc ! 70s, inIIcguiscO!
rcncIMaOism.
TIc upsIOI O!IIisprncipIcd, nOI IO saysIubbOrn,apprOacIis a vOrk
vIOscIcgcndarydihcuIIyunIIrcccnIIyIurncdavaymanymOrcrcadcrs
IIaniI aIIracIcd IasIng admircrs, cvcn rOmamOngadiOus mOsI ardcnI
!OIIOvcrs. As !cIcr HaIIvard admIs. ' 1horic du su)cl is by any crIcria
IIc mOsI dihcuII IO apprOacI O! adOus vOrks.

RumOur Ias I IIaI

Or a IOng Iimc, n sIudcnI circIcs arOund IIc nvcrsiIy O! !ars-V!!! aI
Vinccnncs, vIcrc adiOu IaugII !Or IIirIy ycars bcOrc Occupyng IIc
pOsI O! Iis !Ormcr IcacIcr LOuis AIIIusscr as Icad O! IIc !IIOsOpIy
cparImcnI aI IIc

cOIc OrmaIc Supcrcurc n ruc dIm, IO pOinI a

hngcraIsOmcOncand vIispcr IIaIIcOrsIcvasnIIcprOccssOrcadng
1horicdu su)cl vas IanIamOunI IO dccIarng IIs pcrsOn cIIcr nsanc Or
anaIicaI,i!nOIbOIIaIOncc.TIsrumOurgOcsaIOngvayIOvardcxpIan-
ngIIcbcIaIcdarrvaIO!IIcbOOksIransIaIOninanyIanguagcand,cvcn
mOrc sO, IIc rcIaIivc scarcIy O susIaincd criIicaI cngagcmcnIs viII iIs
ccnIraIIIcscs.
TOday, IOvcvcr, IIcrccanbc nOdOubIIIaI1hcojo]lhcSub)ccl sIands
asan ndispcnsabIcbuiIdngbIOckin IIc OvcrarcIing sysIcmOadiOus
pIiIOsOpIy, On a parvII Iis IvO OIIcrbig bOOks, cin andEvcnl and
Is rcccnI !OIIOv-up, Loicso]Worlds. TO IIusIraIc IIis ccnIraIiIy pcrIaps
! may bc aIIOvcd IO invOkc my pcrsOnaI cxpcricncc as sOmcOnc vIO,
a!Icr rcading adiOusMani]cslo]orPhilosojhy OuI O! a sIarcd inIcrcsI in
a nOIOn O! IIc 'gcncric IIaI vOuId bc cOmpaIbIc viII !IaIOnism, Or
pOIiIcaI rcasOns Iurncd IO IIc MaOsI pampIIcIs rOm IIc mid ! 70s,
1hcotyo]Conlradiclion and 0]Idcoloy, andIIcndccidcdIOIackIc1hcotyo]
lhc Sub)ccl. ! disIincIIy rcmcmbcr Iaving saI dOvn aImOsI nOnsIOp-IIis
vas bcOrc IIc birII O my IvO sOns-Or an ncrcdibIy IOng vcckcnd,
!ranIcaIIy making my vay IIrOugI IIc cnIirc bOOk as IIOugI I vcrc
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OcOnIcmpOraryIIcOryandpIIOsOpIyOpcncup!rcsIIybc!Orcmycycs
aIOng IIc sIarpcsI Incs O! dcmarcaIOn IO Iavc bccn Iraccd n IIc sand
sinccAIIIusscrsForMarx.AIIO!IIisIappcncdIOngbcOrc!musIcrcdIIc
cOuragcanddarcdIOIakcOncinandEvcnl, nIimidaIcdas!vas-ncvcr
mnd IIaI Or adiOu IIs sa cuIIuraIprcudicc IIaI isasvacuOus asI s
sIubbOrnby IIc OrmaIizaIOn O! Is cxIcnsivc maIIcmaIicaI apparaIus.
Rcadng 1hcotyo] lhcSub)cclbc!OrccinandEvcnl, IIOugI, isnOImcrcIy
a maIIcr OpcrsOnaIprccrcnccOranccdOIaIIappcnsIancc. A!IcrycarsO!
acIivcIy!OIIOvngIIcvOrIdvidcrcccpIiOn O!adOusIIOugII, inacI,
Iavc cOmcIO IIc cOncIusiOn IIaI IIis Ordcr O!rcadng, vIicI sOmcvIaI
cOnvcnIOnaIIy cOrrcspOnds IOIIc cIrOnOIOgicaI OrdcrO!IIc bOOks pub-
IicaIOnandIIusIOIIcirauIIOrsIraccIOryasapIIOsOpIcrandmiIIanI,
cvcnIIOugIiIrunscOunIcrIOIIcmOrccOmmOnpracIiccamOngEngIsI-
spcaking rcadcrs vIO Icnd IO sIarI viII Onc OrOIIcr O IIc bOOks pub-
IisIcdandIransIaIcda!IcrcinandEvcnl, makcsaIIIIcdi!crcnccinIIc
vOrIdnIcrms OIIcimagcO!IIOugIIIIaIcan bcaIIrbuIcdIOadOus
pIiIOsOpIyasavIOIc.AbOvcaII,IIcrcvIcrcapriviIcgcd!OcusOncin
and Evcnl rcqucnIIy Icads IO IIc cOncIusOn IIaIIIis IInkcrs IrajccIOry
invOIvcsa cIcanandirrcvcrsibIcbrcakavayrOmIIcIradiIOnOIIcdia-
IccIc, 1hcotyo]lhcSub)cclaIIOvsIIcrcadcrbOIIIOnuancc, nOIcxacIIy
rc!uIc, IIis cOncIusOn as ar as IIc dca OIIc brcak IscI is cOnccrncd
andIOuncOvcrsubIIcdaIccIicaI IIrcadscvcninIIcOvcraIImcIaOnIOIOg
caIargumcnIaIiOnvIcI, grOundcdin a sOIid cOmmand O!scIIIcOry, is
suppOscd IOcOmcaIcrIIisbrcak.
2
!Or surc, n IindsgII I is nOI di!hcuII IO cnumcraIc IIcpOssbIc ImiIa-
IiOns andsIOrIcOmingsO 1hcojo] lhcSub)ccl. !n cinandEvcnl, hrsI O
aII, adiOuImscI!ndcaIcsIIaIIIccarIcrbOOkrcmainsIimIcdnsO!ar
as IprcsuppOscs !rOm IIc sIarIIIaIIIcrcis sucI a IIngas subjccIivIy,
vIIOuI giving IIis prcsuppOsIOn mucI OnIOIOgcaI suppOrI n maII-
cmaIics. !crIaps IIis scI!-criIicism is unncccssariIy IarsI sincc 1hcoty o]
lhc Sub)ccl, cvcn IIOugI Is is O!Icn OrgOIIcn, aIrcady inIrOduccs IIc
vIOIc qucsIiOn O!CanIOrianscI IIcOry, aII IIc vayIO IIc pOnI OIOcaI-
ing IIccmcrgcncc Orpass OIIc subjccI in IIc immcasurabIc cxccss O
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cOnsIiIuIc Ihc ccnIra impassc in Ihc cOnccpIua arrangcmcnI O cin
and Evcnl. Evcn sO, iI s Iruc IhaI Ony Ihc aIcr vOrk vi sysIcmaIicaIy
cabOraIc Ihc undcrpinnings OIhis Ihcsis rOm a mcIaOnIOIOgica, IhaIis
IOsaymcIamaIhcmaIica, pOinIOvicv.AsadOuvriIcs inIhc !rcacc:
Thc (phiIOsOphca) sIaIcmcnI IhaI maIhcmaIics isOnIOIOgy-Ihc scicncc
Obcing qua bcing-is Ihc sIrOkc O!ighIIhaI iuminaIcs Ihc spccuaIvc
sccnc vhch ! had rcsIricIcd, in my 1hcotyo]lhcSub)ccl, by prcsuppOsing
purcy and simpyIhaI Ihcrc vas sOmc subccIivizaIiOn. Thc ncv Iask
n cin andEvcnlIhcn cOnsisIs inarIicuaIing, byvay O Ihc impassc O
bcing, a cOhcrcnIOnIOOgyIOgcIhcrviIh aninIcrvcnIOnisI IhcOry OIhc
subccI-a IaskvhichdiaccIcamaIcriasminIhc OddaysvOudhavc
accOmpishcdbymcans Oan hOmOOgybcIvccnIhc diaccIcs O!naIurc
andIhcdaccIicsOspirI, andvhichIOdayrcquircsa carcurc!Ormua-
IiOn ObOIh pOcs O!naIurc andspiriI, Or O subsIancc andsubccI-Ihis
Iimc, in cin andEvcnl, abOvc a in an ObIiquc pOcmic vIh Hcdcggcr
and nOI OnIy Or nOI primariy viIh Lacan, as is Ihc casc in 1hcojo]lhc
Sub)ccl.
!hiOsOphy iIsc, sccOndy, sIi appcars IO bc suIurcd OnIO Ihc sOc
cOndiIiOnOpOiIics. Thc OIhcrIhrcc IruIhprOccdurcs OarI (pOcIry and
Iragcdy), sccncc (maIhcmaIcs) , and Ovc (psychOanaysis)-as vc as
Ihc cIcrnaI shadOv cOndiIiOn O!rcigiOn ( ChrisIianiIy)-ccrIainy arc a
arcadyprcscnI,buInOIOnyarcIhcympiciIandmxcd,IhcyaIsOdOnOI
sccmIO OpcraIc quIc ycI as cOndiIiOns OphIOsOphy inIhcsIricIscnsc,
sinccIhcsubccIOIruIhisdchncdcxcusvcynIcrmsOpOiIics: Evcry
subjccI is pOiIicaI. Which s vhy Ihcrc arc !cv subccIs and rarcy any
pOiIics. LaIcr, n Condilions, a cOccIiOn O cssays vhich buids On Ihc
ncvOundaIiOns Ocin andEvcnl, adiOu vOuId cOrrccI Ihis sIaIcmcnI
rOm 1hcojo]lhcSub)ccl. TOday, ! vOud nO IOngcr say cvcry subjccI is
pOiIica, vhichis sIi a maxim O suIuring. ! vOuIdraIhcrsay: Evcry
subjccIisnduccdbya gcncricprOccdurc, andIhus dcpcndsOnancvcnI.
Which is vhy Ihc subccIs rarc. Smiary, nMani]cslo]orPhilosojhy,
adiOu sIaIcs Ihcprincipc IhaIIhcOur dOmains O IruIh, Oncc Ihcy arc
unsuIurcdandscparaIcdOuI,arcaIcquaycapabcObrnginginIOcxisI-
cncc a subjccI: Evcry subccIis arIsIc, sccnIihc,pOIica, Or amOrOus.
csdcs, Ihis is sOmcIhing vcryOnc knOvs !rOm cxpcricncc, Or OuI O!
Ihcsc rcgisIcrs, Ihcrc is Ony cxisIcncc, OrindividuaIy, buI nO subccI.
WhaIvircmain unchangcd, in anycasc, is Ihc cOnvicIiOn IhaI subccI
and IruIh ncccssariy cimpicaIc Onc anOIhcr sO IhaI a IhcOry O Ihc
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accOunI,isavaysIhcIhcOryOIhc!OrmacOndiIiOnsOrIhccmcrgcncc
Oa univcrsaIizabc IruIh.
Thrdy, viIhin Ihc cOndiIiOn O pOiIics, Ihc bOOk sIi cOnsidcrs Ihc
parIyIhcOnyc!ccIvcOrganizaIiOnasIrucIurc,abcIviIhancycIOvard
a parIy O a ncv Iypc, IhaI is, a Orm O! pOsI-!cnnism vhOsc Iask is
hcrc Opcny ascrbcd IO MaOsm. GOng Onc sIcp urIhcr Ihan mcrcIy
acknOvcdgingIhc unccrIanIics O! Ihis Iask givcn Ihc undcniabc crisis
OMarxism, adOu has snccIhcnabandOncdIhs sIricI idcnIhcaIiOnO
Ihc pOiIcasubjccIviIhIhcparIy, vhichinaIIsincarnaIiOns OvcrIhc
pasI ccnIury-vhcIhcr as a sngcparIy Or as parI OIhc parIamcnIary-
clccIOra muI-parIy sysIcm-has rcmaincd Ovcry bOund IO Ihc !Orm O!
Ihc SIaIc: Thc baancc shccI O Ihc nincIccnIh ccnIury is Ihc viIhcring
avayO!IhccaIcgOryO!cassasIhcsOIcbcarcrO!pOiIcs, andIhcbaancc
shccI O! Ihc IvcnIicIh ccnIury s Ihc viIhcrng avay O Ihc parIy-Orm,
vhich knOvs OnIy Ihc !Orm O! Ihc parIy-SIaIc. !hOsOphicay, mOrc-
Ovcr, Ihis scarch Or a ncv hgurc O mIiIanIism vIhOuI a parIy s prc-
ciscy vhaI vibring adiOu back IO an OIdacquanIancc, inSainlPaul,
asIhOughamOsIIhirIy ycars had IO pass bcOrc hccOudhnaycOmc IO
IcrmsvIhhispcrsOnarOadIOamascusIhaIvasMay68Or, raIhcr,iIs
MaOisIaIcrmaIh Ormc, !ausa pOcI-IhinkcrO!IhccvcnI, asvc as
OncvhOpracIscsandsIaIcsIhcnvarianIIraIsOvhaIcanbccaIIcdIhc
miiIanIhgurc.

EvcnIhcsc-crIicsmimpIicdnIhsmOvcrOmparIy-
pOiIicsIOa !Orm OmiIanIism vIhOuI a parIy, hOvcvcr, shOudnOIcI
sOrgcIIhaIanOIhcrcruciapOinIIhaIhasrcmaincdinIacIisIhcidcaIhaI
anycmancpaIOrypOiIcs musIIakcan Organizcd !Orm: MusI vc arguc
IhaIOrganzaIiOnaOnc canmakc ancvcnInIOanOrign?Ycs, nsOaras
apOIcasubccIrcquircsIhchisIOricaIundcrpnningOanapparaIusand
insO!arasIhcrcisnOOrigncxccpI!OradcIcrminaIcpOiIics.EvcnIuaIy,
IhiscmphasisOnIhcnccdOranyIruIh,vhcIhcrpOiIicaIOrOIhcrvsc,IO
ccOmc incOrpOraIcdnsOmc Organizcd!OrmOr apparaIus vicadIO a
cvIhcOryO!IhcbOdy-a ncvphysics IObuIIrcssIhc mcIaphysicsOIhc
subjccI-inLoicso]Worlds.
AnOIhcr pOnI O! scI-criIcsm, hnay, cOnccrns Ihc vOIcnI Ianguagc
OdcsIrucIOnviIhvhich adiOu in 1hcotyo] lhcSub)ccl sccks IO cOunIcr
vhaIhccasIhcsIrucIuraIdiaccIicOacknMaarmcOrLacan.TOvard
Ihc cnd O!cin andEvcnl, Ihc auIhOr admIs: !vcnIa biI asIray, ! musI
say, n 1hcoty o] lhc Sub)ccl cOnccrning Ihc Ihcmc O dcsIrucIiOn. ! sI
mainIaincd, backIhcn, Ihc idca OancsscnIiaInkbcIvccn dcsIrucIiOn
x
x
JNbLJ

b l NJUULJlN
and nOvcIy. TIc idca vas IIaI cvcry ncv IruII vOud ncccssariIy
invOvc a dcsIrucIiOn O IIc Od Ordcr. !rOm a sIricI OnIOIOgica vicv,
IOvcvcr, IIc parI O Oss in nOvcIy musI bc rcpIrascd in Icrms nOI O
dcsIrucIiOn buI O subIracIiOn and disquaIihcaIiOn. A ncv IruII cannOI
supprcssanycxisIcncc,buIbycxIcndinga givcnsiIuaIiOnrOmIIcpOinI
O iIs suppcmcnIaIiOn IIaI is an cvcnI, an cngagcd cnquiry inIO IIc
IruIIuncssOrvcridicaiIyOIIiscvcnIcandisquaiy, OrsubIracI,ccrIain
Icrms Or muIIipcs-namcy, IIOsc incgaiIarian Oncs IIaI arc incOmpaI
ibc viIIIIc gcncricandunivcrsanaIurc OaIIIruII. csIrucIiOn, IIcn,
vOuId bc Ony a rcacIivc namc Or IIc aIc O IIaI parI O knOvcdgc
IIaInO OngcrviIIavc quaIihcd asIruIIuIOrvcridicainIIc cxIcndcd
siIuaIiOninvIicIancvcnIIasIakcnpIacc.
HOvcvcr, IIis asI scIcriIicism IOO may Iavc IO bc Icmpcrcd in IIc
cxIcnIIIaIIIcdisIincIiOnbcIvccnIIcIvOpaIIsOdcsIrucIiOnandsub-
IracIiOn rcmains a kcy IOpicOIIc auIIOrs OngOing cnquirics. MucI O
BadiOus Elhics, Or insIancc, dcaIs viII IIc spccihc rcsIrainIs IIaI musI
appyIOanyIruIIprOccdurcinOrdcrIOavOidIIc 'disasIcr OOrcing an
cnIirc siIuaIiOninIIc namc OIruII, IOIIcpOinIOcOmpIcIcydcsIrOy-
ing IIc OId Ordcr O IIings, vIic IIc OppOsiIc OpcraIiOn O subIracIiOn,
vIicI prOcccdsbyvayOa principIc O 'minima dicrcncc, isIIc IOpic
O scvcraI O BadiOus ccIurcs in 1hc Ccnluj. ' ` WIaI is mOrc, vIcrcas
cin andEvcnl sccms IO pOinI IO IIc nOIiOn OdcsIrucIiOn asIIcprinci-
pa misgiving in BadiOus Ovn carIicr IIOugII, vIicI is sIiI vcry mucI
suIurcd OnIOpOiIics undcrIIc inIucncc OMaOism, inLoicso]Worldsa
ncvbaIanccissIruck bcIvccn dcsIrucIiOnand subIracIiOn.A IruII, IIcn,
invOvcsbolha disquaIihcaIiOnOrsubIracIiOn (Obcing) andadcsIrucIiOn
OrOss (Oappcaring) . 'TIcOpcningOaspaccOcrcaIiOnrcquircsdcsIruc-
IiOn.' !nacI,IIisisjusIOncOmanyrcgardsinvIicIIIcsccOndvOumc
Ocin andEvcnlisOnccmOrc cOscrIO 1hcojo]lhcSub)ccl. TIcpOinIis
ccrIainy nOIIOmOvcina scI-rigIIcOus andincarasIiOnrOmIIcrav-
agingbindncssOdcsIrucIiOn, assOciaIcdviIIIIc diaIccIicaIvOrk,IOIIc
cOOIinsigIIsOsubIracIiOn, aOrdcdbyIIcIurnIOmaIIcmaIics.
!ndccd, IIOugIIIisrcmainssOmcvIaIOa bOnc O cOnIcnIiOnamOng
criIics and cOmmcnIaIOrs, BadiOus subscqucnI IrajccIOry suggcsIs IIaI
IIcrc arc ccrIainy as many inIriguing Iincs O cOnIinuiIy and rcsurrcc-
IiOnbcIvccn IIc caricrandIIc aIcrvriIingsasIIcrc IavcbccnpOinIs
O acuIc sc-criIicism and discOnIinuiIy. TIis bccOmcs nOvIcrc mOrc
cvidcnIIIaninIIc!rcaccIOLoicso]WorldsvIcrc BadiOu gadIyadOpIs
IIcnamc'maIcriaisIdiaIccIicIOdcscribcIisicOngcndcavOur,insIarp
JNbLJ

b lNJUULJlN
cOnIrasI IO cin and Evcnl vIcrc IIc OrIIOdOx IradiIiOn O ' diaIccIicaI
maIcriaIism, as ! mcnIiOncd abOvc, is cOnsidcrcd bcyOnd savagc asIIc
'sIiIIbOrnaIIcmpIIO rcndcrIOmOOgOus IIc diaccIic OnaIurc andIIaI
O spiriI. AIcr ncarIy IvO dccadcs O cxprcssIy anIi-diaccIica crvOur,
arIicuarIyinIcxIssucIasMclajolilicsand 1hc Ccnluj, BadiOusvOrkin
rcccnI ycars IIus sccms, i nOI cxacIIy IO Iavc cOmc u circc, IIcn aI
IcasI IO bc spiraIIing back IO sOmc O iIs OriginaI prcmiscs, sincc aIrcady
Onc O Iis carIicsI pIiIOsOpIicaI IcxIs, a rcvicv O AIIIusscrs canOnicaI
ForMarx and Rcadin Cajilal, rcccivcd IIc prOgrammaIic IiIc 'TIc ( Rc)
cOmmcnccmcnIOiaccIicaIMaIcriaIism. BuIIIcnIOprOvidcMarxism
viII a maIcriaisI and diaccIica pIiIOsOpIy cOmpaIibIc viII iIs sIricIIy
pOiIicaI dchniIiOn is prcciscy IIc ambiIiOus OvcraII prOgrammc bcIind
1hcoj o]lhc Sub)ccl, a prOgrammc vIicI BadiOu nOv argucs-againsI
Ihc canOnicaI IcacIings O AIIusscr and viII IIc uncxpccIcd Icp O
Lacan-cannOI bc accOmpisIcdviIIOuIIIc vcry cOnccpI OIIc subccI
thaI maIcriaism prcviOusIy Iad IIc purpOsc O dcbunking as sIccr
idcaIisI Iumbug.
3
Lcnin Oncc amOusy dcscribcd Marxs IcacIing as 'IIc cgiIimaIc suc-
ccssOr IO IIc bcsIIIaI IumaniIy prOduccdinIIc nincIccnII ccnIury, as
rcprcscnIcdbyGcrmanpIiOsOpIy,EngisIpOiIicaIccOnOmyand!rcncI
Ociaism .

!n a simiar vcin, vc cOud sum up IIc IIrcc sOurccs Or

'cOmpOncnI parIs O 1hcojo]lhcSub)ccl by saying IIaI BadiOus IcacI
ing in IIis vOrk dravs iIs sIrcngII rOm a uniquc arIicuaIiOn O !rcncI
pOcIry and psycIOanaIysis (Maarmc and !acan) , Gcrman pIiOsOpIy
(Hcgc and, IO a csscr dcgrcc, Hdcrin) , and GrcckIragcdy (AcscIyus
and SOpIOccs) . !IIc uIimaIc gOaOIIisIrianguIaIiOnis a rcdchniIiOn
OMarxism,undcrsIOOdasapcriOdizcdmOdcOdOingpOIiIicsraIIcrIIan
as ancsIabisIcdbOdy OdOcIrincs IObc savcdrOmcrisisandkcpIpurc
againsIaIOdds,IIcnvcsIOudaddIIaIIIcmcdiumOIIisOpcraIiOn-Or
IIcgcncraidcOIOgicaIaImOspIcrcinvIicIiIisabcIOrcdravIIcincsO
dcmarcaIiOnbcIvccndiaccIicamaIcriaIismandrivaingpIiOsOpIics
is an OriginaI invcsIigaIiOn inIO IIc cOnIcmpOrary rOIc O MaOism, vcII
bcyOndiIs spccihcsiIcin CIina: TIaIvIicI vc namc 'MaOism is css a
na rcsuII IIan a Iask, a IisIOricaI guidcinc. !I is a qucsIiOn O IIinkng
andpracIisingpOsI-Lcninism.
xIII
xIv
JNbLJ

b lNJUL1lN
!n!arIOnc, BadiOu hrsIOarcdcncs IIcHcgcian diaccIicinIcrms
Oa Ogic OscissiOn, insIcad OIIcIypica IcxIbOOk nOIiOns OaicnaIiOn,
ncgaIiOn, IIcncgaIiOnOncgaIiOn,andsOOn.TObcmOrcprccisc,Icdis
IinguisIcsIvOmaIrccs OIIc diaccIicin HcgcanidcaisIOnc, dcncd
by IIc cxIcrnaizaIiOn and rcIurn IO sc, and a prOpcry maIcriaisI Onc,
in vIicI cvcry Icrm is spiI viIIOuI uniIy ciIIcr aI IIc Origin Orin IIc
cnd. BadiOu cxamincs IIis disIincIiOnin a rcmarkabc rcading OHcgcs
Scicncco]Loic, cspcciayIIOscparIsOndcIcrminaIiOnandimiIvIicI, as
isOIcnIIc casc viIIcary mOmcnIs in HcgcsprcscnIaIiOn, arcnOIycI
cOnIaminaIcd byIIcidcaisIprcssurcs OIIc AbsOuIc. BadiOus rciancc
On Hcgcs Loic, mOrcOvcr, prOvidcsa rcrcsIing andmucInccdcd cOn-
IrasI IO IIcIcavyinIucnccOIIcPhcnomcnoloy o]Sjirilin IIc IradiIiOn
O!rcncI Hcgcianism rOm Acxandrc Ovc IOGcOrgcsBaIaic, asidc
rOm ObviOusy running cOunIcr IO IIc gcncra anIi-Hcgcianism O IIc
AIIusscrian scIOO. A bOd rcading O CIrisIianiIy in igII O IIis dia-
ccIicOscissiOn, urIIcrmOrc,aOvsBadiOunOIOnyIOcircumscribcIIc
Ivin 'Icrcsics Or ' dcviaiOns O cI-ving GnOsIicism (OrvIicI, ivc
maysimpiy maIIcrs OdOcIrincIOancxIrcmc, CIrisIispurcydivincOr
inhniIc) and ' rigII-ving Arianism (OrvIicI CIrisIispurcyIuman Or
niIc) , buI asO IO spcciy IIc pOinIvIcrcHcgc sdiaccIicrcmains aIcr
a idcaisI in Icrms OIIcIisIOrica pcriOdizaIiOn IIaI iI aOvs Or, raIIcr,
disaOvs, insOar as iI mOvcs in circcs and uIimaIcy cads back IO IIc
spiIIcrmIIaIvasavaysarcadyprcscnIrOmIIcOrigin ( GOdas!aIIcr/
SOnOrinhniIy/hniIudc) . 'HcgcOnIIispOinI,musIbcdividcdOnccagain
sO as IO brcak OuI O IIc 'circc Ocrccs O IIc AbsOuIc, BadiOu cOn-
cudcs: 'TObcbric, vc vi OppOsc (maIcriaisI) jcriodizalion IO (idcaisI)
circulariq.'

TIcrcadingOHcgcIIus ays IIcgrOundvOrkOra IIcOry

O vIaI vc migII ca 'IisIOriciIy viIIOuI HisIOry, vIicI IIrOugIOuI
IIc rcmaindcr O IIc bOOk vi cOnIinuc IO inOrm IIc pcriOdizaIiOn O
Marxism.
!arI TvO, aIcr a discussiOn O ancicnI aIOmism as a imiIcd Or aicd
aIIcmpIbyvayOpurccIanccOrIIccinamcnIOinccIsOmcmcasurcO
diaccIiciIyinIOIIc sIarkcOnIradicIiOnOvOidandaIOms, Ocrs BadiOus
OngcsIandmOsIdcIaicdcngagcmcnIviIIIIcvriIingsOMaarmc,cOn-
sidcrcd IO bc OncOIIc IvO grcaI mOdcrn !rcncIdiaccIicians, IOgcIIcr
viII Lacan. !ikc IIc aIOmism O cmOcris Or !ucrcIius, Maarmcs
diaccIic is unpackcd inIO a imiIcd numbcr O Orma OpcraIiOns, IIrcc
IO bc cxacI vanisIing, annumcnI, and OrccOsurc. OIIcsc OpcraIiOns,
IIc chcacy O a vanisIing causc is viIIOuI a dOubI IIc mOsI impOrIanI,
JNbLJ

b lNJULJlN
insOar asiI asO impics an unspOkcn criIiquc OIIcvIOcAIIusscrian
cOnccpI O sIrucIura causaiIy, IIaI is, O a causc IIaI vanisIcs inIO IIc
IOIaiIy O iIs cccIs. BadiOu IigIigIIs IIc cxIraOrdinarypOvcr OIIis
cOnccpIvIicaIIIcsamcIimcrcvcaingiIsvcakncss, namcy, IIcpacc
vIcrcIIcnOIiOnOacausaiIyack,cvcnOrcspcciayvIcniIisraiscd
IO IIccvc Oa OrmacOnccpIIIanksIOIIc anxicIy-inducing OpcraIiOn
O annumcnI vIcrcby ack iIsc cOmcs IO ack, Iurns inIO a Orbidding
ObsIacc Or sIOpping pOinI, prOIibiIing IIc acIua IransOrmaIiOn O IIc
IOIaiIypuIinpaccbyIIccccIsOIIcvanisIingcausciIsc.Maarmcs
vriIing, IIOugIcmincnIydiaccIica, inIIisscnscvOudrcmainidcaisI,
prcscnIing vIaI BadiOu cas a sIrucIura-IIOugI nOI sIrucIuraisI
diaccIic. 'AIIisOrmsaprcciOuscgacyBadiOucOncudcs,cvcnIIOugI
IIcrc is a nccd IO diaccIicizc IIc sIrucIura diaccIic bcyOnd iIsc. 'NO,
! hnd nO auI viII a IIis, cxccpI IIaI ! am nOI svaycd by an Ordcr O
IIingsinvIicIaIIOugIIisdcvOIcdIOIIcinspccIiOnOIIaIvIicIsub-
OrdinaIcsiIIOIIcpaccmcnIOanabscncc,andvIicIbringssavaIiOnOr
IIcsubjccIOnyin IIcarcady-IIcrcncss Oa sIar

!n !arI TIrcc, IIc cxpOraIiOn O IIc prOmiscs and dcadOcks O IIis

sIrucIura diaccIicis cxIcndcd and Iakcn inIO IIc hcd O Lacanian psy-
cIOanaysis. O a BadiOus vOrks, in acI, 1hcoj o]lhcSub)ccl cOnIains
IismOsIIIOrOugIgOingdiscussiOn O!acanscrils and IIccvscminars
pubisIcdaIIIcIimc,cspcciaIyScminar! 1hcFourFundamcnlalConccjls
o]Psychoanalysis and Scminar Encorc, IOgcIIcr viII scaIIcrcd IcxIs
pubisIcdinIIcLacanianjOurnas0rnicarandSciliccl. !OngbcOrcSavO

ick vOudpOpuarizc sucI rcadings in a simiarypOiIica kcy, BadiOu

IIus disIinguisIcs bcIvccn IIc caricr !acan, Or vIOm IIc dOminanI
Icrm is IIc symbOic IIaI dissOvcs IIc imaginary, and IIc aIcr Lacan,
vIOsc maIIcmaIica ObscssiOns rcvOvc arOund IIc rca IIaI absOuIcy
rcsisIssymbOizaIiOn.Or,raIIcr, IIcrcvOudbcIvOdicrcnIcOnccpIiOns
OIIcrcaiIsc.IIchrsI,vIicI BadiOu cas'agcbraic, OOvs cOscyin
Maarmcs OOIsIcps by dchning IIc rca as a vanisIing causc, vIcrcas
IIc OIIcr, cacd 'IOpOOgica, rcics On nOIiOns sucI as IIc BOrrOmcan
knOI in Ordcr IO givc IIc rca a minimum O cOnsisIcncy. 'TIcrc arc,
brOadyspcaking, IvO succcssivc Lacans, IIcOncOIIcackObcing and
IIcOncOIIcOnIOOgyOIIcIOc, OIIcnOdalojos, and, cOnscqucnIy,
O IIc bcing O ack, BadiOu vriIcs. ' Bcginning in IIc scvcnIics, vIicI
OnccanmarkbyIIcprimacyOIIcknOIOvcrIIccIain, OrOcOnsisIcncy
OvcrcausaiIy,iIisIIcIisIOricaaspccIIIaIgainsIIcuppcrIandOvcrIIc
sIrucIuraOnc IimaIcy, IIcgOa OIIisdcimiIaIiOnOIIcsIrucIura
xv
xv|
JNbLJ
"
b lNJULJlN
daIccIicsIOhndIIcOrmaImcans-OrIIcmOsIparIabscnIOrdissimu-
aIcdnHcgcIandMaarmcycIObqucyIinIcdaIby!acan-by vIicI
IOcxcccd IIcbOundaricsOIIccausaiIyOack sOasIOcIangcIIccOOr-
dinaIcsOIIccnIircOrdcrpuIinpaccbyiIschcacy.OIIcrvisc,IIcrcsIi
vOudbc nOnOvcIy, nOcvcnI, andnOIsIOriciIy, buIOnyIIcrcpcIiIOn
OIIcIOIaIiIyOassgncdpaccs undcr IIc cccIs OIIcvanisIingcausc.
csIrucIOnisIIcnamcOrIIisprOccssbyvIicIIIcsIrucIuraIdiaccIc
O ack is cxcccdcd and Opcncd up IO IIc IisIOricIy O cIangc. BadOu
is IIus abIc IO sum up IIc sIakcs O Iis pOcmc viII psycIOanayss.
Our cnIirc spuIc vII Lacan ics inIIc divisOn, vIicI Ic rcsIrcIs, O
IIc prOccss Oack rOm IIaI O dcsIrucIOn. TIc rca, IIcn, nO Ongcr
rcIurnsavaysIOIIcsamcpIacc. Or,puIOIIcrvisc, IIaIvIicIviIavc
Iakcn pIacc s nOI jusI IIc pacc Isc. !nsIcad, iI bccOmcs pOssbc Or a
ccrIain cOchcicnIOOrccIOnIcrrupI and vOrk back upOn IIcpIacc IIaI
dcIcrmncsI,jusIas IisIOry nOOngcrauIOmaIcaIy mOvcs n circcs buI
Opcns up IIc mnima gap ncccssary Or cOncciving O a spiraing and
asymmcIricaI prOccss O pcriOdizaIOn. csIrucIiOn dividcs IIc cccI O
Iack inIO iIs parI O ObivOn-O auIOmaIism-and iIs parI O pOssbc
nIcrrupIOn-OcxccssOvcrIIcpacc, OIIc OvcrIcaIingOIIcauIOma-
Iisms BadiOu cOncIudcs. ByIIis IIin gap, anOIIcrmasIcrycan bc said
IO cOmc inIO bcing, IOgcIIcrviIIan asymmcIrcabaIancingOIOss and
gan.
BadiOu IIcn Iakcs an cnOrmOus sIcp back in Iimc sO as IO iIusIraIc
andcxpandOnIIcdsjuncIiOnbcIvccnIackanddcsIrucIOnIIrOugIIIc
cxampcOGrcckIragcdy.!nparIcuar,IcvOndcrsnOIjusIvIypsycIO
anaIysis, as GcOrgc SIcncr andudiIIBuIcrasO ask, Iasbccn sOcxcu-
sivcyOcuscdOnIIchgurcOOcdpusinsIcadOIakinginIOcOnsidcraIOn
AnIgOncbuIasO,mOrcgcncray,vIyiIisSOpIOcIcs,andnOIAcscIyIus,
vIO Ias prOvdcd !rcud and Lacan viII IIcir mOsI usIriOus Iragc
myIIs TIc vIOc purpOsc OOurcriIicaIdcimiIaIOnvIIrcgardIOIIc
psycIOanayIiccOnIrbuIiOnIOIIcIIcOry OIIc subjccIcanbc cvauaIcd
by askng IIc OIIOving qucsIiOn. vIy is iIs IIcOry OIIc subjccI csscn-
IiaybascdOn SOpIOccs, IIaIis,prcdcaIcdOnIIc Ocdpus cOmpcx?
!icking up On a bricsuggcsIiOnrOm !acans vcryhrsI scminar, BadiOu
prOpOscs IIaI i IIc SOpIOccan mOdcI O Iragcdy and, by cxIcnsiOn,
O psycIOanayss can bc cOnccnIraIcd n IIc Ivn subjccIivc hgurcs O
anxicIy (AnIigOnc) andIIcsupcrcgO ( CrcOn),IIcnIIcAcscIycanmOdc
suppcmcnIs IIcsc vII IIc grcaI diaccIica hgurcs O cOuragc ( OrcsIcs)
andj usIicc (AIIcna) . TIusvcsccIIaIIIcrccxisIindccdIvOGrcckIragic
JNbLJ

b lNJULJlN
Odcs. IIc AcscIycan Onc, IIc dirccIiOn O vIcI is IIc cOnIradcIOry
advcnI OjusIiccbyIIccOuragc OIIc ncv and IIc SOpIOccan Onc, IIc
anguisIcd scnsc OvIicI is IIc qucsI, IIrOugI a rcvcrsa, Or IIc supcr-
cgOic Origin. AnxcIy, supcrcgO, cOuragc, and jusIicc Icrcby cOmc IO
namc IIc OurundamcnIaIcOnccpIsin any IIcOry OIIc subjccI. WIaI
s mOrc, IIs rcIurn IO anccnIIragcdygivcs BadiOu IIc OccasiOnbOII IO
addrcssHdcrIinsrcmarksOnSOpIOccsandIOcabOraIcIsOvnunquc
IIcOryOjusIicc, OIIcOrccOav, andOIscrOciOusundcrsdcOvO-
cnccandnOnav,viIIvIicIIc maybc said IO Iavc anIicipaIcd mOrc
rcccnIdcbaIcsrOmIIcikcsOacqucscrridaOr

ck.

TIc Orgna scmnars Or !arI !Our cOincidc viII IIc mcdia uprOar
causcd by IIc variOus aIIacks cOming rOm IIc Iands O scI-prOcIaimcd
ncv pIIOsOpIcrs-many O IIcm, kc Andrc Gucksmann, cx-MaOsI
rcncgadcs-agansI IIc masIcr discOursc O Marxism IIaIviII SIainisI
ncccssiIy vOuId Iavc cd rOm diamaI IO IIc Guag. !n rcspOnsc IO IIs
mcdiacvcnI, BadiOuIacIcaysIiIsIIcIcrrainsOasIOansvcrIIccIargcs
OIIcanIi-MarxisIvarmacIincviIIrccrcnccnOIIOIIcmucI-maIgncd
IOIaiIarianism O IIc diaIccIic buI IO a cOnIcmpOrary dchniIiOn O IIc
backsIccpOmaIcraism.Hcrc,IOO,aprincipIcOpcrOdizaIOnappIics,
bascdOnIIcacIIIaIanymaIcraismisdchncdbyiIsimmancnIscissOn
rOm a rivaing idcaIsm: TIcrc arc IIrcc maIcraIsms, OrIIc cxcccnI
rcasOn IIaIIIcrc arc IIrcc idcaisms. rcgOus idcaism, IumansI idca-
ism,andIIcn-IIcruIOIIisIsIOricaIcuI-dc-sacnvIicImpcriaIsm
casIs IsasIrays OanguisIingmOdcrniIyinguisIic idcaIsm. !nsOar
asIIcrcisnOpOinIndcnyingIIccOnsIIucnIrOIc OsymbOicsIrucIurcs
sucI as anguagc, IIc idcaism IIaI rcsuIs rOm IIc inguisIic Iurn asO
cannOI bc OvcrcOmc mcrcIy by rcahrmng maIIcr as sOmc Iard prcin-
guisIic acI. !nsIcad, maIcriaIism iIsc musI bc spIiI n Icrms O a dOubc
dcIcrminaIiOn. IO IIc IIcss O dcnIIy, accOrdng IO vIicI aII bcing is
maIIcr, vcIIusmusIaddIIcIIcsisOprimacy, accOrdingIOvIicIIIcrc
t
arcIvO rcgiOns Obcng, maIIcr andIIOugII,viIIIIchrsIruingOvcrIIc
sccOnd. Wc can say, insIOrI, IIaI IIc IIcsis OidcnIiIy namcs IIcpIacc
(Obcing) , andIIcIIcsisOprimacyIIcprOccss (OknOvcdgc) undcrIIc
ruIc OIIcpacc.
WiII rgard IO IIc IIcOry O knOvIcdgc, IIs dOubc dcIcrminaIOn
O maIcriaism can bc summarizcd in IIc mrrOr IIaI uncIOns as IIc
mcIapIOr Or knOvcdgc in IIc nOIOrOus rcIIccIOn IIcOry, and IIc
asympIOIc, vIcI mcIapIOrizcs knOvIcdgc rOm IIc pOnI O vicv
O IIc rcmaindcr cI bcIind by a cxacI rcIIccIOn. !cI us say IIaI Or
xvII
JNbLJ
'
b lNJULJlN
maIcriaism rcIccIiOn is IIc mcIapIOr O IIc IIcsis O idcnIiIy, BadiOu
cOncudcs.TIcsccOndmcIapIOrmaIIcmaIizcsIIcIIcsisOprimacyinIO
an asympIOIc.
BOII O IIcsc IIcscs musI bc mainIaincd aI IIc samc
Iimc,csIIIcdiaccIiciIyOIIcdiaccIicIIaIIravcrscsmaIcriaismIIrOugI
and IIrOugIis aOvcdIO apsc backinIO a rigIIisI Or 'cIisI cxaggcra-
IiOn, vIicIvOudrcduccknOvcdgc, rcspccIivcy, IObcingasimpcmir-
rOring rcdupicaIiOnOIIc cxisIing sIrucIurc OIIings OrIOOOvingan
inhniIcincOIigIIcauscdbysOmcindivisibccIOvcr. GivcnIIccurrcnI
IIcOrcIica panOrama, vIicI baIIcs in IIc Obscurc igII prOccIcd by
nOIiOns sucI as dicrcncc, IIc rcmaindcr, OrIIc asympIOIicapprOacIO
IIc rca inIIc nigII OnOn-knOvcdgc, IIcrc is IIus sOmcIIing rcrcsI
ingy cOunIcrinIuiIivcinIIisrcIurnIOmaIcriaisminIIcbrigIImirrOrO
rcIccIiOnIIcOry.
!arIs !ivc and Six, hnay, mOvc IIc argumcnI viII incrcasing spccd
and cOncisiOninIIc dirccIiOn OanOvcrvicvOIIc cnIirc IIcOry OIIc
subccIinOrdcrIO cucidaIca pOssibc cIIicsOMarxism . TIisisaccOm-
pisIcdbymappingOuIIIcOurundamcnIacOnccpIs,OnOncIand,inIO
IvO anayIica IcmpOraiIics rcspccIivcy O subccIivizaIiOn (bascd On
IIc IasIyIimc O inIcrrupIiOn, iIscspiI inIO anxicIyandcOuragc) and
OIIc subccIivc prOccss (bascd On IIc durabc Iimc O rccOmpOsiIiOn,
iIscin Iurn spiI inIO IIc supcrcgO and usIicc) : and, On IIc OIIcr, inIO
IvO synIIcIic mOdcs OrIraccIOrics, Onc vIicI BadiOu dubs IIc mOdc
(rOm anxicIyIOIIc supcrcgO) and IIc OIIcr, IIc mOdco (rOm cOuragc
IO usIicc) . TIc IIcOry O IIc subccI IIus bccOmcs a cOmpcx IOpOOgi-
ca spacc Or ncIvOrk, Ordcrcd arOund IIc Our basic cOnccpIsand IIcir
arIicuaIiOns. !n acI, in addiIiOn IO IIc vcrIica and IOrizOnIa pairings,
IIcrc arc asO diagOna cOrrcaIiOns IIaI mark IIc IraccIOrics O idcO
Ogyin IIcIIcOryO IIc subccI, IIaIis, IIcgrcaIimaginary uncIiOns O
dOgmaIism ( aOng IIc cOuragc-supcrcgO axis) and sccpIicism (aOng IIc
usIicc-anxicIy axis ) . BadiOu urIIcrmOrc incudcs a bric pIcnOmcnO-
OgicaaccOunIOIIc dicrcnIhgurcsandIraccIOricsinIIisOvcrvicv, in
vIicIIcOnccagainrcIurnsIOHcgcandHdcrin.

EIIics cOmcs inIO IIc picIurc in IIis cOnIcxI as IIc namc Or dicrcnI
subccIivc OrmaIiOns IIaI cOnsIiIuIc sO-cacd discOurscs, raIIcr IIan
ciIIcr cOnccpIs Or IraccIOrics. BadiOu disIinguisIcs IvO cxIrcmc cascs.
IIc discOursc O praisc, bascd On bcic in an csscnIia visdOm O IIc
vOrd, and IIc Opcny !rOmcIIcan discOursc O rcbciOus cOnhdcncc.
BcIvccn IIcsc IvO cxIrcmcs O bcic and cOnhdcncc, IIcrc ic IIc dis-
cOurscsOvIaIBadiOucasIIccIIicsOIIcimpassc,vIcIIcrniIiisIOr
xvttI
JNbLJ
"
b lNJLJlN
dissidcnI, insOarasIIcyrcccIainkagcsbcIvccnIIcsuppOscdvisdOm
OIIc cxisIing vOrd and IIc subccIs cvauaIiOn OvIaI is IO bc dOnc.
TIc bOOks hna prOpOsiIiOns, vIicI arguc in avOur O an cIIics IIaI
vOudrcusc IOgivc up OnIIc subccIscOnhdcncc, in IIis scnsc canbc
cOnsidcrcd ancaryanIicipaIiOn O BadiOus Llhics as vc as a vccOmc
cOunIcrparIIOIIcaIIcraIOOpOcmicaOvcrIOncs.
4
!mpiciIinIIc nOIiOnOan cIIicso]Marxism, asOppOscdIO a MarxisI
cIIics, is a sIricIy pOiIica undcrsIanding O Marxism. TIis maIIcr
O principc guidcs IIc scccIiOn O IcxIs rOm IIc IradiIiOn. Wc can
ncvcr rcpcaI cnOugI IIaI IIc IcxIs O Marxism arc hrsI and OrcmOsI
IIOsc O miiIanI pOiIics. TIc rcadcr IIus vi scarcI in vain Or
BadiOuspcrsOnainIcrprcIaIiOnOMarxs Cajilal ( IIcccpIanICajilal,
BadiOu says) Or cvcn O IIc Crundrissc (vIicI pay sucI a ccnIra rOc,
arOund IIc samc Iimc in IIc aIc ! 70s, in AnIOniO Ncgris rccasIing
O Marxism) . !nsIcad, iI is viII rccrcncc IO inIcrvcnIiOnisI IcxIs sucI
as 1hcCommunislMani]cslo Or !cnins TIc Crisis Has MaIurcd IIaI IIc
prcscnI vOrk caims IO bc sIanding in Ic incagc OpOiIica Marxism.
!ikcvisc, BadiOu rcpcaIcdy rcccIs any nOIiOn O a scicncc O IisIOry
IIaI vOudbc cmbOdicd in Marxs Ovn sIudy andcriIiquc OIIcpOiIi-
ca ccOnOmy O advanccd capiIaism, in avOur O a miiIanI dchniIiOn
O IIc rccrcncc IO IcxIs by Marx, !cnin, and MaO in cOncrcIc pOiIica
cxpcrimcnIs. Scicncc O IisIOry? Marxism islhcdiscoursc wilh which lhc
jrolclarialsuslains ilscl]assub)ccl. Wc musI ncvcr cI gO O IIis idca

!
cIIicsIasanyrOcaIaIOpayinIIiscOnIcxI, iIisOnyinOrdcrIOscrvc
asapracIicaprincipc, Ormaxim, OrsusIainingIIcraIiOnaandparIisan
cacuaIiOns OpOiIics.
ScaIIcrcd IIrOugIOuI 1hcojo]lhcSub)ccl IIc rcadcr vi IIus bc abc
IO hnd BadiOus rcIccIiOns On IIc rOc O masscs, casscs, and IIc SIaIc
On IIc parIy O a ncv Iypc as IIc bOdy OpOiIics: and On cOmmunism,
rcvOuIiOn, and IIc dicIaIOrsIip O IIc prOcIariaI. AnyOnc inIcrcsIcd in
prObingIIc cxacI naIurc O BadiOus Marxism, inIIis scnsc, sIOudpay
cOsc aIIcnIiOn IO IIc prcscnI bOOk. !crIaps abOvc a, IIc rcadcr vi
cOmcIO apprcciaIca sidcOBadiOusvOrkIIaIusuayisnOIasvisibcas
iIisin1hcojo]lhcSub)cclOr,Onccagain,inLoicso]Worlds,IIaIis,IisIair
OrIisIOricapcriOdizaIiOn.NOIOnydOcsIcprcscnIvIaI!caricrcacda
xx
xx
1NbL1

b lNJUL1lN
maIcriaIisIIIcOryOIisIOriciIyviIIOuIHisIOry:buIIcaIsOsIcpsinIOIIc
IrcncIcs inOrdcrIO inIcrvcncinIIc acIuaI IisIOricizaIiOn OIMarxism, as
IIcdiscOurscOrcIcrcnccinaIcasIIIrcccruciascqucnccsOIcvcnIs. IIc
pOpuar riOIs IrOmIIc Iimc OIIc CommunislMani]slo aII IIc vay IOIIc
cxpcrimcnIOI IIc!aris COmmunc: IIcvicIOryOIIIcOcIObcrRcvOIuIiOn
and IIc cOnsIiIuIiOn O sOciaisI SIaIcs IIrOugIOuI IIc SOvicI bIOc; and
IIc CuIura RcvOIuIiOnin MaOisI CIina. TIc rcasOns Or IIis OIIcrvisc
airy OrIIOdOx cIOrI aIpcriOdizaIiOn arc cOnsisIcnI viII IIcprincipc OI
a miIiIanI-as OppOscd IO a scicnIic, nOI IO mcnIiOnpurcy acadcmic
undcrsIanding OI IIc discOursc Oundcd by Marx. '!Or Marxism, scizcd
rOm any pOinI IIaI is nOI iIscIccIivcOpcraIiOn vIicI is cnIircy O IIc
Ordcr O pOIiIics viIIin IIc masscs, dOcs nOI dcscrvc Onc IOur O Our
IrOubcs
TIis dOcs nOImcanncgccIingIIccrisis OMarxism: 'Ycs,IcIus admiI
iIviIIOuIdcIOurs.Marxismisincrisis;MarxismisaIOmizcdHOvcvcr,
unIikc vIaI Iappcns in IIc anIi-MarxisI var macIinc O IIc discOursc
againsI IOIaiIarianism, IIis crisis musI bc undcrsIOOd immancnIy, rOm
viIIin IIc vcakncss Or IIc cxIausIiOn OI IIc rcIcrcnIia vauc OI IIc
MarxisI discOursc in acIua pOiIica and miIiIanI prOccsscs. '!asI IIc
impusc and crcaIivc scissiOn O IIc 0s, aIcr IIc naIiOnaI ibcraIiOn
sIruggcs and IIc cuIuraI rcvOIuIiOn, vIaI vc inIcriI in Iimcs O crisis
and IIc immincnI IIrcaIOvar is a narrOv and ragmcnIary asscmbagc
O IIOugII and acIiOn, caugII in a IabyrinII OI ruins and survvas !I
Marxism, inaddiIiOnIOiIsundcniabIcIisIOricaIcrisis, musIasOundcrgO
anacIivccOnccpIuadcsIrucIiOn, IIcniI is aIvaysviIIancycOniIspOs-
sibcrccOmpOsiIiOnasapOiIicaI discOursc. TIisisvIy, scvcraycarsaIcr
1hojo]lhSub)cl, iIcancOmcIOuncIiOnasOncOIIIcIvOundamcnIa
'inIcrvcningdOcIrincsOIIIcsubjccI, IIcOIIcrOncbcingpsycIOanaysis,
IIaI rOm IIc OuIsidc cOndiIiOn IIc pIiOsOpIy OI IIc cvcnI, as BadiOu
vi sIaIc cxpiciIy in IIc !rcacc IO in andEvnl. 'A pOsI-CarIcsian
dOcIrinc O IIc sujccI is unOding. iIs Origin can bc Iraccd IO nOn
pIiOsOpIicapracIiccs (vIcIIcrIIOscpracIiccsbcpOiIica, OrrcIaIingIO
'mcnIaiIIncss);andiIsrcgimcOIinIcrprcIaIiOn,markcdbyIIcnamcsOI
Marx and!cnin, !rcudand!acan, isinIricaIcIyinkcdIOcIinicaOrmii-
IanI OpcraIiOnsvIicIgObcyOnd Iransmissibc discOurscBcsidcs, IIc
dOubc IisIOricaIsIamping O IIcsc dOcIrincs OI IIc subccI, viII Marx/
!cninasidcIrOmrccaIingcsus/!auIaIIIcOriginOCIrisIianiIy-bcing
sIricIIy IOmOOgOus IO !rcud/Lacan, Icads BadiOu in 1hojo]lh Sub)cl
IO raisc an inIriguing qucsIiOn: 'WIcrcIs, ycI IOcOmc andmakingIIrcc,
JNbL1

b lNJLJlN
IIc MaO O psycIOanaIysis? TIis qucsIiOn is nOI rIcIOricaI and IO a
argc cxIcnI rcmains Opcn IO IIis day-viII !acan IimscI sIi Iaving
impOrIanI IcssOns IO IcacI, as BadiOu sIOvs, rcgarding a IIcOry OI IIc
subccI IIaIvOudbc cOmpaIibIc viIIIIcdcsIrucIiOn and rccOmpOsiIiOn
OI Marxism.
!n OIIcr vOrds, vIiIc iI is ccrIainIy Iruc IIaI in 1hoty o]lh Sub)cl
BadiOu acknOvcdgcs IO bc spcaking rOm dccaI, as vIcn Ic says. 'TO
dccnd Marxism IOday mcans IO dccnd a vcakncss, vc sIOuId nOI
ncgccI IIc acI IIaI IIis acknOvcdgcmcnIis immcdiaIcIy OIOvcdbya
sIaIcmcnIinvIicIIIcvcakncssOIIIcindcIcnsibcaIOnccprcscribcsIIc
IaskOIa ncv duIy. 'WcmusIjraclisMarxism

AI casI IvO majOr inIcrrOgaIiOns admiIIcdy sIi rcmain Opcn viII

rcgard IOIIc MarxisIinscripIiOn O1hotyo]lhSub)cl. TIc rsI cOnccrns
IIcpIaccOI( IIccriIiqucOI) pOiIicaccOnOmy.As

ickIrcqucnIyinsisIs,
IIisdimcnsiOnappcarsIObccOmpcIcIyabscnIIrOmBadiOusvOrk aIIcr
in andEvnl. TIrOugI IIc cOnccpI OI IIc abscnI causc iIscII, IIOugI,
IIcrc is ccrIainy a gOOd casc IO bc madc Or IIc argumcnI IIaI 1hoty
o]lh Sub)cl bOII incudcs and prObcmaIizcs IIc rOc O IIc ccOnOmy
in a sIricIy pOIiIicaI undcrsIanding O Marxism. BcIvccn AIIusscr and
BadiOu, inacI, vcmigII sayIIaIa dccisivc rcvcrsaIOIpcrspccIivcIakcs
pacc vIcrcby IIcabscnIcausc, insIcad OIprOviding usviIIIIc masIcr
kcyIOunOckIIcsIrucIuracausaIiIyOOvcrdcIcrminaIiOn,bccOmcssyn
OnymOus viII IIc IransIOrmaIivc pOIcnIiaI Oan cvcnI. TIc ccOnOmicaI
insIancc, vIicI IOrAIIIusscr scrvcs as IIcprincipacxampIc Oa causc
IIaIvanisIcsinIOIIcIOIaIiIyOiIscIccIs,IIuscOnIinucsIObcprcscnIas
iIvcrcvirIuaIyinBadiOusdOcIrincOIIccvcnI, cxccpIIIaIIIccmpIa
sis nOvsIiIIsavay rOmIIc sIrucIuraIdimcnsiOnIOvardsIIcrariIyOa
subjccIivcinIcrvcnIiOn.TIcrccanbcnOdOubI, IOvcvcr IIaI mucImOrc
vOrknccdsIObcdOncinOrdcrIOOOvIIcdcsIinyOIIiscOnccpIOIIc
ccOnOmyquaabscnIcauscinIIcvakcOIAIIusscrianMarxism.acqucs-
AIain MiIcrs carIy vriIings rOm IIc Iimc O Iis parIicpaIiOn in Cahirs
jourlanalys, cspcciaIIy'MaIrix and 'AcIiOn OIIIc SIrucIurc, cvcn mOrc
sOIIanIisvidcyknOvn'SuIurc ( EcmcnIsOIIcLOgicOIIIcSignihcr)
sIOudprOvcparIicuIaryrcIcvanIinIIiscOnIcxI,andIIcyaIrcadyrcccivc
mucIaIIcnIiOninBadiOus 1hotyo]lhSub)cl.`"
!nIIccnd, IIOugI,cvcnarcIurnIOIIccOnccpIOIIcabscnIcauscaOng
IIc paII IIaI cads IrOm sIrucIura IO pOsI-sIrucIura Orms OIIIOugII is
unikcyIOcOnvincc IIcdic-IardMarxisIvIOis inscarcIOIanaccOunI
OIpOIiIica ccOnOmyinIIisIIinkcrsvOrk. !Orin IIccycsO BadiOu, IIc
xxi
xxII
JNbLJ

b l NJULJN
IacIOIIIcmaIIcrrcmainsIIaIMarxs Cajilal, vIiccsscnIiayIruciniIs
diagnOsIic, andpcrIapscvcn Irucr IOdayIIan a ccnIury and a IaI agO,
nOncIIccss puIs us On IIc vrOng Irack iI Our aim is IO dchnc a pOiIica
raIIcrIIanan anayIicaMarxism.TIisisbccauscIIccriIiqucOIpOiIica
ccOnOmyIasbccnunabcIOpcrIOrmiIsOvncriIiquc,asBadiOuvivriIc
inCanPolilicsc1houhl!nIIisscnsc,IIcccOnOmicainsIanccmarksIIc
hxaIiOn, OrIIcbccOminghcIiOn, OIMarxism.
WIaI vas suppOscdIO bc a sIraIcgyOI IIc cvcnI, a IypOIIcsisrcgard
ingIIcIysIcriasOIIIcsOcia anOrganOIinIcrprcIaIiOn-inIcrrupIiOn, a
cOuragcOIIOrIunc, Ias hnaybccn prcscnIcd,byvayOIIIcccOnOmy,
as giving a cOnvcnicnI mcasurc IO sOcia rcaIiOns. TIus, Marxism Ias
bccndcsIrOycdbyiIsOvnIisIOry,vIicIisIIaIOIIIchxiOn,viIIanx,
IIcIisIOryOIiIshxaIiOnbyIIcpIiOsOpIcmc OIIIcpOiIica .
MarxismcanbcIrccd IrOm IIis hxaIiOnOnyiIIIc criscs and IysIcrias,
IOvIicIIIccriIiqucOIpOiIicaccOnOmyvassuppOscdIOprOvidcacccss,
arcsccnnciIIcrassOciaIacIsnOrascmpiricaiusIraIiOnsOIanIagOnism
asIIcmcIapIysicacsscnccOI'IIcpOiIica,lcjoliliquc,buIasIIcrcIrOac-
Iivc OuIcOmc OI pOiIics, lajoliliquc, OrraIIcr, OI uncjoliliquc, IIaIis, OI
a (spccihc mOdc OI dOing) pOiIics. 1hcojo]lhcSub)ccl aims IO cOmc IO
gripsprcciscyviIIIIcOgicOIsucIrcIrOacIivcinIcrvcnIiOns,asdcscribcd
amOsIOn IIcspOIinIIc IcvcrisIymiiIanIvriIingsOIMarx, Lcnin, and
MaO.
A sccOnd inIcrrOgaIiOn cOnccrns IIc IisIOrica naIurc OI IIc IIcOry
OI IIc subccI as sucI. !Or BadiOu, IIis qucsIiOn ncvcr cvcn pOscs iIscI
insOIar as Iis IIcOry is purcy IOrma Or axiOmaIic. WIaI is mOrc, as Ic
rcccnIy rciIcraIcs, Ovcr Iimc nOI mucI Ias cIangcd aI a ciIIcrin IIc
cOnhguraIiOn OI bcing, IruII, and subccI vIicI cOnsIiIuIcs IIc maIrix
IOr pIiOsOpIy, Or in IIc Iypcs and hgurcs OI IruII IO vIicI a subccI
can bc IaiIIIu: 'TIc IacI is IIaI IOday-and in IIis rcgard IIings IavcnI
budgcd mucI sincc !aIOvc knOv Ony IOur Iypcs OI IruII: scicncc
( maIIcmaIics andpIysics) , Ovc, pOiIics, andIIc arIs. !rOm a MarxisI
pcrspccIivc, IIOugI, vc migII vanI IO ask vIcIIcr IIcrc arc nOI asO
impOrIanI IisIOrica brcaks IIaI nccd IO bc Iakcn inIO accOunI viIIin
IIc IOrma cOndiIiOns OI cxisIcncc IIaI arc cOnsIiIuIivc OI sucI prOccsscs
OI subccIivizaIiOn, parIicuary in pOiIic. Ocs nOI capiIaism inIrOducc
a maOr cuI inIO IIcsc prOccsscs? Or dOcs IIc IOrma apparaIus rcmain
IundamcnIay uncIangcd, cvcn iI any givcn IruII prOccdurc, ikc any
pOiIicainIcrvcnIiOn,musIappcarina spccihcIisIOricavOrd?
JNbLJ

b lNJULJlN
Ccary, BadiOus insisIcncc On IIc cIcrna IransIisIOrica Or
IransIcmpOra naIurc OI a IruIIs is mcanI in IIc hrsI pacc IO avOid
tIc rcaIivisIiccOnscqucnccs OI a IIOrOugIyIisIOricizcd accOunI OI IIc
subccI.TIisisprcciscyIIcgisIOIIisOuIspOkcnaIIackinLoicso]Worlds
againsIIIc IisIOricism IIaI IcassOciaIcsviII sO-cacd'dcmOcraIicmaIc-
riaism, asOppOscdIO IIc 'maIcriaisI diaccIic. TIc rcaissuc, IOvcvcr,
cOnccrns IIc cOmpaIibiiIy, Or nOI, bcIvccn a IOrma and a IisIOrica
IIcOry OI IIc subccI. !n MarxisI Icrms, IIis vOud bring us back IO IIc
Iamiiar sIumbing bOck OI dchning IIc rcaIiOns bcIvccn diaccIica
maIcriaism and IisIOrica maIcriaism. AOng IIcsc incs, asidc IrOm a
rcIurn IO

Iicnnc Baibars discussiOn OI pcriOdizaIiOn and OIIcr basic

cOnccpIs OI IisIOrica maIcriaism in Iis cOnIribuIiOn IO Rcadin Cajilal,
IuIurc invcsIigaIiOns bascd On a IIOrOugI grasp OI 1hcojo]lhc Sub)ccl
migII vanI IO rcvisiI nOI Ony IIc rOc OI capiIaism buI asO, in a pOs-
sibcdiaOgucviIIMicIc!OucauIs cOnIcmpOrary vOrkin 1hc Hisloj
o]Scxualiq Orin Iis scminarOn 1hcHcrmcnculicso]lhcSub)ccl, IIc rOc OI
rcigiOn and psycIOanaysis in IIc cIanging Iaccs OI ancicnI, mcdicva
andmOdcrnsubccIiviIy.

5
AI IIis pOinI, vc migII acIuay Iurn arOund Our iniIia qucsIiOn and
ask vIcIIcr, cvcnIrOmsucI a cursOry Ovcrvicv OI 1hcojo]lhc Sub)ccl
as IIc Onc ! Iavc usI OuIincd, BadiOus OIIcr maOr bOOks, cin and
Evcnl and Loirs o] Worlds, dO nOI asO appcar in a diIIcrcnI and pcrIaps
cvcn criIica igII. !n any casc, vIic ! dO nOI visI IO suggcsI sOmcIIing
IIaI BadiOuOkingy Ias cOmc IO aIIribuIc IO my rcading OI 1hcojo]lhc
Sub)ccl, namcy, IIaIaIIcrIIisbOOkiIagOcssIccpydOvnIi, viII Ony
a bricI Iaring up OI IOpc viII Loicso]Worlds, vc arc IarrcmOvcd IrOm
IIccOmmOnprc udiccaccOrdingIOvIicIIIcvOrkOIpIiOsOpIcrs,inan
OngOing scrics OIscI-criIicisms and cmcndaIiOns, is suppOscdIO IOOva
sIcady paII OI incarprOgrcssiOn.
TIcvcryrcaIiOnbcIvccncinandEvcnlandLoicso]Worlds(subIiIcd
cinandEvcnl, 2) , IObcgin viII, can bcsIbc uncrsIOOdinIcrms OI IIc
arIicuaIiOn OI agcbra and IOpOOgy. BuI IIcn iI sOOn appcars IIaI IIis
cOmparisOnviIIOncOIIIcpivOIacOnccpIuadivisiOnsIrOm1hcojo]lhc
Sub)cclaI Oncc impicsan anIicipaIOrycriIiqucOIIIc vOrk IO cOmc. !rOm
viIIin IIc sIricIy mcIaOnIOOgica paramcIcrs prOpcr IO cinandEvcnl,
xxIII
JNbLJ

b lNJULJlN
ndccd,IIccvcnIcanOnIycmcrgcasavansIngcauscvIOsccnIrcbcng
cs n dsacarng. NOv rOm IIc OIdcr vOrk, vc knOv IIaI sucI an
agcbracvcvOnI, OrvIcIIIcsacnIcaIurcOIIccvcnI-acaIurc
Orbddcn n axOmaIc scI IIcOry-vOuId bc Is sc-rccrcnIaIy Or Is
scbcOngng, musI bc sucmcnIcd vII a 'IOOOgcaI OrcnIaIOn,
vIcI, On IIcbass OcaIcgOryIIcOry OrIIcIIcOry Olojoi, nvcsIgaIcs
IIccvcnI nIcrms OIs cOnscqucnccs andIIccOnssIcncy OIsmca-
Ivc sIrucIurc, asIacns n IIc scqucI IO in andLvnl. !n IIs scnsc,
vc mgII cOncudc, an asIuIc rcadcr O 1hoj o]lh Sub)cl cOud Iavc
rcdcIcd a IOngImc agO IIaIinandLvnlvasIO rcman Oncsdcd
IrggcrngIIc Iackncycd ObccIOns agansI BadOu as a dOgmaIsI nOI
adOvnrgIImysIcOIIcuncIuacvcnI-unIIscxIcnsOnIIaI vOud
IakcamOsIIvcnIyycarsIOcOmcIOruIOnnLoicso]Worlds.
1hojo]lh Sub)clnOI OnIy rOvdcs us vII a kcyIO undcrsIand IIc
daIccIc bcIvccn in and Lvnl and Loics o] Worlds-csccay by
daIccIc, n a drccI ncagc rOm Hcgc, vc arc IO undcrsIand IIc dca
IIaI IIccsscncc Oadcrcncccs nIIcIIrdIcrm IIaI marksIIcga
bcIvccn IIc IvO OIIcrs . BuI IIc carcr bOOk asO s caabc O rcOr-
cnIng Our rcadng O cacI O IIc IaIcr IvO vOumcs Iakcn On Is Ovn.
As ! suggcsIcdabOvc, IIs cOnsIIuIcs Onc O BadOus maOr vrIucs as a
IOsOIcr n gcncra

namcy, Is caacIy IO drav u a sIar cIurc

OIIc sIakcs nvOIvcd n IIc mOsI burnng OIcmcs O Our Imc sO asIO
cOnrOnIIIcrcadcrvIIIIcObgaIOnOa dccsOnnavOurOOncnc
OIIOugII OrIIcOIIcr. WIaInccdsIObcaddcdIcrcsIIaIIIscaacIy
Or gvng IIOugII a dccsvc OrcnIaIOn ObvOusy can bc cxIcndcd IO
ncudc BadOus OvnvOrkasvcII.
xxIv
TIus, vIcn rcad n gII O 1hojo]lhSub)cl, IIc rOccI Oinand
LvnlnOOngcracars IOa sOcasynIIcIras Oa rgd, undaccIca
OrcvcnanI-daccIcaIduasm.NOrdOcsIIccvcnIacarOnyasaunc-
IuaInsIanccOsc-bcIOngng, vIOIydc nkcd OrcuIOrOmIIc cxsI-
ng sIuaIOn.!nsIcad, OrraIIcrnaddIOn, IIccmIassasOasOnIIc
acIIIaI IIccvcnIsaIvaysancvcnI]ora scchcsIuaIOn, by vrIucO
IIccvcnIasIcIIaIOnya cOncrcIcanayssOIIccOncrcIcsIuaIOncan
crcumscrbc. !urIIcrmOrc, raIIcr IIan a rcasc nIO IIc ncrI bnarcs
O bcng/cvcnI, knOvIcdgc/IruII, and sO On, cOmmOnIy assOcaIcd vII
BadOus IIOugII, vIaI a carcu undcrsIandng O 1hojo]lh Sub)cl
brngsOuIninandLvnls nOI OnyIIccxIcnIIOvIcIcacI Oundng
cOnccIsnIcrnaysI (nOIIcrvOrds, IIcbarscaraIngIvOIcrmsO
abnarymusIbcIransOscdOnIOcacIIcrm,sOIIaIbcngIscIssIInIO
JNbLJ
"
b l NJULJlN
cOnssIcnI and ncOnssIcnIbcng: cOnssIcnIbcngnIOrcscnIaIOn and
rcrcscnIaIOn:IIccvcnInIOIscIandIssIc:IIcsubccInIOIIcmOrIaI
ndvduaI andIIcmmOrIaarIcanIOaIruIIrOccss, andsOOn), buI
asOIIcrOIcOavIOcscrcsOnIcrmcdaryOrnIcrcaaIcdcOnccIsand
OcraIOns (sucIasIIccOnccIOIIccvcnIasIc,vIcIsymIOmaIcay
nksIIccvcnIIOa gvcn sIuaIOnandOrvIcI, sgnhcanIy, nOmaII-
cmaIcaOrmuasavaabcsnccvIIIIscOnccIvccnIcrIIcrcamO
IIckIsIOrcaanaIyss: OrIIcOcraIOnOOrcng, vIcInabackvard
IOrsOnmakcsa IruII OcraIvcsOasIOrOduccncvOrmsOknOvIcdgc
vIIn IIc sIuaIOn O dcarIurc) . !nay, cvcn IIOugI IIc ncxI IO asI
mcdIaIOn OinandLvnlsIIcdTIcOry OIIc SubjccI, IIs ncvcr
vcrsOn acIuay acars IO bc raIIcr Onc-dmcnsOnaI n cOmarsOn IO
IIccarIcrbOOk OIIc samcIIc, n IIc scnsc IIaI IIcsubccIsdcncd
cxcIusvcy n Icrms OhdcIIy OrnOI IO IIc cvcnI. nkc vIaI Iacns
vII IIc daIccIca nIcray amOng IIc Our undamcnIa cOnccIs O
anxcIy, cOuragc,jusIcc, and IIc sucrcgO, IIcrc IIus sccms IO bc IIIc
OrnOsaccOrnIcrna sIrcvIInIIcsubccI as sucI. TIs, IOO, vbc
cOrrccIcdnIIchrsI'bOOk'OLoicso]Worlds, IIcd!OrmaTIcOryOIIc
SubccI ( McIaIyscs) .
! Iavc arcadyOnIcdOuIsOmcO IIc OIIcrIOcs, sucIas IIcrOc O
dcsIrucIOn, by mcans OvIcI BadOu n IIs rcccnI bOOk sccms IO bc
IcarkcnngbackIO1hojo]lhSub)cl. BuIIIcrcarcmanymOrcOnIsO
rccurrcncc. !OrnsIancc,cOnIraryIOIIcnarrOvdcnIOnOIIc subjccI
IIaI vc nd n in andLvnl n Icrms O hdcIy Or IIc ack IIcrcO,
Loicso]WorldsOnccagan Ocnsua cOmcx subccIvc sacc, sIrucIurcd
arOund IvO OIIcr hgurcs, IIc rcacIvc Onc (vIcI dcncs IIaI any cvcnI
acIuay Ias Iakcn acc) and IIc Obscurc Onc (vIcI urIIcr ObuscaIcs
IIcvcrynccd OrancvcnIIOIacn aIaInsOarasIIcrcvOudcxsIa
'u bOdy nIIc gusc Oa racc, naIOn, OrGOd) . WIaI smOrc, IIcbOOk
cxIcIyrcsumcsIIcOrmazaIOnOIIcsaccOsubccIvIybyrcIurn
ng IO vIaI arc nOv cacd IIc Our accIs O anxcIy, cOuragc, usIcc,
and IcrrOr. Our accIs gnaIIIc ncOrOraIOn Oa Iuman anma nIO
IIcsubjccIvcrOccss Oa IruII, BadOu vrIcs,aIIIcvIcnssIngOn
IIc cqua mOrIancc O a Our. TIcy arc nOIbc IcrarcIcay Ordcrcd.
War can Iavc as mucI vauc ascacc, ncgOIaIOn as mucI as sIruggc,
vOIcncc as mucI as gcnIcncss. !nay, gvcn IIs Or many crIas
uncxccIcd Inc O cOnInuIy bcIvccn 1hoj o] lh Sub)cl and Loics
o]Worlds, I rcay sIOud nOI cOmc as a surrsc anymOrc IIaI BadOu
asO rcIurns IO sOmc O Is Od avOurIcs Or rccrcnccs. Hcgc, mOrc
xxv
xxvI
JNbLJ

b lNJLJlN
spccihcaIyIisScicncco]Loic,IIusappcarsOnccagainasakcyinIcrOcuIOr
in Loicso]Worlds, and IIc bOOk Opcns and cOscs viII cxampcs dravn
rOm IIcIisIOryOMaOsm.
AIIsObviOusIyisnOIIOsayIIaIIIcrcarcnOupIurcsOrdiscOnInui-
Iics in BadOusvOrk. T saysO, mOrcOvcr, vOuIdbcIgIy paradOxca,
givcnIIcccnIraiIyOrIIisvOrkOIIccaIcgOryOIIccvcnIasaradicacuI
Orbrcak,abcIanimmancnIOnc.EvcnsucIdiscOnIinuIics,IIOugI,musI
bcpaccdagansIIIcbackdrOpOaargcrarIicuaIOnvIOsccOmpcxand
divdcdnaIurccanbcgraspcdviIIspccaI cIariIyrOmIIcvanIagcpOinI
OBadOusIirsIandmOsIcxpcrimcnIaaIIcmpIaIOrmuaIingamaIcria-
isIdiaccIc,in 1hcojo]lhcSub)ccl. !rOmIIispOinIOvcv,nOIOnycin
andEvcnlbuILoio]Worlds, IOO,appcarsIObc Iravcrscdby a divdcdOr-
cnIaIOn,cOmparabcIOIIcspiIbcIvccnIIcagcbraOavansIingcausc
andIIcIOpOOgyOancvycOnsisIcnIvOrd. OnOncIand,IIaIvIcIn
IIcncvbOOkis cacda 'sIc, vIcIisnOIIObccOnuscdvII IIcOdcr
nOIOnOan 'cvcnIasiIc, ismarkcdprcciscybyIIcpuncIuaiIyOvIaI
disappcarsnOsOOncrIIaniIappcars,asinaigIIningIasI. OnIIcOIIcr
Iand, IOvcvcr, IIcrc is a IruII O IIis disappcaring Ony IIanks IO IIc
cIabOraIiOn Oa scrics OcOnscqucnccs, IIaIs, a ncv mOdcOrrcgimcO
appcarng' Sc-bcOngingannusiIscIassOOnasiIisOrccd,assOOnasiI
Iappcns. A sIc isa vanisIing Icrm I appcars Ony n Ordcr IO disappcar.
TIcprObcm sIOrcgisIcrIs cOnscqucnccs nappcaring. BOII OIIcsc
aspccIs, IIc siIc as vansIing Icrm and IIc rcgmc O iIs cOnscqucnccs,
can bc scparaIcd Ony aI IIc IcvcI O cOnccpIua cxpOsiIOn, vIcrcas in
acIua acI Onc cannOI cxisI viIIOuI IIc OIIcr. BadiOu IigIigIIs IIis
dicmma, Or nsIancc, n Is pcriOdizaIiOn OIIc !aris COmmunc, a Iak
rcvOrkcd andncudcdnLoicso]Worlds. '!OrvIaIcOunIsisnOIOnIyIIc
cxccpIOna inIcnsIy OiIs surging up-IIc acI IIaI vc arc dcaIing viII
a vOcnI and crcaIivc cpisOdc in IIc rcam O appcaring-buI vIaI IIis
upsurgc, dcspiIciIsvanisIing, scIs OuIinIs duraIOn nIcrmsOgOriOus
andunccrIaincOnscqucnccs. TOgnOrcOncOIIcscaspccIsIOIIcdcIr-
mcnIOIIOIIcrvIIcadIOaradicaydicrcnIimagcOIIcpIiOsOpIy
OIIccvcnI,ciIIcrasan absOuIcbuIcmpIydscOnIinuiIyOrasa asIng
buIprcdcIabIccOnIinuIy.AsBadiOunsisIsOvcrandOvcraganin 1hcoj
o]lhc Sub)ccl, IOvcvcr, IIc vIOc Irick cOnsisIs in cOmbinng IIcsc IvO
OrcnIaIiOnsinanOpcn-cndcddiaIccIicObcginnings andrcbcgnnings.!n
acI, a subccI is prcciscy sucI anarIicuaIiOn, as s cOnhrmcdin Loicso]
Worlds. 'AsubccIsa scqucnccvOIvingcOnIinuiIcsanddscOnInuiIics,
Opcnings andpOinIs.TIc and incarnaIcs iIscIassubccI.
JNbLJ

b l NJLJlN

SIyisIcay, 1hcojo]lhcSub)ccladOpIsIIcOrmaIOascmnarinsprcdby
!acanscxampc.BadOushdciIyIOIIs mOdc isacIuayquIccxIcnsivc,
ranging rOm IIc usc O idiOsyncraIic vOrdpay, synIacIic ambguiIcs,
unny asidcs, and bOd prOvOcaIOns O IIc audcncc, aI IIc vay IO IIc
dispOsiIiOn O IIc vriIIcn IcxI viII numbcrcd sccIiOns and a IisI O sub-
IiIcsaI IIc sIarI O cacI cIapIcr, as inacqucs-AIain MiIcrscdiIiOn O
LacansOrgnascminars.
!n acI, IIcsIycOBadOusIIrcc'maOrbOOkscOudnOIbcmOrcd
crcnI.TIus,vIicIIcIudicanddcnscquaIiIyO1hcojo] lhcSub)cclcOud
bc aIIrbuIcd IO an amOsIcOmpcIcindcrcncc IO an acIua rcadcrsIp,
IIcscmnar-OrmaInOncIIcIcss aOvs BadOu IOrcyOna gcncrOus 'vc
IIaIisIruIycOIIccIivcandacknOvcdgcsIIcparIcipaIOnOIsaudicncc.
! IIcrcOrcrcqucnIIyrcndcrIIc !rcncI nousas 'vc nsIcad OsccingiI
mcrcy asa pOiIc Orm OIIc , as is cusIOmaryn EngisI IransIaIiOns.
Bcsidcs, 1hcoj o]lhc Sub)ccl sIII sIOvs cOnhdcncc n IIc pOssibiIy O
spcaking in IIc namc O 'vc MarxsIs, vIcrcas IIis cOccIvc 'vc is
prcciscy parI O IIc IradiIiOn IIaI cOIapscs IOgcIIcr viII SOvicI-sIyc
COmmunsm and IIc Bcrin WaI ' COmmunism namcd IIc cccIivc
IisIOry O vc nOvdcad 'TIcrc snO Ongcr a vc, IIcrc IasnIbccn
Or a Ong Imc. cin andEvcnl, On IIc OIIcr Iand, is vrIIcn viII an
amOsIcasscaIOr, sOmcvOud say, ncOcasscimpcrsOnaIiIy, vIOsccam
scrcniIydOcsnOIcxcIudcamOnumcnIaambIOn.Loicso]Worlds, hnaIy,
is vriIIcn rOm a scI-cOnhdcnI pOsiIiOn O inIcrnaIiOnaI amc, vII an
'! vIO dOcs nOI IcsiIaIc IO rccr IO 'BadiOu inIIcIIrdpcrsOn, sidcby
sdcviII!aIOandanI. EacIOIIcscIIrccvOrks,urIIcrmOrc, adOpIs
a uniqucgcncricOrmaI, OIOvingIIrcc dicrcnI mOdcs n IIc IisIOry
O pIIOsOpIy 1hcoj o]lhcSub)ccl is a Lacanian-inspircd scminar cin
and Evcnl s madc up O 37 CarIcsan Or pOsICarIcsian mcdiIaIiOns and
Loirso]Worlds adOpIsa sIrucIurc vagucy rcminisccnI OSpnOzasElhics,
OrdcrcdinIO scvcn 'bOOksincudngscvcra 'scIOiaandaisI O 'prOpO-
siIiOnsaIIIccnd.
AsidcrOmccrIan IccInicaIcrms,vIcI! vIIisI andcxpan in IIc
ncxI sccOn, IvO sIyisIcidiOsyncrasicsdcscrvca brccOmmcnIIcrc, as
IIcy aIsO ncccssarIy rcquirc a dccsiOn On IIc parI OIIc IransIaIOr. TIc
IirsI cOnccrns BadiOus rcancc On IIc Iucncy and ambiguiIy O ccrIain
cOnsIrucIiOns in !rcncI vIicI, vIic by nO mcans bcng Obscurc OrOuI
OIIcOrdnary, rcsisIcasyIransIaIOninIOEngIsI.TIcscarcinsIanccsO
xxvII
JNbLJ

b NJULJlN
amOsIcOIOquaI spcccI IIaIn IransIaIiOn mayIurnOuI IObc avkvard
OrsimpIy unidiOmaIic. SOmcOIIcscnsIanccs, cspcciayIIOscbOrrOvcd
rOm !acan, rcccivc an cxIcnsvc cOmmcnIary rOm BadiOu Iimsc. !Or
OIIcrs,!IavcIricdIOgivcaiIcraIransaIOn,aIIIIcvIiccxpaningIIc
ambguiIynIIc IransaIOrsnOIcsincIudcdaIIIccndOIIisvOIumc.
TIc sccOnd idOsyncrasy, vIicI BadiOu aIsO sccms IO Iavc adOpIcd
rOm !acan cvcn IIOugI a simiar Ircnd is IypicaI O a ccrIain !rcncI
sIyc O vrIng in gcncra cOnssIs n usng sngc-scnIcncc paragrapIs
vIOsc bOId and cOmpacI synIax givcs IIcm IIc cc OgnOmcOr Oracu-
ar sIaIcmcnIs. WIic n EngIsI I vOud Iavc madc scnsc IO prOducc a
smOOIIcrrIyIImbyincOrpOraIingsucI scnIcnccsinIO IIcOvOOngcr
paragrapIs, ! IavcOpIcdinsIcadOraaIIurcndcring,rcspccIu OIIc
grapIiccccIviIIvIicIIIcscOnc-incrspuncIuaIc,navc-ngIcin-
caIscnsc, IIc graduaIprOccss OanaIyssundcrIakcnby BadiOu in1hcoj
o]lhcSub)ccl.
= = =
! vOuId Iikc IO IIank a IIc ricnds vIOsc IcIp and suppOrI aIOvcd
mc IO scc IIis prOjccI IIrOugI IO IIc cnd. Many mOrc cOud bc namcd
buI ! vanI IO singc OuI !cIcr HaIIvard, Adrian OInsIOn AIbcrIO
TOscanO, and SavOj ick. TIcir advicc during IIc hna sIagcs in par-
Iicuar Iurncd OuI IO bc invauabIc. ! aIsO bcnchIcd rOm bcng abc IO
cOnsuIIIransIaIiOns OsIOrIcrpOrIiOnsOIIisbOOkby Ed!IuII,AbcrIO
TOscanO, and Marina dc Carncri. Audrcy Wasscr and RicardO Arrbas
IcIpcd mcviII bibIiOgrapIca rccrcnccsvIcn! vasaravayrOmIIc
Ibrarcs O COrncI and On sabbaIica in McxcO. AIcssandrO RussO and
!abO!anzascxpcrIiscabOuIIIc CuIIuraRcvOuIiOnvasindispcnsabc
Or OcaIing Obscurc quOIaIiOns rOm MaO. SimOnc !ncI, asavays, vas
my cOmpass: viIIOuI Icr prcscncc in my ic, nOnc O IIs vOud Iavc
bccn pOssbc.
A scparaIc vOrd O IIanks andapprcciaIOngOcs OuI IO AIain BadOu
Imsc,vIOncvcrsIOppcdisIcningIOmyqucrcscvcrsinccOurricnd-
sIpbcgan,prcciscyinrcspOnscIOIIaIhrsIrcadingO1hcojo]lhcSub)ccl
IIaIbcvmc avay, nOv mOrcIIana dccadcagO. AI COnIinuum, hnay,
! vanI IO IIankTOm Crick Or Iis paIcncc and Is cOnIinucd bcIcIIaI
Onc dayIc vOudacIuayrcccvca cOmpcIcmanuscripI,vII diagrams
anda incudcd: andAndrcvMikOajskiandTraccy SmIIOrIIcrIard
vOrk viII IIc cdiIing.
xxvIII
JNbLJ

b lNJULJlN
NOIcsOnIIcIransIaIiOn
A numbcr OrccurrcnI IccInica Icrms uscd in 1hcojo]lhcSub)cclmcriI
a brc cxpanaIiOn. EspcciaIIy vIcn cOmbincd viII IIc auIIOrs Ovn
TIcmaIic RcpcrIOrc, incIudcd aI IIc cnd O IIis vOumc, IIs IsI may
smuIancOusy scrvc as a basic gIOssary. TIc Our undamcnIa cOnccpIs
OIIcIIcOryOIIcsubjccI-cOuragc, anxicIy,jusIcc, andIIcsupcrcgO
dO nOI rcccvc a scparaIc cnIry in IIs gOssary, sncc BadiOu IimscI n
IIc cOursc O IIc bOOk ampy dchncs IIcm. CcrIain grammaIca ambi-
guiIicsandOccasiOnaIIccInicaiIics,OnIIcOIIcrIand, viIIbcannOIaIcd
IOgcIIcrviII addiIiOnabbiOgrapIcaIrccrcnccsin IIc hna sccIOn O
'TransaIOrsEndnOIcsandRccrcnccs.
AnnuluI0n {'DDUDCDI OI DDUIOD. ThisisoncoIIhcIhrccbasicopcr-
aIions associaIcd wiIh MaIIarmcs pocIry in Icrms oI Ihc sIrucIuraI diaIccIic,
IogcIhcrwiIhIhcchaincIIccIcauscdbyavanishingIcrmandIhcnuIIclIccIoI
IorccIosurc. By annuIIinga vanishing Icrm, Ihis opcraIion soIo spcak carrics
ouIa Iack oIIack, which raiscs IackIo IhcIcvcIoIa conccpIaIIIhcwhiIcpro-
ducing anxicIy. AIIcrnaIivc IransIaIions wouId bc 'rcscission, nuIIihcaIion,
canccIIaIion, orrcvocaIion.
UusculcmcnI {'IQQ1Dg OVCI OI 'IOQQDg, OCCSODj 'CDDgCOVCI OI
'IUIDDOUI. AIcrm uscdinIhcprcscnI conIcxIIrcIcrIoIhcsuddcnIrans-
IormaIion whcrcby a sIrucIuraI o aIgcbraic oricnIaIion Iips ovcr and opcns
ouIonIoahisIoricaIorcvcnIaIoricnIaIion.FromIhcvcrybcginningoI 7hcoj
o] lhc Sub)ccl, Ihcrc arc cIcar hinIs ol Ihc HcgcIian-Marxian diaIccIic, as in
Ihc passing-ovcr, or ubcrjchcn, oI quanIiIy inIo quaIiIy, cspcciaIIy whcn Ihc
whoIc proccss ol conIradicIory IranslormaIion Iakcs on a morc abrupI, Icap-
Iikc aspccI oI a suddcn ovcrIhrow or invcrsion, as in Ihc Gcrman Lmschluj.
Jason Barkcr, in Ihc EngIish IransIaIion oI BadiousMclu]olilics, rcndcrs Ihis
Icrm as 'ovcrbaIancing, Ior cxampIc, oI whaI cxisIs inIo whaI cun cxisI, or
Irom IhcknownIowards Ihc unknown, as Ihc rcsuII oI a poIiIicaI inIcrvcn-
Iion.
UuIIcmcnI {'OSCIOD OI 'VCIOD, OCCSODj 'DIIDg. AIcrmuscd
Io dcscribc Ihc movcmcnI around an cmpIy pIacc, as parI oI whaI Badiou
dchncs asIhc srucIuraIdiaIccIic.Alan Shcridan, in his IransIaIionoILacans
Scminar XI, 7hc FourFunJumcnlul Concc]ls o]Psycho-unulysis, opIs Ior 'puIsa-
lion,whichispcrhapsaII-Ioo-physicaIIorIhcpurcIysIrucIuraIIuncIion IhaI
Badiou has in mind, cvcn Ihough Lacans own cxpIanaIion is whoIIy Io Ihc
poinI Ior Ihc Icrms usc in 7hcojo]lhcSub)ccl. I havc consIanIIysIrcsscd in
my prcccdingsIaIcmcnIs,Lacansays, 'Ihc]ulsulivcIuncIion,asiIwcrc, oIIhc
unconscious, Ihc nccd Io disappcar IhaI sccms Io bc in somc scnsc inhcrcnI
xx|x
xxx
JNbLJ

b lNJUULJlN
in iIvcryIhing IhaI, Iora momcnI, appcars iniIssIiIsccmsIo bc dcsIincd,
by a sorI oIprc-cmpIion, Io cIosc up again upon iIscII, asFrcudhimscIIuscd
Ihis mcIaphor, Io vanish, Io disappcar (S XI, 43 . SIiII in Ihc samc scminar,
LacanaIsouscsIhcIcrmIorcIcrIo Ihc 'IuIIcringwingsoIChuangTzuwhcn
hc imagincs hc is a buIIcrIIy, whiIc Badiou in 7hcojo]lhc Sub)ccl rcIcrs Io
a 'baIIing oI cycIashcs Io namc Ihc appcaring-disappcaring oI MaIIarmcs
vanishingcausc. Thc IcrmaIso cvokcs Ihc roIc oI Ihc 'signiIying baIIcry, lu
bullcricsijni]unlc, in LacanianpsychoanaIysis, and, insoIar as Badiou sccks Io
go bcyond Ihc idcaIism oI Ihis sIrucIuraImodcI, Ihcrc is noIhingwrong wiIh
hcaring cchocs oI 'bcaIing in bullcmcnl, incIuding in Ihc pcoraIivc scnsc oI
'bcaIingaroundIhc bushcs.
Urn {'SIIDU. hisIcrmrcIcrsIoIhcsccIions, sIrands,orbiIsIhaIarcknoIIcd
or braidcd IogcIhcr in a subccI, cspcciaIIy Ihc sIrand- ( combining couragc
and usIicc) and Ihc sIrand- ( combining anxicIy and Ihc supcrcgo) . Badiou
Ihus rcIics on Ihc conccpI-imagc oI a cord or a piccc oI IcxIiIc wcaving
IogcIhcr muIIipIcsIrandsorhIacnIs.
L0upurc {'CUI, OCCSODj 'DICK OI 'IUQIUIC. ln7hcoio]lhcSub)ccl, Ihis
Icrm mosI oIIcn rcIainsIhcmcaningoI'cuIIhaILacaninvokcs, IorcxampIc,
in his IopoIogicaI discussions rcgarding Ihc Iying, unIying, and cuIIing oI a
knoI. Thc oIhcr connoIaIion, which via AIIhusscrwouIdrcIcr us back Io Ihc
conccpI oI an cpisIcmoIogicaI 'brcak or 'rupIurc, cou]urcc]islcmolojiquc, in
Ihc work oI GasIon BachcIard, Gcorgcs CanguiIhcm, and MichcI FoucauII,
sccmsIcssmcaningIuIinIhcconIcxIoI7hcoio]lhcSub)ccl.
OcvunO DU dcvuI0n {'UCVIOD. A Icrm uscd in 7hcoi o]lhc Sub)ccl Io
IransIaIcclinumcn,i . c. Ihc sIighI'dcviaIion, 'swcrvc, or'incIinaIionoIaIoms
IaIIinginIhcvoidwhcrcbyaworIdisIormcdaccordingIoIhcancicnIaIomism
oILucrcIius. WhiIcJcviuncchasIhcsamc scxuaI and/or criminaIconnoIaIions
in Frcnch as 'dcviancc or 'dcviancy in EngIish, l havc opIcd Ior Ihc morc
ncuIraI 'dcviaIion insIcad. ThcIcrm IhcnopcnIybcginsIorcsonaIcwiIh Ihc
rcIigious and poIiIicaI dcbaIcs rcgarding Jcviulionsor 'dcviaIions Irom orIho-
doxy or Irom Ihc corrccI Iinc, dcbaIcs IhaI Badiou consIanIIy has n mind
IhroughouI 7hcojo]lhcSub)ccl. AnoIhcrpossibIcIransIaIionIorclinumcn,uscd
inccrIainEngIishvcrsionsoIMarxsdocIoraIdisscrIaIiononcmocriIcanand
EpicurcanaIomism,is'dccinaIion.
LpuruI0n {'QUICIOD, SODCIDCS 'QUIgDg . A Icrm uscd Io dcscribc
Ihc proccss by which Iorcc-and Ihc subccI morc gcncraIIy-works back
uponIhc sysIcmoIpIaccsIhaIoIhcrwiscdcIcrmincsiIsidcnIiIyasIhisorIhaI
Iorcc. Ihis or IhaI subccI. Thc Icrm couId obviousIy bc IransaIcd as 'purgc
or'purging,buIIhcSIaIinisIovcrIoncsoIIhiscxprcssion,whiIcncvcrwhoIIy
abscnI, shouIdnoIbcaIIowcdIodominaIcIhc IcrmsinIcrprcIaIion in 7hcoj
o]lhc Sub)ccl. n 7hcCcnlui, Badiou wiII discuss Ihc paIh oI dcsIrucIion and
purihcaIion, including in iIs SIainisI cxccsscs, in opposiIion Io Ihc paIh oI
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subIracIion and minimal diIIcrcncc. Evcn hcrc, in any casc, hc insisIs IhaI
purihcaIion and purgcs, incIuding Ihc cxcommunicaIion oI IraiIors and Ihc
sccIarian dcIcncc againsI dcviaIions and hcrcsics oI aII kinds, arc common
pracIiccs IhroughouI Ihc IwcnIicIh ccnIury in many arIisIic avanI-gardc
groups, Irom surrcaIism undcr Andrc BrcIon Io Ihc siIuaIionisIs undcr Guy
cbord, aswcIIasin psychoanaIyIicaIgroups, IromFrcudIo Iacan.
EspuO {'SQCC. This is a ncoIogism or porIcmanIcau wordbascd on a con-
IracIion oIcs]uccJc]luccmcnl, 'spaccoIpIaccmcnI. I canbc undcrsIood as a
ncar-synonymIor'sIrucIurcorcvcn'symboIicordcr,cvcn Ihough Ihcrcisno
sIricIparaIIcIismwiIhciIhcrAIIhusscrorIacan.ThaIwhichBadioucaIIs 'sIaIc
oI a siIuaIion in cinj unJEvcnland 'worId in Iojicso]worlJs aIso roughIy
corrcsponds Io 'spIacc in 7hcoi o]lhcSub)ccl. Thc diaIccIicaI counIcrparI Io
Ihc 'spIaccisIhc 'ouIpIacc,usIas 'pIaccingcncraIIuncIions in a diaIccIicaI
opposiIionwiIh 'IorccsIarIingascarIyasinBadious7hcoio]ConlruJiclion.
LIuIquc DU cIuImc {'SIISI DU 'SIISD. WhiIc in 1hcoi o] lhc Sub)ccl
BadiouhasnoI ycIIuIIydcvcIopcdIhc noIionoI'sIaIcoIIhc siIuaIion, which
wilI bcpivoIalincinjunJEvcnl,hc docsrcIyon a scrics oIIcrms Iodcscribc
IhcsIaIic, sIaIisI, orsIaIc-Iikc naIurc oIccrIainhisIorico-poIiIicaIphcnomcna.
lnEngIish, IhcscIcrmscannoIcasiIybcscparaIcdIromIhc oncsIhaIIransIaIc
Ihc Frcnch sluliquc, which Badiou uscs boIh as an adccIivc ( 'sIaIic) and a
noun, uncsluliquc (a 'sIaIic, or 'sIaIics, pcrhaps cvcn a 'sIaIisIics in Ihc cIy-
moIogicaI scnsc oI Ihc Icrm as a scicncc oI Ihc sIaIc, Slulislik in Gcrman) as
opposcdIo uncJnumiquc (a 'dynamicor'dynamics ) . A rcIaIcdcxprcssionis
]uircclul, 'Iodrawupanovcrvicw, 'IoinvcnIory, or, IorIhcprcscnIconIcxI,
'Io dchnc a sIaIc oIaIIairs, Ior cxampIc, rcgarding Ihc bcing oIIhc working
cIass.
Evun0usscmcnI DU Icrmc cvun0ussunI {'VDSDDg DU 'VDSDDg ICID .
Thc basic opcraIionoI Ihc sIrucIuraI diaIccIic, whcrcby a IoIaIiIyorwhoIc is
consIiIuIcdas Ihc cIIccIoIanabscnIorvanishingcausc.S'cvunouiraIso mcans
'Io IainI, 'Io Iadc (away orouI) , 'Iopass ouI or 'Io dic away. ln Ihis scnsc,
Ihc Icrm is noI wiIhouI rccaIIingIhc roIc oI u]hunusis or 'Iading inLacanian
psychoanaIysis. Thc main impIicd rcIcrcncc, howcvcr, is Io Ihc AIIhusscrian
conccpIuaIizaIion oI 'sIrucIuraI causaIiIy in ForMurx and RcuJinj Cu]ilul
unIcssJacqucs-AIainMiIIcrisrighI,againsIAIIhusscr,incIaimingpaIcrniIyIor
Ihis conccpI undcrIhcnamc oI'mcIonymicaI causaIiIy. A Ihird gcncaIogicaI
Iinc, inaIIy, wouId Iakc us Irom Spnozas 'abscnI or 'immancnI causc Io
cIcuzcs 'quasi-causc asdiscusscdin 7hcLojico] Scnsc,aII Ihc way Io icks
rcccnI rcIurn Io Ihc samc sIrucIuring principIc. WhaI shouId bccomc cIcar
Irom Ihis ncIwork oI rcIcrcnccs surrounding Ihc conccpI oI Ihc 'vanishing
Icrm is Ihc cxIcnI Io which Badiou in 7hcoio]lhcSub)ccl is giving IormIo a
uniquc IypcoI 'posI-sIrucIuraI Ihinking IhaIIakcsIo IaskIhccnIirc IradiIion
oIIhc 'sIrucIuraIdiaccIic wiIhouI ignoring iIsIundamcnIaIinsighIs.
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0rcc {'OICC. Thc counIcrparI oI hisIory Io Ihc sIrucIurc oI assigncd pIaccs,
Iorcc isa IcrmhrsIborrowcdIrom HcgcIsScicncco]IojicIhaIin IhccourscoI
Ihc argumcnI dcvcIopcd in 7hcojo]lhc Sub)ccl wiII comc Io dcsignaIc whaI
Badiou wiII IaIcr sysIcmaIicaIIy discuss in Icrms oI 'cvcnI. AIrcady in 7hcoj
o] ConlruJiclion, Iorcc sIands in opposiIion Io pIacc, whiIc rcadcrs oI Jacqucs
crridas wrilinj unJDi]crcncc may bc morc IamiIiar wiIh Ihc opposiIion oI
Iorcc and Iorm. Thrcc oIhcr idiomaIic cxprcssions arc rcIaIcdIo Ihis conccpI
in 7hcoj o]lhc Sub)ccl. cou] Jc ]orcc ( 'sIrokc oI Iorcc, 'vioIcnI ovcrIhrow,
'sIrikc, 'Irick, or suddcn 'blow ) , ]u::crcn]orcc ( ' Iorcing oncs way Ihrough
or'pushingIhrough)nd]orccmcnl( 'byIorcc,'pcrIorcc ) . WhcrcvcrpossibIc,
I havc IricdIo rcIainIhc conccpIua IinkwiIh 'Iorcc inEngIish, whiIcinIhc
casc oI cou] Jc]orcc l havc mosI oIIcn IcII Ihc cxprcssion in Frcnch. FinaIIy,
l havc aIrcady mcnIioncd IhaI Badiou uscs Ihc cxprcssion]orcc Jcloi ( 'Iorcc
oIIaw) IongbcIorc crrida wouId makc IhisinIo a IopicIordcconsIrucIion.
crrida, Ioo, discusscs howIhcrc is no]orccJcloiwiIhouI somc inIrinsic and
vioIcnIcou]Jc]orcc.ThisisaIsobyIarIhcmosIsignihcanIconnoIaIionIhaIIhc
rcadcrshouIdkccpinmindIor7hcojo]lhcSub)ccl.
0rclus0n DU ]0rcl0s {'OICCOSUIC DU 'OICCOSCU. A Icrm uscd Io
dcscribc Ihc cIIccIoIIhc]oinl:Jurrlor 'haIIingpoinIsinMaIIarmcspocIry,
IhaIis, IcrmssuchasIhcmcaningIcss 'pIyx, which puI anabrupIsIopIo Ihc
inhniIcIy sIiding mcIonymicaI andmcIaphoricaI chains. ln Frcnch,]orclu:ion
aIso scrvcs as Ihc oIhciaI IransIaIion oI Frcuds \crwcr]unj, which IogcIhcr
wiIh\crncinunj ( ' dcniaI) and\crlcujnunj ( 'disavowaI ) consIiIuIcsoncoIIhc
manyIormsoIncgaIionconsidcrcdinIhcpracIiccandIhcoryoIpsychoanaIy
sis. ByrcccIing Ihc cxisIcncc oI 'haIIingpoinIs ( Ihcrc arcno unknowabIcs),
aIIcasIin 7hcojo]lhcSub)cclandoncc againinIojic:o]worlJ:, BadioucouId
IhusbcsaidIo bcncgaIingIorccIosurc. WhcIhcrIhisncgaIion, in Iurn, Iakcs
IhcIormoIa dcniaI a disavowaI ora IorccIosurcrcmainsIobcdccidcd.
H0rlcu {'OUIQCC. This is a ncoIogism or porIcmanIcau word bascd on a
conIracIion oIhor:licu, 'ouI oIpIaccor 'ouI oI siIc, aswhcnsomconc ishor:
)cu, 'oII-sidc, in socccr. An aIIcrnaIivc IransIaIion mighI havc bccn 'ouIsiIc,
or'oIIsiIc, whichis Ihc IcrmprcIcrrcdby OIivcrFcIIham in hisinIroducIion
Io Badiou, buI in my cycs Ihis crcaIcs unwarranIcd conIusions wiIh Ihc usc
oI ' (cvcnIaI) siIc in cinj unJEvcnl and Lojic: o] worlJ:. Badiou somcIimcs
uscs Ihc IuII grammaIicaIcxprcssions hor:-licu and hor:Ju licu, which I havc
rcndcrcdaccordingIyas 'ouIoI-pIacc and'ouIoI pIacc inEngIish. An inIcr-
csIinganaIogycouIdbccsIabIishcdwiIhIhc cxprcssionhor:-:cxc, 'ouIsidc (oI)
scx, in Book XX oI 7hc Scminuro]1ucquc: Lucun.Encorc, whichLacanrcIaIcs
Io Guy dc MaupassanIs IanIasIic shorI sIory 'Lc HorIa, iIscII oIIcn rcad asa
conIracIion oIlchor:lu, 'IhaI which rcmains ouIsidc (oI whaI is) Ihcrc. Morc
gcncralIy, Badious horlicu cchocs Ihc Iogic oI Ihc 'nonpIacc or nonlicu in
iIs inIcrplay wiIhIhc licux or 'pIaccs oI a givcn sIrucIurc, which is pivoIaI in
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Ihc IransiIion IromsIrucIuraIism Io posIsIrucIuraIism IorFrcnch Ihinkcrs as
divcrscasRoIandBarIhcs,MichcIFoucauII,Jacqucscrrida,JacqucsRancicrc
andMichcIdc CcrIcau, bcIorc iIsdcpoliIicizaIionin Ihc anIhropoIogicaIwork
oIMarcAugc.
!dculngusIcrc {'UCDgUSICIj. A porIcmanIcau word Io Ihc sccond
dcgrcc, which Badiou crcaIcsbyconIracIingiJculi:mc, 'idcaIism, andLacans
own porIcmanIcau word linjui:lcric, bascd on linjui:liquc, 'IinguisIics, and
Ihc mosIIy pcoraIivc suIhx -cric, which suggcsIs a 'Iakc or 'IaIsc' vcrsion.
Franois RaIIouI and Brucc Fink rcspccIivcIy proposc 'IinguisIrickcry and
'IinguisIricks Ior Lacans linjui:lcric. This wouId givc us 'idcaIinguisIrickcry
or'idcaIinguisIricksIorBadiousiJculinjui:lcric, IowhichI havcprcIcrrcdIhc
Icsscumbcrsomc'idcaIinguisIcry.
1ulunguc {'DgUgC OI 'lulunguc}. A Icrm Badiou dirccIy borrows Irom
IacanIorcIcrIoIhcuniquc,sIippcry, andpIayIuI dimcnsionoIIanguagcIakcn
inIo accounI by psychoanaIysis, as in Ihc possibiIiIics opcncd up in puns or
homonyms.WhiIcBruccinkinhisEngIishcdiIionoIBookXXoI7hcScminur
o]1ucquc: Lucun proposcs 'IIanguagc as a IransIaIion, l havc choscn Io Icavc
Ihc Icrmin Frcnch.
1cu {'QCC, OCCSODj 'OCUS. Thc sIrucIuraI cIcmcnI dcIcrmining Ihc
naIurc andidcnIiIy oIanyIhingwhaIsocvcr, as dchncdby Ihc gcncraI spacc
oI assigncd pIaccs. To disIinguish licu Irom ]lucc, onc couId havc rcIicd on
'locusor'siIc IorIhcIormcr and 'pIaccIorIhcIaIIcr. ln7hcojo]lhcSub)ccl,
howcvcr,I scc no sIrongrcasonsIo diIIcrcnIiaIcIhcIwo cxccpIin IhcconIcxI
oI Ihc Iour maIhcmcs oI anxicIy, couragc, usIicc, and Ihc supcrcgo, whcrc
licu and ]lucc arc kcpI scparaIc. Thc usc oI 'siIc Io IransIaIc licu noI onIy
wouId havc causcd misundcrsIandings in suggcsIing an carIy anIicipaIion oI
Ihc Icrms :ilc ( 'siIc) and :ilccvcncmcnlicl ( 'cvcnIaI siIc) as uscd incinjunJ
Evcnland Lojic:o]worlJ:, buIIhc rcadcrwouId aIso havc misscd ouI on Ihc
pIayin 7hcojo]lhcSub)cclbcIwccn licu andhorlicu, whosc inIcrnaI rhymc is
bcsI rcndcrcd as 'pIacc and 'ouIpIacc. EngIish-spcaking rcadcrs oI MichcI
FoucauIIandJacqucsLacanmaybcIamiIiarwiIh'IocusasacommonIransIa-
IionIorlicu.
%unquc DU munquc cIrc {'CK DU 'CK O DCDg. ThisiswiIhouIadoubI
Ihc mosI ccnIraI conccpI oI Ihc sIrucIuraI diaIccIic, which Badiou aIIribuIcs
Io boIh MaIIarmc and Lacan. OIhcr Frcnch Icrms, such as Jc]uul ( 'dcIccI,
'IauII, 'Iack) andJc]uilluncc ( 'shorIcoming, 'IaiIurc, 'miss, 'IainI ) , arcparIs
oIIhc samcconccpIuaIconsIcIIaIionin 7hcojo]lhcSub)ccl. ForIhis rcason, l
somcIimcs rcndcr Ihcm as 'Iack aswcII, cvcn Ihough Ihis comcs aIIhcpricc
oImissingouIonIhcIcrminoIogicaIdivcrsiIy. Lacanproposcd 'wanI-Io-bcas
Ihc oIhciaIEngIish IransIaIion Ior munquc-u-lrc. Badiou, howcvcr, docs noI
usc Ihc dashcs IhaIwouId makc lcmunquculrc inIo a morcsIabIcIcchnicaI
Icrm, and,insoIarashcaIsopIaysonIhc invcrIcdcxprcssionllrcJumunquc,
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'Ihcbcing oI Iack, I consisIcnIIy sIick Io 'Iack oI bcing insIcad oI wanIIo
bc.
Fussc {'QSS OI 'QSSDg. Badiou IrcqucnIIy has rccourscIo IhisIcrmbolh in
iIscommonscnscand in iIs IcchnicaImcaninginIhcIacanianschooloIpsy-
choanaIysis. ForLacan, whoinsIaIcdIhcproccdurcin ! 67asparIoIhis
(
colc
FrcuJicnncJcPuri:, Ihc]u::cprovidcsaninsIiIuIionaIsIrucIurcIor Ihc passagc
IromanaIysand Io anaIysI, IhaI is, lhc cnd oI analysis IcsIihcd by Ihc ]u::unl
Io a commiIIcc oI]u::cur:or 'passcrs, whoin lurnrcIayIhc accounIIo aury
whodccidcswhcIhcrornoIIoawardlhc'pass.In 7hcojo]lhcSub)cclBadiou
rcIcrsIoIhchcaIcddcbaIcsprovokcdbylhisproccdurcupIoIcnycarsaIIcriIs
inIroducIionbyIacan (who, uponIisIcninginsiIcnccIoIhcIormaIcompIainIs
raiscdaIamccIinginI 78, wcnIsoIarasIocaIIiI a'compIcIcIaiIurc ) . Insoar
as Ihc proccdurc invoIvcs Ihc possibiIiIy oI IransmiIIing knowIcdgc (:uvoir)
abouI Ihc anaIyIicaI pracIicc, BadiouIakcsaninIcrcsIinlu]u::c simiIarIolhc
roIcoIIhc univcrsaI lransmission oImaIhcmaIicsin Ihc scicnIiIiccommunily.
Among Ihc many common mcanings, Ihc noun lu]u::c and Ihc vcrb ]u::cr
can rcIcr Io passagc, 'pass, 'paIch, passing ( Ior, ovcr, by) crossing, 'going
Ihrough, skipping, lcnding, andso on. RcIcvanI cxprcssions incIudc]u::cr
un cxumcn, 'Io pass an cxam,]uirc unc]u::c, 'Io makc a pass, ]u::crcn]orcc,
'pushIhrough,andmol Jc]u::c, 'password . In addiIion,BadiousysIcmaIicaIIy
plays on Ihc diaIccIic bcIwccn ]u::c and im]u::c (somclimcs spcII im]u::c,
wiIh a dash, soasIo highlighIIhc pun) , in a kcy argumcnI IhaI wiII rcappcar
in cinjunJEvcnl.
Flucc {'QCC. ThroughouI 1hcoj o]lhc Sub)ccl, Badiou cxpIoiIs Ihc Icnsion
bcIwccn IhaI which can bc mappcd IopologicalIy in Icrms oI spaccs, placcs,
and spIacc, on onc hand, and, on Ihc oIhcr, IhaI which is a-IopolgicaI, IhaI
is,IorccorIhc cvcnI. I didnoI nda signihcanldiIIcrcnccbcIwccn]lucc and
licuIhaIwouIdwarranIa soIiddisIincIionbcIwccn 'pIacc and Iocus orsiIc.
Badiou IrcqucnIIy insisIs on Ihc dcadcningcIIccI oI IhaI which rcmains :ur
]lucc, 'iniIsplacc or'onlhc samc spoI, mosIoIIcnas IhcrcsuIIoIanovcrIy
sIrucluraI cmphasis in whichpIaccandspIaccIakcprcccdcnccovcrIorcc and
IhcouIpIacc. FuircJu:ur]lucc is alsoa coIIoquial cxprcssionIhaIrcIcrs Io Ihc
quasi-immobiIcgcsIurcbywhichacycIisIaIasIopIighIoraIIhcsIarIoIaracc
IricsIo rcmainsIiIlwiIhboIhIccI sIrappcdon Ihc pcdaIs. InIcrcsIingIy, in 1hc
Iojico]Scn:c, cIcuzcdcscribcsancIhicsoI wiIIingIhccvcnIinIcrmsoI 'a sorI
oIIcaping inplacc,:uul:ur]lucc.
F0nI durrcI {'DIDg QODI OI 'SIOQQDg QO1DI. A Icrm uscd in 1hcojo]
lhc Sub)ccl Io rcIcr Io Ihosc signiIicrs lhaI puI an cnd lo Ihc sliding oI mcIa-
phors and mclonymics in MalIarmcs pocIry. Badiou rcIcrs cspcciaIIy Io Ihc
amphora, Ihc masIcr, andIhc pIyxin Ihc Iamous 'SonncIaIIcgoricaloIiIscI,
andproposcsIo rcadIhcscIhrccsignihcrsinIcrmsoIdcaIh, IhcpocI,andIhc
purc signiIicr oI Ihc signihcr as such. Invoking a quoIaIion Irom Chairman
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Mao ( Wc wiIIcomcIoknowcvcryIhingwc didnoIknow bcIorc ), a quoIa-
lionIhaIwiIlbcrcuscdinIojic:o]worlJ:againslIhcdogmaoIhniIudc,Badiou
dcnicslhccxisIcnccoIinsupcrabIchaIIingpoinIs andaIhrmsIhcopcn-cndcd
naIurc oI Ihc pcriodizcddiaIccIicaIproccss. PoinlJurrlin 7hcojo]lhcSub)ccl
Ihus has acompIcIcIydiIIcrcnImcaningIrom Ihc onc iI has incinjunJEvcnl,
whcrc Ihc void or cmpIy scI issaidIo bc Ihc onIy haIIingpoinI oImuIIipIic-
iIy, IhaIis, muIIipIiciIygocsaIIIhcwaydown, quumuIIipIcoImuIIipIcs, unIi
Ihc void. InElhic:, hnaIIy, asidcIrom iIsonloIogicaImcaning,]oinlJurrlalso
rcIcrs Io Ihc 'unnamcabIc IhaImusInoIbc IorccdinIhcnamcoIIruIh, lcsI
onc IaIIs inIo Ihc cviI oI a disasIcr. This conccpIoI Ihc unnamcabIc, wiIh iIs
connoIaIionoIaninsupcrabIc IimiI-poinIcaIIingouIIorancIhicsoIrcspccI, is
purcIyand simpIy abandoncdinIojic: o] worlJ:, whcrc Badiou oncc again
consisIcnI wiIh his rcIurn Io lhc quoIaIion Irom Mao-aIhrms IhaI Ihcrc
arc aIways conscqucnccs, andno unknowabIcs. In Ihis IasI scnsc, iI is worIh
kccpingin mind,Ior1hcojo] lhcSub)cclaswcII, IhaI]oinlJ urrlcanbcundcr-
sIood noIonlyas haIIing poinI or sIoppingpoinIbuIaIso as 'nohaIIing or
'nosIoppingaIaII. crridain hisrcadingoIMauriccBIanchoIsArrlJcmorl
(Dculh Scnlcncc) , has cxhausIivcIy dcconsIrucIcd Ihc IinguisIic possibiIiIics
aIIordcdby Ihc signihcrurrl.
Fr0ccssus sub)ccI] {'SUD]CCIVC QIOCCSS. A Icrm dirccIIy and cxpIiciIIy bor-
rowcd IromLacansEcril: IodcsignaIconcoIIhc Iwo aspccIsorIcmporaIiIics
oI Ihc subccI, namcIy, Ihc durabIc, ongoing, and mosI oIIcn Iaborious Iimc
oIrccomposiIionIhaIgivcsa subccI consisIcncy, ciIhcrin Ihc guisc oIa ncw
Iorm oIusIicc orin Ihc guisc oI Ihc supcrcgos Icrrorizing caII Io ordcr. Thc
oIhcrmomcnIorIimcoIIhcsubccIiscaIIcdsubccIivizaIion.
Hccl {'IC. BadiouIcndsIouscIhisIcrminawayIhaIisrcminisccnIoILacans
usc wiIhouI cvcr IulIy coinciding wiIh iIs IcchnicaI mcaning ormcaningsin
IhcIriadoIIhcrcaI,IhcsymboIic, andIhcimaginary.IhavcchoscnnoIIousc
a Iargc capiIaI whcn IransIaIing Ihc Icrm as ' (lhc) rcaI, in ancIIorIboIh Io
lcavc inIacI Ihc IIuidiIyoIBadious usc oIIhc Icrm and Io avoid associaIions
wiIh Ncw Agc IcrminoIogy, as in English discussions oI Badious work IhaI
rcndcraII hiskcyconccpIswiIhIargc capiIals. Bcing, EvcnI,TruIh, andso on.
Badiou aIsopIaysonIhcFrcnchcxprcssions]oinlJurccl( poinIoIIhcrcaIbuI
also'noI rcaI ornoIoIIhcrcaIaIaII)and]oinlrccl ( 'rcaI poinI wiIh]oinlas
a nounbuIaIsonoIaIaIIrcaIwIh]oinlasanadvcrb) .
HcI0urcmcnI {'ICVCIS, OCCSOD1 'ICIUID . This Icrm, uscdi nIhc IiIIc
oIParIIVinordcrIoproposca maIcriaIisIrcvcrsaIoImaIcriaIism,isrcminis-
ccnl oI, buI aIso somcwhaI diIIcrcnI Irom, Ihc usual invcrsion ( Lmkchrunj
in Gcrman,orrcnvcr:cmcnl, in Ihc IypicaI FrcnchIranslaIions)bywhich Marx,
Ior cxampIc, cIaims Io puI Ihc Hcgclian diaIccIic 'back on iIs IccI. Thc diI-
Icrcncc sIcms Irom Ihc IacI IhaI rclourncmcnl, asidc Irom a Iurning (ovcr,
upsidc down, insidc ouI), aIso cvokcs a 'rcIurn ( rclour) and a 'lurning back
xxxv
JNbLJ

b l NJULJlN
or 'scnding back ( rcloumcr). FinaIIy, Ihc Frcnch Icrm aIso scrvcs Io Irans-
IaIc HIdcrIins noIion oI a 'rcIurn or 'rcvcrsaI ( Lmkchr in Gcrman) in his
Rcmarks on AnIigonc, in a hgrc ampIy commcnIcd upon in arI lll oI
Badious 7hcoio]lhcSub)ccl.
5ub)ccIvuI0n {'SUD]CCIVZIOD. A Icrm dirccIly and cxpIicitly borrowcd
Irom LacanIodcsignaIconcoIIhc IwoaspccIsorIcmporaIiIics oIIhc subccI,
namcIy Ihc hasIy, sIightIy hysIcricaI, andmosIoIIcn shorI-IivcdtimcoIintcr-
rupIionanddcsIrucIion,whichaccordingIo 7hcoio]lhcSub)ccltakcsthcIorm
oI ciIhcr anxicty or couragc. Brucc Fink, in his IransIaIion oI Lacans Fcrils,
and Olivcr FcIIham, in his IransIation oI cinj unJ Fvcnl, opI Ior Ihc spcIIing
'subccIivizaIion,whichIhavcadopIcdaswcII,whiIcSIavoickandAIbcrIo
ToscanousuaIIyprcIcrIhcmorc IitcraI 'subccIivation .
T0pquc {'IOQOOgj, OCCSODj 'IOQC . A Icrm uscd in 7hcoi o] lhc
Sub)ccl, rsI, IodcsignaIcMarxandFrcdsrcspccIivc'IopoIogics or Iopog-
raphics oI Ihc subccI oI cIass and oI Ihc unconscious and, Ihcn, Io map
ouI Ihc various discourscs oI'cIhics, in Ihc books hnaIparI, tiIIcd 7o]iqucs
Jc llhiquc, which l havc IranslaIcd as 'Topics oI EIhics so as Io mainIain
somcIhingoIIhcworIdpIayIhaIwouIdbcIosIiIl hadchoscn TopoIogicsoI
EIhics or'EIhicaITopoIogics. Badiou aIsohasinmindandopcnIydiscusscs
LacansIopoIogicalinvcsIigaIionsIromhishnaIscminars.Thcrcmaycvcnbc
a IainI ccho oI Claudc Lcvi-SIrauss grcaI work oI sIrucIuraI anIhropoIogy,
7rislcs 7ro]iqucs.
T0rs0n DU I0rsudc {'IOISOD DU 'IWSI . This isoncoIthcpivoIaI and mosI
obscurc conccpIs oI 7hcor}o]lhc Sub)ccl. In parI condiIioncd by maIhcmaI-
ics, whosc aIgcbraic 'Iorsion groups Badiou discusscs at somc IcngIh in Ihc
book, Ihc conccpIoI 'Iorsion aIIhc samc IimcIuncIionsin a much broadcr
scnsc Io rcIcr Io Ihc way in which a subccI works back upon Ihc sIrucIurc
IhaI dcIcrmincs iI in Ihc irsIpIacc. ln Ihis scnsc, lorsion i srcIaIcd Io]orujc,
anoIhcr conccpI borrowcd Irom maIhcmaIics and discusscd in 7hcor}o]lhc
Sub)ccl IhaI wiII bccomc cvcn morc ccnIraI in cinj unJ Fvcnl. 7orsuJc, Iikc
lrcssc ( ' inIcrIacing ) , dcsignaIcs Ihc IwisIcd uniIy oI thc subccI iIsclI, IhaI is,
IhcdividcdarIicuIaIionoIcouragc,anxicIy,usIicc, andIhcsupcrcgointoIwo
basicIraccIorics. Ihc so-caIIcd modc ( IromcouragcIousIicc) andmodc-
( Irom anxicIyto Ihc supcrcgo) ; and according IoIwoIcmporaIiIics Ihc Iimc
oIinIcrrupIionordcsIrucIion (anxicIyand couragc) andIhcIimcoIrccompo-
siIion usIicc and Ihc supcrcgo) . lnIcrcsIingIy, Jacqucs Rancirc aIso dchncs
poIiIicsinIcrmsoIa consIiIuIivc 'IorsionIhaIIrcaIsa spccihclorlorwrong,
in Disujrccmcnl.PolilicsunJPhiloso]hy.
(1c) T0uI {'WDOC, 'OIIj, OI 'IDC . Again, a Icrm uscd wiIh a combi-
naIionoIHcgclianandLacanianconnoIaIionsIodcsignaIcboIhIhccIIcctoIa
vanishingcausc, namcly,Ihc rcsuIIing WhoIc,andthaI which, IikcanyspIacc,
by Iorcc must incIudc-cxcIudc somcthing, namcIy, Ihc outpIacc, in ordcr Io
xxxv|
JNbLJ

b lNJULJlN
comcinIobcing quu IoIaIiIy, so IhaIIhc WhoIc isaIso always noI-WhoIc or
noI-AII.
Trcssc {'DICICDg. AIcrmuscd, in Ihc samc IopoIogicaIvcin as brin, nuJ,
and lorsuJc, Io dcsignatc Ihc subccIs dividcd arIicuIation. OthcrIransIaIions
couIdhavcbccn braid, 'pIaiI, 'wcavcor' ( inIcr)wcaving .
UnIc dc c0nIrurcs {'UDIj O OQQOSICS OI 'UDIj O CODIIICS. Thisbasic
conccpI oI Ihc diaIccIic, whichisas oId asphiIosophy, is usuaIIyIransIaIcdas
'uniIyoIopposiIcsinEngIish.WhcncvcrBadiouinsisIsonthcroIcoI'conIra-
rics or 'contrarincss in rcIaIion Io Ihc principIc oI unilcJc.onlruircs, I rcIain
Ihc morcIiIcraIIransIaIionas uniIyoIconIrarics .
lcrsunI {'SQCCI, 'SIIDU, 'SUC, 'ICDUCDCj, OI 'SOQC. A IcrmmosI oIIcn
uscdIo dcsignaIc IhcIwo'sidcsor'aspccIsoIIhcdiaIccIicaccording Io 7hcor}
o]lhcSub)ccl-sIrucIuraI sidc and iIshisIoricaI sidc, Ihc sidc oIplacc and Ihc
sidc oI Iorcc, iIs aIgcbraic sidc and iIs IopoIogicaI sidc, thc idcaIisI aspccI and
IhcmaIcriaIistaspccI.
l0c {'QID OI 'IOU. AcommonnounIhaIBadiouIurIhcrassociaIcswiIhIhc
MarxisI and morc spccicaIIy Maoist discussions abouI Ihc sIruggIcbcIwccn
Iwo 'paIhs or Iwo 'roads, Ihc bourgcois and Ihc proIcIarian, Ihc rcvisionisI
and thc socialisI. Morc gcncraIIy spcaking, hc Icrm isparI oI Ihc IopoIogicaI
oricnIaIionbchind 7hcoio] lhcSub)ccl.
xxxvII
||6dC6
TOinIrOducc myscIinIOyoursIOry.

myrcadcr, IIs is rcaIIyIIcaimO

prcaccs, sOapIy namcdnIIaIIIcymusIurnisI aprOhIcOvIaIIIcy
prcccdc.
! IavcnOIIingIO prOhc, inOIIIc ccrIainIyIIaI! Iavc, andIO vIicI
IIc vIOIc IabOur O IIis bOOk IcsIiIics, namcIy, IIaI IIc mOdcrn pIi-
IOsOpIcr is-as AugusIc COmIc said arcady sO Ong agO-a sysIcmaIic
prOIcIarian.
!IiIOsOpIyIOdaysdcscrIcd.
NcvcrcxpccIinganyIIingrOmIIcSIaIc,!IardycxpccIIIaIIIcrcccnI
ibaIiOns in IOnOur OIIc rOsc (! mvrIng IIis inuIy I 8 ) vII makc
OurargcIydisaccIcd naIiOnaI prOvincc IOurisI.
TIc incviIabIc rcsuII O IIc Iack OambiIiOus IIOugIIs is a mcdiOcrc
pOIiIisanda dcvaucdcIIics.
!n acIuaI acI, I is prObabIyIIc OIIcr vay arOund. !rOm IIc pracIica
rcnunciaIiOn O cgaIIarian univcrsaIsm, IIc ncvIabc incrcncc is IIaI
IIc cv Orms Ospcciaizcd knOvIcdgc IO vIcI IIOugIIs rcIcgaIcd, aI
IcasIbcyOndIIcvaIIsOOurnaIisIcidiOcy, assurcOnyIIcrcIurnsOIIc
uncIOnaraI.
!s iI prcsumpIuOus IO caim IO vard OIIcincOnvcnicnccs OIIc vOid
On Oncs Ovn? ! ObccI IIaI any cnIcrprisc O IIis Iypc Ias iIs cmbIcms,
andIIaImOrcOvcr! amIIc IcasI aOncOpcrsOns.
xxxvII
PLLL
OaII IIOsc Or vIOm ! amIcsIying, and vIO knOvIIaI ! knOv iI
miIIanIs,ricnds,sIudcnIs,dihcuIinIcrOcuIOrs,prOvisiOnaIOrrcIurning
cncmics-!vsI IO inscribcIcrcIIcnamcOOnIy Onc: !auI Sandcvincc.
Hundrcds O mccIngs viII Iim, On vIicI dcpcndcd a IIOusand
tIOugIIs puI inIO praIicc againsI Our surrOundngs, makc iI impOssibc
OrmcIOmark IIcimIsOmyindcbIcdncssIOIim.
Evcn IIOugI, as a cOnscqucncc O Iis purcIy pOIiIica cOnccpIiOn O
IIc IruII, Sandcvincc avays makcs IIc OraI Iakc prcccdcncc OvcrIIc
vriIIcn, IIc dirccIivc OvcranaIyss, in vIaI OIIOvs IIc rcadcr viI hnd
IIccvpubicIraccsOvIaIIIc ralvOrId, sOrarcy nOIiccd, Ias Ound
in IimOunparaIIcIcdsignhcancc, vIIOuIcvcnknOving iI.
2
Ic Orm. !IisIIaIOascminar,agcnrcIOvIicI!acan Ias gvcnadchn-
ivcdignIy.
WIO viII say vIcIIcrIIc cssOns III makc up IIis vOrkvcrc rcay
rOnOunccdOnIIcdaIcIIaIpuncIuaIcsIIcm?
TIisidcascminar-a mxIurc Oan cccIivcsucccssiOn, sOmc rcIrOac-
IiOns, suppOscd inIcrpOaIOns, and vriIIcn cOmpOsIiOns-ccrIanIy dd
takc pIacc. TIcprcscnIbOOkisiIssccOndOccurrcncc.
TIccascsImcIIOdsnOdOubIIOgOrOmIIcOpcning,anuary I 75, IO
IIc hnaIsuspcnsOn, unc ! 7. WIiIc iIsIardIycvcradmiIIcd, ! knOv
IIaIIIissnOIIIccOmmOnpracIccnpIiOsOpIy.TIus,IiscgiIimaIcIO
sppOsc,andIOsuppOrI, anacuIcvandcrngOnbcIaOIIcrcadcr.
AI IIc cndcanbcOund.
A IIcmaIicindcx viIIscvcnIcadings. arI and iIcraIurc, IisIOrica
circumsIanccs, GOd, IOgic and maIIcmaIics, IradiIiOna pIiOsOpIy,
psycIOanaIysis sIricIO scnsu, and pOIIca IIcOry. OcOursc, nOnc O
IIcscIcadingscOnccrnsIIcccnIraIIIcmcOIIcbOOk,vIcI! IOpc
cannOIbc pIaccdundcranyIcading, sincciI is OmniprcscnI.
- AnindcxOprOpcrnamcs,vIicIissOuscuIOrknOving,bybOunc-
ing O IIc OIIcr, vIcrc ! can bc IOcaIcd. a IacIic O IIc dravcr O
vIicI! dOnOIaI adsapprOvc.
pOinI OuI-and in sO dOing ! aIrcadybcgin IO puI my cards On IIc
Iabc-IIaI IIis indcx dOcs nOI incIudc IIOsc namcs vIOsc usagc is
sOpcrmancnIIIaIisIingIIcm vOud bc unvicdy. Namcy.
xxxIx
x|
PLLL
a) TIcIvOgrcaIcassicaGcrmandiaccIicians,HcgcandHdcrin.
TIc cnIirc bcginning O IIc bOOk is dcvOIcd IO IIc IrsI. TIc
sccOndis IrcaIcd aI IIccnd OI !arI , andin !arI V!. BuIbOII
can bc Ound cscvIcrc, IOO.
b) TIc IvO grcaI mOdcrn !rcncI diaccIicians. Maarmc and
!acan. TIcrc is an cxIausIivc IrcaImcnI OI IIc hrsI in !arI ,
andOIIcsccOndprincipayin!arIs!!!andV.
TIcIvOgrcaIcassica!rcncIdiaccIicians,!ascaandROusscau,
OrIIcirparIdO cndupin IIc isI.
c) !Our OI IIc hvc grcaIMarxisIs.Marx, Engcs, !cnin, and MaO
cdOng.
TIchII, SIain, is OnIIc indcx.
3
!I is nO dOubI mOrc insIrucIivc IO vriIc viII rcspccI IO vIaI Onc dOcs
nOIvanIIObc aIanypriccIIan undcrIIcsuspiciOusimagcOvIaIOnc
visIcsIObccOmc.
! am sIrOngy aIIacIcd IO my cOunIry, !rancc, cvcn mOrc sO IOday
sincc Icrc pcOpc arc bccOmingmuIinaIiOna-anadvanIagc OIinIcrna
inIcrnaIiOnaismindirccIyprOvOkcdby IIcimpcriaisIpiagingOIgOOds
andpcOpcs.
!n a iIIccss IIana ccnIuryIIis cOunIryIasIadOny IIrcc caims IO
grcaIncss, IIrccmOmcnIsOIrca cxisIcncc, IIrcc hgurcs Oa pOssibc uni-
vcrsaism. IIc!aris Ommuncin 87 ! , IIc RcsisIancc bcIvccn 4! and
! 45, andIIc uprisingOyOuIIsandvOrkcrs inMay-unc 8.
!knOvIIcyarcOuncquaimpOrIancc.!IisnOIccarIIaImyIicrarcIy
isIIcOncinvIicIIIcy sIOudbcgivcn.TIcprcscnIbOOkisasOvriIIcn
IOsIcdsOmcigII OnIIis maIIcr.
!nIIcsamcpcriOdIIcrcIasbccnnOsIOrIagcOabccImOmcnIs. TIcy
sOmcIimcs IOOvcd IIcir cxpOsivc cOnIrarics-IIc IriumpI OVcrsaics
aIIcr IIc Ommunc, IIc cOOnia vars aIIcr IIc !ibcraIiOn, and, minus-
cuc, IIc 'ncv pIiOsOpIcrs aIIcr IIc csIabisImcnI OI rcvOuIiOnary
inIcccIuas in IIc acIOry.
TIc IvO WOrd Wars vcrc disasIrOus. TIc pcOpc OugII vIcn IIcy
sIOudnOIIavc ( 4 8) andIIcydidnOIhgIIvIcnIIcysIOudIavc
( ! 340) . TIc sinisIcrsignihcr '!cIain cOvcrsbOIIdcbascmcnIs.
! cOud sayrigII avay IIaI ! dO nOI vanI IO bc a parI O any O IIcsc
PLLL
abccIiOns.!IiOsOpIyisnOIvOrIIa singccOrI iiI dOcsnOIsIcd igII
OnIIccOmmiImcnIIIaI,cvcniIiIisrcsIricIcd, sccksIOprOIibiIIIcrcIurn
OI IIc hvc caIasIrOpIcs, Or OI vIaIcvcr rcscmbcs IIcm, by carrying IIc
mcmOryand cssOnOIIIcIIrccmOmcnIsOIcxisIcncc.
MOrcprOOundy, ! knOvIIaIIIc csscnccOvIaIIasIappcncdIO us,
inIOrccIuncssasinIumiiaIiOn, bcarsIIcmarkOa dchcicncyinlhclon
lcrm. !I is Or IIisrcasOnIIaI IIc irrupIiOn, vIic ccrIainyIIundcrOus, is
asOragic, viIIOuImakingIIcmOradisOricnIaIiOn,vIicIisprcdicIabc
rOm aIar, anycss incviIabc.
TIis dchcicncy is csscnIiay subccIivc. !I IOucIcs On IIc manncr in
vIicIIIcpOIcnIiaIOrccs, aIIIcIcarI OIIcpcOpc,arckcpIaIadisIancc
rOmIIcirprOpcrcOnccpI.
TIOsc !rcncI inIcccIuas vIO Iavc nOI sIOppcd spiIIing On IIcm-
scvcs, On 'idcOOgics, OnMarxism, On IIcMasIcrs, OnIIcirmOsIincOn-
IcsIabc cxpcricncc, and vIO Iavc givcn crcdibiiIy IO IIc Ormcss and
IIc muIipc, IO spOnIanciIy and scaIIcrcd mcmOry, IOrigIIsandcnOy-
mcnIs, IOvOrks anddays, IavcapainIurcspOnsibiiIyinaOIIis-IIaI
OirrcspOnsibiiIy.
! vriIc and! acI, buIiIisIardIOdisIinguisIbcIvccnIIcIvO, in Ordcr
nOI IO bc, i pOssibc, cxpiciIy mixcd up in IIcsc pIcnOmcna O Iaiurc
and biIIcrncss. TIc acI IIaI iI Ias Iakcn hIy ycars dOcs nOI maIIcr IO
mc, bccausc a IIc rcsI vi bc a uIic sIipvrcck in a vOrdIcnccIOrII
IcadcdOrvar, iIIIcrcisnOIaIcasIIIc hxcdvi, cOccIivcysubmiIIcd
IOIIcIigIcvcOIiIs sIakcs, IOgOagainsIIIccurrcnIandimprinIiIOny
a gcsIurcOdircclion IOIIaIvIicImigIIgcI usOuIOIIIcsump.
4
!nuicn GracqsLcllrincsIIcrc is a Icrribcpassagc, a ascinaIingpOrIraiI
O IIc !rcncI inIcccIua-OsI and usccss vIcn Ic is askcd, vIcn lhc
workcrs ask Iim, simpy IO bc sOmcOnc cnigIIcncd, a rcaisI cadcr. !I
cOnccrnsOnccagainIIisincxIausIibcanayscr, IIc Ommunc.
BOIcmiansOIIIcpcn,OurnaisIspaidbyIIcinc,grcyingIuIOrs,Ovcr-
agcd sIudcnIs, IaIiccnscd graduaIcs in scarcI OI privaIc cssOns iI
is indccd in parI IIc sma vOrd rOm Sccncso]ohcmian Li]c Iurncd
sOur, vIicI Ias madc sucI a prcIIy buria IOr VicIOr NOir and vIicI
viII sucIincapaciIyIas gOvcrncd IIc Ommunc amOngIIc casks, IIc
x|i
x||i
PLLL
gasscs, IIc Cra, IIc smOkc and IIc gab scssiOns O IIc bOard rOOm
Oa sma ncvspapcr MarxvasOrgivingOIIc Ohccrs incOmmand
OIIc COmmunc, vIOscinsuhcicncyIcOIIcrviscvasvcavarc O.
TIc rcvOuIiOn asO Ias iIs TrOcIus and iIs Gamcins. TIcrankncssO
Vas is cOnsIcrnaIingand vOud IOrriy IIis sc-prOcaimcd gOvcrn-
mcnI,IIcscvannabcrcvOuIiOnaricsvIOvcrcspiIupOnbyIIcinsur-
gcnIsOnIIcbarricadcsvIcnIIcypasscdIIrOugI Bccvic duringIIc
COmmuncs hna bOOdy vcck. TIcrc is nO cxcusc Or cading cvcn a
gOOd hgII vIcniIscd sOIa-IcarIcdy.
A Iypc O aIrOciOus nausca ariscs vIic OOvingIIc ubucsquc and
paIIcIic cIaOs O IIc asI pagcs, vIcrcin IIc unOrIunaIc dccgaIc O
IIc COmmunc, Iis sasI-vIicI Ic dOcs nOI darc IOsIOv-Iiddcnin
a ncvspapcr undcr Iis arm, a sOrI O ncigIbOurIOOd irrcprcscnIaIivc,
a hrc-sIarIing CIarOI IOpping amOng IIc cxpOding sIcs, vandcrs
arOundikcaOsIdOgrOmOncbarricadcIOIIcOIIcr,unabcIOdOany-
IIing aIa, buicd byIIcIccII-baring rcbcs, disIribuIingindisOrdcry
asIiOnvOucIcrsOrIcrrings, bucIs, andhrc, andimpOringIIc spiIc-
ucrOvd-vIicIvasIardOnIisIccsbccauscOIIchxinIOvIicIIc
IadpungcdIIcm. Lcavcmc aOnc, pcasc. ! nccdIOIIinkaOnc
!n Iis cxic as a cOuragcOus incOmpcIcnI, Ic musI Iavc avOkcn
sOmcIimcs aI nigII, sIi Icaring IIc-aIcr a quiIc scriOus-vOiccs O
aIIOscpcOpcvIOvcrcIObcmassacrcdacvminuIcsaIcr,andvIO
cricd sO uriOusy aI Iim rOm IIc barricadc. 'WIcrc arc IIc Ordcrs?
WIcrcis IIcpan?.
O a IIc pOssibc nigIImarcs, IIaI ObcingcxpOscd Onc day IO sucI
a hgurc is Ormc IIc mOsI unbcarabc !I is ccar IO mc IIaI IO vard O
IIis risk suppOscs a IIOrOugI rcsIuingIIaI ccrIainy IOucIcs upOIIc
inIcccIuasbuIasO upOnIIcvOrkcrs, OrvIaIis aI sIakc isIIcadvcnI
bcIvccnIIcmOanunIcardOIypc OviciniIy, Oa prcviOusyunIIink-
abcpOiIicaIOpOOgy.
! vriIc Icrc sO IIaI nciIIcr ! nOr my inIcrOcuIOrs-inIcccIuas Or
nOI-cvcrbccOmcIIcOncvIO, aIOd, canOnymccIIIc grcaIdaIcsO
IisIOrybydisIribuIingIcrringvOucIcrs.
K66|60C6S d00 00|6V| dI| 00S
AsarasIIcma OrauIIOrsarccOnccrncd,IIcOOvingabbrcviaIiOnsand
cdiIiOnsIavcbccnuscd.
arIMarxandFricdrichEngcIs,SclcclcJwork:in7hrcc\olumc:( Moscow.Progrcss
PubIishcrs, ! 6) . HcrcaIIcrSWIoIIowcdby voIumc andpagcnumbcr.
Vladimir I. Icnin, SclcclcJ work: in 7hrcc \olumc: ( Moscow. ProgrcssPublishcrs,
! 70) . HrcaIIcrSW,IoIIowcdbyvoIumcandpagcnumbcr.
Mao cdong, SclcclcJ wor ( Bciing. Forcign Ianguagcs Prcss, ! 6!-77) .
HcrcaIIcrSW, IoIIowcdbyvoIumcandpagcnumbcr.
. W. F. HcgcI, 7hcPhcnomcnolojy o]S]iril, Irans. A. V. MiIIcr ( OxIord. OxIord
UnivcrsiIyPrcss, I 77) . HcrcaIIcrPh, IolIowcdbyIhc pagcnumbcr.
Scicncc o]Lojic, Irans. A. V. MiIIcr ( AmhcrsI, NY. HumaniIy Books, ! 6) .
HcrcaIIcrI, IoIlowcdbyIhcpagcnumbcr.
Sphanc MaIIarmc, CollcclcJ Pocm: anJ 0lhcr \cr:c, Irans. E. H. and A. M.
Blackmorc ( OxIord. OxIord UnivcrsiIyPrcss, 006) . HcrcaIIcr CP, Iollowcd
by Ihc pagc numbcr. I wiIl indicaIc in an cndnoIc whcncvcr I prcIcrrcd Io
usc CollcclcJPcm:, Irans. HcnryWcinhcId ( BcrkcIcy. UnivcrsiIy oICaIiIornia
Prcss, ! 6) .
Divajalion:, Irans. Barbara Johnson ( Cambridgc. HarvardUnivcrsiIyPrcss,
007) . HcrcaIIcr, IoIIowcdby Ihcpagcnumbcr.
ricdrich HIdcrin, F::ay: anJ Lcllcr: on 7hcoi, cd. and rans. Thomas Iau
(AIbany. SIaIc UnivcrsiIy oI Ncw YorkPrcss, ! 88) HcrcaIIcrIIT, IoIIowcd
byIhcpagcnumbcr.
- Pocm: anJ Frajmcnl:, Irans. Michacl Hamburgcr (Iondon. AnviI Prcss
PocIry, ! 4) . HcrcaIIcrPF, IoIIowcdby hcpagc numbcr.
acqucs Iacan, Ecril:. 7hc Fir:l Com]lclc FJilion in Fnjli:h, Irans. Brucc Fink in
coIlaboraIionwiIhHclosc Finkand RussclIGrigg ( NcwYork. W. W. NorIon,
006) . HcrcaIIcrE,IoIIowcdbyIhcpagcnumbcrsrcIcrringIoIhcEngIishand
x||ii
x|
LlLLNLLb N bbLVlJlNb
IhcFrcnch cdiIions, scparaIcdbyanobIiquc.
7hc Scminaro]1acquc:Lacan,ook.FrcuJ:Pa]cr: on 7cchniquc, I J-I,
cd. Jacqucs-AIain MiIlcr, trans. John ForrcsIcr (Ncw York W. W. NorIon,
! 88) . HcrcaIIcrS I, IoIlowcdbypagcnumbcrsIo IhcEngIishand thcFrcnch
cdiIions, scparaIcd by anobliquc.
- 7hc FourFunJamcnlal Concc]l: o]P:ycho-Analy:i:, cd. Jacqucs-AIain MilIcr,
Irans. AIan Shcridan (Ncw York. W.W. NorIon, ! 8 ! ) . HcrcaIIcr S XI, Iol-
Iowcdby thcpagcnumbcrsoI thc EnglishandFrcnchcdiIions, scparatcdby
anobIiquc.
7hc Scminar o] 1acquc: Iacan. ook '' Encorc, I 72-I 7J, Irans. Brucc
Fink (Ncw York. W.W. NorIon, ! 88) . HcrcaIIcr S XX, IoIIowcdby Ihc pagc
numbcr.
' ConIcrcnccs cI cnIrcIicns dans dcs univcrsiIcs nord-amcricaincs, Sciliccl
6-7 ( ! 75) . 7-45. HcrcaIIcr' ConIcrcnccs IoIIowcdbyIhc pagcnumbcr.
HanJbook o]Malhcmalical Iojic ( AmsIcrdam and Ncw York. NorIh-HoIIand
PublishingCompany, ! 77) . HcrcaIIcrHML, IoIIowcdbyIhcpagcnumbcr.
TcxIs oI Ihc CuIIuraI RcvoluIion, lm]orlanl Documcnl: on lhc Crcal Prolclarian
CulluralRcvolulioninChina ( Bciing. ForcignIanguagcsPrcss, ! 70) . HcrcaIIcr
GPCR, IoIlowcdbyIhc pagcnumbcr.
AIIoIhcrrcIcrcnccs wiIlbc quoIcdin IhcIcxI, withbibIiographicaIinIormaIion
providcd inthcTransIaIors EndnoIcs andRcIcrcnccs.
AsIorPauI Sandcvinccswritings,IhcrcadcrmaywantIoconsuItIhcIoIIowing,
alI pubIishcd by PoIcmkinc cdiIions.
- uc:l-ccquunc]oliliqucmarxi:lc? ( ! 78)
- Ln bilanJcMai8( ! 78)
- Nolc:Jc lravail:urlc]o:llnini:mc ( ! 80)
PAk1|
1M6 || dC6 0 IM6 bu0j 6CIl V6
1
LV6|yIM| 0 IMdI 06l 00S I0 d WM0| 6 C00SI| IuI6S
d0 00SIdC| 6 I0 IM| S WM0| 6 | 0S0d| dS |I |S | 0C| u060
| 0 |I
d3PU3I , Vb
Od cgc spiIin IvO-ScissiOn, dcIcrminaIiOn,imiI-Spaccand
OuIpacc-cviaIiOns On IIc rigII andcI
TIcrcarcIvOdiaccIicamaIriccsin cgc.TIisisvIaIIurnsIIcamOus
sIOry O IIc sIc and IIc kcrnc inIO sucI a dubiOus cnigma. !I is IIc
kcrnc iIscIIaI is crackcd, as in IIOsc pcacIcs IIaI arc urIIcrmOrc sO
irriIaIingIO caI vIOsc IardinIcrnaObjccIquicky cracksbcIvccn Oncs
IccIIinIOIvOpivOIingIavcs.
!n IIc pcacI IIcrc is sIi a kcrnc O IIc kcrnc, IIc biIIcr amOnd
sIapcdnuIOiIsrcprOducIiOnasaIrcc. BuIOuIOHcgcsdivisiOn,vcvi
dravnOsccOndaryuniIy, nOIcvcnOncsIampcdviIIbiIIcrncss.
Wc musI undcrsIand vIaI Lcnin rcpcaIcd a biI a Ovcr IIc pacc. IIc
rcIrOspccIivc gOOdncvsIIaIHcgcisa maIcriaisI !IisvOrIIcssmcrcy
IO OppOsc an (acccpIabc) diaccIica kcrnc IO an (abOminabc) idcais-
tic sIc. TIc diaccIic, inasmucI as iI is IIc av O bcing, is ncccssariy
maIcriaisI. ! cgc IOucIcd upOn iI, Ic musI Iavc bccn a maIcriaisI.
is OIIcrsidc vi bc IIaI OanidcaisI-diaccIic, in a singc vOrd, vIicI
IasnOIIingrcaabOuIiI, nOIcvcninIIc rcgisIcr OaninvcrIcd symbOic
ndicaIiOn (sIandingOniIs Icad, asMarxsai d) .
SOaIIIc IcarIOIIc cgcian diaccIicvcmusI discnIangc IvO prOc-
csscs,IvOcOnccpIsOmOvcmcnI,andnOIusIOncprOpcrvicvObccOming
IIaIvOudIavcbccncOrrupIcdbyasubccIivcsysIcmOknOving.TIus.

4
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
a) A diaccIica maIrix cOvcrcd by IIc Icrm O aicnaIiOn: IIc idca O a
simpc Icrm vIicI unOds iIsc in iIs bccOming-OIIcr, in Ordcr IO
cOmc backIOiIscasan acIicvcdcOnccpI.
b) A diaIccIica maIrix vIOsc OpcraIOr is scissiOn, and vIOsc IIcmc
is IIaI IIcrc is nO uniIy IIaI is nOI spiI. TIcrc is nOI IIc casI biI
O rcIurn inIO iIsc, nOr any cOnnccIiOn bcIvccn IIc hna and IIc
inaugura. NOI cvcn 'inIcgra cOmmunism as IIc rcIurn, aIcr IIc
cxIcriOrizaIiOninIOIIc SIaIc, IOIIccOnccpIOvIicI 'primiIivc cOm
munism vOud bc IIc simpcimmcdiacy.
YctIIings arcarrOmbcingsOsimpc.
2
LcI us bcgin viII an cmpIy nOIiOn, aI Oncc imiIcd and prOdigiOusy
gcncraI. IIc nOIiOn O IIc sOmcIIing, vIicI is IIc hrsI Orm O bcing-
IIcrcin Hcgcs Loic.
Hcgcs ObccIivc, viII Iis sOmcIIing, is nOIIing css IIan IO givc risc
IO IIc diaccIic O IIc Onc and IIc many, O IIc inhniIc and IIc hniIc,
IIaI is, IIc principc O vIaI vc OrIIOdOx MarxisIs ca quanIiIaIivc
accumuaIiOn,vIicI, ascvcryOncknOvs,isrcpuIcdIOprOduccaquaIiIa
Iivccap.
TIcmysIcry,mOrcOvcr, is IIaIa OIIis in Hcgcs Loiccanbc Ound
undcrIIc Icading O'quaiIy, vIicIinIIc OrdcrOcxpOsiIiOnprcccdcs
quanIiIy.
HOvcvcr,iIisHcgcvIOisrigII,asavays,bccauscnOIIingcanbcsaid
OIIcOncviIIOuIcngagingIIcquaiIaIivcandOrcc.TIisisvIyOncO
IIc ObccIivcs OvIaI vc arc saying Icrc is IO csIabisI IIaI IIc amOus
'caprOmIIcquanIiIaIivcIOIIcquaiIaIivc, arrOmbcingIIcmcasurc
IIaImakcsaIIIcIIcrmOmcIcrscxpIOdc, incudcsIIccccIOa subccI.
HcgcinanycascisaIpainsIOcngcndcrIIcmuIipc,IIcdcnumcrabc,
insOarasIis idcaisIprOpcnsiIypusIcs Iim avays IO ObIain cvcryIIing
On IIc basis O a simpc Icrm. HOv can IIc muIipc prOcccd rOm IIc
Onc, andrOmIIcOnc aOnc? TIisisa qucsIiOn asOdaspIiOsOpIy, buI
iIIasavays Icd mOrc puncIOr sOmcOnc vIO cIaims IOIisIOricizc IIc
WIOc, insIcadOmcrcygivingusIIcavOiIs hxcd Ordcr. AIrcadyviII
IIc CIurcI !aIIcrs, IIOsc grcaI Oundcrs O cOnccpIuaI IisIOry, iI vas
ncccssary IO accOunI Or IIc acI IIaI GOd, IIc absOuIc Orm O IIc Onc,
JHL PLLL l JHL bUbdLLJlVL
vasabIcIOpuvcrizca univcrscOsucIIasIingmuIipiciIy.TOprOvcGOd
byIIcmarvcIs O naIurc-rOm IIcrOgIO IIc unicOrn (cxccpI IIaIIIc
unicOrnraIIcrprOcs IIccxisIcnccOIIc cvi)-is Onc IIing: IO prOvc
tIc marvcs O naIurc by GOd is mucI mOrc cOmpicaIcd, sincc GOd is
ncccssariIy IIcmarvcOmarvcs.
Hcgc is IIc mOdcrncOnjurcr OIIis ccccsiasIica qucsIiOn. !nsIcadO
sayingIIaIIIcrciscrcaIiOnOIIcWIOcbyIIcOnc,HcgcIvisIOvIIaI
IIc WIOc is IIc IisIOry O IIc Onc, sO IIaI IIc spacc OIIc muIipc is
IIc cccI OIIcIimcrcquircdOr IIc cOnccpI. !OrIIc coujd]orc OIIc
miracuIOus CrcaIOr, Ic subsIiIuIcsIIcvOrk, IIcsucring, andIIccircu-
arduraIiOnOakindOscI-cxpOsurc,IIrOugIvIicIIIcabsOuIcarrivcs
aI IIc cOmpcIcy unOIdcd cOnIcmpaIiOn O iIsc. And iIis IIisOurncy
IIrOugIIIcgaIIcricsOIIc OncIIaIis IIcvIOcOIIcvOrd.
OcOursc,IIciniIiacoujd]orcIIaIisIIusgOsscdOvcrsIOvsupagain
incvcrysubscqucnIparagrapI. usIasiI makcs IIcIcavymacIincry O
tIc gOba sysIcm advancc, iIis IIc vcry accumuaIiOn OIIcsc arbiIrary
Oca dccrccs IIaI cvcryvIcrc givcs Orm IO IIc acuIc andparIia ramc-
vOrkOHcgcIsmaIcriaism.
3
!rOmIIc sIarIHcgcI dOcs nOI pOsiIIIc'sOmcIIingaI OniIsOvn, buI IIc
dicrcncc bcIvccn sOmcIIing and sOmcIIing OIIcr ( LasundAndrs) .
WIaI is IIus rccOgnizcd is IIaI nO diaccIic is cOnccivabc i iI dOcs nOI
prcsuppOsc divisiOn. !I is IIc TvO IIaI givcs iIs cOnccpI IO IIc Onc, and
nOIIIcOIIcrvayarOund.
NaIuraIIy, IIcrcarcasOrIsOcOnIOrIiOnsOn HcgcsparIIIaIscrvcIO
maskIIisrccOgniIiOn. EvcryIIingIappcns-cspcciayin IIchrsIcdiIiOn
rOm I 8! 2, vIicI is IIc mOsI idcaisIbccausc IIc Od Hcgc, cOnIraryIO
vIaIis sOmcIimcs said, avaysIOds On IO a rcaiIy principc-as i IIc
'sOmcIIing csc vcrc IIc pOsIpOsiIiOn O IIc 'sOmcIIing, iIs caIcgOriaI
bccOming. BuI IIis is a smOkcscrccn. !n acI, Hcgc is gOing IO sIudy IIc
scissiOn O IIc sOmcIIing in a mOvcmcnI IIaI is prcsIrucIurcd by a hrsI
scissiOn,vIicIisinavayIiddcnbcausitisssntiallyrjtitiv. iIisvIaI
rcpcaIs IIc sOmcIIing in IIc pOsiIiOn O iIsc as OIIcr, as sOmcIIing-
OIIcr. TIis is cxacIy IIc OpcraIiOn O IIc vcry bcginning O IIc Loic,
vIcrcbcingandnOIIingarcIIcsamcIIingpOsiIcdIvicc.Hcrc, IOO, Onc
can 'IrackdOvnIIcbccOming-spiIOa caIcgOry OnIybccausc Oncgivcs
b
0
JHLY JHL bUbdLL1
Oncsc, vIcIIc sccrcIy Or pubicy, IIis minma primary dicrcnIia.
IvOIimcsOnc.
!sayIIaIiIis'IIcsamcIIingpOsiIcdIviccbccauscaIcriIyIasIcrcnO
quaiIaIivc suppOrI. Wcar,iyOuvi, aIIIcdavnOIIc quaIaIivc, aI
iIs sIrucIura skccIOn. 1hisOnydicrsrOmlhalby IIc sIaIcmcnI OIIc
dicrcncc, by IIc iIcra paccmcnI. Onc cOud namc IIis nhmOus sIasis
OIIc cOnIradicIiOn IIc indcxicasIasis. TIcrc isA, and IIcrc is A
,
(rcad.
AassucIand 'Ain anOIIcrpacc,namcy,IIcpaccpdisIrbuIcdbyIIc
spacc OpaccmcnI, Or!) .
!Ii sIIcsamcAIvicc namcd, Ivicc paccd.
TIisvi mOrcIIansuhccOrIIcmIOcOrrupIOncanOIIcr.
!OryOucancOnsidcrAcIIcriniIspurc,cOscdidcnIiIy, OriniIsindcxi-
ca dicrcnccrOmiIssccOndOccurrcncc.AisiIsc,buIiIisasOiIspOvcr
OrcpcIiIiOn, IIc cgibiiIyOiIscaIadisIanccrOmIsc,IIc acIIIaIaI
apacc,p, IIc OIIcrpacc,iI ssIiAiIscIIaIsrcad,abciI'OIIcrIIan
IIcrcvIcrcIsIands,cvcniIisnOvIcrc, sinccIis sccnIIcrcloo.
Hcgc namcs IIcsc IvO dcIcrmnaIiOns IIc sOmcIIng-iniIscand IIc
sOmcIIing-Or-IIcOIIcr. TIc 'sOmcIIing, asapurccaIcgOry, isIIcunIy
OIIcscIvO dcIcrminaIiOns, IIc mOvcmcnIOIIcirduaiIy.
TIissprOOIIaIin OrdcrIOIIinkanyIIingaIa, sOmcIIingnOmaIIcr
vIaI, iImusIbc spIinIvO.
WIaIis IIcmcaningOIIcsOmcIIing-in-IscandIIcsOmcIIing-Or-
IIc-OIIcr? !urc idcnIiIy and paccd idcnIiIy; IIc cIIcr and IIc spacc in
vIicI Iis markcd: IIcOry and pracIicc.
TIc givcnncss O minma dicrcncc (sOmcIIng and sOmcIIng csc)
ncccssariy cOnIracIs nIO IIc hxcd Icrm O IIc dicrcncc, IIc 'IIing,
vIcIIcr iI bc sOmc- Or csc. A. vc said (and A is IIc IIing) , is aI IIc
samc Iimc A and A
,
, vIcrcby A
,
is IIc gcncricIcrm Or any paccmcnI
OA. !ndccd, IIis can bc A
,
, A
,
, A
,
. . . viII a IIc

. . ,

. . .
bcOnging, Or cxampc, IO !. TIs s vIaI vc vi scc aIcr On. IIcrc arc
an inhnIy Opaccs. s A in IIc gcncra-singuar OpaccmcnI. NOv,
I s avays in IIs vay IIaI A prcscnIs iIsc (iI is avays paccd) and
rcuscsiIsc(bccausc,aspaccd,IisncvcrOnyiIsc,A,buIasOiIspacc,
A
,
j . !urIIcrmOrc, IIis is Iruc O anyIIing vIaIsOcvcr-O sOmcIIing in
gcncra,OsucI-and

sucIa IIing.
WcmusIIIuspOsiIa cOnsIIuIivcscissiOn. A , A,
TIc ndcx, p, rccrs back IOIIc spacc OpaccmcnI !, IIc siIc Oany
pOssibc rcdupicaIiOn O A. NOIc IIaI IIis dOcs nOI Iavc IO bc spaIia Or
gcOmcIrica a rcdupicaIiOn canbc IcmpOra, OrcvcnhcIivc.
JHL PLLL JHL bUbdLLJlVL
WIaIHcgcdOcsnOIsIaIcccarysIIaI,undamcnIay, IIc IruciniIia
cOnIrary O IIc sOmcIIing, A, is nOI sOmcIIng csc, nOI cvcn IIc samc
A 'paccd, A
,
. NO, IIc IrucbuIcamOuIagcdcOnIrary OAsIIcspacc O
paccmcnI!. Iis IIaIvIcIdclcalcslhcindcx. TIcgvcnncssOAasbcing
iIscspiInIO.
- iIspurcbcing,A
- iIs bcing-paccd, A
,
(Hcdcggcr vOud say. inIO iIs OnIOOgca bcing and iIs OnIic bcing) is
IIc cccI On A O IIc cOnIradcIiOn bcIvccn Is purc idcnIiIy and IIc
sIrucIurcd spacc IO vIcI I bcOngs, bcIvccn iIs bcng and IIc WIOc.
TIc diaccIic dvidcs A bascd upOn IIc cOnIradcIOn bcIvccn A and !,
bcIvccn IIc cxsIcnI and Is pacc. !I is IIis cOnIradicIOn, vIOsc aIcnI
IIcmc is Maarmcan ( NOIIing vi Iavc Iakcn pacc cxccpI IIc pacc ) ,
vIicI, inIrOccIcdinIOA, OundsIscccIivc bcngasscssiOn.
A O IIis is IOO mucI O an anIcipaIOn, bccausc IIc cOnIradicIOn
bcIvccn A and ! OppOscs a Orcc IO a sysIcm Opaccs, and vc Iavc nOI
rcacIcdIIaIpOnIycI.
LcI mc IIrOv usI a iIIc IasI O igII, Onc IIaI mOrcOvcr is pcrccIy
cxccssivc.
TIc Iruc cOnIrary O IIc prOcIariaI is nOI IIc bOurgcOsic. !I s IIc
bOurgcOis vOrd, impcriaisI sOcicIy, O vIicI IIc prOcIariaI, cI IIis bc
nOIcd, s a nOIOrOus ccmcnI, as IIc principa prOducIivc Orcc and as
IIc anIagOnisIc pOIca pOc. TIc amOus cOnIradicIiOn O bOurgcOisic/
prOcIariaI s a imIcd, sIrucIura scIcmc IIaI Oscs Irack O IIc IOrsiOn
OIIc WIOc OvIcIIIcprOcIariaIquasubjccIIraccsIIc Orcc. TO say
prOcIariaIandbOurgcOscsIOrcmainviIInIIcbOundsOIIcHcgcan
arIihcc.sOmcIIingandsOmcIIingcsc. WIy? Bccausc IIc prOccI OIIc
prOcIaraI,iIsinIcrnabcing,isnOIIOcOnIradicIIIcbOurgcOsic, OrIOcuI
Is ccI rOm undcrI. TIsprOjccIis cOmmunism, andnOIIngcsc. TIaI
is, IIc abOiIiOnOanypaccinvIicIsOmcIIngkc a prOcIariaI can bc
insIacd.TIc pOIicaprOjccIOIIcprOcIaraIisIIcdsappcarancc OIIc
spaccOIIcpaccmcnIOcasscs.!IisIIcOss,OrIIcIsIOricasOmcIIng,
Ocvcry ndcx Ocass.
YOuvisay. andvIaIabOuIsOciaism?SOciaismvIcrc,inacI,bOur
gcOisicandprOcIaraIarcmOrcIIancvcraIOggcrIcads,incudinginIIc
gusc O unprcccdcnIcd rcvOuIOns, IIc cuIura rcvOuIiOns? SOcaism
dOcs nOI cxisI. !I is a namc Or an Obscurc arscna O ncv cOndiIiOns
in vIicI IIc capiIaism/cOmmunism cOnIradicIiOn bccOmcs sOmcvIaI
7
b
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
carihcd.SOciaismdcsignaIcsasIiIingmuIaIiOnOIIcspaccOIIcpacc-
mcnIOcasscs. SOciaismis!inIIcpaccO!.!IIcrcisamaOrpOinIin
Marxism, vIicIIIisccnIurycOnhrms amOsI IO IIc cvcI OdisgusI, iI is
IIaIvcsIOudccrIainynOIinaIcIIcqucsIiOnO'sOciaism,OIIc'cOn-
sIrucIiOn OsOciaism.TIcscriOusaair, IIcjrcciscaair, iscOmmunism.
TIis isvIy, aaOng, pOiIicssIandsina pOsiIiOnOdOminaIiOnOvcrIIc
SIaIc, andcannOIbcrcduccdIOiI.AndyOuviIIncvcrrcduccaOIIisIO
Ihc binary pOvcrIy OIIc cOnIradicIiOn, Icrm againsI Icrm, OprOIcIariaI
bOurgcOisic. MarxismbcginsbcyOndIIiscOnIradicIiOn.
4
WiII Hcgc vc IIus pOsiI IIc scissiOn A (AA

IIc cccI O IIc cOm-

pcIcyvciIcdcOnicIua rcaIiOnbcIvccnA and IIc disIribuIOrOpaccs
IO vIicI iI is cOnnccIcd. EvcryIIing IIaI cxisIs is IIus aI IIc samc Iimc
iIscandiIscI-accOrdingIO- iIs-pacc.
NOv HcgcI says IIaI vIaI dctcrmincs IIc spIiI Icrm, vIaI givcs iI IIc
singuariIyOiIscxisIcncc,isnOIOcOurscA, IIcgcncricIcrm cOscdinOn
iIscI, indicrcnI IO any diaccIic. !Iis raIIcr A

A accOrding IOIIc cccI

OIIc vIOc inIO vIicIiIisinscribcd.
COnsidcr, Or cxampc, IIaI i IIc vOrking cass is inIcrnay spIiI,
incudingduringIIOscIcadyIimcsmarkcdbymassmOvcmcnIs,bcIvccn
IIcOnscIOiIsIrucpOIiIicaIidcnIiIy, On OncIand, and, On IIc OIIcr, iIs
aIcnI cOrrupIiOn by bOurgcOis Or impcriaisI idcas and pracIiccs, IIcn
iI is surcIy Oving IO IIc cccI O IIaIvIicIstill dispOscs iI in a WIOc,
vIcIIcrnaIiOnaIOrgObaI, gOvcrncdby capiIaIandcmpircs.TIisisvIaI
IOds IOgcIIcr IvO OIIcrvisc sO cOnIrary paIIs in IIc pracIica uniIy O
anuprising,andvIicImakcsOIIcpurccmcrgcnccOiIscaprOccssO
purihcaIiOninIIcdivisibccOnIacIviIIiIsOppOsiIc.
TIis is Iruc cvcn undcr sOciaism. !n 67, in CIina, armcd acIiOns
rcsisI in a IIc argc acIOrics. MaO dccarcs. 'NOIIing csscnIia dividcs
IIcvOrkingcIass Ocs IIis amOunI IOIIcacIuaObscrvaIiOnOahxcd
pacc?NO.TIisisadirccIivcOrcOmbaI,mcaningIIaIIIcprOcIariaImusI
Iakc IIc Icad O IIc rcvOIuIiOn, and IIaI sucI is IIc IisIOricaI guiding
IIrcad iI musI IOId OnIO Or iIs uniIy, IIaI is,]or its cxistcncc (as pOIiIicaI
cass).
AI IIaI is rcaIcs IO iIsc aI a disIancc rOm iIsc Oving IO IIc pacc
vIcrc iIis.

JHL PLLL JHL bUbdLLJlVL

!A (AA

IIis isdcIcrmincdby IIc indcxica cccI O ! On A. Wc

vi IIusvriIcA

(AA

) as IIc hrsI nOIaIiOnO IIc dcIcrminaIiOn OIIc

scissiOn,IIchrsIagOriIImOIIuniIyOOppOsiIcs.
!nOIIcrvOrds, vIaI HcgccaIIscstimmun.
cstimmun is, in Iurn, dividcd byvIaI iI unihcs. !Iis a maOr sIrcngII
O IIc diaccIic IO grasp IOv IIc Onc O IIc uniIy O cOnIrarics suppOrIs
cOnIrarincssiniIsvcrybcing.
LcI usbcgin viII Our cxampc. IIcpracIicaI (IisIOrica) vOrking cass
is avays IIc cOnIradicIOry uniIy OiIscIasprOcIariaI and OiIs spccihc
bOurgcOis invcrsiOn (IOday, mOdcrn rcvisiOnism, IIc !C!, IIc Iradc
uniOns, cvcryIIing IIaI Organizcs IIc raying O IIc vOrking cIass IO
impcriaisI sOcicIy, Or cvcn IO IIc idca O cading IIis cIass Or IIc dirccI
bcnchI O IIc vOrking arisIOcracy, parIiay auIIOrizcd by burcaucraIic
sIaIc capiIaIism) . TIis uniIy O OppOsiIcs is dcIcrmincd (in IIc scnsc O
IIc HcgcIian cstimmun) by IIc gcncra bOurgcOis spacc, vIicI bcars
IIcpOssibIc uniIy OIIc pOiIicayacIivc (MarxisI) prOcIariaIand OIIc
vOrkingcassas!accOIIcncvsIaIcburcaucraIicbOurgcOisic (rcvisiOn-
ism) . TIus, A = IIc vOrkingcIass, ! cOnIcmpOraryimpcriaIisIsOcicIy.
TIisgivcsusA

=mOdcrnrcvisiOnism, andIIc aIgOriIIm.A A

(AA

invIicIisindicaIcdIIaI vIaI dcIcrmincsIIc diaccIica acIuaIiIy OIIc

prOcIariaI IOday isiIs inIcrna purihcaIiOnrOm mOdcrn rcvisiOnism.
BuIvIaI dOcs ' dcIcrminaIiOn mcan?TvO IIings:
- On IIc Onc Iand, IIaI IIc cOmbaIivc MarxisI cOrc O IIc vOrking
cIassis dcIcrmincdbyIIcncvrcvisiOnisIbOurgcOisic.TIisisdiaccIi-
cadcIcrminaIiOninIIcsIrOngscnsc, vIicIcanbcvriIIcnA

(A) .
- On IIc OIIcr Iand, IIaI rcvisiOnism, in IIc hna anaysis, and mOrc
and mOrc sO, is ncvcr anyIIing buI IIc spccihc and IOmOgcncOus
Orm, adapIcd IO IIc vOrking cass, O IIc gcncraI bOurgcOis and
impcriaisIspacc, Or!. !n IIc sIruggIc IOpuriyiIscOIIis, IIc prO-
cIariaI unmas (IIis is IIc auIIOrizcd Icrm) IIc parI OiIscIIaI is
cngagcd in rcvisiOnism, and pOsiIs iI as an inIcgra parI OIIc cxIcr-
na anIagOnisIic Icrm, vIicI, as vc sav, is nOI IIc bOurgcOisic buI
impcriaisI sOcicIy O vIicIIIc !C!, IIc uniOns, and sO On, arc IIc
mOdcrn, cccIivc, andacIivc sIandard-bcarcrs. As sucI, dcIcrmina-
IiOn Ony rccOnvOkcs-rcpcaIs-IIc spacc OpIaccmcnI, IIc gcncra
aIcriIy ! OvIicI p is IIc indcx Or A. Wc viII vriIc. A

( A

) !.
TIis is a sOrI O dcad brancI O IIc diaccIicaIprOccss, IIc rcmindcr
IIaIIIcdcIcrminaIiOnOIIcscissiOnA( AA

) OriginaIcsrOmIIcacI
9
1
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
IhaIA Ony cx-sisIs inIhc siIc!. This is IhcincrI, divisibcparIOIhc
IOIa dcIcrminaIiOn-viIh Ihc OIhcrparI, markcdA

( A) , Iruybcing
IhcinIimaIccOrcOIhcdcIcrminaIiOn]orA.
!n gcncra, vc can say IhaI Ihc dcIcrminaIiOn O any spiI cx-sisIcnI is
disIribuIivc
dcIcrminaIionpropcr
rcIapscinothcgcncraIspacc
'NothingwiIIhavc IakcnpIaccbuIIhc pIacc
Ocs Hcgc rcay spcak O Ihcsc dcad branchcs O Ihc prOccss?
AbsOuIcy. Hccas Ihcm 'rcapscs ( Rckllc) . Thcyarc Ihc shadOvcasI
byIhcpIacciniIspurc, cvOcaIivcdimcnsiOn.cIcrminaIiOn,OnIhcOIhcr
hand, isIhcncv.
Wc Ihus ObIain, aI Ihis sIagc, Ihc OOving grcaI diaccIica cOnccpIs,
cndOvcdviIhan absOuIcy gcncra OnIOOgica impOrI.
a) Di]crcncc OiIscrOmiIsc, A and A

cOmmandcdby Ihc conlradic

lion bcIvccn Orcc A and Ihc spacc OpIaccmcnI!, OvhichA

is Ihc
indcxicainsIanccOrA. AnimpOrIanIpOinIIOnOIcisIhaIiIisIhccOn-
IradicIiOnIhaIcOmmandsdicrcncc, andnOIIhcOIhcrvayarOund.
b) ScissionasIhcOnyOrmOcxisIcnccOIhcsOmcIhingingcncraA
(AA

)
c ) DclcrminalionasuniIyOIhcscissiOn,IhinkabcOnyrOmIhcindcxcd
Icrm (andnOIrOmIhcpurcIcrm) . A

(AA

)
d) ThcscissiOnOIhc dcIcrminaIiOnaccOrdingIO vhaI iIdcIcrmincs.
- dcIcrminaIiOnOIhcncv, A

(A)
- rcapsc. A

(A

) !.
Thc csscnccOIhc rcapscisIhcspacc OpaccmcnI,Ihcpacc.
ArcmarkOnIcrminOOgy.iOncOppOscsOrccIOpacc,as!shacOnIinu-
aydO, iIviaIvaysbcmOrchOmOgcncOusIO say' spaccOpaccmcnIIO
dcsignaIc Ihc acIiOn O Ihc sIrucIurc. !IvOudbc cvcnbcIIcr IO Orgc Ihc
Icrmsjlacc.!,OnIhccOnIrary,Oncsays'pacc,vhichismOrcMaIIarmcan,
vcvinccdIOsay,inIhcLacanianmanncr,'pacc-hOdingOr'icuIcnancy
Or 'pacc. BuI 'Orcc is Ihcn hcIcrOgcncOus IO dcsignaIc Ihc a-sIrucIura
IOpOOgicasidc. !IvOudbc mOrcapprOpriaIcIOsay:Ihcouljlacc.
JHL PLLL JHL bUbdLLJlVL
ThcdiaccIic, inIhcsavdusI-hcdarcnaOIhccaIcgOriacOmbaI,isIhc
OuIpaccagainsIIhcspacc.
5
Thc rcapsc is Ihc incrI ncgaIivc O sIricI dcIcrminatiOn Ony i A

(A)
incudcsa spccihcrcsisIanccOIhcIcrmAIOaOvingiIscIObc cxhaus-
Iivcy dcIcrmincd by iIs indcxicaI insIancc A

! nOI, A

(A) vOud bc
svalIOvcdupinA

!nOIhcrvOrds, lhcrcwouldonlybcrclajscs.ThisisIhc
principc OsIrucIuraisminaIiIsOrms.
BuInciIhcr!nOrHcgcarcsIrucIuraisIs.!Ihink,Orcxampc,IhaI,iniIs
anIagOnisIicdcIcrminaIiOnIhaIisspccihcIOIhcncvrcvisiOnisIbOurgcOi-
sic, IhcprOcIariaIcmcrgcsas a pOsiIivc ncvncss. This happcns, Iimidy,
during May 8 in !rancc, and, viIh grcaI uprOar, in anuary ! 7 in
China-Or insIancc, in Ihc guisc O a IhOrOughy IransOrmcd Marxism
(MaOism) . ThcinIcriOriIyprOpcrIOA Ihus cOmcsIOdclcrminclhcdclcrmi-
nalion. AIcr a, inIhc CuIuraRcvOuIiOn, iIisIhc pcOpc in rcvOII vhO
dcsignaIcIhcncvburcaucraIicbOurgcOisicasIhcgObadcIcrminaIiOnO
thcrcvOuIiOnaryanIagOnismiIsc. ncssvhaIis ncvinIhc diaccIica
prOccssis annucd inIhcpurcrcapscinIO!, IhcpaccOrspaccOpacc-
mcnIs, iIis Ihus ncccssaryIOpOsiI a dcIcrminaIiOn OIhc dcIcrminaIiOn,
namcy. A( A

(A) ) .
This i s a prOccssO IOrsiOn, byvhichOrcc rcappics iIscI OIhaI rOm
vhichiI cOnIicIuay cmcrgcs.
Thc dcIcrminaIiOn O Ihc dcIcrminaIiOn spiIs iIsc in a disIribuIivc
manncr usIasmuchasIhcdcIcrmnaIiOn dOcs. !ndccd,iIcanbcasimpc
rcahrmaIiOn OIhcpurcidcnIiIyOA. A( A) , IhaIis, a purccmcrgcncc O
iIsc, againsI (buIOuIsidc O) dcIcrminaIiOn, and Ihis in a sIricIparac
ism IO Ihc rcapsc inIO !. Thus, a rcvOI viIhOuI a uIurc IhaI vOud piI
Ihc cOmbaIivc racIiOn O Ihc vOrking cass againsI Ihc ncv bOurgcOisic
OIhc!C! andIhcuniOnssOcyinIhcnamcOIOsIpuriIy, hcnccagainsI
Ihc IrcasOn O Ihc !C!-viIhOuI pcrcciving Ihc inIcrna ncvncss O Ihc
ncvbOurgcOs phcnOmcnOn. This is argcy vhaI happcncd in May 8,
cadingmanyIO drcam ciIhcr O a 'rcncvcd !C! Or O a vOrking cass
rc-purihcdOOvingIhcschOOcxampcOiIsgrcaIanccsIOrsOIhcninc-
IccnIh ccnIury. Thc inIimaIc Orcc O A is Ihus cacd upOn again in Ihc
iusOry rcpcIiIiOn OiIs cOsurc OnIO iIscand in Ihc inabiiIy acIivcyIO
suppOrIIhc dcIcrminaIiOn.
11
1Z
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
TIcrcis IIc dcviaIiOn 'IO IIc rigII, vIicIcads back IO IIc ObjccIivc
bruIaiIyOIIcpacc!inOrdcrIOdcnyIIcpOssibiiIyOIIcncvinIcrcnI
in IIc Od. BuI IIcrc is asO IIc incIucIabc dcviaIiOn 'IO IIc cI, vIicI
vindicaIcs IIc Origina and inIacI puriIy O! Orcc vIic dcnying, sO IO
spcak, IIc Od inIcrcnI in IIc ncv, IIaI is, dcIcrminaIiOn. TIc scIcmas
OrIIcscIvOdcviaIiOns arcA

(A

) =P, andA( A) =A.

BuIivIaIi saIsIakci snOIIIisrccOnvOcaIiOn OcsscnIiaIOrigins, iIi s
IIccccIivcprOccss OIIcimiIaIiOnOdcIcrminaIiOn, IIcvOrkO!Orcc
On pacc, IIc di!crcnIia O! A Iurning back upOn iIs Ovn indcxaIiOn in
Ordcr IO rcducc iIs ncccssary impOrI. TIis is A( A_, IIc dirccI, imiIing
appIicaIiOn OIIcchcacy OA OnIOIIcdcIcrminaIiOnIIaIiIis.
EvcryIIingIIaIisOapacccOmcsbackIOIIaIparIOiIscIIaIisdcIcr-
mincdbyiIinOrdcrIOdispaccIIcpacc, IOdcIcrmincIIcdcIcrminaIiOn,
andIO crOssIIcimiI.
Hcgc givcs IIc namc O imiI ( Crcnzc) IO IIis cOunIcr-prOccss, vIicI
musI bc undcrsIOOd in IIc scnsc O! IIc ' imiIaIiOn O bOurgcOis rigII
nOIIing Icss, Or cxampIc, IIan IIc rcducIiOn OIIc gaps bcIvccn inIc-
IccIuaandmanuaabOur, ciIyandcOunIrysidc,agricuIurcandindusIry.
!imiI andIimiIaIiOnarcIIccsscnccOIIcabOurOIIcpOsiIivc.
Evcjlhin lhalbclonsloa wholc isan obslaclc lolhiswholc inso]ar asilis
includcdin il
TIisis vIy 'IOIaiIarianism dOcs nOI cxisI. !Iis a purc, sIrucIuraI hgu-
raIiOnviIIOuIanyIisIOrica rcaiIy. !IisIIcidcaIIaIinIIisvOrdOny
IIc ncccssary rigIIisI rcIapsc and IIc impOIcnI suicida IcIism cxisI. !I
is A

( A

) Or A( A) inIcrmiIIcnIIy, IIaI is, ! and A in IIcir inOpcraIivc

cxIcriOriIy.
TIc SIaIc andIIcpIcbs.
BuI IIcIruc Icrms OaIisIOricai!c arc raIIcrA

( A) , dcIcrminaIiOn,
and A( A

) , IIc IimiI, Icrms by vIicI IIc WIOc ahrms iIsc viIIOuI

cOsurc, andIIccIcmcnIincudcsiIsc!IIcrcinviIIOuIabOisIingiIsc!.
CIl 00, Od00| 0 IM6 Su0j6CI
dPUI 9, Vb
SIrucIurasynIIcsisOadiaccIicascqucnccTIc!aIIcrandIIc
SOn, cOnsubsIanIia-GnOsIicsandArians, cOuncisandcOngrcsscs
ircuariIy andpcriOdizaIiOn-EvcryIIing musIbcIakcnupagain rOm
scraIcI
YOu can scc cOv IIc scIcma O! any diaccIicaI ragmcnI vIaIsOcvcr,
sucI as vc dcduccd iI IasI Iimc rOm IIc cIapIcr On IIc sOmcIIing in
HcgcsLoic.
Wc musI ccary undcrsIand IIaI IIc cOnIradicIiOn A!is Ony givcn
asa sIrucIura IOrizOn. !IaIvaysOppOscsaIcrmIOiIspacc. AnycOnIra-
dicIiOnis undamcnIayasymmcIrica, inIIaIOncOIIcIcrms susIains
a rcIaIiOnOincusiOn IO IIc OIIcr. TIcincudingIcrm, vIicI is IO say
IIc pIacc, IIc spacc O paccmcnI, is namcd (parIicuary by MaO) IIc
dOminanIIcrm,OrIIcprincipaaspccIOIIccOnIradicIiOn.TIcOncIIaI
i sincudcd, !OriIsparI, isIIcsubjccIOIIc cOnIradicIiOn. !Iis subccIcd
IO IIc OIIcr, and iI is IIc Onc IIaI rcccivcs IIc mark, IIc sIamp, IIc
ndcx. !I is A IIaI is indcxcd in A

accOrding IO !. TIc invcrsc makcs

nO scnsc.
Ocs Hcgcsay IIis? NO. HcgccOnccas IIcprincipc O dissymmcIry.
Or, raIIcr, Ic Iinks iI back IO IIc idca O an inIcgra vIOIc IIaI vOud
rcIrOspccIivcyindcxcacI scqucncc. WcsIaIcOmcbackIOIIis.
RigOrOusy spcaking, cOnIradicIiOn dOcs nOI cxisI. HOv cOud iI cxisI,
1
19
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
I (sjacr}

(ICrm Ou!jaC)
LLJV1LLJL bLbbL L11V111L
L
I // rgHIIs! rCajsC

bVL L1J1V1JL
SIHCC IO CXISI (IO CX-SISI) IS ]ICCISC IO DC `SOHCIDIH_, IDdI IS, IO SH]]OII
IDC SCISSIOH-CCCI O VDICD COHIIdGICIIOH IS IDC CdHSC. LOHIIdGICIIOH IS d
]HIC, SIIHCIHId ]IIHCI]C. I insislsIH IDC IHGCX ] O ^, II HdIKS IDC IC]CII
IIOH O ^, DHI HOVDCIC GO OH DdVC d ICd, CXISIIH_ COHICI DCIVCCH ^
dHG !dS COHSIIIHICG dHG ISOdIdDC ICIHS. P.IDC S]dCC OI d ISOdIIOH dHG
d IC]CIIIIOH, CdHHOI DC ISOdICG dH HOIC IDdH II CdH DC IC]CdICG. ^, IDC
OHI]dCC, IS IC]CdIdDC OH dS S]II D IHCHSIOH IH IDC S]dCC.
Conlradiclionhasnoolhcrmodco]cxislcnccbulscission.
H COHCICIC, HIIIdHI ]DIOSO]D, II IS IDHS IHGIS]CHSdDC IO dHHOHHCC
IDdI IDCIC IS OH OHC dV O IDC GIdCCIIC. LHC GIVIGCS IHIO IVO. bHCD IS
IDC ]IIHCI]C O ODSCIVdDC dCIS dHG O dCIIOH.
YDdI GOCS IDC O]]OSIIIOH O IH]CIIdISI SOCICI dHG IDC ICVOHIIOHdI
]CO]C dHOHHI IO IH IDC OIGCI O dCIS. I IS IDC ]OIIICd GIVISIOH O IDC
]CO]C, DCCdHSC IDC IVO HOGCS O ]OIIICS, DOHI_COIS dHG ]IOCIdIIdH,
]OSSCSS ICdII OH IHSOdI dS CdCD OHC O IDCH OI_dHI7CS IDC ]CO]C
OH IIS OVH ICIHS. ^ ]OIIICS VIIDOHI ]CO]C, HOI DdSCG IH d SIIHCIHICG
HdSS, GOCS HOI CXISI. JDHS, IDC ]IIHCI]d COHIIdGICIIOH IH d COHHII IKC
IdHCC, DCIVCCH IDC ]IOCIdIIdI dHG IH]CIIdISI SOCICI, DCIVCCH ]IOCIdI
IdH ]OIIICS dHG DOHI_COIS ]OIIICS~d COHIIdGICIIOH, II HHSI DC SdIG, SII
COH]CIC CHDIOHIC IH IIS OIHDdS HO CCCIIVC COHICHI OIDCI IDdH IDC
DISIOIICd HOVCHCHI O IDC G!VISIOH O IDC ]CO]C.
JHL PLLL JHL bUbdLLJlVL
JDIS IS VD IDC SIIOH_ dHG H GC]OCG CXISICHCC O IDC ]OIIICd
]IOCIdIIdI CdH HCVCI GO VIIDOHI IDC ICVOHIIOHdI CIVI VdI. JDIS IS VD
II IS dVdS CSSCHIId IO ]d dIICHIIOH HOI OH IO IDC SIdIC DOHI_COISIC, DHI
dSO IO IDC CIVI DOHI_COISIC dHG IIS II_DI ]O]HdI IdHI!CdIIOHS.
YC HHSI IC]CdI VIID OICC IDdI IDC CXISICHCC IH dCIIOH O IDC COHIIdGIC
IIOH DCIVCCH S]dCC dHG OHI]dCC, VDdICVCI IDC dIC, IS IDC SCISSIOH O IDC
OHI]dCC. bCISSIOH IS IDdI D VDICD IDC ICIH IS IHCHGCG IH IDC ]dCC dS OHI
O-]dCC. JDCIC IS HO OIDCI COHICHI IO IDC IGCd O COHIIdGICIIOH.
2
C_dIGIH_ H CXdH]CS, SOHC COHG VOICC IDC SHS]ICIOH IDdI d IDCSC
GIdCCIICd d_OIIIDHS dHG IDCOICHS SIdHG IH d ICdIIOH O dDSOHIC GC]CHG
CHCC IO IDC COHICHIS VDICD IDC OI_dHIZCIDC ]IOCIdIIdI, IH]CIIdISI
SOCICI, ICVISIOHISH, dHG SO OH~dHG IDdI IDIS IS d SHIdX O IIIC IHICICSI
IOH IDC HOHCHI IDdI IDC SCHdHIICS O II IS OICCG.
JO IDIS VI OD]CCI.
- jrimo,IDdI IDIS IS d HdIICI O IHGICICHCC IO HC. CCdHSC dS d dIXISI,
IH dCI ]OSII IDdI IDC COHICHIS GIdIH IDC OIHS, dHG HOI IDC OIDCI Vd
dIOHHG. YDdI IS CCIIdIH IS IDdI IDC GIdCCIICd OIHHdIIOHS dIC IOOICG
IH dH CX]ICII ]OIIICd ]IdCIICC.
sccondo, IDdI IDIS IS HOI IIHC. JDC `HOGC OH VDICD tC_C IH]ICII
VOIKS IS LDIISIIdHII. ^HG !VI CSIdDISD II_DI dVd IDC d]]IO]IIdIC
HCSS O IDIS IDCOO_ICd HOGC.
JdKC dS IDC S]dCC O IDC HHIIC, dHG ^, LOG dS IHHHIIC, DCHCC, dS IdGICd
OHI-O-]dCC.
^S SHCD, IDIS COHIIdGICIOI GHdII DdS HO GIdCCIICd HCdHIH_, dHG IDHS
DO HCdHIH_ dI d.
YDdI _IVCS II HCdHIH_ IS IIS DISIOIICI7dIIOH IH SCISSIOH, VDICD HdKCS IDC
IHHHIIC CX-SISI IH IDC HHIIC. JDCICIH ICS IDC HCCCSSdI SIIOKC O _CHIHS O
\DIISIIdHII. OI IDIS IO Dd]]CH, LOG (^) IS IHGCXCG (P ) dS S]CCIHC OHI
]dCC O IDC S]dCC O IDC HHIIC. IDIS IS IDC ]IIHCI]C O IDC HCdIHdIIOH. LOG
DCCOHCS HdH. LOG GIVIGCS IHIO DIHSC (IDC dIDCI) dHG DIHSC-]dCCG
IH-IDC-HHIIC [IDC bOH) . ^ IS IDC dIDCI, dHG ^
p
IDC bOH, IDdI DISIOIIC SOH
D VDOH LOG CX-SISIS. LOG IDHS OCCHIS dS SCISSIOH O IDC OHI]dCC, ^ =
^ LOG =dIDCI|bOH, d SCISSIOH IDdI IDC LOHHCI O ICCd, IDC HISI O IDC
_ICdI HOGCIH ]OIIICO-IGCOO_ICd COHCICHCCS IH DISIOI, VI GCSI_HdIC
1b
10
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
dS SOC CXISICHCCdS HHII O O]]OSIICSIH IDC VC-KHOVH GIdCCIICd
dXIOH. JDC bOH IS COHSHDSIdHIId VIID IDC dIDCI.
IOH IDIS SIdIIIH_ ]OIHI, OHI GIdCCIICd Id_HCHI HHOGS IH IIS CHIIICI.
- ^
P
(^] GCSI_HdICS IDC GCICIHIHdIIOH O IDC (IHHHIIC) IGCHIII O LOG
D IIS HdIKIH_ IH IDC S]dCC O IDC HHIIC. JDC IdGICdII O IDIS GCICI-
HIHdIIOH IS IDC dSSIOH. LOG qua bOH GICS. JDC IHHHIIC CIHDS H] IDC
LdVdI.
~ ^( ^
p
] GCSI_HdICS IDC COHHICI-GCICIHIHdIIOH (IDC IHII O GCdID) D IDC
IHHHII O IDC dIDCI. IDC bOH IS ICSHIICCICG dHG IC]OIHS (^SCCHSIOH)
IDC dIDCIS DOSOH, VDICD IC]ICSCHIS d H_HIdIIVC OHI]dCC.
JDC COHSHDSIdHIId GHdII bOH|dIDCI, IDdI IS, IDC HCdIHdIIOH, IDC GCdID
O IDC IHHHIIC (IDC dSSIOH) , dHG IIS HOH-GCdID (IDC CSHIICCIIOH) dIC IDC
IHHCGIdIC IDCOO_ICd COHICHIS O SCISSIOH, GCICIHIHdIIOH, dHG IHII.
^I IDC CHG O IDIS ICGCH]IIVC dGVCHIHIC, OH HHG IH DCdVCH d LOG
VDO ICCOHCICS IH DIHSC, IH DIS DISIOIICd SC-HHOGIH_, IDC HHIIC dHG
IDC IHHHIIC. ^HG OH CdIID, VDdI SHDSISIS IS OH IDC SIH]C cmjq/racc O
IDC COH]CICG ]IOCCSS. HdHC, IDC IOHD O LDIISI dDOHI VDICD tC_C~
HSICIIOHS SHDOI7IH_ IDC CdCCHCHI O IDC IIdCC, IDC dDOIIIOH O IDC
dDOISDCG~VI Sd IDdI COHSCIOHSHCSS DdS CdIHCG IOH CX]CIICHCC IDdI
/hcravcO IIS dCIHd HHCDdH_CdDC DCIH_ DdS noac/ualiq' (D I 32) .
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!DdH IHHHIH_ IH CIICCS. `JO CHCIICC IS SdIG O DdIICS, dHG DCOIC II VdS
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`GO HOI IICS]dSS IDdI OIGCIS d ICIHIH.
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^HG IDCIC IS HO OIDCI Vd O _IdS]IH_ IDIS CXCCSS IDdH IO ICIHIH IO IDC

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JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
TIc vcakcsI dIcrcncc Is prccIscy IIaI O paccs, IIc Onc IIaI dIs-
IrIbuIcs bcIvccn A

and A

Or,bcIIcrycI, II Ics In IIc gap OvrIIIng,

bcIvccn A and A, IIaI Is, IIc samc namcd IvIcc and, IIus, OIIcr IIan
IIsc.
TIc sIrOngcsI dIcrcncc dOcs nOI cxIsI. TIIs Is a casc, amIIar rOm
!cIbnIz, InvIIcI IIcrc cxIsIs a mInImum, buI nO maxImum. RcaIIvc IO
IIccOnIcIuahcd, IIcmaOrdIcrcnccIsIIaIInvIIcIOncOIIcIcrms
ahrmsIIscOnybydcsIrOyIngIIcOIIcr, nOIOnyInIIsmanIcsIaIIOn (In
IIcvaya IrucdIscOursc dcsIrOys aascdIscOursc), buIIn IIssuppOrI ( In
IIc vay IIc prOcIarIaIdcsIrOys IIc bOurgcOIsIc, a IIc vIIc dcsIrOyIng
IIsc, by IIc vay, vIIcI Is a pOInI vOrII nOIIng IO vIIcI vc vI Iavc
OccasIOnIOrcIurn) .
Z9
TIIs IsvIaI MaO cas ananIagOnIsIIccOnIradIcIIOn.
Z. A cOnIradIcIIOn dOcs nOI cOnccrn a numcrIca, IndIcrcnITvO, buI
IIcTvOcOnnccIcdIndIvIsIOn, IIcTvOInkcdInaprOccss. IcrcnccIs
ImpIcaIcd quacorrclalion.TIIsIsIIcprIncIpcOIIc unIIyOOppOsIIcs,
vIIcI dOcs nOI rcgIsIcr any usIOn O IIc TvO InIO a IIIrd, buI pOsIIs
IIc OncOIIc mOvcmcnI OIIcTvO, IIc Onc OIIcIrcccIIvcdIvcr-
gcncc.
TIc mInIma cOrrcaIIOn Ics In ObscrvIng IIc scIssIOn, IIc purc and
sImpcpOsIIIOnOIIcTvOasa prOccssua unIIy.TIaIIs. IIIsIsonccOnIra-
dIcIIOn, aunIIyOOppOsIIcs:IIIsIvOIsIIcdIvIsIOn-In-IIc-acIOIIc Onc.
MucI sIrOngcr Is IIc cOrrcaIIOn cOnIaIncd In IIc IIcmc O IIc slrulc
O OppOsIIcs, vIIcI dcsIgnaIcs a prOccss O dcsIrucIIOn IIaI cngagcs IIc
IdcnIIIy OcacI IcrmInIIc dIsOcaIIOn rOm IIc OncrOm vIIcIII spIIs
O. SIruggc mcans cOrrcaIIOn asIIcruInOIIc Onc.
TIc sImpc cass cOnIradIcIIOn Is a pcrmancnI sIrucIura acI, vIIcI
can bc mappcd ccOnOmIcay (vcak cOrrcaIIOn): IIc cass sIruggc Is a
prOccss undcr parIIcuar cOndIIIOns, cnIIrcy pOIIIca In csscncc, vIIcI
Is nOI dcducIbc rOm IIc sImpc vcak cOrrcaIIOn. TO cOnusc IIc cass
cOnIradIcIIOnvIII IIc casssIruggc, IOpracIIsc IIc cOrrcaIIvcIndIsIInc
IIOn OIIc cOnIradIcIIOn, Is IIcpIIOsOpIIca IcndcncyOccOnOmIsm, O
vOrkcrIsm, OsOmnIcrOusMarxIsmOrIIcccIurcIa.
3. A cOnIradIcIIOn Is nOI IIc cquIIbrIum O IIc TvO, buI On IIc cOn-
IraryIIcavOIIsIncquaIIy.TIcprIncIpc OdIssymmcIryIscsscnIIa.
MaO cOnccnIraIcs IIIs In IIc dOcIrInc O IIc prIncIpa aspccI O IIc
cOnIradicIIOn.
JHL PLLL l JHL bUbdLLJlVL
AsymmcIry IIsc can bc mcrcy an InvarIancc O josilion. Onc Icrm
s dOmInanI, anOIIcr subjugaIcd. Onc Icrm xcs IIc gamc O assIgncd
paccs;IIcOIIcrmusIsubccIIIscIOII.
HOvcvcr,IIcuydcvcOpcdvcrsIOnOIIcIIcOryOIIcprIncIpaaspccI
IsIIcOncIIaIcOnsIdcrsIIcIransOrmaIIOns.TIccsscncc-In-bccOmIngO
IIc asymmcIry Is IIc InvcrsIOn, nOI IIc InvarIancc, O pOsIIIOn. !I Is IIc
advcnI, ccnIrcd On IIc OuIpacc, Oa spacc OvcrIIrOvn. !IIsIIc OgIcO
cvcrsa, nOIIIaIOIncusIOn.
TIus, In IIs IIrcc cOmpOncnIs-dIcrcncc, cOrrcaIIOn, and pOsIIIOn-IIc
cOnccpI O cOnIradIcIIOn Is madc dIvIsIbc. Wc can cgIIImaIcy InscrIbc In
Ia dIaccIIca bIpOarIIy, accOrdIngIO vIcIIcr IIc cOnIradIcIIOn Is 'vcak
( sIrucIura) Or 'sIrOng (IIsIOrIca). TIIs Is rccapIIuaIcd In IIc OOvIng
Iabc.
COMPONENTS OF
!V!S!ONOFTHE CONCEPT
THE CONCEPT
:tructurulcontruJiction hi:torirulcontruJiction
Ji]crcncc
wcak ( diIIcrcnc oI sIrong (quaIiIaIivc
pIac)
hcIcogcnciIy
rorrclution wcak (scission) sIrong (sIruggIc)
]o:ition
invarianIasymmcIry rcvcrsiblcasymmcIry
Evcry rca dIaccIIcaprOccss cnIangcsa sIrucIracOnIradIcIIOnanda
IIsIOrIca cOnIradIcIIOn, a]]cclin lhcsamclcrms.TIc sccOndIsancIOrcd In
IIcrsI. TIIs ancIOragc (purcymcIapIOrIca, aI IIc pOInI vIcrc vc arc
Ov) IsIIc nOda pOInI OIIc qucsIIOnOIIcsubccI.
3
TakcOrInsIanccIIcpOIIIcasubjccI.!I vI rcquIrcscvcra mOrc mOnIIs
In OrdcrOr usIO hnd carIIy In IIIs. !cI usbuId a pOrIIcO In IIc sIyc O
IcnIncIccnIIccnIury.
WIaI cIaracIcrIzcs a capIIaIsI sOcIcIy as sucI? TIc qucsIIOn can
bc Iandcd In Icrms O IvO unIvcrsa cOnIradIcIIOns-vIII unIvcr-
sa Icrc mcanIng nOIIIng OIIcr IIan IIc IIsIOrIca cOursc, IOday sII
Zb
Z0
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
prcIisIOrica,OIumaniIy-undcrvIicI sOmcOrdinarysOciabOdycan
bc subsumcd.
- IIccOnIradcIOn,cacdundamcnIa,bcIvccnprOducIvcOrccsand
sOcia rcaIiOnsOprOducIiOn:
- IIc cOnIradicIiOn, cacd principa, bcIvccn IIc anIagOnsIic sOcia
casscs.
TIc spccihcaIiOn OIIc]undamcnlalcOnIradicIiOngivcs us a dchniIiOn
cOnsIrucIcd in IIc OOving manncr. capiIaisI is any sOcia OrmaIiOn in
vIicIIIcprivaIcapprOpriaIiOn OIIcmcansOprOducIOnIcndsIOcOn-
sIiIuIca barricrIOIIc ncccssaryandgrOvingsOcaizaIiOnOIIcprOduc-
Ivc Orccs. ndcr capiIaism, IIc cOmpcIIvc dispcrsOnOprOpcrIy (IIc
muIipcIy O subjccIs-prOhIs) cnIcrsinIOa rcsIricIivc cOsOnvIIIIc
prOccss O IIc Organic cOnccnIraIOn O IIc mcans O prOducIiOn. TIcrc
yOu Iavc, IIc cassics say in Onc vOicc, vIaI cOnsIIuIcs IIc basc O IIc
sOcia IisIOryOIumaniIy. A IIcrcsIis supcrsIrucIurc.
TIc spccihcaIOn O IIc jrincijal cOnIradicIiOn prOvdcs us viII an
cnIircydicrcnIdchniIOnOcapiIaism.apiIaisIsanysOcicIynvIicI
IIc ccnIra cass cOnIcI, IIcOnc IIaI Organizcs pOiIica ic, OppOscs IIc
bOurgcOisicIOIIc prOcIariaI. SucI is, IIc casscs sIaIc unanimOusy, IIc
mOIOr OIIc sOca IisIOryOIumaniIy. TIc rcsIisidcOOgy.
Basc and mOIOr. TvO cOnIradicIOns, IvO dchniIiOns, a singc Ob ccI
capIaism-anda singc dOcIrinc-Marxism.
TIis vOud bc an apOria, cxccpI IIaI lhcworkin class]ormsaknol.TIc
casspaysanacIvcparIbOIIinIIchrsIdchnIiOn, vIcrcIisIIcprnci-
paprOducIivcOrcc, andinIIcsccOnd, vIcrc, inIIcguiscOiIspOiIica
unIyand undcrIIc namc IIuscOnqucrcdOIIcprOcIariaI, IcOnrOnIs
IIcbOurgcOsic.
TIus, lhcdc]niliono]cajilalismullimalclylcadslolhcdividcddc]niliono]lhc
workinclass. TIis cOnhrms IIaI any sOcicIyvIaIsOcvcris indccd dchncd
by IIc spiIdcnIiIyIIaIpcrIans IO iIs rcasubccI,vIcImakcs a knOI
IIcrcin.
Wc arc Ony apparcnIy cOnrOnIcd vII IIc cIOicc OsayingIIaI IIc
vOrkingcassisdcsignaIcdciIIcrasa paccinIIc rcaIOnsOprOducIiOn
OrasIIc cOnccnIraIiOnOaanIagOnismIOIIcbOurgcOisic.TakcninisO-
aIiOnIIchrsIdcsignaIiOncadsdirccIyIOIIcrcsuIIIaIIIccass,vIcI
vOudcxsIOnynIIcacIOry,cOnhncsiIssubccIvizaIOnIOIIcgOOmy
prOIcsIaIiOns O Iradc uniOnism, Or Is varianIs. TIc sccOnd, anIagOnism,
dcIacIcd rOm a ancIOrng n IIc prOccss O prOducIOn, makcs Onc
JHL PLLL l JHL bUbdLLJlVL
bcicvc IIaIcuIIingOpcnIIcbcyOancmpiricabOurgcOisviIIIIc Iip
OIIc IcrrOrisI pck vcakcns IIcdicIaIOrsIip OapiIa.
!n IruII, IcrrOrism and Iradc uniOnism arc IIc Icads and Iais O IIc
diaccIc abOsIcd by nO dicc IIrOv vIaIsOcvcr. TIcy arc scparaIc in
idcnIcavays.
ass, apprcIcndcdaccOrdingIO IIc diaccIica divisiOnOiIs diaccIic-
iIy, mcans parIisanpOiIcaacIiOn ancIOrcd in IIcprOducIivc IisIOriciIy
OIIc masscs.
I rcpcaI.iIishIIingIOIIinkOcassasanIagOnisIicparIyandasprOduc
tivcmassin rcvOI.
TIc vIOc pOinI is IO knOv IOv al IIis vOrks IOgcIIcr, bccausc iI
is IIis vOrking-IOgcIIcr IIaI is cass. TIis cnIais nOIIing css IIan IO
makc IIc rccIhabc singuariIy O pOiIics rsc up in IIc rca mOvcmcnI
OIisIOry.
!rOducIivc pacc and anIagOnisIic pOiIics, vOrkcr and prOcIarian,
IsIOry and piIcs. Icrc Onc v rccOgnizc IIc sIrucIura and IisIOrica
sidcsOOurIabc, inIIcirsubjccIivccOmpiciIy.
TIis bccOmcs ccar i Onc rccrs back IO IIc IvO inaugura
cOnIradcIiOns.
TIc undamcnIa cOnIradicIOn-rcaIiOns O prOducIOn/prOducIivc
OrccsOny rcvcas IO us IIc arrangcmcnIs O paccs, quanIIics, and
nvaranIs (n iIsc, IIs cOnIradicIiOn, vIicI is IcndcnIia, dOcs nOI
rcvcrsc anyIIing) . !Iis IIcsIrucIurasdcOIIings.
!Or Is parI, IIc principa cOnIradcIiOnbOurgcOisic/prOcIaraI-Ias
a IIcaIIribuIcsOIisIOry.
sIrOng dicrcncc (IIc subjccIvc prOccI O IIc prOcIariaI, IIaI s,
cOmmunism, cannOIbc rcprcscnIcdbyIIc bOurgcOisic);
casssIruggc,andnOIa simpcbnarydsIribuIOn OIIcsOca,
rcvcrsibc asymmcIry, viIIn IIcprObcmaIicOIIcrcvOuIOn.
Ic uydcpOycdIIOugIIOcapiIaisIsOcicIyOrganzcsIIc subccIivc
uniIy O IIc sIrucIura and IIc IisIOrica in IIc acIiOn O IIc prOcIariaI,
IyingIOgcIIcrIIccOnIradcIOnOcOnIradicIiOns-rOm prOducIivcOrcc
IC cass parIy-in vIicI IIc diaccIicisuhcd.
Any subjccI vIaIsOcvcr and hrsI O a vc Ourscvcs, vIcn iI Occurs
tO us IO cOmc inIO bcing as subccIs-vIicI, OrIunaIcy, s quIc rarc
rurcIIcsIumbingcncOunIcrOIIc basc and IIc mOIOr.
As Or knOving vIicI Onc O IIc IvO is princpa, IIc principa Or
tc undamcnIa, IIc mOIOr Or IIc basc, vc can OricnI OurIIinking by
Z
Zb
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
mcdiIaIing On IIis scnIcncc rOm !cnin: '!OiIics is IIc cOnccnIraIiOn O
IIc ccOnOmy
Evcn, vOuId say, vIcn iI is a maIIcr O IibidinaI ccOnOmy, IIc
ccOnOmyOIIcdrivcs.
Evcry subccI is pOIiIicaI. TIis is vIy IIcrc arc cv subccIs and rarcIy
anypOIiIics.
H66l . `1M6 dCIl V|Iy 0 0|C6 lS 6SS60I| d| | y dCI| V| Iy
|6dCIl 0 dd| 0SI l IS6|
M3ICR 9, Vb
TIccnigmaOcOrrcIaIiOn-!Orcc rOmacIivc/rcacIivcIOquaIiIaIivc
cxpansiOn-TIc WIOIc, Orcc,andIIcinIcriOr/cxIcriOrcnIangIcmcnI
Wc Ocus OurcOrIs On IIc cOrrcIaIiOn, vIicI is IIc cnigma O cOnIra-
dicIiOn. YOu can scnsc IIaIcOrrcIaIiOn, insOarasiI uniIcs IIcOppOsiIcs,
inIrOuccsacOnIradicIiOnviIIinIIccOnIradicIiOn.
!cnin says IIaI IIc vIOIc nOIiOn O IIc diaIccIicis summcd up in IIc
principIcOIIc uniIy OOppOsiIcs. TIis is Iruc cnOugI. OnIy, byIimiIing
OncscIIOIIisOrmuIa, OncpIaccsIIcvIOIcdiaIccIicprcciscIyina ramc
tIaI dcnics iI. AIcr aII, vIcn Iakcn IOO hrmIy in IIcir uniIy, IIc cOn-
traricsrcvcaI OnIy a sccOndary cOnIrarincss bcIvccn IIcm, a cOnIraricd
cOnIrarincss.
NOIc IIaI ivc rcmain OnIIis sIrucIuraI sidc OIIc cnigma, IIc IaIIcr
dissOIvcs, vIicI is quiIc agrccabIc. COrrcIaIiOn dcsignaIcs, IIcn, nOIIing
OIIcrIIanIIcTvO as sucI. YOu Iavc IIc Onc, insOarasyOu IavcOnIy
/hisTvO
TIaIis,bascdOnIIcsimpIcinspccIiOnOIIcspIaccandOvIaIiIkccps
OuIsidcOiIscI (OuI OpIacc), yOupOsiIIIcuniIy OIIcprOccssascxcIu
siOn.TIcrcis lhis, OvIicIlhalisnOI.
TIcObviOusObccIiOnisIIaIOnIIisaccOunI,IIcOncOIIccOnIradicIiOn
is quiIc uniOrmIy rcabsOrbcd inIO IIc Onc O IIc spIacc. TIis is cxacIIy
Iikc saying IIaI IIc uniIy O IIc cOnIradicIiOn bOurgcOisic/prOIcIariaI
ZV

JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
pOscs nO prObcm, sincc iI is IIc IsIOrica bcing O . . . bOurgcOis sOcicIy,
vIicIisinacIgOvcrncdbyIIscOnIradcIiOn. AsOuIpacc, IIcprOcIaraI
cOmcsIObcOa piccc vII IIc pacc. TIc Onc O!iIs uniIyvII IIc OIIcr
is IIc OIIcrasWIOc.
!uI dicrcnIy, IIc uniIy O IIc signi!ying cIain vIcrc IIc !acanian
subccIsIOvsup,insOarasiIcnacIsIIcuniIyOrcpcIiIiOnandIIcdrivc,
musIbc rcad asIIc cOmpusOn IO . . . rcpcaI.
TIc sIrucIura isvcakbcOrc IIc OncOspacc ('adl un, Lacan said.
'TIcrcs sucI a IIing as Onc

) . TIis is a diaccIica maIcriaiIy viIIOuI

cvcragc.
!n 'MarxisIpOiIics, cspcciayinOurcOnIcxI,IIcrcarcIIOscvIOIOd
OnsIrOngyIOIIis vcakncss.TIcyadOrcsIudyingIIc'avs O!bOurgcOis
sOcicIy andncrrngrOm IIcmvIaIIIc prOcIariaIis, andvIaI iI musI
' dO. WIaIcudcsIIcmisIIcacIIIaI'prOcIariansOcicIy,iOnccanrisk
sucIanunmaginabccxprcssiOn, OrsOciaism, vIicIIIcycamIOvisI
Or viII a IIcir migII, s usI as mucI gOvcrncd by IIc cOnIradcIiOn
bOurgcOisic/prOcIariaIasbOurgcOissOcicIyis-aacIOvIicIIIccuIura
rcvOuIiOns prOvdcIIc IumuIuOusprOO.
TIisprOvcsIIaIIIc uniIy OOppOsiIcsis nOIvIaIOncbcicvcsiIIObc.
!OOk asO aI IIOsc Yankcc psycIOanaysIs O IIc bll joqu vIO, in
an cnIircy miIarisIic spiriI, hnding IIc cgO O IIcir paIicnIs IOO vcak,
prOpOscd IO 'sIrcngIIcn iIs dccncc mccIanisms . WIcrc IIc dcvi did
IIcy Odgc IIc uniIy O IIc aIIackcr-IIis dcpOraby asOca id-and IIc
dc!cndcr-IIc cgOOa!abc nOrmaiIics-i nOI nIIcnOrmaIivc paIIO
IIisnOrmaiIy,IIaIwayo]li] IIaIisnOI !OrnOIIingcacdAmrican?
As!OrIIc Russans, IIcycamc upviIIIIissurprisingIurnOIIc Onc
bcingIIc SIaIcO!IIcvIOcpcOpc,IIcirmacIincryO!OdmcnknOvsO
nO OIIcrdissidcnccIIan IIaI OIIcmcnIayinsanc. WIcncc IIcIOspiIa
asIIc sOcpaccOIIc OuIpacc.
BuIcnOugIO!IIcscIOrrOrs.
TO IIink cOrrcaIiOn aIIc vayIIrOugI, vc musIbring OuIIIc vIOc
cnigma O! IIc uniIy O OppOsiIcs. !I is Ony insOar as IIc OppOsiIcs arc
IcIcrOgcncOus Orunaignabc, IIaI is, IO IIc prccisc cxIcnI IIaI IIcrc s
nO cOnviviapaccOIIc spacc IIaIsOiciIsIIcOuIpacc, IIaIIIcrccxsIs
a diaccIica unIy, Onc vIcI dOcs nOI makc any WIOc OuI O!vIaI iI
IicsIOgcIIcr.
TOdisIinguisIIIcOncrmIIcWIOc.sucIisIIcsimpcandsuprcmc
prOpOsa. Bcar in mind IIaI n IIis gap ics IIc vIOc qucsIiOn O! IIc
SubccI.
1HL PLLL JHL bUbdLLJlVL
TIisisvIyaIIIspOinIvc arc!accdviIIascvcrccxpOsiIOryprObcm
IIccOrrcaIiOnOIIcIcIcrOgcncOuscannOIbc scIcmaIizcd.!Icanbarcy
cvcnbccxprcsscd. EvcryscIcma disIrbuIcsascrcsOpaccsandcadsus
backIO sIrucIurcs: cvcry discOursc xcs IIc spacc OIIc vcry IIing IIaI
ipasscs Ovcrn sicncc.
TIccccIsO!IIcvIOc and O!paccs, vIcrcinIIc Onc O IIc cOnIra-
dicIiOn,pOsiIcdOnyaccOrdingIOOncOiIssdcs, bccOmcsaIcrcd, undcr-
minc rcprcscnIaIiOn.
NOinccIiOnOcOOurscanmakcIIcscIcmaOIIcdiaccIicascqucncc
inIOacOmpcIcprcscnIaIiOnOcOrrcaIiOn,OA

IIrOugIvIicIIIcIcrm
(IIc OuIpacc) isa!ccIcd, Orin!ccIcd, byiIsspccihccOnIrary (IIc spacc) .
SIrOng cOrrcaIiOn, vIicI IIc vOrd 'sIruggc rcmiIs I O Is pracIicaIy,
dcpcnds On an indrccI nvcsIigaIiOn and On a cOnccpI viIIOuI any rcp-
rcscnIabcassignaIOn.
!IisviIIIIc namc 'OrccIIaIvc sIacOvcrvIaIOvcrdcIcrmincsIIc
cxcusOn!rOmanypaccinvIicIIIc OuIpacccsrcvcacd.
2
WIaIisiIIIaIcanpuI IvOIcIcrOgcncOusquaiIicsinIO cOrrcaIiOn?Ony
tIcr rcciprOca appicaIiOn as Orccs indicrcnI IO anyIIing OIIcr IIan
tIcrvn cxpansiOn.
OrrcaIOn mcans!OrccagainsIOrcc.!IisIIc rlaliono]]orcs.
LcI us scI asdc rigII avay IIc rcapsc Or dcviaIiOn O! IIs sI Obscurc
idca. ! Onc auncIcs nIO IIc IIcmc IIaI an 'acIivc !Orcc rcsIrains and
ObsIrucIs a 'passivc ( IIs, rc-acIivc) Orcc, OncasbackinIOIIc sIaIism
O asymmcIry. TIc absIracIiOn O IIc pair acIivc/passvc Oncc again dis-
sOvcs IIc quaiIaIivc IcIcrOgcncIy. TIc sccOnd (rcacIivc) Orcc is Ony
dcIcrmincd,ncgaIivcy,byIIchrsI.iIis sIiIIc spaccIIaIhxcsIIcpacc
OIIcOuIpacc.
AsIrikingcxampcOIIisrcapscisIIcpurcyanIircprcssivccOnccpIiOn
OIIcpOiIicsOIIcpcOpc. !cOpcarc'mObiizcdbccausc IIcysu!crIOO
mucI misIrcaImcnI. BruIaizcd by vIaI Iurns OuI IO bc, undamcnIay,
IIc Ony acIivc Orcc O IIc pOIica hcd. IIc SIaIc, IIc bOss, IIc cOp.
TIcsc vickcd cnIIcs, suddcny, cxaggcraIc IIcir cv dcsigns. TIc grcaI
baIIc cry ' Ovn viII rcprcssiOn can bc Icard. TIc pcIiI bOurgcOis is
bOiingviIIindignaIiOn.
NOIc IIaI Ic is rigII and IIcrc is a gOOd cIancc IIaI in acI IIcsc
1
JZ
1HLY 1HL bUbdLLJ
'cxaggcraIiOns-vIicIIIcpcOpcpcrmancnIysucrInIIcIrdcpIIs-may
bringIIcpcIiIbOurgcOIs OuI OIiscIrOnicdcccIiOn, OrIIscOmpaccncy.
YcI IIc pIiIOsOpIy bcIind a IIis cOmcs up sIOrI, bccausc II dcnics
aI bOIIOm any acIivc auIOnOmy, any rcaindcpcndcncc, any ahrmaIIvc
pOiIica vIrIuaiIy, IO vIaI riscs up in IIc guisc O IIc cnragcd rcbc O
gOOdaiII. OvnviII rcprcssIOn cads nOurIIcr IIanIOajlaccdrcac-
IIvc.TIc Orcc OIIcpcOpcis IcrcIIc aIsIadOvcasIby IIcIOrrOrs O
IIc SIaIc, and IIc cOnIIcIua cOrrcaIiOnrcmains caugII in IIc unIyIng
vcakncss OIIcsIrucIura.
HOv, in IIc ccIOOIIcgrcaIanIIrcprcssIvcviIupcraIiOn, vI! bc abIc
IO csIabIIsI my capaciIy IO rcjrcsslhc rcjrcssion? TIcrcin Iics IIc kcy IO
undcrsIand cvcryIIIng IIaI OIIcrviscIurns sOuraccOrding IO IIc IIcmc
OdiscncIanImcnI.
WcmusIcOm

c IOundcrsIandIIaIvIaIraiscsmc up rcacIIvcyagainsI
IIc acIivc O IIc OIIcr musI asO bc IIc acIIvc O a Orcc in vIIcI IIc
OIIcrIsnOOngcrrcprcscnIcd.EvcnIiIisrcquIrcdbyIIcadvcrscpOvcr
inIIsrcprcssivccxccss, IIcOrccIIaIrIscsupinrcvOIagainsIIIisrcprcs-
siOnis iIscIninIcrIOrcxccssOvcrIIisrcquisiIiOning.
TIisisvIaIHcgcundcrsIandsviIIa dcniIivcsIarpncss.
3
Ivi bcapprOprIaIc Icrc IOrcad IniIscnIIrcIy Onc OIIc sIrOngcsIpas
sagcs rOm IIc GrcaI !Ogic. IIc cIapIcr IiIcd 'TIc EsscnIia RcaIiOn,
vIicIsuhccsIOsayIIaIiIcOnccrnsIIccnigmaOcOrrcIaIiOn.
!OrsIarIcrs, Icrc is a passagc vIcrc Hcgc cxprcssy dcvcOps IIc idca
IIaI IIc csscncc O IIc rcacIivc musIbc IIc acIivc InIcriOriIy, uncss vc
aback OnIIis sidc OIIc'csscnIIarcaIiOn, IIaI is, uncssvc asIOrI
OIIcsIrOng cOrrcaIiOn.
TIIs prOccss IIcn in vIIcI an impusc is cxcrIcd upOn Onc Orcc by
anOIIcrOrcc, IIchrsIOrccjassivcrcccivingIIcimpuscbuIIIcnagain
passing OvcrrOm IIis passIviIy inIO acIiviIy, IIis is IIc rcIurn OOrcc
inIO iIsc. !Icxprcsscsitscl]TIccxprcssiOnis rcacIiOn inIIc scnscIIaI
iI pOsiIsIIccxIcrnaiIyasiIs OvnmOmcnIand IIussubaIcsiIsIaving
bccn sOiciIcdby anOIIcrOrcc. (! 523)
EvcryIIing Is Icrc. i I i s vIcn Orcc pOsiIs 'cxIcrnaiIy as iIs Ovn
mOmcnI IIaI iI gains acccss IO a quaiIaIivc cOrrcaIiOn ccnIrcd On iIsc,
1HL PLLL JHL bUbdLLJlVL
vIOsc IcIcrOgcnciIy is irrcducibc IO IIc acc-IO-acc cOnrOnIaIiOn O
Orccs. !I Is vIcn IIc pcOpc crccI IIcir visiOn O IIc advcrsary as an
inIcrna IgurcO IIcIrOvnpOiIics IIaI IIcy'subaIc IIc anIircprcssIvc
dcpcndcncc, cxcudIngIIcmscIvcs rOm anyincusiOn andprOcccdingIO
anahrmaIivcscissiOn.
TOIIinkcOrrcIaIiOnIsIOIIInkOrccasacIingand,IIus, asgraIcdOnIO
IIc OIIcrOrcc, buI accOrding IO iIs irrcducIbc quaiIy, Or vIicI Icncc-
OrIIIIcspIaccis nOmOrcIIanIIcmcdiaIiOntobcdcstroycd.
TIis vIOc cIapIcr rOm HcgcI, cvcn I iI is sOmcIimcs IdcaisIicay
IcsiIanI, can scrvcasarccapiIuaIiOnOOurcndcavOur.
!cIusOOkaIIOvIIiscOnsIrucIcd.
TIcIIrccparIsarc succcssIvcy.
J . TIcprObcmaIicOIIc vIOc andIIcparIs
2. !Orcc
3. TIc cxIcrIOrandIIcinIcrIOr
TIisisOurpanasvcII,OrIIcparI-vIOcrcaIiOnisnOIIingOIIcrIIan
aIIcOryOIIcspacc,invIIcIiIIurnsOuIIIaI,insIrucIuraIcrms, cvcry
cOnIradicIOrycOrrcaIiOnisOnyan cxcusiOn, anOuIpacc, vIOscprinci-
pcOuniIyis incusiOn (IIc parIasIIaIvIicIIsOIIc vIO c) .
!Orcc,asvcIavcsccn,cOmcsIOOvcrdcIcrmIncIIcunIyIngimpasscIO
vIicIIIcsIrucIurcOincusIOninIIcvIOccadsback,byIIcirrcducibc
pOsiIiOnOquaiIaIivc inIcrIOriIyInIIc cOnrOnIaIiOn OOrccs.
!na sIrikinganIicipaIIOnOLacan, HcgcscizcsIIIsimpasscinIIcOrm
OIIc pusaIiOn, IIc vaciaIIOn, andIIcaIcrnaIingccIpsc
NOvInsOarasIIis cxIsIcnI IsaparIIIIsnOIavIOc,nOIacOmpOsiIc,
Icncca simjlc.BuIIIcrcaIiOnIOavIOciscxIcrnaIOiIandIIcrcOrc
dOcs nOI cOnccrn iI: IIc sc-subsisIcnI is, IIcrcOrc, nOI cvcn in iIsc
parI; OriIisparIOnyIIrOugIIIaIrcaIiOn. BuInOvsincciIisnOIparI
iI Is a vIOc, Or IIcrc Is OnyIIis rcaIiOn OvIOc and parIs prcscnI
and IIc sc-subsIsIcnI Is Onc O IIc IvO. BuI as a vIOc, iI is again
cOmpOsIIc: iIagaIn cOnsisIs OparIs, and soontoin]niq. TIis inhniIudc
cOnsisIssOcyinIIcpcrcnniaaIcrnaIiOnOIIc IvOdcIcrminaIIOnsO
IIc rcaIiOn, in cacI OvIicIIIc OIIcrImmcdIaIcyariscs, sOIIaIIIc
pOsiIcdncss OcacIisIIc vanisIing OIIsc. (! 5 ! 8)
!OncruIcsOuIOrcc, IIisbcIng-pOsIIcd vIOsc csscncc isIOdisappcar
in a pcrcnnIa aIcrnaIIOn, IIIs vanisIing Icrm in vIIcI IIc diaccIic O
IIc vIOc is suIurcd, is IIc dcsIiny O IIc OuIpacc (Icrc pOsiIcd rOm
JJ
9
THL
Y l JHL bUbdLLJ
IIc sIarI as parI), vIicI Ony hnds a pacc by cxcuding iIsc rOm iI as
auIOnOmOus, andiI is cquayIIc dcsIinyOIIc spacc (Icrc, IIcvIOc),
vIicIOnyacccpIsIIcOuIpaccbycanccingiIscOuIcnIircy,sincciI is
vIaIgOvcrns Ic OcaIiOns.
TIus iI is cOnrmcd IIaI IIc Ony Orm O prOccss IOcraIcd by IIc
sIrucIura diaccIicis IIcinhniIc vaciaIiOn OvIaI isOnyOrIIcsakcO
nOnbcingand OvIaI isnolOrIIc sakc Obcing. SucIisIIc cOrrcaIiOn
cOnccivcdOaspurcscissiOn, sinccIOsayIIaIIIcIvOarcOncmakcsIIcm
nO Ongcr IvO, and i IIcrc arc IvO O IIcm, iI is as IvO Iimcs Onc, and
IIusIIc OncisTvO, andsOOn.
TIisis, byIIcvay, avcryimpOrIanI prOccss.AcOnscqucnIiaIIinking
OIIc vanisIingIcrmisIIcrcaisIicapOgccOIIcsIrucIuradiaccIic.
YcI, Hcgc vOud nOI bc abc IO sIOp IIcrc, mucI css sO in IIaI Ic
sccks-IIis is IIc crrOr O Iis IruII-a circuar cOmpcIiOn. Hcncc, by
suddcnyaddingOnOrcc, Ic prcIcnds IOcngcndcriIrOmIIcOsciaIiOn,
vIcrcas Orcc is Ony IIc aIIcrs csscnIia, Originary, and undcducibc
OvcrdcIcrminaIiOn.
!Orcc is vIaI kccps IIc parIs inIIc mOvcmcnI O IIc vIOc. !I is IIc
nOnnumcrica quaiIy OIIc vIOc, iIs cOnsisIcncy IIaI cannOI bc dissi
paIcdin IIcvaricIyOIIcparIs. OIIcvIOc,iIcngcndcrsnOOngcrIIc
uncIiOning accOrdingIOIIcrcgimcOIIc spacc-IIc disIribuIiOnOIIc
paccOIIcparIs-buIIIcmObiccOnsisIcncy, IIcunihcaIiOninIIcacI.
TIc IIcOry OOrccis IanIamOunI IO a IIcOry O IIcIisIOrica sidc O
IIcdiaccIicacOrrcaIiOn,IIcsidcOiIsacIiviIy-asOnc, ancIOrcdin (and
nOI,asHcgcprcIcndsIObcicvc, dcduccdrOm)IIccOrrcaIiOn-in-ccipsc
OIIcsysIcmOpaccs.
4
TIis IisIOriciIy O cOrrcaIiOn is dccpcncd in an invcsIigaIiOn O IIc
Hcgcian IriniIy, vIicI pOsiIs]rsl 'IIc cOndiIiOncdncss OOrcc, IIaI is,
iIs purc csscncc OcOrrcaIiOn. !Orcc is Ony IIinkabc asacIiviIy rcaIivc
IOanOIIcrOrcc, and IIis iniIsvcry bcing. 'IIc cOndiIiOncdncss IIrOugI
anOIIcrOrccisIIusinilsl]IIcacIOOrcciIsc (L 52 ! ) . TIcnOIiOnIIaI
IIc cOrrcaIiOn is an'acI Ora 'making is IIc unrcprcscnIabcknOIOIIc
qucsIiOn.

ScissiOn asIIc Ocus O Orccs pOsiIs IIc radica anIcriOriIy O
pracIicacxisIcnccOvcrIIcinIcigibiiIyOIIccOrrcaIiOn.
Scondly, Hcgc carics, as vc sav, IIc inIcrprcIaIiOn OcOrrcaIiOnin
JHL PLLL l JHL bUbdLLJlVL
IcrmsOacIiviIyandpassiviIyundcrIIcnamcO'sOiciIaIiOnOOrcc. Hc
sIOvsiIsinIcriOracIivcbasis, viII passiviIybcing Onyanappcarancc, a
dcrivcd cmpirica cOrrcaIiOn.
!n IIc hncsI parI OIis anaysis, Hcgc pOsiIs IIaI iOrcc is csscnIiay
acIivc in iIs cOrrcaIiOn IO IIc OIIcr, IIcn IIc rcsuI is IIaI vIaI cOndi-
IiOns iI, vIicIaI hrsIappcarsasIIc OIIcrOrcc, IIc cxIcriOr, isinrcaiIy
inIcriO IO iI. TIc mOvcmcnI by vIicI Orcc unOds iIsc IOvards IIc
cxIcriOr, againsIIIc OIIcrOrcc, ismucI raIIcrgOvcrncdbyIIcxjansiv
wrnchinaway]rom ilsl]
!I is by rcaizing iIs inIcriOr uniIy, by puriying iIsc O iIs dcIcrmina-
IiOn (O iIs divisiOn) by IIc bOurgcOisic, IIaI IIc vOrking cass prOccIs
iIsc cxpansivcy in IIc dcsIrucIivc baIIc againsI IIc impcriaisI spacc.
' SOiciIcd by bOurgcOis OpprcssiOn, iI Ony acIs as Orcc, and Ony cnIcrs
inIO a cOmbaIvc cOrrcaIiOn viII IIc advcrsary, by dcIcrmining iIsc
aainslilsl againsIIIc inIcrnaOrmOiIs OrmcrimpOIcncc.
And, ikcvisc, an individua Ony arrivcs aI Iis Or Icr singuIar Orcc
viIIinIIcgivcncircumsIanccsbycnIcring inIOcOnicIviIIIIcncIvOrk
O incrI IabiIs IO vIicI IIcsc circumsIanccs prcviOusy cOnhncd Iim Or
Icr.
TIc unrcprcscnIabcinIcrnamainspring OIIc cOrrcaIiOn is IIc purc
capaciIyOrcxpansivcuniIyOa IcIcrOgcncOusquaiIy.
Or, as Hcgc says, 'IIc acIiviIy is csscnIiay jacIiviIy rcacIivc aainsl
ilsl (L 523)
TIis dimcnsiOn O vrcncIing iIscavay rOm iIsc, as inIcriOr cxIcri-
OrizaIiOn,iyOuvi,isvIaIHcgccas-IIisisIislhirdarIicuaIiOn'IIc
inhniIy O Orcc . TO spcak O Orcc in iIs inhniIy is IO spcak O acIiOn as
cOrrcaIiOn; iIisIO namc IIc primacy OpracIicc. 'TIc inIiniIyOOrcc is
nOIIing OIIcr IIan IIc axiOm O GOcIIcs !ausI '!n IIc bcginning vas
IIc ccd.

TIis inhniIyOcxIcriOrizaIiOncadsIO IIc hna diaccIicOIIccIapIcr,

vIcrcIIc cxIcriOr andIIc inIcriOrbccOmc cnIangcd.
OuIcrand inncrarc dcIcrminaIcncsspOsiIcd in sucI visc IIaI cacI O
IIcsc IvO dcIcrminaIiOns nOI Ony prcsuppOscs IIc OIIcr and passcs
OvcrinIOiI asinIOiIs IruII, buI, insO aras iI is IIisIruII OIIc OIIcr,
rcmains josild asdlrminalnss and pOinIs IO IIc IOIaiIy ObOII. ( L
525)
AI IIispOinI, a LacaniancycvidisccrnIIccruciaarrivaO IIcIOpO-
Ogy OIIc subccI, gurcd innOn-OricnIabcsuraccs,sucIasIIc Mbius
b
0
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
sIrip. !Or us, IIis s IanIamOunI IOrccOgnizingIIaI in IIc Ogic O! !Orccs
spacc and IIc OuIpacc arc cOrrcaIcd in sucI a vay IIaI I s nO Ongcr
pOssibcIOpOsiIIIcsccOndasIIcsimpIccxIcrOrcxcudcdO!IIc hrsI.
!n IIcOgicO!!Orccs,IIcuniIyO!OppOsiIcsisnOI anOricnIabccOrrca-
IiOn, and IIcrcin cOnsisIs iIs IisIOrica csscncc, cvcn IIOugI a subaccnI
(sIrucIura) OrcnIaIOn s prcciscIy IIaI viII rcspccI IO vIicI IIc nOn-
OrcnIabIccanbcdcmIcd
Likcvisc, IIc prOcIariaI as pOIiIica cass-as !Orcc-is Iinkcd IO IIc
bOurgcOisc in a vIOIy IsIOricaI unIy-O!-sIruggc, vIcI cannOI bc
dsIribuIcdinIOIIc dOmains O!IIcsOciavIOc andvIcI sIrucIurcs IIc
samcbcing-IIcpcOpc-viIIOuIprOIbiIing,buIacIuaIyrcquiring,IIaI
vcOricnIIIccasspOsiIiOnniIsjlaccdgrOundcdncss,IIaIs,inIIc sOcia
rcaIiOns O!prOducIiOn.
TIc !acI IIaI IIs IOpOOgicaI unIy O!OppOsiIcs, vIicI undcr IIc ruc
O!!Orcc brings abOuIIIc cOrrcaIiOn O!inIcriOr and cxIcriOr, s !Or Hcgc
nOIIingcssIIanIIcuniIyO!csscnccandcxisIcncc (L 52) , OrvIaIIc
cas acIuaIiIy, vIcI cOnsIIuIcs IIcpvOIa IransiIiOn naIO!IIc GrcaI
LOgic, sa Icing signO!iIsimpOIancc.
!Or IIc maIcraIisI diaccIic, vIcn Onc is cd asIray in IIc abyrnII O!
!Orcc,insdcandOuIsidc,sIadOvsand!Og,IIcrcvIcrcspaccprOvdcs!Or
nciIIcr pacc nOr ack O!pacc, I is IIc Sub ccIIIis MinOIaurbcrc!I O!
anyTIcscus-IIaIOnccOmcs acrOss.
!Iis IIcnIIaIcvcrysubccIsurpasscsiIs paccby !Orcc, inasmucIasiIs
csscnIaIvrIucicsnbcngdisOricnIcd
bu0j 6CI| V6 d00 00j6CI| V6
I b, Vb
ivisiOnO!!Orcc-SpinOza andMacbrancIc-SIain-TIc IransmssiOn
O!IIcncvin IIcscicnccsandIIcnOnscicnccs-NOnOvc amOng
pOIciansandpsycIOanaysIs-May J 68-TIc bOurgcOsicmakcs
pOIics-!crOdizaIOn-TIcHcgcanOpcra
!Orcc sIsOvna!hrmaIivccxpansiOn, buIpIaccdvIIinIIc OvcrarcIing
sIrucIuraI aspccIO!IIcOIIcr!Orcc. vIcIIcriI rucs OvcrIIc uniIyO!IIc
spacc (!Orcc in IIc pOsIiOn O! IIc SIaIc, Or O! IIc symbOIc) Or rcvcas
IIc OuIpacc (!Orcc nIIcpOsIiOn O!IIc rcvOuIiOn, OrO!IIc rca )
TIis i s OurI Oand !rO mcIIOd. NOsOOncr Iac vc Irackcd dOvn IIc
IisIOriciIy O!IIc cOnIradicIiOn, IIc unaIgnabIcquaIIyO!Is Icrms, IIcir
muIuasIrangcncssIOcacIOIIcr,IIanvcmusIquickygrOundaIIsin
IIc Ordcrcd sOi O!IIc sIrucIurcs, uncss vc cI Ourscvcs cvapOraIc inIO
IIc mcIapIyscs O! dcsirc, IIaI s, IIc subsIanIia and nOmadc assump-
IiOn O! IIc OuIpacc !rOm vIicI pacc iIsc! cOmcs IO bc in!crrcd. TIis
assumpIiOnmarks IIcbOundaryO!IIc diaccIicIy O!IIcdiaIccIic'IOIIc
Ic!I (c!Iy dcvaIiOn, raIIcr IIan c!IisI) . NOIIing ncv On IIis cnd cvcr
sincc SpnOza
TIc rigIIisIs, !Or IIcir parI, Iavc ncvcr c!I IIc spacc, vIOsc dcscrip-
IiOn hs IIcm viII Oy. TIc mOsI gcncrOus vaIcImakcr in IIc !amiy
is vIIOuI cOnIcsI MaIcbrancIc. SpinOza and MaIcbrancIc, aI bOIIOm,
arc IIc grcaIpurhcrs O!!Orcc. TIccv pOsIs iIs uniIy, vIcI is nOI IIc

JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
vIOc-and Onc is suppOscd IO makc dO viII IIaI. TIc CaIIOic prO-
nOunccsiIscxIausIivcmccIanism,viIIiIsvcigIIandcOunIcrvcigII, sO
IIaI GOdmay Icararising!rOm IisCrcaIiOn-IIaI OuIplacc!OrvIicIIc
madcpacc-IIc mOrningbcsO!Iis GIOry.
And sOyOu Iavc IIcsignihcanIausIcriIyO!IIc OncvcrsusIIc mirrOr
ing dcigIIsO!IIcWIOlc.
Bcing CaIIOicandcvisI,!Orccis impurc. TIis isvIaI puI an cnd IO
mcIapIysics (nOI!OrnOIIing vasIIcrcIIcprOccssiOninIOnOurO!purc
RcasOn cd by a !cv guiOIincs and OIs O! pOpuar cOmmiIIccs) aI IIc
davnO!IIcsccOndcOnccpIuamOdcrniIy (IIchrsIOncvas cOnsOidaIcd
viIIcaravcs, GrcckIcxIs, IccscOpcs, andininiIcsimacacuus ) .
!Orcc i s impurc bccausci I i s avays paccd. TIc ncvO! IisIOricaiIy is
in!ccIcd by IIc cOnIinuiIy O! IIc sIrucIurcs. SOmcIIing O! IIc quaiIy O!
!OrccbccOmcsIOmOgcnizcdviIIIIcspacc,aIcasIsOasIOigurcIIcrcin
iIsOvnabsIracIiOnandsuppOrIIIcav.
TIcrc is IIc inhniIy O!!Orcc and IIcrc is iIs iniIudc. TIis is nOI cvcn,
as in IIc casc O! Hcgc, IIc cxpcricnIia and circuarin!crcncc!rOm IIc
OncIOIIc OIIcr.
Our Iakc On IIis vi bc as !OOvs in any cOnIradicIiOn, !Orcc mani-
!csIs Is impuriIy by IIc alcaIOry prOccss O! iIs puriicaIiOn. TIc mOdc in
vIicIIIcsubccIcdcIaracIcrO!!Orccun!OdsiIsc!,iniIsscissiOn!rOmiIs
a!irmaIivcinhniIy, is iIsc!a mOvcmcnI, in vIicI!OrcccOnccnIraIcs (Or
nOI)iIsquaiIaIivcidcnIiIy,IIuscxpansivcyIcaringiIsc!avay!rOmIIaI
vIicInOncIIccsspcrsisIsinhxingiIssiIc.
b
TIcrcisnOOIIcrdchniIiOn O!IIcpOiIicacassparIycxccpIIOsayIIaI,
in vIaIcanbca siIuaIiOn O!cxIrcmc vcakncss and diuIiOn, iImusIcOn-
ccnIraIc IIc IisIOricaprOccIIIaIisIIc !Orcc-O!-cassinpcrsOn, namcy,
IIaIvIicI cmcrgcsOuIO!paccand smasIcs IIc impcriaisI splacc.
TIisgivcsussOmcpIiOsOpIicabackgrOundadusIcdIOSIainsdccara
IiOn, IIc uscO!vIicIisOIIcrviscvcknOvn,IIaI IIcparIyissIrcngII-
cncd by purgngiIsc!O!OppOrIunisI ccmcnIs. TO say sIrcngIIcncd ' is
an undcrsIaIcmcnI. !nvcsIcd in nO OpcraIiOn OIIcrIIan IIaI O! spiIIing
IIc !Orcc O!IIc vOrkingcass !rOm iIs subccIcd hgurc, 'cOnccnIraIing IIc
cOrrccIidcas (MaO) , kccpingiIsc!maximay OuIO!pacc, anddcsIrOying
iniIsc!aIIaIisnOIIIcdcsIrucIiOnO!IIcspacc, IIcparIyispurihcaIiOn.
TIis dOcs nOI mcan IIaI iI is purc, nOr IIaI iI Icnds IOvards puriIy
any mOrc IIan cuIIing O!! Icads dcncsIIc csscncc O!iIsacIiOn. On IIis
bOOdy paII, SIain arrivcd aInOIIing buIdisasIcr. BuI IIc parIy OpcraIcs
aI IIcuncIurc O!iIsc! and iIs impuri!yng dissipaIiOn, bcing as iI is IIaI
JHL PLLL l JHL bUbdLLJlVL
vIicI givcs dirccIiOn, aI IIc IcarIO!IIc cass, IO IIc unsIOppabcbaIIc
bcIvccn IIc IvO paIIs, viIIOuI any caim IO cxisIcncc OIIcr IIan IIc
mani!csIprOO!O!adcnscrquaiIy,amOrccOmpacIIcIcrOgcnciIy,ancvcr
dcsIrucIivcand rccOmpOsingpOvcr.
AI IIis uncIurc, IIc inIcrna cxpansiOn O! !Orcc skcIcIcs OuI IIc
IisIOry O! a cOnIradicIiOn, vIcrcas IIc impuriIy brings iIinIO aignmcnI
by prcscribing iIs pacc, sO IIaI IIc hrsI spcaks IO IIc hor- O! IIc horlicu
(' OuIpacc ) and IIc cs- O!IIccsjlacc(' spacc ) , andIIcsccOnd,IO IIc -licu
and IIc -jlacc. MaO gavc IIis uncIurc a namc vIOsc simpiciIy is bcvi-
dcring. sIrugglc O!IIc Od andIIc ncv-a sIruggcvIicI,Ic assurcs us,
cspccialy vIcn Ic is rcadying Iimsc! IO cndOrsc IIc sccOnd CIincsc
rcvOuIiOn (cacd CuIura), vi pursuc iIs cOursc, incuding viOlcnIy
sO, up IOandincudingIIcIimcO!IIc!aaciOuscOmmunisIpacihcaIiOn,
bcyOndcasscsandIIc SIaIc.
2
SIrugglcO!IIc Od and IIc ncv. TIcpurihcaIiOn O! !Orcc amOunIsIO IIc
cOnccnIraIiOnO!iIs ncvncss. TIOsc rigIIidcas O! IIcmasscs, vIicI IIc
MarxisIparIy musI 'cOnccnIraIc, arcncccssariyncvidcas.
!I isquiIca sIcpinIOIIc diaccIicIO undcrsIand, ina nOn-Irivia scnsc,
IIaIcvcryrigIIncssandcvcryusIiccarc,inprinciplc,nOvcIics; andIIaI
cvcryIIingIIaIrcpcaIsiIsc!isinvariabyunusIandincxacI.
AndycI,i I is pOinIcssI OIryI OivcviIIOuIrcpcIiIiOn.
TIc bcsI imagc !Or IIis Iurning pOinI can bc ObIaincd by cOmparing
IaugII maIIcmaIics IO invcnIcd maIIcmaIics. WIic IIc hrsI apparcnIy
ismcrcyIIc Ordcrcd dispayO!IIc sccOnd, !rOmIIcpOinIO!vicvO!IIc
diaccIicvc musIcOnsidcrIaugIImaIIcmaIicsIObcincxacI, givingusnO
idcaaI aO!vIaI maIIcmaIics isasa subccIivcand IisIOrical prOccss.
WIaI is IaugIIisnOI maIIcmaIics buI OnyiIs Ocus. !cdagOgy dcim-
iIs a spacc, iI is up IOyOu IO bc OuIO!paccviIIrcspccIIOiI, IIaI is, IO
prOduccvcrciIOnyOncdccisivcIIcOrcm, OncIIaIprOvOkcsaIIOrOugI
rcsIu!Iling-vIicIisIIcOnyIiIcIIaIcanbcclaimcd!OrIIcmaIIcmaIi-
cian, vIO is nOI IO bc cOn!uscd, as Lacan vOud say, viII IIc univcrsiIy
prO!cssOrO!maIIcmaIics.
!n sIOrI, vIaI is nOI IransmiIIcd is prcciscy IIc prOccss O! quaiIa-
Iivc cOnccnIraIiOn O!IIisbizarrc!Orccby vIicI a splaccd maIIcmaIics
bccOmcssIOIIIrOugIviII IOcs.
V
9
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
!I is, mOrcOvcr, pcr!ccIy ObviOus IIaI cvcry grcaI scicnIihc discOvcry
amOunIs IO a purihcaIiOn. WIaI rucdvasIIc impurc, cIaOs, Irickcry; in
cOmcs an Ordcr IIaI cannOI bcbrOugIIininc viII !Ormcr cusIOms.
Evcryscicncc!Orms aparIy.usI OOkaI IIcir cOngrcsscs.
WiyOusayIIaInothin i sIransmiIIcdOnIIis sidc O!IIings? NO, yOu
OnyIavcIOrcadIIOscgrcaIcOrrcspOndcnccsO!IIcscvcnIccnIIccnIury
bcIvccn cscarIcs, !crmaI, !asca, and OIIcrs, !Or vIicI IIc vaianI
!aIIcrMcrscnncabyIimsc!scrvcdasIIcpOsIaadminisIraIOr, inOrdcr
IO scc IIaI sOmc ncvncss is caugII in IIc acI and IransmiIIcd IIcrcin.
NcvcrIIccss, vcryO!Icn IIisIappcnsbyIIc dchanIsanIO!vIaIiskcpI
sicnI, inIIc margin O!IIc IcxI, byIIcpurcyparIicuarappcarancc O!a
Iiddcngcncra principc. GOd knOvs IIaI IIcsc masIcrs O!IIOugII carry
misIrusI and sicncc IO an cxIrcmc Hcrc IIc igIIning bOI O! disrupIivc
cOmmunicaIiOnkindcsIIc drybrancIO!cvasiOn.
AbyIIcmscvcs,IIcsccIIcrsdcmOnsIraIcIIaIi!IIcspaccprOpagaIcs
iIsc! by zca cOnhdcncc, and Ovc (as mOdcrn pcdagOgucs arc vOnI
IO say), as mucI as by cOcrciOn, cOnIcmpI, and cOdncss (as is cOmmOn
pracIiccamOngIIcvIippingpricsI-pcdagOgucsO!OdEngand) IIccOn-
ccnIraIiOn O! !Orcc rcquircs raIIcr, !Or iIs singuar IransmissiOn, IIc rci-
ancc On ausiOn, IcnsiOn, and an Obiquc!OrmO!pOiIcmisIrusI, vIOsc
arIrcacIcsiIspcakamOngIIccassics.!ndccd, iIis anundcrsIaIcmcnIIO
sayIIaIcscarIcsand!crmaI,Or!ascaandIIcsIadOvO!cscarIcs,did
nOI ikc cacI OIIcr !IisIIrOugIIIcircsscnIianOnOvcIIaI IIc!OrccO!
IruIIcircuaIcd
!cOpc dO nOI ikc cacI OIIcr vcry mucI ciIIcr in IIc grcaI pOiIica
parIics, vIicI is sOmcIIing IIaI a !cv naivc pcOpc Iakc IObc IIc dcspi-
cabcc!!ccIO!pOvcrsIruggcs, vIcniIisacIuayIIcOnIOOgica axiOm
O!puri!ying uniIyIIaIisIIusgaininggrOund
!cOpcdOnOIikccacIOIIcraIainpsycIOanayIicsOcicIics,cspcciay
vIcn OncpuIs IIcm IO IIc qucsIiOn O! HOv is psycIOanaysis IransmiI-
Icd? TIcrc is a prO!Ound Ogic IO IIis nOnOvc. !I is vIaI cOnvcys IIc
prOccssO!!OrccandispuncIuaIcd,asisOnyIObccxpccIcd,bycxcusiOns,
scissiOns,andcxcOmmunicaIiOns.!nIIccascO!IIcpsycIOanaysIs,iIisaI
cvcryinsIanIIIaIOncissIrcngIIcncdOrvcakcncdbypuri!yingOncsc!O!
IIcOppOrIunisIicOrrcvOuIiOnaryccmcnIsinOncsmidsI.
!n Lacans Lcol FrudinndParis, IIis nOda pOinI O! HOv dOcs Onc
IcrcrcccivcIIcIiIcO!psycIOanaysI? vIicI isvIaIIIis ScIOOviIIa
pcr!ccIy cIOscn namc cas IIcpass, currcnIyprOduccs!crOciOusbaIIcs
vIOscOuIcOmc, bcyOndIIcun!OrIunaIcyincviIabcdcaIIO!iIsgiganIic
JHL PLLL JHL bUbdLLJlVL
dcspOI,OncmusIcxpccIIObcIIcdccincO!IIisScIOOinIOIIcmcdiOcrc
anarcIyO!iIsim-passc.
TIcindividua dOcs nOIcscapcIIis !aIc !!iI pcascs yOu IO cOmc inIO
bcing qua subccI, yOu vi bc !Orccd, as yOu vc knOv, cxprcssy and
againsI a cxisIing cusIOms IO !Ound IIc parIy O! yOursc! IarsI, cOn-
ccnIraIing !Orcc and IIc pOvcr O! abncgaIiOn IO an cxIrcmcpOinI, and
!OOvingiIscOndiIiOnO!cxisIcnccvIicI isnOIIOOvcOncsc!IOOmucI.
TIisissOmcIIingIIaIIIccassicamOraisIssaidOnccand!Ora,andhrsI
amOngIIcm!asca,OncO!Our!OurIruygrcaInaIiOnadiaccIicians-IIc
OIIcrs bcing ROusscau, Maarmc, and !acan 'TIc sc! is dcIcsIabc (L
Moislhasabl) .TIcrcisnO nccdIOgObackOvcrIIis.
AI casI, IIaI is, i! Onc visIcs IO cOOrdinaIc viIIin Oncsc! IIc mass
dimcnsiOn (angcr, indignaIiOn, !rcnzy, surprisc, cncOunIcr, rcvOI, Oy
. . ),IIcdimcnsiOnO!IIcSIaIc(vaysandcusIOms,rcpcIiIiOns,sOciabiiIy,
!amiiariIics, mcasandsccpOvcrs, caIs and dOgs . . ), and IIc dimcnsiOn
O!IIc parIy ( cOnccnIraIiOnO!!Orcc, IcrOism, innOvaIing cOnIinuiIy, pur-
pOsc!u vOrk, scissiOn!rOm Oncsc!, uniIy O!a ncvIypc, cOuragc) .
TIisi s dcmandcdO!nObOdy, andi I i s mOrcOvcrimpOssibcI Odccidc. !I
Iappcns, cIussay,IIaI'itmakcsa sub)cl.
3
A dchniIiOn. vcvi ca sub)ctiv IIOsc prOccsscs rcaIivc IO IIc quaiIa-
Iivc cOnccnIraIiOnO!!Orcc.
!cImccmpIasizcIIaIIIcscarcpracIiccs,rcapIcnOmcna. TIcparIyis
sOmcIIingsubccIivc,IakcniniIs IisIOrica cmcrgcncc,IIcncIvOrkO!iIs
acIiOns, IIcnOvcIyiIcOnccnIraIcs TIc insIiIuIiOn isnOIIingbuIa Iusk
COrrcaIivcy, vcvicaObccIivc IIcprOccssvIcrcby!Orccispaccd
andisIIusimpurc.
!nasmucI asiIcOnccnIraIcs and purihcs iIsc!quaa!hrmaIivc scissiOn,
cvcry!Orccis IIcrc!Orc a subccIivc !Orcc, andinasmucI asiI is assigncd
IOiIspacc, sIrucIurcd, spaccd, iIisanObccIivc!Orcc
MOrccxacIy, vc vi say IIcbcingO!!OrccisIOdividciIsc!accOrding
IOIIc ObccIivc andIIcsubccIivc.
!! yOu Iakc a birds cyc vicv O!May 8, yOu vi scc in iI a ncv and
quaiIaIivcyirrcducibcbrcaII OraspiraIiOn; yOu vi sccin iI IIis cxccp
IiOnaandradicayncvpOinIO!cOnccnIraIiOn,vIicIisIIccsIabisImcnI
O! IIOusands O! yOung inIcccIuas in IIc !acIOrics, IOgcIIcr viII IIc
91
RZ
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
minimaapparaIusOr IIis cOnccnIraIiOn (IIc MaOisIOrganizaIiOns) . YOu
vi asO scc in iI IIc cnOrmOus vcakncss O IIis cOnccnIraIiOn and IIis
apparaIus, IIc insurmOunIabc diuIiOn O IIc rcvOI inIO pcaccu prO-
IcsIing,inrapOiIicahgurcs. YOuviscciniIIIcdccnsivcmanOcuvrc,
OrIIc sakc OIIc hxiIyOIIc spacc, cOmOrIaby agrccdupOnbcIvccn
rcprcscnIaIivcs O IIc gOvcrnmcnI and rcprcscnIaIivcs O IIc uniOns,
bcIvccn !OmpidOu and Scguy. May 68 is rcay Ony a bcginning, and
cOnIinuingIIccOmbaIisa dirccIivc OrIIc Ongrun.
YOucanIIusObscrvc,aIOncandIIcsamcIimc,IIcObccIivcsIrcngIIO
Occ andiIssubccIivcvcakncss. EvcryOncinIIcsIrikcandinIIcsIrccI
Or a prcciOus, andiniIs Ovnvay, immOrIacOmmcnccmcnI. BuI scvcn
ycars aIcrvc arc vcry cv IOIOd up IIcsubccIivcuIurc andcOnccn-
IraIcdrcsIricIcdacIiOnOaIIis, inIIcmidsIOIIcscpucIraaImOspIcrc
OIIcjrorammcommunandIIcpraycrsOMiIIcrrandIIc undcrIakcr.
TIis amOunIs IO saying IIaI IIc subccIivc aspccI O Our advcrsarys
OrccisiIscsIiinaairygOOdsIaIc. TIisis sOmcIIing IIcrcvOuIiOnar
ics ncvcr managcd IO undcrsIand. MOsI OIIcm IIinkIIcy arc IIc Ony
subccIandrcprcscnIIIc anIagOnisIiccassIO IIcmscvcsasan ObccIivc
mccIanism O OpprcssiOn cdbyaIanduOprOhIccrs.
TIcbOurgcOisicisinnO vayrcducibcIO IIc cOnIrOOIIc SIaIc OrIO
ccOnOmicprOhI.OnIIispOinI,IOO,IIcCuIuraRcvOuIiOncnigIIcnsus,
insOarasiIdcsignaIcsIIcbOurgcOisicincOndiIiOnsvIcrcinIIcindusIry
Iasbccn cnIircy naIiOnaizcd and IIc parIy OIIc prOcIariaI dOminaIcs
IIcSIaIc.TIcbOurgcOisicmakcspOiIics,iIcadsIIccasssIruggc,andnOI
OnlyrOmIIcangcOcxpOiIaIiOn, nOrrOmIIaIOcOcrciOn, vIcIIcriI
is cgaOrIcrrOrisI.TIcbOurgcOisicmakcsa subccI.WIcrcIIcndOcsiI
dOIIis?ExacIyasviIIIIcprOcIariaI.inIIcmidsIOIIcpcOpc,vOrking
cass incudcd, and ! vOud cvcn say, sincc vc arc dcaing viII IIc ncv
sIaIc-burcaucraIicbOurgcOisic, IIcvOrking casssjciallyincudcd.
TIc bOurgcOis impcriaisIs arc a Iandu, OcOursc, buI IIc subccIivc
cccI OIIcirOrcc ics inIIc dividcdpcOpc. TIcrc is nOIusIIIc av O
CapiIa, Or IIc cOps. TO miss IIis pOinI is IO sIOp sccing IIc uniIy O IIc
spacc, iIs cOnsisIcncy. !I is IO a back inIO ObccIivism, vIOsc invcrIcd
ransOm, byIIcvay, is IO makc IIc SIaIc inIO IIc Ony subccI-vIcncc
IIc anIi-rcprcssivc OgOrrIOca.
Wc musI cOnccivc OimpcriaisIsOcicIynOI Ony as subsIancc buI asO
assubccI.
TIusar,IOvcvcr,vc IavcOny dcalIviIIIIcsubccIivc,vIicIisnOI
IIc sbccI, buIraIIcriIsccmcnIOriIs gcnrc.
JHL PLLL l JHL bUbdLLJlVL
TIc ObccIivc and IIc subccIivc dividc IIc diaccIic. ! yOu Iakc IIc
IvO anIagOnisIic Orccs (viIIOuI OrgcIIing IIcir undcrlying arIicuaIiOn
inIO spacc and OuIpacc), yOu can dcimiI viIIin IIcm an ObccIivc dia
lccIicand a subccIivcdialccIic, vIicI IOgcIIcrcOnsIiIuIc IIc diaccIicO
Orcc.
SccIIc scIcma bcOv, appicdIOIIccanOnicacxampc OIIccOnIra-
dicIiOnbOurgcOisic/prOcIariaI.
(DOUt_tOISIt)
b)ctiv
Jialti
(rali)
A(QIOt!dJ!)
CCOIUH_ IO P(A) SUDtCIVt !OtCt
(CSS QOIICS HOH_ IDt QtOQt)
CCO!UID_ lO P(A ). OD|tCI!Vt OICt
(ItIODS O tXQ"IIIOD dDU COD!IO
O! IDt bIIt)
CCOIUD_ IO P(A
p
) OD|tCI!Vt OICt
(HdSS ItVOIS)
CCOIUIH_ IO A(A
p
) A(P) SUD|tC!IVt !OICt
(CdSS QOICS HOH_ IDt QtOQt, IDt QI!j)
ub)ctiv
Jialtic
(ral)
TIccOmmOn ObccIiviIy subIcndsIIcicOIIcmasscsOpprcsscdand
rcbciOusinaccOrdanccviIIIIc axiOm:'WIcrcvcrIIcrcisOpprcssiOn,
IIcrc is rcbciOn.

TIis is IIc ObccIivc diaccIic, IIc vay O IIc vOrd,

IisIOry-madcbyIIc masscs, asvc alknOv.
TIc subccIivcispOiIics, madcbyIIccasscsinIIc masscs.
LcI iI bc said in passing. loundrslandlhdislinclion blwn hislojand
jolilics, masssandclasss, isxaclly lhsamlhinasundrslandin lhdislinc-
lionblwn lh Wholandlh0n TIisisnO IriIingmaIIcr.
!IisccarIIaI IIc pOinI OapplicaIiOnOIIcbOurgcOis subccIivc Orcc
viIIin IIc spacc is inIcndcd IO prcvcnI IIc cOnsIiIuIiOn OuI O placc O
IIc prOcIarian subccIivc Orcc. TIc undamcnIa IargcI O subccIivc
acIiviIy is IIcrcby IO bOck IIc prOccss O cOnccnIraIiOn (O purihcaIiOn)
OIIcanIagOnisIicOrcc. !IisamaIIcrOmainIainingIIclaIIcrmaximay
diuIcdaIacOsI, cvcniIIisdiuIiOnis madcup OinnumcrabcrcvOIs.
R
44
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
Hcrc vc musI singc OuI Or cOndcmnaIiOn IIc makcsIiI pIiOsOpIy
OIIcadvOcaIcsOIIc 'cOnvcrgcncc OsIruggcs. TIsgcOmcIrccOnccp-
IOn rcmans cnIircIy viIIin IIc ObjccIivcassgnaIOn O Orcc. YOu may
cOOrdinaIcIIcmasmucIasyOuikc, buIasumOrcvOIsdOcsnOImakc
asubccI. TIcgcOmcIriccIaracIcrO 'cOnvcrgcncc musIbcrcpIaccdviII
IIc quaiIaIivc cIaracIcr OcOnccnIraIiOn. A minima and purihcd pOIiI
ca IcIcrOgcnciIy is a Iundrcd Imcs mOrc cOmbaIivc IIan a pariamcn-
IaryarmadaOrcprcscnIcdsIruggcs.COnvcrgcnccsIIcIypicaObccIivisI
dcviaIOn, in vIcI, Oncc IIc vOrk O subjccIivc purihcaIiOn s spriIcd
avay, anIagOnism hndsiIscIi-adviscdydissOvcd.
!ranky, I musIbc saidIIaI cOnvcrgcncc dOcs IIc vOrk OIIc advcr-
saryssubjccIivc Orcc.
AI bOIIOm, iI s avays in IIc nIcrcsIs O IIc pOvcru IIaI IisIOry is
msIakcnOrpOIIics, IIaIs, IIcObccIivc is IakcnOrIIcsubccIvc.TIis
isIIc naIura ccmcnI Or IIc mainIcnanccOIIcirOvnsubccIvc acIiv
iIy, vIcIisappicdsOIIaInOunaigncdquaIiIymaycOmcIOcOnccnIraIc
iIscIO cOnrOnIIIcm.
TIcrcsnOsIOrIagcOpcOpcundcrIIcirIIumbamOngIIc 'MarxsIs.
A IIOsc vIO cmbrOidcr IIcir dispiriIing niccIics arOund a 'Marxsm
rcduccdIOIIc mOrOscvirIucOa ' scicncc OIisIOry.
Scicncc O IisIOry? Marxism is lhc discoursc wilh which lhc jrolclarial
suslainsilscl]assub)ccl. WcmusIncvcr cI gOO IIis idca.
4
LcIus rcIurn IO IIs IraiI vIcrcby IIcmaIcriaisIdiaccIic scIs iIscI aparI
rOm IIc Hcgcian daccIic. I pcriOdizcs, vIiIc IIc OIIcr Onc makcs
circcs.
Wc nOv Iavc IvO IOOs in Our pOsscssiOn IO grOund pcrOdizaIOn,
vIicI is, aIcr a, vIaI dchncs IIc makng O IisIOry-hnding IIc rgII
pcriOd cOudcvcnbc said IO bc IsIOryscxcusvcIask.
a) TIc Icrms O IIc cOnIradcIOn arc dOuby dcIcrmincd. as IO IIcir
pacc(spacc/OuIpacc) andasIOIIcirOrcc.
b) !Orcc sdOubydcIcrmincd. ObjccIivc andsubccIvc.
YOuviIsayIOmc.vIaIdOcsIIisIavcIOdOviIIpcriOdizaIiOn?Wc
iIdOcsIOIIccxIcnIIIaIvccanOrmuaIcIIcIvOOIddiaIccIicacriIcriOn
OpcriOdizaIiOn.
JHL PLLL JHL bUbdLLJlVL
- IIaIspaccbccaugIIupinIIc dcsIrucIivc IIagrancy OIIcOuIpIacc:
- IIaIIIcsubjccIivcaspccIOOrccaIIainsaIIrcsIOIdniIsquaIaIivc
cOnccnIraIiOn.
TIis isIIcdOubcprccOndIOnOrIIcadvcnIOa subjccI-prOccss.
Taking IIngs rOm a disIancc, cI us rcIurn IO IIc !aris COmmunc,
abOuI vIcI IisIOrians Iavc avays quarrccd IO knOv vIcIIcr iI is
IIc asI OIIc 'arcIaic vOrkcs insurrccIOns OIIc nincIccnII ccnIury
Or IIc hrsI O IIc 'mOdcrn rcvOuIOns-vIicI is primc cvidcncc O IIc
dchccncyOIIcrcriIcria.
Asmaybc cxpccIcd,gvcnIIccxisIcncc Oa dOubIccrIcriOn, IIcrcarc
IvO asscssmcnIs O IIc COmmunc in IIc MarxisI IradiIiOn (asidc rOm
IIc pOssibiIIy IIaI a IIird is inprcparaIOn, va IIc CuIura RcvOuIiOn.
cOnscqucnIy, IIcrcviIIbc Our) .
MarxsasscssmcnI ( 1hcCivilWarinFrancc) isnacIuaacIpurcyObcc-
Iivc. !IdcsignaIcsIIc!arisianacIiOnasIIccIariIicaIiOnOIIcimmcdiaIc
pOIIica ObjccIvcs O IIc cass wilh rcardlolhcSlalc. !I is ncccssary IO
brcakIIcmiiIaryandpOiccmacIincryviIIIIciradminisIraIivcappcn-
dx,vIIOuIscckingIOOccupyIIcm.!IisncccssaryIOpuIinpaccOrgans
OpOvcrOa ncvIypc, andnOImcrcyIOdirccI,by subsIiIuIiOn, IIcOId
Oncs.!nIIcCOmmunc,MarxrcgsIcrsIIcIcIcrOgcncOusquaiIyOOrcc
as sucI, IOgcIIcr viII IIc imiIaIOn O a pOiIica diaccIic arIicuIaIcd
accOrding IO IIc sOc IOgic O IIc dOminanI pacc, IIc pacc O pOvcr.
Marx dvdcsIIc cxprcssiOn 'IakingpOvcr accOrdng IOpacc (Onc musI
dOmnaIc IIc advcrsary) andOrcc (Onc musI abOvc aI dcpOyIIc Occu
paIiOnOIIcdOminanIpIaccina dicrcnIvayandn accOrdancc viII a
ncvquaiIy) . TIus vc pass rOm IIc sIrucIuraI sidc OIIc diaccIicIO Is
IisIOrica sdc. IIc prOcIariaI is nOI OnyIIc OuIpacc Oa pacc, iI is IIc
OIIcr Orcc Oa Orcc.
NcvcrIIccss, vc sIi rcmain viIIin IIc ObccIiviIyO Orcc, Or raIIcr
viIIinIIcundividcduniIyOIIcObccIivcandIIcsubjccIivc.COnccrnng
IIc prOccss OIIc cOnccnIraIOn O Orcc, vIOsc vcakncss Ic cvidcnIy
pcrccivcs (iI sIIcvcakncssOIIc cOmmunard cadcrsIip, vIicI is par-
iamcnIary and rcacIivc), Marx dOcs nOI prOpOsc any parIicuar anayss
susccpIibIc O IcIpng us mOvc bcyOnd sucI vcakncss. Marx gOcs nO
urIIcrIIanIIchrsIcriIcriOn OpcriOdzaIiOn (pIaccandOrcc) .
! I i s Lcnins parIisan acIiviIy, upI OIIc vcIOry O OcIObcr, and cvcn
mOrc sO up IO IIc crusIing O IIc cOunIcr-rcvOuIiOn and iIs Orcgn
suppOrI in IIc civi var, IIaIbrings abOuI IIc sccOnd asscssmcnI. !n IIis
4b
90
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
acIiviIy, sIarIng viII Wha/Is1o cDonc, IIc subccIivc qucsIiOn pays
a ccnIra parI. COnccnIraIng Orcc is IIc vcry csscncc O LcnnsI vOrk,
vIicI bascs iIscOnIIc vcakncsscs andaurcsOIIcCOmmunc,vIiIc
Marx nsIcad armcd Iimsc vII IIc COmmuncs vicIOrics n Ordcr IO
mOdiy,Ona cruciapOnI, IIcMani]cs/o.
Lcnin dravs a OurOdcssOnrOm IIc crusIing OIIc COmmunc.
J . !IisncccssaryIOpracIscMarxisIpOIiIics, andnOIsOmcOca rOman-
Ic rcvOI, vIcIIcrvOrkcrisI OrpOpuisI.

TIc prOOundmcaningO
Wha/Is1ocDonciscnIircycOnIancdin IIis dihcuI and Origina
ca. cI us bc absOuIcy and irrcvOcaby pOiIica acIivisIs (mcaning
prOcssiOnas, IIaI gOcs viIIOuI saying. vIO Ias cvcr sccn amaIcur
pOIica Icadcrs?).
2. !I is ncccssary IO Iavc an Ovcra vicv O IIings, in IIc naIOna
ramcvOrk aI casI, and nOI bc ragmcnIcd inIO IIc cdcraism O
sIruggcs.
3. !I is ncccssaryIOOrgcanaianccvIIIIc ruramasscs.
4. !I is ncccssary IO brcak IIc cOunIcrrcvOuIiOn IIrOugIan uninIcr-
rupIcd, miiIariyOcnsivc, ccnIraizcdprOccss.
And vIaI O IIc parIy, IIc amOus LcninisI parIy, in IIc midsI O aI
IIis?TIcparIyasIIccOrcOsIcc,anarmymOvngviIIIIcrIyIImcsIcp
OscasOncdprOcssOnas?!OrLcnin,IIcparIyisnOIIingbuIIIcOpcraIOr
O cOnccnIraIOn O IIcsc Our rcquircmcnIs, IIc mandaIOry Oca pOinI
Or a pOIiIics. TIc pary s IIc acIvc purihcaIOn O pOiIcs, IIc sysIcm
OpracIicaIpOssibiIy Or IIc asscssmcnI O IIc COmmunc. !I is incrrcd
rOm pOIic (rOm IIc subccIivc aspccI O Orcc) . By nO mcans dOcs iI
cOmc hrsI. !IisanabcrraIiOnIOrcad Wha/Is1ocDoncasa IIcOryOIIc
parIy vIcn iI is a IandbOOk O MarxsIpOiIics. WII rcgardIO IIc parIy
asapparaus, vIaI canbc incrrcd is mxcd and sccOndary. Wha/Is1o c
DoncisaIIcOryOIIc subccIivcaspccI OOrcc, inIIcguiscOa gcncra
caI IOpOiIica cOnhdcncc.
!I is nOI ducIO iIsinsIIuIiOnaIcOnccrnsbuIbccauscOIIcdcmandsO
IsMarxisIpOiIicaambiIiOnIIaIha/Is1ocDonccnIaisasIcnIasscss-
mcnIOIIc!arisCOmmunc.
Bcsidcs,iIiscuriOusIOsccIIaIIIccxpiciIcxaminaIiOnOIIcCOmmunc
carricd OuI by Lcninin 1hc S/a/candRcvolu/ion OIIOvs an cnIircy dicr-
cnI IIrcad, vIicIOriginaIcsinMarxandis rcaIivc IOIIcprObcm OIIc
SIaIc. appcaranccs nOIviIIsIanding, in IIaI IcxIvc arc dcaIing, IIrOugI
IIc rcIurn IO ObccIiviIy, viII a ar css nOvcundcrIaking.
JHL PLLL l JHL bUbdLLJlVL
Evcry pcriOdzaIiOn musI cncOmpass iIs dOubc diaccIicaI Iimc and
IIusIO sIay viII Our cxampIccOnIain OcIObcr ! ! 7 as IIc sccOnd
andprOvisiOnay hna scansOn O IIc asscssmcnI. WIcncc IIc cmbar-
rassmcnI O IisIOrians. accOrdng IO IIc Orcc/pacc rcaIOn, IIc
COmmuncsncv (Marx) . AccOrdingIOIIc subccIvc/ObccIivc rcaIiOn,
iI is OcIObcr IIaI is ncv and IIc COmmunc s IIaI cdc o]/hcold vIOsc
pracIca pcrccpIOn, by puriying Orcc, parIakcs in IIc cngcndcring O
iIs nOvcIy.
!IisIigIIyprObabcIIaIIIc CIncsc CuIIura RcvOuIiOnIasIIc samc
prOhcandIIaIIIcqucsIiOnOIIcsccOndImcOiIspcriOdizinguncIOn
isnOv Opcn. TIc subccIivc qucsIiOn (IOv dd IIc CuIura RcvOuIiOn,
massuprsngagansIIIcncvburcaucraIicsIaIcbOurgcOsc, runnIOIIc
prObIcm O IIc rcsIaping O IIc parIy?) rcmans in suspcnsc, as IIc kcy
qucsIOnOranyMarxsIpOIicsIOday.
!Hcgc makcsacircc,iI isbccauscIcavayssccksa singIcIimc. As a
maIIcr O princpc, Ic ignOrcs IIc dicrcd rcIrOacIiOns, cvcn IIOugI Ic
inidiOusyIOcraIcsIIcminIIcdcIais.
5
!n Hcgcs Loic, IIcrc s a cIapIcr On ObccIiviIy. HOvcvcr, iI is mOsI
insIrucIivc IIaI IIis cIapIcr sIOud bc OcaIcd in IIc sccIOn IiIIcd
SubccIvc LOgic, vIcrc I OIIOvs IIc cIapIcr On subccIiviIyand prc-
parcs Or IIc Onc On IIc !dca. ObccIivIy, Or Hcgc, is IIc mcdaIiOn
bcIvccnpurcsubccIivcOrmaIinIcrOriIyandknOvcdgc. Hcrcvc scca
IagranI idcaIsI invcrsOn, buI IIaI is nOI IIc csscnIia pOinI. TIc bOIIOm
incOIIcvIOIcaairisIIaI,nmakingObccIiviIyariscrOmpurcOgica
Orm, HcgcgvcsIimscinadvanccIIcuniIyOIIcIvOcriIcriaOpcriO-
dizaIOn. !nIcgray rccrabc IO IIc Orma subccIivc, vIicI I dssOvcs
andcOnIains, ObccIiviIyaIaIOnccOpcnsiIscIupIOabsOuIcknOvcdgc.
!Iis OnyIIcprOgrcssivchingOIIccxIcriOrbyIIcinIcriOr, IIccOming
IO igII OIIc cOnIcnI OIIc Orm, accOrding IO IIc cxIcnuaIiOn OOrm
iIsc. TIc undcrIying cOnccpIiOn rcmains IIaI IIc subccIvc s IIc purc
av O IIc spacc by vIicI IIc vOd cxcccds iIsc inIO IIc OuIpIacc sO
as hnay IO bccOmc cquaI IO IIc rcccIcd IOIaiIy. !rOm IIaI mOmcnI
Onvard, paccpasscs OvcrinIOOrccaccOrdingIOIIc samcmOvcmcnIby
vIicIIIcsubccIivcpasscsinIOIIcObccIivc, andIIcuniqucrcIccIOnO
IIis mOvcmcnIis nOnc OIIcr IIanIIc diaccIiciIscI. WIcncc a principIc
9
9b
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
O'pcriOdizaIiOnvIicI, a inOncpiccc, cOscs inOniIsc.!IisIIcsubccI
ascircc vIO IasIIc asIvOrd.
TIus IIc dcaisI diaccIic ais IO rccOgnizc IIc discrjan/doublscission
IIaIgrOunds any IisIOricapcriOdizaIiOn.
OcOursc, HcgcIisasavayscapabcOIOcayOrgcIIingIisgObaIOr-
gcIIing. TIaIIIc diaccIicascansiOnimpicsIIc OurIcrms OIIc dOubc
scissiOn(pacc,Orcc, subccIivc, ObccIivc) , andnOIIIcIIrccOaIicnaIiOn
(pOsiIiOn, ncgaIiOn,ncgaIiOnOIIcncgaIiOn) , issOmcIIingIccsIabisIcs
ina amOuspassagcrOmIIccIapIcrOn IIcabsOuIc !dca:
! Onc insisIs On coun/in, IIis scondimmcdiaIc is, in IIc cOursc OIIc
mcIIOdasa vIOc, IIc /hirdIcrmIO IIchrsIimmcdiaIcandIIc mcdi-
aIcd. !I is asO, IOvcvcr, IIc IIird Icrm IO IIc hrsI OrOrma ncgaIivc
and IO absOuIc ncgaIiviIy Or IIc sccOnd ncgaIivc: nOv as IIc hrsI
ncgaIivcis arcadyIIc sccOndIcrm, IIcIcrmrcckOncdas/hirdcan asO
bc rcckOncd as]our/h, and insIcad Oa /rijliciq, IIc absIracI Orm may
c Iakcn as quadrujliciq, in IIis vay, IIc ncgaIivc Or IIc dicrcncc is
cOunIcdasa dualiq. (L836)
TO cOunI IIc ncgaIivc (Or dicrcncc) , vIicI is IIc vcry principc O
cOnIradicIiOn, nOI as simpc univcrsaI, buI asTvO, and IIus IO csIabisI
IIc pcriOd as quadrupc. sucI is IIc maIcriaisI inIuiIiOn aI IIis suprcmc
pOinI O Hcgcs Loic. WIaI is cOvcrcd undcr IIc disIincIiOn bcIvccn
'OrmancgaIivcand'absOIuIcncgaIiviIyisnOIIingcssIIanIIcdisIinc-
IiOn OIIc subccIivc and IIcObccIivc, asis IO bc cxpccIcd, ininvcrIcd
pOsiIiOns.
This inIuiIiOn is immcdiaIcIy rcscindcd by IIc Obscssivc IIcmc O IIc
circuarrcIurnIOIIc bcginning.
!IisinIIismanncrIIaIcacIsIcpOIIcadvancinIIcprOccssOurIIcr
dcIcrminaIiOn, vIiIc gcIIing urIIcr avay rOm IIc indcIcrminaIc
cginning is asO //in back narr IO iI, and IIaI IIcrcOrc, vIaI aI
hrsIsigIImayappcarIObcdicrcnI, IIcrcIrOgrcssivcgrOundingOIIc
cginning, and IIcjrorssiv]ur/hrd/rminin O iI, cOincidcand arc
IIc samc. (L 84I )
!OrIIcmaIcriaisI,IIcrcisnObcginninguncssiIismarkcdbyanOvcIy
tIaIis undcduciblc rOmIIcpcriOdizing cOsurc. !rOgrcssiOnandrcIrOac
IiOncannOIbcuscdIOgcIIcr.TIcpOsiIiOnOIIcrcaIiOnOrcc/paccdOcs
nOI pcrmiI Onc IO dcducc IIc scissiOn OOrccaccOrdingIO IIc ObccIivc
and
IIcsubccIivc. OncmusIwai/OrIIcsccOndIimc.BuI,prcciscy,Hcgc
JHL PLLL JHL bUbdLLJlVL
isinnOcOndiIiOnIO vaiIOrOcIObcr I 7 inOrdcrIOhxIIccIcrnaIIis
tOricacsscnccOIIc COmmunc. HcmusIrOmIIcsIarIIakcupIispOsi
tO
atIIc cndOIimc,vIcrcbyIIccirccisIraccd,inOrdcrIOknOvvIO
is
vhO
in IIcuniIyOIIcprOgrcssivcandIIcrcIrOacIivc.
Onc rcmains dismaycd by IIc hnc arrOgancc IO vIicI Hcgc IIcncc-
OrII cars viIncss. TIc IransiIiOn rOm IIc subccIivcIO IIcObccIivc is
Onc O IIc mOsI IOrIuOus cxcrciscs OIIc cnIirc Loic. Sincc IIc subcc-
Iivc is purcy Orma (vIaIcsccaniIbc bcOrc IIc ObccIivc?) , Onc can
ind risIOIlcs OgiciniI. !Iis IIusa maIIcrOdcducingIIc IIcOryOIIc
physica vOrd rOm IIc hgurcs O IIc syOgism. TIc immcdiaIc rcaiIy
O IIc cxisIing IIing, graspcd in iIs scicnIihc cOnccpI, musI arisc rOm
hc suprcmc Orma hgurc, vIicI is Icrc IIc unOrIunaIc disuncIivc
syOgism-IIcscIcma.isB OrC Or, buIisnciIIcrCnOr, IIcrcOrc
is -prOmOIcd IO IIc sIaIus O nOIIing Icss IIan IIc suppOrIing basc
O cgcian circuariIy. TIc IIickncss O IIc umcs rccas IIOsc OpcraIic
stagings vIcrcby IIc IccInicians bOv smOkc IIrOugI IIc OOrbOard in
OrdcrIOaOvOrIIcusiOn, inIIcmidsIOcOudypOcIry, OIIc dcicaIc
passagcrOmamiiIaryrcccpIiOnviIIcIOrusandccpIanIsIOaOvc-duO
n ngIIgOvnspcrcIcdOnIIcbaIcOnics OVcnicc. !Orcxampc.
Ic syOgism is mdia/ion, IIc cOmpIcIc cOnccpI in iIs josi/dnss. !Is
mOvcmcnIisIIcsubaIingOIIismcdiaIiOn,invIicInOIIingisin and
Or iIsc, buI cacI Icrm isOny by mcans O an anOIIcr. TIc rcsuII is
thcrcOrc animmdiaqvIicI IasissucdrOmIIc subla/ino]/hmdia-
/ion, a bin vIicI is nO css idcnIica viII IIc mcdiaIiOn, and vIicI
is tIc cOnccpI IIaI Ias rcsIOrcdiIsc OuI O, and in, iIs OIIcrncss. TIis
bin is IIcrcOrc a]ac/ [inSachj IIaI is in and]ori/sl]-ob)c/iviq. (L
74)
SuscqucnIy, Hcgc prOpOscs Iis cassihcaIiOn O IIc scicnccs, sincc
ObcctiviIy,IIc supprcssiOnOIIc syOgism, uicIycimbsIIccOnccpIua
slOpcvIicIgOcsrOmmccIanicsIIrOugIcIcmisIryIOic assucI.
COmparcd IO IIis cassihcaIiOn, ugusIc COmIcs is a miracc O ma-
IcriaisIprccisiOn, cspcciaIyivccOnsidcrIIaIHcgccaimsIOdcduccIis
viIhOI rcmaindcr rOmOrma Ogic
Ovcvcr, vcviIakccOmOrIinIIismisOrIuncOIIcHcgciancircc,
ivc knOvIOvIOdravOur cssOn rOmiIviIIrcspccI IO IIccriIcriaOr
pcriOdizaIiOnandivcarcabcIOIIinkvIaIisrcquircdinIcrmsOdivcr-
gcncc, bcIvccn IIc OppOsiIiOn pacc/Orcc and IIc OppOsiIiOn ObccIivc/
ccIivc, OrIIcccararrangcmcnIOIIcpaIIsOIIc sub ccI.
9V
b
JHLY 1HL bUbdLLJ
AndIIcn,HcgcisccrIainycOrrccIIOvrIcIIcOOvingabOuIIIcsy
lOgsm. '!iI is nOIIIOugII a sma maIIcrIO IavcdiscOvcrcdOmc sixty
spccicsOparrOIs, OncIundrcdandIIirIy-scvcnspccicsOvcrOnica, cIc.,
mucI css OugII iI IO bc IIOugII a sma maIIcrIO discOvcrIIcOrmsO
rcasOn ( L682) .
! n !rcncI 'Marxsm, IIcrc i s a pcIIOra O pcOpc vIO, Or Iack O
cngagcmcnIviIIIIc syllOgisms OacIiOn, insisIOn cOunIingparrOIs.TIc
rcsuIisIIaIvIaIIIcyca'idcOOgcasIruggc' cOmcsdOvnIOIryingIO
IakcIIcpaccOIIOscvIOcOunIvcrOnicas.
PAk1| |
1M6 bu0j6CI u006| IM6 b| 0l | 6|S 0 IM6 LXC6QI| 00
b
0|C6 dS 0| SdQQ6d|d0C6, WM0S6 66CI lS IM6
WM0l 6 |0O WMl CM |I MdS 0l SdQQ6d|60
0C0RD0I , Vb
chniIOnOIIcsIrucIuraIdiaIccIic-TIc GrcckaIOmisIs-LOgic OIIc
cinamcn-CIancc-TIcvansIingIcrm-WIaIarcIIcmasscsand
vIaIdOIIcydO?-TIc causaIiIyOIack
Wc cOnhrmcdIIaIIIcrccxisIsnO ncuIraI diaIccIicIIaIcOuIdbc inscrIcd
nIO IIc cIcrnaI sIruggIc bcIvccn idcaIism and maIcriaIsm. !I is IIc dia-
IccIiciIscIIIaI musI bc dividcd, accOrdingIO IIc cdgc O iIs diaIccIciIy,
inIO iIs sIrucIuraI sdc and iIs IsIOricaI sidc. IOgic O pIaccs and IOgic O
Orccs.
!nIIcpcdagOgyOIIsprOccI-vIcIdisasscmbIcsandrcasscmbIcsin
ts cnIrcIy IIc OIdOOIsbridgc OIIc rcIaIiOn Marx/HcgcI-vc prOpOsc
IIaIIIcOrmuIaIiOndcaIisIdiaIccIic,vIicIOncusuaIIyrccIsOIObad-
mOuIIHcgcI,bcrcpIaccdby sIrucIuraIdiaIccIic.
!IishrsIOaIIamaIIcrOassgningHcgcIsidcaIism (OrMaIIarmsand
Lacans) nOI asmucIIO IIc cxIcriOr pcrvcrsiOn O a purc inncr cOrc sO
mucIasIOIIccIOiccOIIcprincipaIIcrminIIccOrrcIaIiOnOOppOsiIcs
vIOsc uniIycOnsIiIuIcsIIcdaIccIicsvIOIcbcng.
WIcncc IIc OIIOving prOvsOnaI dchniIiOn O IIc sIrucIuraI
iaIccIc.
a) TIcsIrucIuraIdiaIccIicisccrIainIyaOrmOdiaIccIicaIIIOugII(IIisis
Is maIcriaIsI sdc) inIIc scnsc IIaI, brOadIy spcakng, iI sIcms rOm
IvO cruciaI OnIOIOgicaIprincipIcs.
bJ
b4
1HLY l JHL bUbdLL1
- IIc primacy O prOccss Ovcr cquiIibrium, O IIc mOvcmcnI O
IransOrmaIiOnOvcrIIcairmaIiOn OdcnIiIy
- IIcprimacy OIIcTvO Ovcr IIc Onc ( cOnIradicIiOn) .
b) TIc strucIuraI diaIccIic Ias a Icndcncy (IIis is iIs idcaIisI sidc), hrsI, IO
makcIIcsIrucIuraIaspccIOIIcdiaIccIcprcvaiIOvcriIsIisIOrcaIaspccI,
IIais,placcOvcrOrccand,sccOnd,viIIinIIsvcrysamcprimacyOIIc
structuralOunaIiOn,IOmakcIIcIIcOryOIIcspIacc,On IIcbasisOiIs
rcgIaIcd univcrsc,prcdOminaIcOvcrIIccmcrgcnccOIIcOuIpIacc.
As a rcsuII, vc musI rcgisIcr IIc pcrvcrsiOn IIaI rOm IIs mOmcnI On
is nIrOduccd inIO IIc rcIaIiOn bcIvccn IIc subccIivc and IIc ObjccIivc,
IOgcIIcr viII IIc Icndcncy IO undO cvcry principIc O pcriOdzaIiOn in
avOur Oa circuIarcIOsurc.
TIcsIrucIuraIdiaIccIic,byIscIOiccOIIcprcvaiIingIcrms, inIIcIOng
run vOrks OnIy On Onc sdc O IIc cOnccpI O cOnIradicIiOn and, n my
OpniOn,Iis nOIIIccOrrccI Onc.
saidbcOrcIIaIIIcrcarcIIrccarIicuIaIiOnsIOIIiscOnccpIOcOnIra-
dicIiOn. dicrcncc, cOrrcIaIiOn, andpOsiIiOn.
TIc sIrucIuraI diaIccIic priviIcgcs IIc vcak dicrcncc Ovcr IIc sIrOng
dicrcncc.!IIcndsIOrcduccanydicrcnccIOapurcdisIanccOpOsiIiOn.
TIis is its spaIaIizingambiIiOn,vIcIvOrks IO IIc dcIrimcnIOquaIiIa-
Iivc IcIcrOgcnciIy, Or IIc IaIIcr, bcing as iI s unscIcmaIizabIc, can bc
rcgisIcrcdOnIyin iIs IcmpOraIcccI.
TIc sIrucIuraIdiaIccIicprccrsIIccOrrcIaIiOnOpurccxcIusiOn, OspIiI
pOsiIiOnaIiIy, and O inIcrcIangcabiIiIy, IO IIaI cOrrcIaIiOn vIicI, undcr
IIc namc sIruggIc O OppOsiIcs, aIIcmpIs IO grasp IIc dcsIrucIOn IIaI
issucsrOmaccrIainquaIIyOOrcc.

TIcsIrucIuraIdiaIccIicimmObiIizcsIIcpOsiIiOnOIIcIcrms inIOa sym-

mcIry, OrinIO aninvarianIasymmcIry, raIIcr IIan scizing IIcbccOming
principaI OIIc sccOndary, IIc rupIurc Oany spIaccby IIc cxpIOsiOn O
iIs ruIcandIIcIOssOprincipIcOIIciniIaIpOsIiOn.
HOvcvcr, IIc sIrucIuraI diaIccIic dOcs cncOunIcr IIc rcaI as ObsIacIc,
vIicIisIIccccIivcIIOugIIOIIcIisIOrcaI. !IincIudcsIIcIaIIcr,aIbciI
in OrdcrIO subOrdinaIc iI and OnIyvIcn iI is nO IOngcra daIccIicOIIc
vIOIcbuIa cOmbinaIOry. a sIrucIuraIism.
SIrucIuraIism is IIc inIcrnaI ' rigIIisI IcmpIaIOn O sucI a diaIccIic,
vII IIcObscurcandpOcIiccOrI OIIc IikcsOMaIIarmc Or!acan cOn-
sisIingcnIircIyinno/ivininIOIIisIcmpIaIOn-usIasOncdOcsnOIgivc
up On Oncsdcsirc.
1HL bUbdLL1 UNUL JHL bl Nl llLb
WIaI cIaracIcrizcs IIc sIrucIuraI daIccIic rcsidcs raIIcr in IIc
cOmpIcx dissOIving acIiOn by vIicI, in IIc cIOscsI prOximiIy IO a
cOnIrarian rcaI IIaI ruIcs I OuI, I is IIc auIIOrIy O IIc sIrucIurc
IIaI cOnsIanIIy cnds up bcng rc-csIabIsIcd. WIaI is csscnIiaI Iics in
IIc Iacunary ncOmpIcIcncss O IIc prOjccI and IIc paIIOs O sIcncc
in vIicI IIc ncvcr-vrIIcn MaIIarmcan BOOk mccIs IIc ncvcr-Iicd
Lacanian knOI. AII n aII IIcrcn Ics IIc ncvcr-abandOncd rcspccI Or
IIc rcaI IIaI, cvcn aI IIc IgIcsIpOinI OiIs disavOvaI, cOmcs IIrOugI
in IIcsc grcaI idcaIisIs.
Hcrc vc hnd sucI a IcnsOn (vIOsc IcrmcIc cadcncc O vriIing, sO
OIcnmOckcdbyIIccnviOusrcadcr,isIIchgurcOaIarsIsnccriIy) IIaI
i tviIIncvcrbcavasIcOOurIimcIOOIIOvIIcscIcrOcsOnOnbcinginIO
IIcarcancsccrcIs OIIcracidic diaIccIicaI aIcIcmy.
OIIcrcaI bydinI OIsIOrsiOn, IIcygivcusaIIIIc uicc
2
rOm IIc sIarI and IIcn aII IIc vay IO IIc cnd, IIcy musI aII sOIvc vIaI
vc migII vcry vcII caII IIc IIrcc canOnicaI prObIcms O IIc sIrucIuraI
diaIccIic-prObIcmsvIcI,inmanyrcspccIs,makcupIIcvIOIcIradiIiOn
OidcaIisImOdcrniIy.
I. HOv IObringback a sIrOng (quaIIaIivc) dicrcnccIO Isbarc bOncs,
IIc vcak dicrcncc, Or IIc dicrcncc OpOsiIiOn, vIcI undcrgirds
iI?TIissIIcprObIcmOIIcscIcmaIizaIOnOIIc unscIcmaIizabIc,
OIIcaIIcnngOuI, OrOIIccIancccI.
2. HOv IO makc dsappcar vIaIcvcr vas nccdcd, n naIIcrs OOrcc,
in Ordcr IO prOcccd viII IIis rcducIiOn? TIis s IIc prObIcm O IIc
vansIingIcrm.
3 HOvcan IIcnOnbcingOIIcvanisIcdOrcccausc IIcmOvcmcnIO
pIaccsand, bcIIcrycI, IIcirIOIaIIy?TIsisIIcprObIcmOIIcacIiOn
OIIcsIrucIurc, OrIIcprObIcmOIIccausaIiIyOIack.
Iain cccI vanisIing Icrm, causaIiIy OIack IcI us add IIc spIiIIing,
IicIvcviIIdcduccIaIcr, andIIcrcyOuIavcavIOIcOrganzcdaccOrd-
ingIOIIc sOIc cIariIyOa mIIpIc OOncs.
TIcGrcckaIOmIsvcrcIIchrsIinaIIIIis.
bb
b0
1HLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
3
WIaI dicrcncc can bc sIrOngcr IIan IIc Onc bcIvccn aIOms and IIc
vOid? TIc Grcck maIcriaisIs, IO bcgin viII, pOsiI an absOuIc IcIcrOgc-
nciIy. On Onc Iand, IIc discrcIcmuIipiciIyOmaIIcr: OnIIc OIIcr, IIc
inhniIccOnIinuiIyOIIcnOtIing.
Hcgc admircs IIc impcIus IIaI 'makcs IIis simpc dcIcrminaIcncss O
IIcOncandIIcvOidIIcprincipcOaIIings,dcrivingIIcinhniIcvaricIy
OIIcvOrdrOmIIissimpcanIiIIcsisandbOdyprcsumingIOknOvIIc
Ormcr rOmIIcaIIcr (L I 66) .
TIis impusc bcIind IIc sIrucIura absIracIiOn, IIOugI, immcdiaIcy
cOmcs up againsIiIs OvnOrccasIIcObsIaccprcscnIcdIOiIby IIcrca.
! IIc aIOms sIand in a radica quaiIaIivc cxIcriOriIy IO IIc vOid i nO
aIOmisnamcabc OIIcrviscIIanbyIIiscxIcriOriIyOprincipc-IO bcan
aIOm, andnOIparIOIIcvOid-IIcn iIis ccarIIaI nothinshajjcns. TIc
aIOms rcmain suspcndcd, as IIc dusIO idcnIiIy, in IIaI vIicI scrvcs as
IIcir grOund, vain sIars inIIc nigII sky dcvOid Oany cOnsIcaIiOn.
HcrcIIc dicrcncc issO sIrOngIIaInOWIOc can makciIsvayinany
prOccssvIaIsOcvcr.
NOv, IIc aIOmisIic IypOIIcsis Ias nO aim OIIcr IIan IO cOmpOsc IIc
rcaOIIc WIOc. SO IcrciIisrunning OuIOgas.
OncviIIcrcOrcarguc-IIisisIIcsccOndmOmcnIOIIcaair-IIaI
IIcvOid cngcndcrsIIc mOvcmcnI OIIc aIOms. WiIIIIis gcsIurc, vIicI
brcaksviIIIIcpurcprincipcOquaiIaIivcandrcciprOcacxcusiOn,acOr-
rcaIiOn, OrcvcnapOsiIiOn,bcginsIObcskcIcIcdOuI.TIcvOidiscausa iI
spaccs, inOIIIcaIOmsIIcmscvcs, IIcnaIcasIIIcirIrajccIOrics.
Hcgc makcs a big IIing OuI IIis sma mOvc, rapidy draving IIc
bankcIIOvardIisOvn cOnccpIOIIcncgaIivc
. . . viII IIchrsIIIinkcrsIIc aIOmisIicprincipcdidnOIrcmaininIIis
cxIcrnaiIybuI bcsidcsiIs absIracIiOnIad asO a spccuaIivcdcIcrmina-
IiOninIIcacIIIaIIIcvOidvasrccOgnizcdasIIcsOurccOmOvcmcnI,
vIicIisancnIircydicrcnIrcaIiOnOIIcaIOmandIIcvOidrOmIIc
mcrc uxIapOsiIiOn and muIua indicrcncc O IIcsc IvO dcIcrmina-
IiOns . . . TIc vicv IIaI IIc vOid cOnsIiIuIcs IIc grOund O mOvcmcnI
cOnIainsIIc prOOundcrIIOugII IIaIinIIc ncgaIivc as sucIIIcrc ics
tIc grOund O bccOming, O IIc unrcsI O sc-mOvcmcnI-in vIicI
scnsc, IOvcvcr, IIc ncgaIivc is IO bc Iakcn as IIc vcriIabc ncgaIiviIy
OIIc inhniIc. (L ! 66)
1HL bUbdLL1 UNUL 1HL bl Nl llLb
CcrIainy, IIc appcarancc On sIagc OcOrrcaIiOn is avays IIcsignO
diaccIica and cvcn, iyOuvanI OspccuaIivcprOundiIy.Hcgckccny
bscrvcsIIaIIIcmOsIimpOrIanIOpcraIiOnOaIOmismicsinIIisrcaxing
IIcsIrOngdicrcnccOaIOms/vOid, andnOIinIIcirpOsiIiOnasmuIua
bsIacc.
!IIcrc arc IvO, IIc principcs cavc cnIircy Opcn IIc qucsIiOn OIIc
OncdividcdbyIIcm.TIisisvIcrcOncavaiIs IIcdiaccIician.
!s mOvcmcnI IIis Onc O IIc cOrrcaIiOn? Surcy, Or i IIc vOid is IIc
causcOmOvcmcnI, IIcnIIisappicscquayIOaIIc aIOms. OIIcrvisc,
IIcscaIOmsvOudIavcdicrcnIrcaIiOnsIOIIcvOidrcgardcdas causc.
BuIIIisisimpOssibc, inigIIOIIcacIIIaI, quaaIOms, IIcy cOnsIiIuIc
IIc Opcning principc, simpy dchncd by nOI bcing IIc vOid, pcriOd.
IcrcOrc,aarcin any cascidcnIicaviII rcgardIOIIc vOid.
!I is IIus ncccssary IO pOsiI IIaI IIc aIOms a mOvc IOgcIIcrcIcrnay
andaccOrdingIOparacIraccIOrics, aI variabcspccds.
TIisrainOaingsIarscOnsIiIuIcsa disasIcr,vIicIdOcsnOIaddupIO
a WIOcciIIcr.

!I musI cvcn bc admiIIcd IIaI IIis 'mOvcmcnI is pcrccIy n, Or

ack O a rccrcncc pOinI viII vIicI IO mark iIIIc simuIancOus and
isOIrOpic vccIiOn Oan inhniIy OaIOms, viIIOuI IIc sIadOv Oa dOubI,
bcingcquivacnIIOIIcirabsOuIcimmObiiIy.
Oncc again, nOIIing Iappcns. Evcn by subccIing IIc aIOms IO IIc
chcacyOIIcvOidasmOIOr, iI rcmainsIIccascIIaIIIc dicrcnIia IcI-
crOgcnciIyOIIcprincipcsis kcpI ina sIcric rigidiIy. SIrOng dicrcncc
(acIuay, absOuIc dicrcncc) scrvcsaIOncc asa IaIing pOinI.
BuIIIcrcissOmcIIingand nOInOIIing.TIisis vIaIIIcaIOmisIsIurn
inIO IIc ObsIacc O IIc rca Ovcr and againsI IIc rigid duaiIy O IIcir
pincipcs.
!n Ordcr IO pass rOm IIc duaiIy O principcs (aIOms/vOid) IO IIc
Onc O IIc vOrd as sysIcm OvIOcs ( IIings) , Onc musI ObviOusyltcr
&* stron d crcncc into a wcak di]]crcncc Onc musI cOmbinc IIc aIOms
amOngsIIIcmscvcs, insIcadOcIcrnayauncIingIIcm,ikcMaarmcs
nIIrOvabcdicc, inIOIIcvOidOIIciridcnIicanOnbcing.
Hcrc vc arc apprOacIing a crucia OpcraIiOn O IIc diaccIic, namcy.
Ihc inking IOgcIIcr O a cIain. TIis mcans passing rOm a sIrOng di-
crcncc, vIcrcin IIc quaiIy O IIc rca qua Orcc makcs iIsc cI, IO a
hOmOgcncOus cOmbinaIOry spacc, vIcrcin a prOccss bccOmcs cOmpOscd
iII IcrmsOthcsamckind.
!n ancicnIaIOmism, IIis isvIaIiscacdIIc clinamcn.
b
bb
1HLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
4
An aIOm is dcviaIcd,IIc vOrd can cOmcinIObcing. TIc suddcnObiquc
ncss O a IraccIOry inIcrrupIs IIc idcnIica mOvcmcnI O IIc aIOms and
prOduccs a cOisiOn O parIicIcs rOm vIicI is hnay bOrn a cOmbincd
muIipiciIy, a IIing, suIicicnI IO makcupa vOrd.
Hcrc, a vIOc prOcccds, as iI sIOud, rOm IIc racIurc O an idcnIiIy,
namcy, IIc paracIizing andparaIysingidcnIiIy OIIc mOvcmcnIs OIIc
aIOms.
AvIOcisavaysIIc dcaII Oa Onc.
WIaI is IIis cinamcn? !n IIc spacc O isOIrOpic IraccIOrics, vc can
immcdiaIcy rccOgnizc in iI IIc OuIpacc O an unOcaIabc, drulald
mOvcmcnI.
AcIuay, in Ordcr IO dcviaIc rOm iIs cOursc, IIc aIOm musI rcIaIc IO
IIc vOidina singuarmanncr, bycxccpIing iIscrOmIIc avvIicIaI
aI OnccarrangcsOr IIcidcnIicaIrain OparIiccsundcrIIc unanimOus
cccIOIIc vOid.
TIcdcviaIingaIOmmarkslhvoid, sincciIisaccIcdby iI ina dicrcnI
vay andnOIusIiniIs gcncraiIy asaIOm.
!cI uscOscyOIOvIIcIIrcad OIIc OpcraIiOn. !an aIOmrcaIcsIO
IIcvOidinamanncrIIaIisnOIIIcgcncrarucOraaIOms,iImayunc-
IiOn as alomislicdsinalion o]lhvoidilsl] !Iis IcrcIIaI sIrOng dicrcncc
bcgins iIs invOuIiOn inIO vcak dicrcncc, sincc IIc OppOsiIiOn bcIvccn
IIc dcviaIingaIOm (Or raIIcrOIIc cIinamcn asIIcacIOIIis aIOm) and
IIcaIOmaspurcprincipcrcinscribcsrOmOncaIOmIO anOIIcr, andIIus
viIIin IIc samc kind Oprincipc, IIc absOuIc IcIcrOgcnciIy OIIcvOid
andIIcaIOm.
TIis OpcraIiOn is cnIircy cOmparabc IO IIc Onc yOu ObIain vIcn
yOu pass rOm IIc absOuIcOppOsiIiOnOprincipc bcIvccnbOurgcOisic/
prOcIariaI, IOIIc divisiOninIO IvO rOads OIIcmass mOvcmcnIiIsc, i
nOI IO IIc inIcrna sIruggc Ovcr IIc parIy inc. TIc 'bOurgcOis rOad O
pOiIics, sucI as iI is acIivcviIIinpOpuaracIiOn, is nciIIcr IIc absOIuIc
cxIcriOriIyOIIcimpcriaisIcassnOrIIcgObadOminaIiOnIIaIIIcIaIIcr
cxcrIsOvcrsOcicIyasavIOc.!IisnciIIcrdOminaIiOnnOrIcgcmOny.TIc
hrsI casc cOrrcspOnds IO IIc sIrOng sIaIicOppOsiIiOn O vOid/aIOms. TIc
sccOnd,IOIIcundicrcnIiaIcdscIIinginmOIiOnOIIcaIOms.WIaIinIcr-
csIs us, IOvcvcr, is raIIcr IIc vay in vIicI IIc pOpuIar crcaIiviIy, IIc
rcvOIin acIiOn, marks IIc anIagOnisIic ccmcnIviIIin IIcir vcry midsI.
TIcrc yOu Iavc a pracIicaI cinamcn, vIicI is nOI surprising aI a, sincc
JHL bUbdLLJ UNUL JHL bl Nl ll Lb
in pOiIicsIIc vOrd is cacd IisIOry andIIc masscs makc IisIOryusI as
ucIas,OrcmOcriIus,IIcaIOmsmakcIIcvOrd. !Iis,sOIOspcak,rOm
cOpcIOpcOpc viIIinOncandIIcsamc pcOpc IIaI, duringanypOiIica
lrmvIaIsOcvcrandcvcnOIIcrvisc,IIcOriginaryquaiIaIivcdicrcncc
vIicIradicaIy scparaIcs IIc pcOpc rOm impcriaism is rcinscribcd.
!I is asO ccrIainy Iruc IIaI, in Ordcr IO undcrsIand IIis rcinscripIiOn
vIicIhIcrsdicrcncc,vcmusIadmiIIIccapaciIyOIIcmasscsIOdvial.
Bcsidcs, IIis isvIaIiscacdIIcirmOvcmcnI. IIc massmOvcmcnI.
O cOursc, IIc cinamcn prcscnIs us viII a maOr cmbarrassmcnI. !I
crIains nciIIcrIO IIc vOid nOrIO IIc aIOms, nOrIO IIc causa acIiOn O
Onc OvcrIIc OIIcrs. !I is asOnOIa IIirdcOmpOncnI, Ora IIirdprincipc.
!I is Ony IIaIvIicI cnabcs Onc IOarrivc, rOmIIc absOuIc quaIiIaIivc
dicrcncc sObOdy pOsiIcdasbcginning principIc, aIIIc cOmbinaIiOn O
aIOmsinIOa vcakdicrcncc,vIicIaOnccxpainsIIcvOrdOIIingsas
t ObviOusycxisIs.
TIc cinamcnis IIc diaccIiciIy OIIc principcs, IIc vcakdicrcnIia-
tiOn OIIcsIrOngdicrcncc.
TIisOpcraIOrOinvOuIiOnmaIIcrsmOrcIOusIIanIIcIvObOundarics
OiIschcacy.aIOms/vOid, OnOncIand, cOmbincdvOrdOaIOms, OnIIc
OIIcr. ( NOIiccIIaIinIIcmcanIimcIIcvOidIasdrOppcdOuI. SucIindccd
iiIsaIcandIIccinamcn,vIicIdcnOIcsIIisaIc,musIaIsOvanisIiniIs
cccI. WcviIsccIIisin dcIai. )
TIc cinamcn is IIc aIOmquaOuIpacc OIIc vOid, vIicI diaccIicizcs
IIcvOidquapaccOIIcaIOms.
LcIussayIIaIinIIcOngrunandvcIbcyOndIIcGrccks,IIccinamcn
IIcsubccIOr, IObc mOrcprccisc, subccIivizaIiOn.
!nIIisvay,IIcsIrucIuradiaccIicsccksIOdOviIIOuIOrcc. HOvcvcr,
tIisrcquircsanOuIpaccIIaIvcrgcsOnIIcmiracuIOus,inOppOsiIiOnbOII
lO IIc mOnOIOnOus a O aIOms, OvIicI IIc vOid is IIc causc, andIO
IIcavsIIaIvilIgOvcrn,subscqucnIIOIIccinamcn,IIccOmpOsiIiOnO
IIcWIOIc.TIcnccdOrIIisOuIpaccvibccacd'rccdOm,OrcIancc,
ncc IIc massivc acIiOn O IIc vOid quasIrOng dicrcncc as vcI as IIc
cOmbinaIOryprOccss arc, Or IIcirparI, cOmpcIcIy ncccssaryandsIricIy
uIinIO IIc spacc. TIc cOmbinaIOry prOccss inparIicuaris nOIIing buI
IIccOncaIcnaIiOnOaIOms accOrdingIOIIc hgurcs OIIcrca vOrd. TIis
mcanspuIIing inIOa cIain ccmcnIs vIicIarc a OIIc samc kind.
TIc cinamcn is a-spccihc, bcyOnd ncccssiIy, absOIuIcIy OuI-O-pacc,
unspaccabIc, unhgurabIc. cIancc.
!I is nOI Or nOIIing IIaI cIancc cOmcs back as a maOr caIcgOry Or
b9
0
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
Maarmc. CIanccis a kcycOnccpI in anysIrucIuraI diaccIic. !Or!acan,
undcrIIc namcO!OrIunc, iI is nOIIing css IIanIIcrca.
!Or us, iI is Iruc IIaI IisIOry is IIc OrIunc O! IIc cvcnI, ncvcr IO bc
cOnuscdviIIpOiIics, vIicI isiIs]orccdsubccIivc raIiOnaiIy.
!I is uIIy in kccpingviII Marxism IO say IIaI IisIOry is IIc cIancc O
pOiIicancccssiIy.
WIicIdOcsnOImcaninIrOducingcvcn Onc OunccOirraIiOnaIism.
TIc GrcckaIOmisIsarc rcspccIuOIIcrcaI. RigII rOm IIcsIarI, IIcy
pOsIuIaIcIIcsIrOngdicrcncc,vIicIisIIcaIIcncd-OuIsIadOvOOrcc.
TIcy knOv IIaI sIrOng dicrcncc dOcs nOI cIangc inIO vcak di!crcncc
a by iIsc. !Or IIis IO Iappcn, IIc vOid vOuId Iavc IO bc cOmpOscd O!
aIOms;iIvOudIavcIObcpOssibcIOcomjosclhcvoid,jusIascscarIcs, in
OrdcrIOinkupIissubIIcmaIIcr,nccdsancvcnmOrcsubIcmaIIcr.Wc
knOvvIaIinhniIcimpasscrcsuIsrOmIIisdcspcraIcOpcraIiOnO!hIIing.
ncss Onc pOsiIs IvO kinds O!aIOms, IIOsc OIIc vOid and IIOsc OIIc
rca, vIicI vOud rcsIOrcIIcsIrOngdicrcnccviIIOuIanygain.
!mmcdiaIcIy sOmcOnc vi ObccI: IIis is cxacIy vIaI IIcsc Grccks dO
viIIIIcircinamcn !OryOuIavcIIcdcviaIingaIOm, hrsIkind, andIIc
'nOrmaaIOms, sccOndkind. YOuIavcbynOmcans csIabisIcd aninIcr-
aIOmic cOmbinaIiOn. YOu Iavc quiIc simpy dividcd IIc aIOms accOrding
IOIIcsIrOng di!crcncc, sOIIaIIIcyhnaIymay cngcndcr IIc IIing.
!IisrOmIIcOncspiIbyIIccinamcnIIaIIIcmuIipccOnnccIiOnO
IIc WIOcis cOmpOscd.
TIisisa dccisivcObjccIiOn. Hcrc CIanccis scparaIcd!rOmncccssiIysO
IIaI IIc IaIIcr unaiIIu IO IIc principc O iIs sIrOng sIcric bcginning
(aIOms, IIcvOid, andIIaIsa ) , maysprcadIIrOugIOuIIIchguracOmbi-
naIiOn O!vcakdicrcnccs. BuI cIancc avays rcIurns, asMaarmc says,
!Or'inanacIvIcrccIanccisinpay,cIanccavaysaccOmpisIcsiIsOvn
!dcainahrmingOrncgaIingiIsc!.COnrOnIingiIscxisIcncc,ncgaIiOnand
ahrmaIiOn ai. !I cOnIains IIcAbsurd
!I is nOI cnOugI IO say IIaI Onc Ias vOn by siIuaIing IIc rca prOccss
IcnccOrII viIIin IIc sOc cOncaIcnaIiOn O!aIOms, i!iIIurnsOuIIIaIan
absurdIcIcrOgcncOusquaIiIy-dcviaIiOn-IasbccnbrOugIIinaOngIIc
vay. TIc puIIing inIO a cIain rcquircs IIaI IIc ruc O! IOmOgcnciIy bc
cOmpIcIc. AIOmsandnOIIingcsc:IIaIisvIaIis vanIcd.
TIcsIrucIuradiaccIicdcpcndsOnIIcidcaIIaIaIbOIIOmsIrOngdicr-
cncc is unIIinkabIc. Surc, iI scrvcs as Opcning principc. BuI cvcryIIing
IIat cxisls in IIOugII is IIc rcsuII O vcak dicrcnccs: di!crcnccs amOng
aIOmsIic pOsiIiOns Or cmOcriIus, amOng vriIIcn signs O IIc !Ocm Or
JHL bUbdLLJ UNUL JHL bl N lLKb
Maarmc, amOng signihcrs Or Lacan, and, in a ccrIain scnsc, amOng
pOiIicaIcasspOsiIiOnsviIIinIIcmasscsOrMarxism.!IisimpcraIivcIIaI
IIcinvcsImcnIOIIcOpcningprincipcinIOIIcprOccssOIIcrcaIrcsIOrc
tIcspacc viIIOuIany IcIcrOgcncOus Iracc OIIcOuIpacc.
GrOundingIIcvOrdinIIcdi!crcnccbcIvccnIIcdcviaIingaIOmand
nOrma aIOms is a sIcp !Orvard, nO dOubI, rOm iIs impOssibc IIOugI
rca grOunding in Icrms OIIc vOid and aIOms. AI casI Icrc IIc aIOm is
rcpcaIcdiniIsdi!crcncc. !Imarksa minima prOgrcss iIIc dcvianIaIOm
is IIcsinguarmarkO!IIcvOid,IOIIcpOinIvIcrciI rcinscribcsIIcIcI-
crOgcncOusviIIin IIccOmbinaIOryprOccssOIIcvOrd.
WIcnccIIc!OOvingcruciasIcpinOurdiaccIic.iliso]lhculmoslimjor-
lancclhallhcclinamcnin lumbcabolishcd
WIaI dOcs IIis mcan? !I mcans IIaI nO parIicuar cxpanaIiOn O! any
parIicuIarIIingvIaIsOcvcrsIOuIdrcquircIIccIinamcn,cvcnIIOugIIIc
cxisIcnccOa IIing ingcncraisunIIinkabIcviIIOuIiI. !ImcansIIaInO
aIOm sIOuId cvcr bc mappabIc as dcvianI, in any cOmbinaIiOn O aIOms
vIaIsOcvcr, cvcn IIOugI IIc cxisIcncc O dcviaIiOn cOndiIiOns IIc vcry
cxisIcncc Oa cOmbinaIOry.
NO sOOncr IasiI IakcnpIacc IIanIIc cinamcnmusIabscnI iIscradi-
cayrOmaIiIsc!ccIsviIIOuIcxccpIiOn.
NOsOOncrIasiImarkcdIIcvOidinIIcunivcrscOaIOmsIIaniImusI
bc IIcabsOuIcvOidOIIismark.
TIcsIrucIuradiaccIicIIussccksIOcanccOuIIIisimpcrccpIibIccmcr-
gccc O!OrccinIcrms OiIs rcsuI, sO IIaI IIc OuIpacc O!IIc cIinamcn
maygivcvisibiiIyIOIIc spaccOIIccOmbinaIiOnOaIOms.
TIisisIIcsccOndmaOrOpcraIiOn, IIcOncbyvIicI, asMaarmcsays,
'cIancciscOnqucrcdvOrdbyvOrd (TIcMysIcryin!cIIcrs, 236) , IIc
cinamcnisabOisIcd, IIcncccssarydcviaIiOnbarrcd: IIcOpcraIiOnOIIc
vanisIingIcrm.
5
Lacan dcvcIOps IIc rcaI as cuI, vIicI in a rcIrOacIivc dispcrsiOn rcvcas
IIc kcy O IIc Ordcr vIcrc iI IOIds svay; MaIarmc dcvOIcs Iis pOcIic
acIincsIOscIIIcsIagc!OrIIcabOiIiOnOIIcIraccOack( abOIibibcOI
dnaniIcsOnOrc ) ; IIcaIOmisIspOinIIOvardIIcinIracOmbinaIOrycacc-
cnIOIIccinamcn.
WIaI is a va

isIingIcrm? !I is IIc Onc IIaI, IavingmarkcdIIcsIrOng

01
0Z
1HLY 1HL bUbdLL1
dicrcncc O IIc rca viIIin IIc IOmOgcnciIy O Icrms O IIc prOccss,
musI disappcarsOIIaIIIc vcakcsIdicrcnccpOssibc-IIc dicrcncc O
paccs-mayaOncgOvcrnIIc bccOming.
TIc vanisIing Icrm cnabcs IIc jassac rOm IIc sIrOng dicrcncc IO
IIcvcakOnc,bymarkingIIc IcIcrOgcncOusquaiIyandabOIisIingiIsc
sIraigIIavay. !I is tIcjasscrOOrccOnIOIIcpaccs.
!I is IIc markIIaI is Ony dc-marcaIcd and ncvcrrc-marksiIscin iIs
iniIaOrcc.
'
TIcrc Ias bccn a cinamcn, an aIOm Ias dcviaIcd, buI iI is mcrcy an
unlOcaIabIc and aIcmpOraI baIIing O cycasIcs, bcIvccn IIc aIng rain
O aIOms and IIc Organizng cOsiOn O IIings. ' SubscqucnIy, sO IO
spcak, IIc cinamcn nO IOngcr Ias anyIIing IO dO viII vIaI Iappcns
and iIisin vain IIaIyOu vOud scarcI IIc vOrd OranaIOmmarkcdby
IIc sIigmaIa OdcviaIiOn. AI aIOms arcdcnIicaI, IIc Onc accIcd by IIc
cinamcn nO IOngcr bcars any Iracc O iI, cxpOscd as iI s ikc a OIIcm
IOIIc unanmOus rucvIcI gOvcrnsIIc cOmbinaIiOns andvIicI, Oncc
agan, is nOIIing mOrc IIan IIc ruc IIaI dcmands IIaI an aIOm, i iI is
prcscnIcdviII sOmcvOid, mOvcsIraigII aIcad inI, cxacIy asany OIIcr
aIOmvOud.
TIccinamcnisOuIsidcImc, iI dOcsnOIappcarinIIccIainOcccIs.
A cccIs arc subccIIO IIcav. TIc cinamcn Ias nciIIcrpasI (nOIIing
bindsiI)nOruIurc (IIcrcisnOmOrcIraccOiI)nOrprcscnI (IIasnciIIcr
apaccnOramOmcnI).!IIakcspIaccOnyinOrdcrIOdsappcar,ilisilsvcj
owndisajjcarancc.
TIc dcvaIing quaiIy Ias vansIcd absOuIcy. YOu ncvcr cOmc acrOss
iI in IIc vIOc hcd O IIc IIinkabc, IIaI is, O rca IIngs. TIc vcak
dicrcncc (amOngaIOms) rucs undividcd.
ExccpI IIaI by dinI O IIc cinamcn, vIaIcvcr grOundcd and ycI rcn
dcrcduninIcIigibcIIcacIIIaIIIcrcslhisvOrd, IIaIs, IIcsIrOng di-
crcncc OvOid/aIOm, IasOundiIsc, OrIIcIimc Oa igIIning asI, aI
IIc suracc Obcing.
!n IIc sIrucIura diaccIc, IIc quaiIaIivc dcrcncc in vIicI Orcc
cmcrgcs is nOI a nOIIingncss. !I is a dsappcarancc vIOsc cccI is IIc
WIOc rOm vIcIiIIasdisappcarcd.
!I s Or IIis disappcarancc, aspOnI OIIc rca and nOI aI aI rcaI, IIaI
vc rcscrvc IIcnamc OIIc vansIingIcrm.
TOIIinkIIc rcaamOunIsIOIIinkngIIcscannuaIiOnOIIaIvIicI
makcsIIc rcaingcncra pOssibc.
TIc aIOm accIcd by dcviaIOn cngcndcrs IIc WIOc viIIOuI any
JHL bUbdLLJ UNUL 1HL bl Nl l Lb
cIOvcr OrIracc O IIis accIOn. BcIIcr ycI. IIc cccI s IIc rcIrOacIivc
caccmcnI O IIc causc, sincc yOu imiI yOurscI IO IIc rcaI O IIc
vOrd-IO IIc cOmbinaIOns OaIOms-IIcn dcviaIOn, vIicI is nciIIcr
atOm nOr vOd, nOr acIiOn O IIc vOid, nOr sysIcm O aIOms, s uninIc-
ligbc.TIaIvIcI grOundsIIcpOssbiiIyOIIinking sucrs a sIipvrcck
nIIcunIIinkabIc.
TIc diaccIica IIOugII O IIis pOnI O IIc unIIinkabc, as vanisIing
tcrmvIOscprimIivc caIcgOryisIIaIOIIcOuIpIacc, cnIascrOssing IIc
limI O IIc vIOIc mccIansm. !I musI grasp IIc acI IIaI a cOmpcIcy
unOdcd rcasOn carrcs OuI IIc acIvc caccmcnI OIIaI vIicI grOunds
I,IcavngbcIindIIscrascdrcmandcrIIaIisIIcsIadOvOOrccvIOsc
namc I dcnics. !ndccd, IIs sIrucIura rcasOn s unvIIing IO rccOgnizc
anyIIingOIIcrIIanIIcIransparcnIpayamOngpIaccs.
NcvcrIIcIcss,nOmaIIcrIOvcaccdImayvcbc, IIcvanisIingIcrm
asOcavcsbcIndIIscnOrmOusIraccIIaIisIIcvIOc.TIcrcisavOrd
OnybyrcasOnOIIc cinamcn, cvcninO cnamcncancvcrbc signaIcd
inIIc vOrd.
NOvIcrc paccd, IIc vanisIcd Orcc susIains IIc cOnssIcncy OaII IIc
paccs.
TIc vanisIng Icrm disappcars Ony insOar as nolhin s incudcd IIaI
maIcIcs iI, cxccpI IIc pOvcr O incIinaIiOn in gcncra vIicI iI Ias
grOundcdbybrcakngvIIIIc Onc. HOv? BymcansOa coujdc]orcc.
!crIaps!viII surpriscyOu byIcingyOu IIaI, Or IIc MarxisI,IIiscIari-
ics Ic rOc O IIc mass mOvcmcnI, vIicI is bOII absOuIc in Icrms O
OrccandnuinIcrmsOpacc. Ycs TIcmassmOvcmcnIisIIcvanisIng
lcrm OIIccvcnIacOncaIcnaIOnIIaIiscaIcdIisIOry.
TIc masscs IIcmscvcs, in IIcir sIaIic bcing, IIcir sIrucIura pOsiIiOn-
ing, IIcirsIaIisIpIaccmcnI,cOnsIiIuIcIIcIisIOrcavOrd. !IsrOmIIcr
basis IIaI any hgurc OIIc SIaIcdrsiIs susIcnancc, andiIis rOm IIc
cOnscnsus IIaI IOds IIcm IOgcIIcr IIaI any givcn sOcia bcing rcccivcs
its dchniIiOn. TIcsc spaccdmasscs dOnOImakcIisIOry sO mucI as IIcy
arcIisIOry.

HOvcvcr, IIis bcing O IisIOry is a rcsuI, vIOsc pOssibIIy nvariaby

ariscs rOm IIc dsappcaring ury O IIc dcvialin masscs, IIaI is IO say,
IIc masscs vIO, n IIc unprcdcIabc sIOrm O IIcr cOnhdcnI rcvOI,
sIOOdupagainsIIIc hgurc OIIc SIaIc IIaIhrsI scrvcdasIIcirOunding
princpIc.
TIcacIIIaIOnccandcscrbcIIcmassmOvcmcnI,iIsmcmOrabcIucid-
iIy, iIs invincibc cOuragc, iIs parIicuar divisiOn, iIs suspiciOus-OOking
0
JHLY l JHL bUbdLL1
asscmbics, iIs raIcrna IcrrOrism, dOcs nOI auIIOrizc us IO bcIicvc IIaI
IIcrcinics a sIabcIcrmOsOciO-pOIiIicabcing. AnyaIIcmpIIOinsIiIuIc
in aasIingvayIIcOrmsOiIscrcaIivcimpaIicncc, OrIOdchnciIs slalo]
a]airs, cIangcs IIc massmOvcmcnIinIOiIs OppOsiIc. AIIIaIIIc SOvicIs
aIcr ! 20OrIIcCIincscrcvOuIiOnarycOmmiIIccsa!Icr I 70accOmpisI
is IIc sIaIisIdisappcaranccO!IIcirIisIOricaappariIiOn.TIcbcing OIIc
massmOvcmcnIisIOdisappcar,andvcmusIacccpIIIaIiIappcarswilhou/
a /rac On IIc vasI sIagcs O IIc IisIOrica spacc, IO IIc pOinI vIcrc sO
many cxIausIcd nOslaIgics cnd up asking IIcmscvcs 'WIaI Iappcncd
IIcrc?WIaIvcrcvcIIinking?
TIcy OnIy OrgcI IIaI IIc vIOc !rOm vIcrc IIcy spcak, cvcn i Onc
rccOgnizcs iniInOIIingOIIccnIIusiasmrOmbcOrc, and cvcnivIaI
dOminaIcs is IIc appcarancc O iIsOppOsiIc, dravs cOnsisIcncy rOmIIc
Orcc unIcasIcd by IIc mOvcmcnI. WIaI is mOrc, IIcy OrgcI IIaI nO
pOiIicaprOccI IasanyuIurc-nOmaIIcrIOvimpOvcrisIcdiIsprcscnI
appcarsIObc Oncc IIc sIOrmIasbccnspaccd-cxccpIbykccpingsIcady
in IIc dirccIiOn indicaIcd by IIc !Ounding disappcarancc O IIc mass
mOvcmcnI.
09
!n IIc rcaIiOn O pOiIics IO IIc mass mOvcmcnI, iI is IIc diaccIica
!uncIiOnOIIcvanisIingIcrmIIaIvcmusIIakcinIOaccOunI,bypcgging
iI OnIO IIc !Orcc and, i pOssibc, by avOiding iIs rcducIiOn IO IIc sOc
aIcmpOra cinamcn rOm vIicI IIc cOnscrvaIivc mccIanism O! paccs
isbOrn.
!IisaccOrdingIOIIcmOdaIiIyOIIcirsIabcspaccmcnIIIaIIIcmasscs
arc IisIOry,vIcrcasiI is in IIcirappcaringdisappcaring IIaI IIcy makc
IisIOry.
TIcy makcvIaIIIcyarc,buIdisappcaring isvIaIgivcs IIcmbcing.
Hcrcin IIc OOving paradOx is rcvcacd. IIc csscncc O IIc vanisI-
ing Icrm is IO disappcar buI iI is aI IIc samc Iimc IIaI vIicI cxisIs IIc
mOsI-as WIOc, causcOiIsc.
OnyIIaIvIicIismissingrOm aWIOIccangivciIcOnsisIcncy.
U60uCIl 00 0 IM6 SQ| | II| 0
d3PU3I b, V0
MaarmcandIIcIIcOryOIIccrOvd-TIc IIrcchgurcsOIIc
cOmbinaIOry-AnyIcrmIasa vanisIingbOrdcr-TIcOrcms O!IIc
sIrucIuradiaccIic-SIrucIuraIdchniIiOnOIIcrcvOuIiOnary
MaIarmcandanxicIy
asI Iimc ! prOpOscd IO yOu IIaI vc spIiI IIc cxisIcncc O! IIc masscs
accOding IO vIcIIcr IIcy prcscnI us viII IIc bin O! IisIOry Or, as a
vanisIing Icrm cndOvcd viII causa pOvcr, cOnsIiIuIc IIc makin O!
isIOry. O IIcsc masscs, IIc pOcI Maarmc-IIaI IcrmcIicrccusc-Ias
IcsIrOng avarcncss IIaIIIcy IOd IIcsicnI sccrcIOanyarIvOrIIyO
lsnamc.
WIiIc iI is Iruc IIaI Iis pOcIic macIincry asscmbcs a riggcdspacc O
cnsIcaIiOns,rOscs,crcdcnzas,andIrcsscs,arrangcdagainsIIIcbackdrOp
Ol a bOurgcOis saOn dcscrIcd by MidnigII and vIic iI is Iruc IIaI IIc
vanisIingIcrm, rOmvIicI IIcsc cpOcIa ingrcdicnIs dravIIc Orcc O
iningIOgcIIcrinIO a cOId !dca, dOcs nOIsccm IOgOanyurIIcrIIan IIc
sclIingsun (IIaI !IOcnix, IIaIbcauIiusuicidc,IIaI'pridcaIcvcning

)
r IIan IIc dcaII O!IIc Gcnius ( OgicOIIc 'TOmbs, Or BaudcIairc, Or
hcOpIicGauIir, OrVcrainc,!OrWagncr, Or . A. !Oc . . ) , vcvOud
bc vrOng IO cOncudc IIaI IIis prOdigiOus diaccIician Ias ncvcr dOnc
Orc IIan making IIc mcnIaI rOunds O! Iis Ovn rOOm Or vOrsIipping
his anccsIOrs.
0b

JHLY l 1HL bUbdLL1

MaIIarmc vanIcd nOIIing css IIan IO cmpOvcr IIc iIy viII a bOOk
and a IIcaIrc in vIicI IIc inIiniIc and muIc capaciIy O IIc masscs
vIicIIcnamcs IIc crOvd-vOuId hnay hnd vIaIiIIakcs IO prOducc,
by viIIdraving rOm iI, iIs cOmpcIc cmbIcm TIc crOvd vIicIbcgins
IO surprsc ussOmucIasavirginccmcnI, OrOurscIvcs, uhIsOr sOunds
IIc uncIiOn Oguardian O mysIcry !Is Ovn !I cOmparcs iIs ricI muIc
ncssIOIIcOrcIcsIra,vIcrcinIicscOccIivcgrcaIncss ( Sacrcd!casurc,
24I )
TIc muIcncssO IIc crOvdi s IIaIby vIicI IIc IaIIcrprOduccs, i nIIc
IusIcdsccrcIOiIsIisIOricagrcaIncss, IIc rcprcscnIaIivc andiIIuminaI-
ingcOnccnIraIcOarI.
O IIis causaIiIy IOsI in IIc nigII O sicncc, IIc arIisI accOrding IO
MaarmcisOnIyIIc cmpIy mcdiaIOrTIcbOOkisaprOccssindcpcndcnI
OanypcrsOnaIsubjccI. mpcrsOnihcd,IIcvOIumc,IOIIccxIcnIIIaIOnc
scparaIcs rOm iI as auIIOr, dOcs nOI dcmand a rcadcr, ciIIcr. As sucI,
pcascnOIc,amOngIumanacccssOrics,iIIakcspIaccaIIbyiIscI. hnisIcd,
cxisIing ( ' RcsIricIcdAcIiOn, 2 ! , IransIaIiOnmOdihcd) .
As hnisIcdOrmadc,]ai/, i I i s undcrIIc prcssurcO cOIccIivcgrcaI-
ncss IIaI arI arrangcs iIscI, viIIOuI bcing markcd by iI rOm viIIin,
IIaI is, viIIOuI bcing a pOIiIics. As cxisIing Or bcing, lanl, iI Orms a
spIacc, vIicI IcnccOrII canbc cOnIcmpIaIcdbyIIc crOvd !rOm vIicI
iI issucs, viIIOuI knOving iI, sincc arI cxisIs IIcaIricaIIy, Or IIc crOvd
IIaI, uncOnsciOusIy and ObIiviOusy, Icars iIs Ovngrandcur ( Musicand
LcIIcrs, I 0, Irans. mOdihcd) .
TIc crOvd is IIc vanisIing Icrm Or arI, IIc cIinamcn vIicI rOm
anguagc as usuaIrading currcncy vIIOuI a cOnccpI-scIs aparI IIc
pOcm-as IIc prOpcr IinguisIic OrganizaIiOn IO rcndcr cxpiciI IIc rcIa-
IiOns j. . cv Ormany andIO simpIi!y IIcvOrd ( ibid. ) .
O cOursc,IIccrOvdcanncvcrbcgraspcdi niIscausaacI,sincci I disap-
pcars inIIc samc prOccss. !n IIcrcIrOacIiOnOarI, iImucI raIIcrsccms
IObcabOisIcd, a massivcsIadOvIIaIpriOrIO IIcvOrkiIscIprOjccIsiIs
OsI cOrrcIaIc. MaIIarmcs kcy imagc Icrc is hrcvOrks cOmmcmOraIing,
OnuIy I 4, IIcOundaIiOna riOI, IIcyprOjccIOnIOIIcskya spcndOurO
vIicIIIc crOvd is OnIy IIc nOcIurna grOund. j. . . a muIIiIudc undcr
IIcnigIIskydOcsnOIcOnsIiIuIcIIcspccIacIc,buIinrOnIOiI,suddcnIy,
IIcrc riscs IIc mIipIc and iIuminaIing spray, in mid-air, vIicI in a
cOnsidcrabIccmbIcm rcprcscnIsiIsgOId, iIsannuaIvcaII andIIcIarvcsI
O iIs grains, and cads IIc cxpIOsiOns O IIc gazc IO nOrmaI IcigIIs
( Oncrcncc On ViIIicrs, 0uvrcscomjcs4) .
1HL bUbdLLJ UNUL JHL bl UNl lLb
WIaIdOIIcsccIIinganddcsIrucIivcmasscsOIIcRcvOIuIiOnandIIis
pcaccu Ock O Ohcia spcctaIOrs Iavc in cOmmOn? !rcciscy IIc acI
tIaI IIc mIIipc and iIuminaIing spray O! IIc pOcm-Or O music
dOcs nOIIing cxccpI makc a WIOc, in a sIcar cmbcmaIic inscripIiOn,
OuI OIIcprOducIivcvcaIII OIIcpcOpc, O!vIicIiIncvcrIIccss, in iIs
cOmpacI abscncc, IigIIs up OnIyIIcscI-csIrangcdamazcmcnI.
!n vicv O IIis uncIiOn O arI, Maarmc-and IIis is Iis idcaIisI
bcnIin a surprising IcxI scnds back IO back IIc univcrsa suragc and
tIcriOI (viIIa sigIIcOnccpIuaIprccrcncc, nOncIIccss, OrIIcIaIIcr) .
!, in IIc !uIurc, in !rancc, rcIigiOn cOmcs back, iI viI bc IIc ampi-
hcaIiOn O IIc sky-insIincI in cacI O us, raIIcr IIan a rcducIiOn O
OurinsIincIsIO IIc Icvc OpOiIics. TO vOIc, cvcn Or Oncsc, dOcs nOI
saIisy, asIIc cxpansiOn Oa Iymn viII IrumpcIs sOunding IIcOy O
cIOOsing nO namc nOr can a riOI bc suhcicnIIy IumuIIuOus IO makc
a cIaracIcr inIO IIc sIcaming, cOn!Ounding, sIruggIing-again-inIO-i!c
IcrO. ( Musicand !cIIcrs, ! 5 )
TIc Orcc O IIc dcmand, vIicI makcs MaIIarmc inIO a ninIcccIua
cvOIuIiOnary, Icrc cOnsisIs in annuing IIc scI-nOminaIiOn in IIc
crOvds ( sIcaming, cOnOunding ) Orcc. HcrcinIicsa vanisIingIumuI-
IuOusncss rOmvIicI, sIruggIing back inIOIic, aII IcrOicidcaIismprO-
cccds.!cIusundcrsIandIIcOIIOving.inOrdcrOrarcprcscnIaIivcspIacc
(a ' rcigiOn ) IO cOmc inIO bcing, IIc subjccI musI bc carricd avay by iIs
'skyinsIincI, vIicI abOisIcs cvcn iIs OId nOminaI idcnIiIy. AgainsI IIc
backgrOundOIIissIrikingIack, OvIicIunivcrsaIsuragcisIIcpcrccI
dcniaI, vIaI insIaIIs iIscI, ccrcmOniaIIy, is IIc ampIihcaIiOn in cacI O
s. AIcrIaving disappcarcd in iIs acI, IIc crOvd, nOv rcIurncd IO iIs
sbsIanIia pIacidiIy, cOnIcmpaIcs IIc cmbIcm OiIsvanisIcd Orcc.
TIcrc is nO apprOximaIiOn, inOurOvn Iimc, OvIaI MaIIarmc drcams
O, cxccpIIIccOIOssacrOvds drcsscdinrcdOnTiananmcn Squarc aI IIc
pcak O IIc uIuraI RcvOuIiOn. SucI is IIc Iruc IIcaIrc in vIicI IIc
pcOpcprOcccdsIO IcariIsOvngrcaIncss .
TIc acI IIaI IIc imbccics Iavc Ound IIis IO bc rcigiOn OnIy dOcs
sIiccIO IIc cOnccpI.
Ovcvc iI is asO prOO O IIc acI IIaI IIc riOI, cOnIrary IO vIaI
Maarmc says, is indccd IIc cxacI Orm OIIc crOvd asvanisIing Icrm,
vIicI is suhcicnIIy IumuIIuOus IO causc IIc spccIacuIar rcsIrucIuring
OIimc iIsc.
nd IIis, cvcnIIOugIiI is IrucIIaIarIis IIccOnccnIraIiOnOOrcc.

0
1HLRY 1HL bUBdLC1
NaIIarmc, in thosc ycars bctwccn J880 and J80, suI!crcd abovc aII
Irom a Iack oI riots which thrcw thc crowd back on thc stabIc !Ioor o!
its statist bcing. Hc kncw this vcry wcII: |. . . ] thcrcs no such thing as a
rcscnt, no-a prcscnt docsnt cxist . . . !or Iack oI thc Crowds dccIaring
itscII, !or Iack oI-cvcrything (Icstrictcd Action, 2J8).
Thcrcs no such thing as a Ircscnt mcans that thcrc is no cIinamcn, no
crcativc disappcarancc oI thc crowd standing up in rcbcIIion. Thcrc is onIy
thc pIacid combination o! pIaccs according to thc Iaws rcguIarity-thc
Law, NaIIarmc says, scatcd in aII transparcncy, nakcd and marvcIous
(Nusic and Lcttcrs, 1).
What is cspcciaIIy marvcIous is that in thcsc coIoniaI and provisoriIy
dociIc timcs, NaIIarmc shouId havc bccn abIc to dctcct, iI onIy so as to
assign its task to art, that cvcrything that has spIcndour, cvcrything that
subsists and continucs, rcsuIts Irom thc crowds Iack and bcars witncss to
thc Iact that, by disappcaring, thc rioting masscs havc Ioundcd cvcn thc
worId that !orbids thcm to cxist.
2
Thc structuraI pcnchant consists in sccking to combinc cIcmcnts that arc
aII idcnticaI. Thcrcin Iics somcthing o! an aIgcbraic prcscription, in which
thc rcpctition oI thc samc Icttcr, onIy diI!crcnt in tcrms oI its pIacc, and
not cvcn indcxcd according to its Iocus, providcs thc matrix o! aII cIcmcn-
tary intcIIigibiIity. Lct us caII this thc hrst hgurc, in which onIy thc strict-
cst minimaI diI!crcncc appcars, thc di!!crcncc !rom thc samc to thc samc,
!rom pIacc to pIacc, occupicd by idcnticaI marks.
!irst hgurc: a a a a a a a a a a . . .
Howcvcr, iI onc is a diaIcctician and not onIy a structuraIist, onc
stumbIcs upon thc obstacIc proposcd by thc rcaI: in ordcr to distin-
guish itscII, thc mark (thc tcrm, thc atom) must Ii!t itscII up against a
background o! bIankncss (thc spIacc, thc void), which now, with rcgard
to thc hrst, cstabIishcs an absoIutcIy quaIitativc diI!crcncc. Onc thus
comcs to posit two principIcs and not just a singIc kind o! tcrms. !n a
sccond hgurc, wc nccd thc void and thc atoms, thc bIank pagc and thc
signs. This nccd Ior a strong di!!crcncc Iunctions rctroactivcIy as thc
condition c prr o! thc Iogic o! pIaccs. Lct us writc 0 Ior thc hctcro-
gcncous tcrm Irom which thc homogcncous oncs draw thcir idcntity
by opposition.
1Hb bUBdbC1 UNUbR 1Hb bNftbRb
5ccond hgurc: 0 !! a a a a a . . .
Hcrc wc arc bIockcd by an cxccss j jrcc. !rom 0 to a, wc do not cvcn
havc, as in thc casc !rom thc pIacc I to thc tcrm A, thc mcdiation oI an
indcx, A
|
thc tcrm-in-its-pIacc. Hcrc wc havc thc incommunication oI
oppositcs, thc Two o! Nanichacism. Opposcd to thc continuous void,
thcrc is thc disscmination o! no whoIc whatsocvcr.
CcrtainIy, thc scrics a a a a a . . . is quaIitativcIy dctcrmincd by its
opposition to U. ut this appIics to cll n nc pccc. Thc strong di!!crcncc
makcs thc muItipIc into a Onc oI opposition, without thc possibiIity that
anything combincd cmcrgcs !rom it.
Thc cIinamcn, as wc saw, hnds thc cscapc routc o! a causaI indcxation.
Onc atom is markcd by thc void in a singuIar way, onc sign is markcd by
thc background, onc signihcr (thc IhaIIus) by thc symboIic, in that its
movcmcnt (its scription, its rcprcscntativc !unction) intcrrupts thc isotro-
pism o! thc domain so that thc combinatory ]c/s ]n].
Whcncc thc third hgurc: a

(vanishing tcrm) ! a a a . . . (initiaI chain
institutcd as pIacc o! aII things).
This hgurc stays in thc IamiIy (onIy as) but this timc around thc combi-
natory consistcncy oI thc chain is guarantccd by thc vanishing tcrm.
This cdging out oI thc void into an indcx touchcs upon thc articuIation
o! thc thing.
Thc vanishing tcrm is nonc oI thc cIcmcnts o! thc WhoIc. Thc causc is
thus nothing, sincc somcthing is onIy a combination o! cIcmcnts oI thc
WhoIc.
NcvcrthcIcss, iI thcrc is somcthing rathcr than nothing (which is thc
qucstion Ior Lcibniz and Hcidcggcr), iI thc combinatory cxists on thc
basis oI which thc immobiIc dispcrsion o! Oncs into powdcr, thc miIk Ior
a miIky way o! nonscnsc, is ovcrcomc, thcn it is undcr thc cI!cct oI thc
dcviation oI onc Onc, vanishcd in thc whoIc.
Thc vanishing tcrm is thcrc!orc not nothing, but, as causc oI thc whoIc,
it is consubstantiaI with its consistcncy.
Likc a cmocritus o! writtcn signs, NaIIarmc says with cIarity: ut
thcrc is, and hcrc ! intcrvcnc with conhdcncc, somcthing, IittIc-smc
l//lc n/hn], Icts say cxpIicitIy-whch cxs/s, Ior cxampIc, cucl / /hc /cx/
(Nusic and Lcttcrs, 177). 5omc IittIc nothing madc !or thc cxprcss
purposc o! causing thc whoIc o! thc pocm, to which thcncc!orth it is
cquaI: such is NaIIarmcs vanishing tcrm, thc support o! thc causaI cI!cct
oI Iack.
0

1HLRY 1HL bUBdLC1
3
!I rcmains mcIaphoricaI Io say IhaI Ihc vanishing Icrm is cquaI Io Ihc
whoIc. U s n/ Ihc whoIc, Ihis IiIIIc noIhing !rom which aII consisIcncy
rcsuIIs, nor is iI Ihis consisIcncy iIscI!, sincc Ihc IaIIcr is so IiIIIc noIhing
IhaI iI is disIribuIcd inIo Ihings. Whcrc Ihcn is iI? WhcrcIo gocs Ihc sIrik-
ing and irrcparabIc dcviaIion, ouI o! which aII ordcr is madc?
A!Icr Ihc muIaIion o! di!!crcnccs, Ihc vanishing Icrm, and Ihc causaIiIy
o! Iack, wc nccd Io dcducc Ihc spIiIIing. This is Ihc !ourIh conccpI o! Ihc
sIrucIuraI diaIccIic.
LcI us pick up Ihc Ihrcad o! aIomism again.
Thc !acI IhaI a cIinamcn has Iakcn pIacc mcans IhaI Ihc aIoms, whosc
movcmcnIs arc hnaIIy combincd, !rom now on can Iink IhcmscIvcs onIo
onc anoIhcr. Thc dcviaIion, Ihough disappcarcd in Ihc scnsc IhaI no aIom
in Ihc rcaI worId is iIs bcarcr in parIicuIar, is in !acI omniprcscnI in any
lnkc]c o! aIoms.
Thc !acI IhaI an aIom, insIcad o! scooIing by paraIIcI Io aII oIhcrs, can bc
Iinkcd Io Ihc poinI o! cnIcring inIo Ihc consisIcncy o! a Ihing, is prcciscIy
Ihc mark in iI o! Ihc cvaporaIcd cIinamcn.
To incIudc iIscI! inIo Ihc Ihing as a whoIc is whaI, in Ihc aIomisIic acI, is
duc Io Ihc dcviaIion. !vcn Ihough Ihis conccrns Ihc cpiIomc o! iIs normaI-
iIy: Io bc an cIcmcnI o! a combinaIion.
ThaI which Ihus Iinks Ihc Icrm a Io iIs idcnIicaI and disIincI ncighbour
a is, so Io spcak, Ihc appcarancc-disappcarancc hcmccn /hcm o! Ihc van-
ishing Icrm, which is Ihc supporI !or any possibIc Iinkagc.
AcIuaIIy, cny c/m is Ihc vanishing Icrm, in IhaI iI is capabIc o! Iinking
iIscI! Io Ihc oIhcrs so as Io makc up Ihc whoIc o! a Ihing.
Thc upshoI o! Ihis is IhaI n sn]lc c/m is Ihc vanishing Icrm, so IhaI
wc can avoid-as is Ihc goaI o! Ihc sIrucIuraI diaIccIic-Ihc rcIurn o!
Ihc sIrong di!!crcncc which is whaI wouId bc cnIaiIcd by Ihc division o!
Ihc sIock o! aIoms inIo Iwo kinds, Ihc dcviaIing and Ihc normaI oncs.
!ach aIom musI bc rcgardcd as bcing, on onc hand, iIscI!, IhaI is, Ihc
indi!!crcnI a disIinguishcd onIy by iIs pIacc, and on Ihc oIhcr, iIs capac-
iIy Io Iink iIscI! onIo Ihc oIhcrs, Io incIudc iIscI! inIo Ihc whoIc, IhaI is, iIs
inIcrnaI marking by Ihc vanishing o! Ihc cIinamcn.
5uch is Ihc cquaIion o! Ihc spIiIIing: a (aa
c
)

in which onc casiIy
rccognizcs, rcconsIrucIcd !rom a di!!crcnI angIc, Ihc cquaIion o! Ihc scis-
sion A ^_, Io which wc wcrc Icd IasI ycar in our invcsIigaIion o! Ihc
HcgcIian diaIccIic.
1HL bUBdLC1 UNULR 1HL bNLRb
! say !rom a di!!crcnI angIc, sincc a!Icr Ihc indcxaIion by Ihc pIacc wc
now obIain Ihc scission by Ihc causc.
!n Ihc sIrucIuraI diaIccIic, any Icrm is spIiI inIo iIs pIacc, on onc hand,
and iIs vanishing capaciIy !or Iinkagc, on Ihc oIhcr.
!or us, Ihis is as good as pIacc and !orcc. uI, as ! said bc!orc, Ihc sIruc-
IuraI diaIccIic is rcIucIanI Io ncmc Ihc !orcc, and brcaks iIs back Irying Io
kccp iI in pIacc.
Onc cIcmcnI o! Ihc combinaIory is incIudcd as singuIar buI iI is Iinkcd
Io Ihc oIhcrs onIy undcr Ihc c!!ccI o! a missing IoIaIizaIion, o! which iI
prcscnIs Ihc bordcr; (aIa
c
) IaIchcs iIscI! onIo (a

Ia) Ihrough Ihc vanishing

IhaI is common Io Ihcm via Ihcir bordcr a

!rom which iI rcsuIIs IhaI Ihcy
arc IoIaIizabIc.
Thus, Ihc abscnI causc is aIways rcinIroduccd inIo Ihc whoIc o! iIs
c!!ccI. This is a major Ihcorcm o! Ihc sIrucIuraI diaIccIic: n rJcr jr /hc
ccuscl j lcck / cxcr/ /scl[ cll /crms mus/ hc sl/.
Thus, Ihc Iracc Ic!I bchind in Ihc sociaI worId by Ihc grcaI mass movc-
mcnIs, abouI which wc havc shown IhaI Ihcy wcrc Ihc vanishing Icrms
o! aII Ihings hisIoricaI, rcsidcs in Ihc !acI IhaI any !orm o! consciousncss,
any poinI o! vicw, any rcaIiIy, in Ihc bnaI insIancc is spIiI inIo Ihc oId and
Ihc ncw, caIcgorics by mcans o! which hisIory rJuccs mvcmcn/ in Ihc
cnIiIics IhaI makc up iIs combinaIion.'
As !or Ihc proIcIariaI, iI is Ihc subjccIivc namc o! Ihc ncw in our Iimc.
!! Ihc working cIass dchncs iIs pIacc in Ihc sIrucIurc, Ihc csscnIiaI poinI
is !or iI Io mark Ihc bordcr o! Ihc oId, which cxpIains IhaI Ihis proIcIariaI
can bc, in China in !66, Ihc movcmcnI o! Ihc schooIcd youIh, and, in
orIugaI Ioday, Ihc pcasanIs !rom Ihc 5ouIh. Thc apparcnI misIakc in
Icrms o! posiIion ovcrIaps wiIh Ihc IruIh o! Ihc opposiIion; Ihc !aIsiIy o!
Ihc pIacc is Ihc IruIh o! Ihc !orcc.
No maIIcr how sIabIc, or cvcn ossihcd, iI may appcar Io bc, a hisIori-
caI Ihing prcscnIs Ihc bordcr o! Ihc disappcarcd movcmcnI !rom which
rcsuIIs iIs prcscncc in Ihc whoIc, IhaI is, Ihc acIuaIiIy o! iIs !uIurc dcsIruc-
Iion, jusI as on Ihosc sIumps washcd up on Ihc shorc Ihc dricd !oam marks
a bordcr o! Ihc dcad sca, which is aIso Ihc Iidcs rcvcrsibIc immincncc.
!I is onc o! Naos sIrcngIhs Io havc insisIcd IhaI Ihc rcvoIuIionary
NarxisI is Ihc IookouI !or Ihc vanishing Icrm, cmbIcm o! Ihc ncw wiIhin
Ihc oId. Hc or shc is Ihc acIivc guardian o! Ihc !uIurc o! Ihc causc.
Thcsc grcaI causcs, in whosc namc sacrihcc is somcIimcs Ihc IcasI o!
Ihings, arc in !acI grcaI causaIiIics.
Thc !acI IhaI Ihc vanishing Icrm prcscnIs iIscI!, a

in ordcr Io aIIach
1
Z
1HLRY 1HL bUBdLC1
iIscI! onIo a; IhaI wc havc thc thcorcm o! thc Ihing: (a=aa
c
) " (aa), which
Iinks Ihc spIiIIing Io consisIcncy: aII Ihis is noIhng cIsc than Ihc gcncraI
!orm o! Lacans Ihcorcm: 'A sgnihcr s IhaI which prcscnIs thc subjccI Ior
anoIhcr signihcr.
A Icrm s Ihat whch prcscnts Ihc vanshng tcrm Io anoIhcr tcrm, in
ordcr Iogcthcr Io !orm a chain.
To IuncIion as a combnabIc cIcmcnI amounIs to prcscnIing Ihc abscnI
causc Io anoIhcr cIcmcnI.
4
NaIIarmc Ihus scIs ouI hs programmc: To cvokc, wiIh intcnIionaI vaguc-
ncss, Ihc muIc objcct, using aIIusivc words, ncvcr drccI, rcducng cvcry-
Ihing Io an cquivaIcnI o! siIcncc, is an cndcavour vcry cIosc to crcaIing
('Nagic, 264).
Thc objccI, rcduccd Io sIcncc, docs noI cnIcr thc pocm, cvcn though iIs
cvocaIion grounds Ihc pocIc consisIcncy. !I s Ihc abscnI causc. uI Ihc
c!!ccI o! iIs Iack Iics n aIIccIing cach wrIIcn Icrm, Iorccd Io bc 'aIIusvc,
'ncvcr dircct, in such a way so as to bccomc cquaI on Ihc WhoIc Io Ihc
siIcncc by whch Ihc objcct was onIy niIiaIIy aIIcctcd.
Thc aIIusivc is Ihc vanshing bordcr oI Ihc wrttcn Icrm. !I s IhaI by
which, undcr thc c!!ccI o! Ihc objccts abscncc, it combncs itscI! pocIicaIIy
wiIh oIhcr Icrms, in ordcr hnaIIy Io producc Ihc cvocaton oI thc Iack, that
is, a poctc Ihing, an nIcgraIIy combincd univcrsc.
Thc pocms word is spIiI: iI is word and non word, spccch and siIcncc in
cquaI parts, Iight and cxprcss shadow. Ths spIiIIng aIonc is whaI supporIs
Ihc pocms manocuvring, iIs incIusion nIo Ihc chain o! mcIaphors.
!! iI is siIcncc IhaI must bc said, thc pocm must rcducc cach word Io iIs
vanishing sidc.
Thc pocm as a whoIc, bccomng Ihc cquivaIcnt-accordng Io NaIIarmcs
wish-oI thc siIcnccd obccI, procccds Io Ihc words scI!-c!IaccmcnI. Thc
di!hcuIty Ics in Ihc !acI thaI Ihc cxcIusivc nstrumcnt !or Ihis proccss o!
scI!-c!!accmcnI oI Ihc word, bascd on iIs vanishing bordcr, can onIy cvcr
bc oIhcr words.
Thcrc!orc, wc musI aIso c!!acc Ihc nsIrumcnI o! Ihc cIIaccmcnI, oIh-
crwisc Ihc word gains Ihc uppcr hand on Ihc sidc oI Ihc obIivon oI Iack,
on Ihc sdc oI its anonymous idcntIy, whcrcin NaIIarmc rccognizcs
Ianguagcs !uncIion oI cxchangc, somchow monctary in naIurc.
1HL bUBdLC1 UNULR 1HL bNLRb
Thc pocm cxchangcs noIhing. Thc an nuImcnt o! cxchangc s ts maor
ouIcomc. For Ihis Io happcn, Ihc Iracc musI disappcar !rom IhaI by which
Ihc words put in moIon broughI sparkIc Io thcir vcry own vanishng.
At Ihc corc o! NaIIarmcs daIccIcaI machincs wc hnd noI onIy thc
triniIy: vanishing tcrm, causaIiIy oI Iack, spIiIIing; but aIso thc sccnJ Jc]rcc
o! iIs cI!cct, Ihat is, Ihc Iack oI Iack.
!or rcasons thaI wc wiII havc to invcsIigaIc, Lacan namcs anxicIy Ihc
Iack o! Iack. And, hc says, I s IhaI which docs noI dcccvc.
NaIIarmc says noIhing dI!crcnI:
Thc Iampbcarcr, AnxcIy, aI mdnight susIains
Thosc vcspcraI drcams thaI arc burnI by Ihc hocnix
And whch no !uncraI amphora conIans,
On Ihc crcdcnzas in thc cmpIy room . . . (CI 6, Irans. modhcd)
!ndccd, oI Ihc vod in which a subccI ccIpscs iIscI!, anxcIy s thc
cxIingushcd Ight in whch Ihs subccI gavc IusIrc Io ts scanI rcaIiIy.

9
'A |a rue acca||arte tu'
d8RU8l Z0, 10
5ynIax-!nauguraI mcIaphor-NcIonymic chains-AII Ihc conccpIs oI
Ihc sIrucIuraI diaIccIic-Thc Iack oI Iack: Ihc pocm docs whaI iI says-
Thc L55I and Ihc sircn
A pocm by NaIIarmc is a whoIc whosc missing objccI is Ihc sIrucIuraI
diaIccIic iIscII. !I is, cxpIiciIIy, a sIiIIcd, mcIodic cnciphcrmcnI, oI Ihc
combinaIion oI moIiIs IhaI composc a Iogic (Nusic and LcIIcrs, !88).
This gocs Io show Ihc rcIcvancc oI iIs unpacking.
Why is iI a pocm, iI Ihc Ihcmc cnciphcrs a Iogic? Onc mighI aIso ask:
WhaI IaIIcn objccI is Ihc causc oI Lacans sIyIc?
!I is possibIc Io answcr Ihis qucsIion in Ihc Iorm oI a dcmonsIraIion. Thc
synIacIicaI govcrnancc oI NaIIarmc and Lacans scnIcnccs is noI in Ihc
IcasI IuIiIc or arbiIrary. !I is Ihc Ianguagc oI Ihc sIrucIuraI diaIccIic, aIways
sIanding on Ihc cdgcs oI Ihc tIaI prccipicc oI sIrucIuraIism, ycI rcady Io
Icap back Iikc a young goaI in ordcr noI Io IaII inIo iI.
Hcrc, pocIry makcs up Ior Ihc Iorcc, which onc sccks Io dcny.
LcI us procIaim IhaI NaIIarmcs pocIic machinc, Ihough opaquc whcn
Iookcd aI Irom Ihc ouIsidc, ncvcrIhcIcss posscsscs onIy a singIc mcaning.
Wc musI puI an cnd Io Ihc Iazincss IhaI has so many rcadcrs bypass Ihc
obsIacIc in ordcr Io cIaim IhaI Ihc cnigmas virIuc consisIs in aIIowing a
hundrcd undcrIying answcrs. This absoIuIc diaIccIician docs noI prcscnI
any poIyscmy. Onc shouId noI Iakc Ior an crraIic chaos whaIcvcr is givcn
1Hb bUBdbC1 UNUbR 1Hb bNfbRb
muIIipIc cchocs, bascd on Ihc hrm and consccuIivc cnciphcrmcnI oI Ihc
Onc-oI-mcaning, by Ihosc rcmarkabIc sIampings wiIh which Ihc pocm
iIIuminaIcs and cxIinguishcs iIscII.
Thc guaranIcc oI Ihc uniIy oI mcaning, NaIIarmc warns us, is nonc
oIhcr Ihan IhaI which IuncIions as Iaw Ior Ihc spacc oI wriIing: WhaI
pivoI, in Ihcsc conIrasIs, am ! assuming Ior inIcIIigibiIiIy? Wc nccd a
guaranIcc-5ynIax (Thc NysIcry in LcIIcrs, 234).
NoI Io gcI IosI in Ihc grammar is a major guidcIinc Ior anyonc sccking
Io discovcr Ihc pocms IuncIioning and, conscqucnIIy, Io gain acccss Io Ihc
cIucidaIion oI iIs Iack, IhaI is, Ihc diaIccIicaI Iogic in pcrson.'
To back Ihis up, IcI mc givc Ihc puncIuaIcd, sIrcIchcd ouI, a-pocIic and
tIaIIcncd vcrsion oI Ihc objccI IhaI ! proposc Io unpack Ioday:
5IiIIcd bcncaIh Ihc opprcssivc cIoud
IhaI basaII and Iava basc
Iikcwisc Ihc cchocs IhaI havc bowcd
bcIorc a IrumpcI Iacking gracc
L whaI scpuIchraI wrcck (Ihc spray
knows, buI iI simpIy drivcIs Ihcrc)
uIIimaIc jcIsam casI away
aboIishcs Ihc masI sIrippcd barc
or cIsc conccaIcd IhaI, Iurious
IaiIing somc grcaI caIasIrophc
aII Ihc vain chasm gaping widc
in Ihc so whiIc and IraiIing Ircss
wouId havc drowncd avariciousIy
a sircns chiIdIikc sidc (CI 7-81I83)`
S whc/ shpwrcck hcs swcllwcJ cvcn /hc mcs/, /hc scls /rn j whch wcs
/hc ]ncl Jchrs j c shp? 1hc jcm n /p j /hc scc, /rccc j /hs cc/cs/rphc,
knws /, hu/ scys n/hn]. 1hc shps hrn, whch culJ hcvc njrmcJ us, hcs
n/ hccn hccrJ, mp/cn/, unJcr /hs lw sky cnJ n /hs Jcrk scc w/h /s clur
j vlccnc rck, whch mprsns /hc psshlc cch j /hc Js/rcss s]ncl.
Unlcss, n rccl(y, jurus jr n/ hcvn] hcJ cny shp / Jscppccr, /hc chyss
{scc cnJ sky) hcs swcllwcJ c srcn, j whch /hc wh/c jcm wulJ n ln]cr
hc cny/hn] /hcr /hcn /hc hcr.
!n sum, Ihc pocm rcvcaIs iIs archiIccIurc oncc wc undcrsIand Ihc
IoIIowing:
b
0
1HLRY 1HL bUBdLC1
- 'lu in thc hrst Iinc is a past participIc o! thc vcrb lcrc, to siIcncc,
hush, or stiII, rc!crring to thc shipwrcck ('ucl ncujrc]c, lu lc nuc,
chhl lc ml Jcvcm?: what shipwrcck, stiIIcd bcncath thc opprcssivc
cIoud, has aboIishcd thc strippcd mast?);
- 'cr unc lrmc scns vcrlu rc!crs to 'lu ('ucl ncujrc]c, m lc nuc cr
unc lrmc scns vcrlu: what shipwrcck, stiIIcd bcncath thc opprcssivc
cIoud by a horn without !orcc);
- u mcmc rc!crs to 'hcssc ('lc nuc, hcssc Jc hcscllc cl Jc lcvcs, mcmcin
thc scnsc o! 'lul cnlrc or !Iush withlcs tchs csclcvcs: thc cIoud,
basc o! basaIt and Iava, !Iush with thc cnsIavcd cchocs);
- thc sccond quatrain is punctuatcd with a qucstion mark;
- in thc tcrccts, wc must imaginc a comma a!tcr '1rhnJ (!urious) as
wcII as a!tcr 'hculc (high or cxaItcd);
- ']urhnJ is said o! chmc vcn clyc (thc vain abyss outsprcad),
which is rcsponsibIc !or drowning thc sircn.
No othcr path is possibIc (you wiII tcst this !or yourscI!) i! onc wishcs to
incIudc aII thc cxpIicit matcriaIs !oIIowing thc supposition, conhrmcd by
thc author, that thc syntax scrvcs as guarantcc.
2
Last ycar ! spokc o! thc spIacc, thc IcgaI pIacc prcsupposcd by any cvcnt.
NaIIarmc takcs as his point o! dcparturc a spIaccd hguraI rcprcscnta-
tivc: sca and sky bIcndcd into thc Iow-cciIingcd opprcssivcncss o! thc
nothing.
Nctaphor o! thc spIacc, and morc spccihcaIIy o! thc whitc pagc whcrc
cvcrything is inscribcd. ccor about which it wouId bc too much to say
that it is a !ragmcnt o! naturc, sincc NaIIarmc cxcIudcs with grcat prcci-
sion thc asscmbIagc o! sky and sca !rom naturc: Thc sca-which onc
wouId do bcttcr to kccp siIcnt about than to inscribc in parcnthcscs, i!
thc hrmamcnt docsnt cntcr aIong with it-bccomcs disoincd, propcrIy
spcaking, !rom naturc. A ccrtain cxccptionaI drama works its ravagcs
bctwccn thcm, and this has its rationaIc in no onc ('ucoIic, 26).
O! this cxccptionaI drama, our sonnct o!!crs a skctch as impcrsonihcd
rcason or rationaIc in no onc (purc Iogic) whosc writing must hII thc
Iack by practising thc c!!cct. To rcad such a sonnct mcans to bccomc thc
mcntaI cquaI to thosc !or whom:
1HL bUBdLC1 UNULR 1HL bNLRb
5atishcd by no !ruits hcrc, my starvation
!inds cquaI savour in thcir Icarncd dcprivation. (CI 8J)
As .or thc diaIcctic and !orcc, ! proposc that you, in rcading NaIIarmc,
pcrccIvc thc cquaI !Iavour o! thcir abscncc.
!n this rcgard, diaIccticaI poctry is thc rcvcrsc o! diaIccticaI poIitics,
whcrc thc !Iavour, o!tcn quitc acrid, is pcrccivcd in thc rcaI.
As a rcsuIt, to this day, aII poIiticaI poctry pcrtains to cpic, which is onIy
obIiqucIy poctIc, namcIy, by whatcvcr cscapcs its magnihccncc rathcr
than by that which brings out its spIcndour.
:!
.
onc admits that NaIIarmc, as a poct, hoIds thc virgin pagc to bc thc
orgmaI mctaphor !or thc spIacc-in-itscI!, wc wiII at oncc scc that thc
,ocm opcns with a sccond mctaphor, whcrc thc compIcx sca-sky rcpIaccs
thc bIank papcr guardcd by its whitc (5ca rcczc, CI 2).
On thc NaIIarmcan sca, spIit o!! !rom naturc, rcduccd to its anonymity, a
tracc, thc !oam, hoIds thc principIc o! a mcaning (mlc scs, ccumc: you know
thI, .oam) which it docs not givc up ('mcs y hcvcs: but sIobbcr on).
ThI I thc pocts hrst writtcn tracc on thc papcr void, itscI! a mcta-
phor, !or us, o! thc outpIacc which any spIacc makcs rctroactivcIy into a
pIacc. !or thc writtcn in itscII has no assigncd Iocation and comcs into
cxistcncc onIy by contradicting thc chancc-Iikc purity o! thc virgin pagc.
Thc mctaphoricaI gcsturc by which thc pocm bccomcs possibIc is aimcd
at thc contradiction o! thc tracc and thc bIank spacc, mctaphorizcd into
!oam and sca-sky.
NaIIarmcs cruciaI probIcm rcsidcs in thc proccss sct in motion by thc
inscription o! words that arc out-o!-pIacc on thc spIacc o! thc pagc. Thc
thcorcticaI statcmcnts that cscort thc pocms do not Icavc us any doubt
about this:
To Ican, accor)ing to thc pagc, on thc bIank, whosc innoccncc inaugu-
ratcs It, !orgcttmg cvcn thc titIc that wouId spcak too Ioud: and whcn
in a hingc, thc most minor and disscminatcd, chancc is conqucrcd wora
by word, un!aiIingIy thc bIank rcturns, gratuitous carIicr but ccrtain
now, concIuding that thcrc is nothing bcyond it and authcnticating thc
siIcncc. (Thc Nystcry in Lcttcrs, 236)
!vcn bc!orc thc pocm, wc obtain thc !oIIowing mctaphoricaI Iinc o!
cntry (with N

!or mctaphor), as sccn in thc diagram bcIow.
Thc intcrrogation o! thc !oam, and conscqucntIy o! thc outpIacc and o!
writing, is thc point !rom whcrc thc pocm is arrangcd.


1HbRY t 1Hb bUBdbC1
OuIpacC wrIIIng Oam
spacC
^o
bank cOuO
Two hypoIhcscs, scparaIcd by or or unIcss, u cclc uc, rcsoIvc thc
suspcnsc o! a word IhaI n tscI! s undccphcrabIc:
a) Ihc !oam wouId bc Ihc Iracc on Ihc marnc vod o! a shpwrcck;
b) Ihc !oam wouId bc Ihc Iracc o! a srcns pIungc.
Thcsc Iwo hypothcscs arc n Iurn organzcd accordng Io Iwo mcto-
nymc chans. Thc shp s madc up o! a dsIrcss sgnaI (Ihc horn), Ihcn
o! a masI sIrppcd o! Is saIs; Ihc srcn, o! Is young !Iank, and thcn o! ts
traIng har.
5hp and srcn arc Ihc two vanshng Icrms IhaI supporI Ihc !act IhaI
Ihcrc s somcIhng (thc !oam) raIhcr Ihan noIhng (thc opprcssvc
coud).
Vansh Ihcy do, Ihcsc Icrms, wth Ihc !oam bcng onIy Ihc Iracc o!
Ihcr dsappcarancc. Thc shp has bccn wrcckcd, Ihc srcn has pIungcd
undcrwaIcr, and ! thc !oam opcns up thc whoIc qucsIon o! Ihc Ihng,
I s bccausc Ihc qucsIon conccrns Is causc, whch s o! Ihc ordcr o! Ihc
movcmcnI o! an abscncc.
T!c mcIonymcaI chans, vcrtabIc stII !or Ihc NaIIarmcan conccpI o!
Ihc ncgatvc, am Io brng abscncc aII thc way to Ihc cdgcs o! nuIIty.
Thc shp s cvokcd onIy by Ihc aboIton, noI cvcn o! iIs own massvIy
buI o! Is mast, suprcmc cIsam; or by Ihc hypoIhcIcaI sound o! an nau-
dbIc horn. Thc srcn s rcduccd Io ts youth!uI hcad o! har-cxccpI Ihat
I s onIy a sngIc whtc har.
!! wc agrcc Io mark wIh a sIash, or an obIquc bar, thc dsappcarng
acI o! Ihc causaI tcrm, thcn Ihc Iwo chans, nIcrruptcd by or or unIcss,
prcscnI IhcmscIvcs as !oIIows:
_ -.-..-., ....,,-. .-. .--...--., ---.....,
)a
_ - ..----., ha:
Hcrc wc hnd ourscIvcs back wIh aII our caIcgorcs. Thc strong d!!crcncc
(!oamIbIank), whch opcns up Ihc probIcm o! Ihc thng; Ihc ncIwork o!
wcak d!!crcnccs, organzcd n mctonymcs (shp, mast, horn; srcn, har);
Ihc IransIIon !rom onc Io Ihc oIhcr by way o! Ihc causaIIy o! Iack, supporIcd
1Hb bUBdbC1 UNUbR 1Hb bNtbRb
by Ihc vanshng Icrms: Ihc shps wrcck and Ihc srcns drownng, o! whch
what s-thc !oam-s thc mark ouI-o!-pIacc on Ihc spIaccs dcsoIaIon.
That thc vanshng Icrm s thc mark o! Ihc vod IscI! s suIhccntIy ccar
!rom Ihc !acI thaI Ihc shp s cnguI!cd, and Ihc srcn, stngIy or avar-
cousIy drowncd, as ! Ihcsc Icrms dcrvcd thcr subsIancc and Ihcr c!!ccI
onIy !rom bcng rcabsorbcd nIo Ihc abyss o! thc sca, o! whch Ihcy arc thc
dsappcarng dcIcgaton n Ihc worId.
Lct us aIso noIcc Ihc progrcss madc ovcr Ihc whoIc coursc o! thc pocm:
! Ihc wrcckcd shp s an cxIcrnaI ncudcd, a hcIcrogcncIy cnguI!cd n
Ihc homogcncous, Ihcn convcrscIy Ihc marnc anmaI o! Ihc srcn rcsuIIs
!rom a dazzIng cxpuIson ouI o! ts natvc cIcmcnI, a homogcncIy n
Iranst, usI thc Imc o! a doIphns Icap, n Ihc supcrhcaI hcIcrogcncIy o!
Ihc vsbIc, much Io Ihc rcgrcI o! Ihc avarcous abyss.
Thc pIacc s so avarcous as Io Iakc back mmcdaIcIy whatcvcr I gvcs
ouI, thc Ihn scar o! thc causc, so as Io cnsurc IhaI nothng Iakcs pIacc
oIhcr Ihan tscI!: NoIhng wII havc Iakcn pIacc othcr Ihan Ihc pIacc (A
Dcc 1hrw).
As !or Ihc spIIIng, I Ioo s man!csI, wIh rcgard Io Ihc !oams doubIc
naIurc. Thc !oam ccrIanIy s a Iracc, and Ihus t s capIurcd n Ihc nctwork
o! mundanc d!!crcnccs, as opposcd Io thc unImIcd naIurc o! Ihc coud.
uI on thc oIhcr hand, I hoIds ouI onIy Ihanks to a rcscmbIancc Io Ihc
abyss, o! whch I ndcaIcs thc ncgatvc powcr and Ihc undcrIyng c!!ccI
o! aboIton. That whch cxsts out-o!-pIacc, Ihc pocm says, hnds IscI!
SQ!CcOHQ!Cc
+

.
D!HKWlI!\Hg
CDH i O !OC VHSDHg SI0c O lDc cIHS
, ,
]OCH _ 0l 5
SlIOHg 0cIcHCc
H (0IOWDc0| K (CDl0|
...--. -......- .-,.. -...,.-..
CDH 2
OH!Q!CcSQ!CC


1HLRY 1HL bUBdLC1
pIaccd Ihcrcin undcr Ihc Iaw o! Ihc pIacc (o! Ihc spIacc). 5hip and sircn,
rcIurncd Io Ihc nuIIiIy o! Ihc abyss, dividc Ihc !oam according Io Ihc causc
(Ihc vanishing sidc) and according Io consisIcncy (Ihc c!!ccIivc buI rcaIIy
muIc Iracc, which sIobbcrs on).
Wc wouId Ihus bc aI Ihc cnd o! our IroubIcs, having sccn how Ihc IcxI
works as cmbIcm o! Ihc sIrucIuraI diaIccIic according Io iIs mcIaphoricaI
(N

) and mcIonymicaI (N

) opcraIions.
!xccpI IhaI Ihc diagram immcdiaIcIy suggcsIs Ihc !oIIowing qucsIions:
1. Why Iwo vanishing Icrms (ship and sircn)? Why Ihis sccond cIcavagc
which, cuI in Iwo by Ihc cnigmaIic coup dc !orcc o! or, u cclc uc,
arrangcs Iwo mcIonymicaI chains?
2. Why Ihis unusuaI cIosurc, which aI Ihc cnd o! Ihc pocm provokcs Ihc
mcIaphoricaI rc-cmcrgcncc, in Ihc guisc o! Ihc rcIaIion hairIabyss, o!
IhaI which apparcnIIy had bccn inIroduccd !rom Ihc sIarI as !oamI
sca-sky? WhaI havc wc gaincd, by moving !rom !oam Io hair?
3
!s iI noI cnough Io havc onIy onc vanishing Icrm in ordcr !or iIs c!!ccI o!
Iack, which dividcs any indcx o! Ihc rcaI, Io auIhorizc Ihc whoIc o! Ihc
pocm?
NcvcrIhcIcss, iI is Iwicc IhaI Ihc ship docs noI Iakc pIacc.
!irsI wrcckcd, Ihc ship casIs away iIs saiIs, shuIs up iIs horn (iIs sircn,
aIrcady, buI in Ihc scnsc o! an aIarm), so IhaI iIs suprcmc |cIsam may
aboIish iIscI!.
uI Ihc shipwrcck in iIs Iurn is rcvokcd and puI inIo doubI. !I wouId
raIhcr bc a maIIcr o! a sircns pIungc.
Thcsc Iwo ncgaIions do noI bcIong Io Ihc samc spccics. Thc hrsI o!!crs
a hgurc !or Ihc vanishing o! Ihc causaI Icrm, Ihc sccond annuIs Ihc van-
ishing iIscI!. And, againsI Ihc backdrop o! Ihis rcvocaIion, Ihc sccond and
hnaI vanishing Icrm (Ihc n) Iakcs !IighI.
You scc, in Naoism, wc aIso musI producc thc dcsIrucIion o! Ihc bour-
gcoisic Iwicc. !irsI o! Ihc oId bourgcoisic, Ihc cIassicaI onc, !or which
Lcninism providcs Ihc mcans Io dcsIroy iIs apparaIus. And Ihcn o! Ihc
ncw onc, Ihc sIaIc burcaucraIic bourgcoisic, which as Naoism Icachcs
us sprouIs up cvcn among Ihc insIrumcnIs o! Ihc hrsI dcsIrucIion, Ihc
LcninisI parIy and Ihc sociaIisI 5IaIc.
1HL bUBdLC1 UNULR 1HL bNLRb
Thc whoIc qucsIion consisIs in knowing whcIhcr Ihc rcvoIuIionary
masscs, Ihc hisIoricaI agcnI IhaI is Ihc vanishing causc !or Ihc LcninisI
rcvoIuIion, arc Ihc samc as Ihosc IhaI comc and !Iush ouI, !rom IhaI which
aI hrsI had bccn Ihcir backbonc (Ihc parIy and Ihc 5IaIc), Ihc waiIing
bourgcoisic IhaI managcd Io imposc iIscI! in Iussia, a!Icr 5IaIin had noI
bccn abIc Io proposc anyIhing in ordcr Io dc!cr iI, cxccpI Ihc sombrc
cquaIiIy in Ihc !acc o! Icrror.
Onc or Iwo vanishing Icrms? !s Ihc rcvoIuIion IhaI Lcnin opposcs Io
Ihc 5IaIc Ihc samc as IhaI o! Ihc CuIIuraI IcvoIuIion?
!I sccms raIhcr IhaI a!Icr Ihc sociaIisI wrccking o! Ihc bourgcois ship, wc
havc Io considcr Ihc communisI pIungc o! Ihc sircns o! Ihc 5IaIc. csidcs,
Ihcsc arc sircns wiIh a mousIachc. OnIy Ihc Icmporary asccndancy o! Ihc
ncw, monopoIisIic and sIaIc-burcaucraIic bourgcoisic is abIc Io accounI
!or Ihc !acI IhaI iIs raucous and sinisIcr song can scducc navigaIors o!
hisIory IhaI arc as disparaIc as Ihc !Ihiopian coIoncIs, Ihc miIiIary in
VicInam, a !cw Arab inIcIIccIuaIs, IcchnicaI cxpcrIs in Ihc !asIcrn bIoc,
bcardcd LaIin Amcricans, or Ihc simpIc-mindcd pro!cssionaI workcrs o!
Ihc !rcnch Iradc unions.
!n ordcr Io Iurn aII IhaI inIo Ihc whoIc o! a shipwrcck, iI is noI surprising
IhaI sIrangc novcIIics arc nccdcd, such as Ihc mobiIizaIion o! Icns o! miI-
Iions o! sIudcnIs and workcrs around a!!airs invoIving Ihc IhcaIrc, movics,
oiI painIing, and phiIosophy.
!or NaIIarmc, in any casc, Ihc sccond vanishing Icrm inscribcs iIscI!
bascd on Ihc Iack o! Ihc brsI. This Iack is radicaI inso!ar as iI no Iongcr bcars
on Ihc Icrm (Ihc ship) buI on iIs disappcaring (Ihc shipwrcck, Ihc p).
Thc pocm cxhibiIs Ihc causaIiIy o! Iack in iIs c!!ccI, buI aIso in iIs Iaw,
sincc iI is govcrncd !rom wiIhin by Ihc Iack o! Ihc hrsI supposcd causaI
Icrm, Ihc hrsI vanishing Icrm.
Or cIsc . . . carrics ouI Ihc aboIiIion o! Ihc aboIishcd. WhaI was prcsup-
poscd in Icrms o! Ihc c!hcacy o! abscncc now hnds iIscI! annuIIcd.
ConscqucnIIy, Ihc pocm is noI onIy Ihc mcIaphor o! Ihc diaIccIicaI caI-
cgorics. !I is Ihcir conccpI. Thc rcaIiIy o! Ihc caIcgorics is aI work Io movc
aIong Ihc pocIic Ihing.
Wc pass pocIicaIIy !rom Ihc ship Io Ihc sircn, boIh o! which arc mcIa-
phoricaI hgurcs o! Ihc vanishing Icrm, by way o! Ihc vanishing o! Ihc hrsI
hgurc, whcncc Ihc ncccssiIy o! Ihc sccond is cngcndcrcd.
WhaI Ihc pocm says, iI docs.
!n Ihis rcgard, iI rcscmbIcs Ihc NarxisI acI, in which Ihc wriIIcn is ncvcr
anyIhing buI Ihc prop wiIh which Ihc poIiIicaI sub|ccI supporIs iIscI! in
1
Z
1HLRY 1HL bUBdLC1
ts anIagonsIc unIy. A!Icr Lcnn, cvcry Narxst IcxI bcars Ihc IIIc: Thc
CurrcnI 5IuaIon and Our Tasks.
NaIIarmc ntcrprcts Ihc sIrucIuraI daIcctc Icss as Ihc thcmc !or a mcIa-
phor Ihan as a drccIvc !or thc pocm.
ThaI whch was Iackng, Ihc shp, or Ihc p, musI comc Io Iack n Is
Iack so IhaI thc n, uc dcaI, may comc nto bcng.
NaIIarmc says: bIow ouI Ihc candIc o! bcng, by whch aII has bccn.
roo! [1]lur, Uuvrcs cmplclcs 4J4).
Thc pocm s Ihs rcIroacIvc proo! o! bIown-ouI bcng-o! ng-whch
n ordcr to bc provdcd rcqurcs thc Iack o! Iack.
!! cvcryIhng cxsts thanks Io whaI s Iackng !rom I, thcn Ihc samc
appIcs Io Ihc causc. lt s onIy by aboIshng a hrsI causaIIy Ihat you gvc
conssIcncy to thc conccpI o! causaIIy tscI!.
Ths spccaI opcraIon, typcaI o! NaIIarmcs daIcctcaI machncs, by
whch Ihcy undcrtakc !rom wIhn Ihc supprcsson o! Ihcr hrsI ncgaIvc
mcIaphor, n what !oIIows wII bc caIIcd: annuImcnI.
As !or Ihc qucston why Ihc srcn comcs Io a stop, mmobIzcd as I s n
thc dcaIIy o! a Iack whch, !or Is parI, cannot comc Io Iack, wc wII noI
havc Imc Io answcr I Ioday.
Thcrc s no shorIagc o! pcopIc who Ihnk Ihat wth Ihc OcIobcr rcvo-
Iuton a 'workcrs 5tatc s put n pIacc Ihat no hsIorcaI conIngcncy,
howcvcr rcpuIsvc, wII cvcr scparaIc !rom Is csscncc.
lI s cIcar Ihat undcr thc banncr o! Ihc wthcrng o! thc 5IaIc, Narx
magncd not onIy thc Iack o! thc bourgcos 5IaIc buI, progrcssvcIy, thc
Iack o! Is Iack, caIIcd communsm, n whch any poItcaI causaIIy s
aboIshcd. O! Ihs aboIton, Ihc 5IaIc o! Ihc dcIaIorshp o! Ihc proIcIarat
supporIs Ihc pIan. Lcnn compIcIcd Ihs by ndcaIng Ihat any 5IaIc was
at boItom bourgcos, so that, n comng Io Iack undcr thc c!!ccI o! Ihc
hrsI nsurrccIonary assauII, whch cIcars Ihc ground !or thc proIcIaraI,
thc 5Iatc-aIways bourgcos-must ncccssarIy Iack a sccond Imc, now
cIcarng Ihc path !or Ihc communsI masscs o! Ihc cIassIcss soccty, as Ihc
vanshng Icrm o! hsIory n gcncraI, nnaIIy gvcn n Is concrcIc conccpt.
WhaI Ihc masscs cxpcrcncc s Ihat Ihc socaIsI 5IaIc and thc parIy aI Is
hcIm arc a raIs ncsI o! bourgcos burcaucraIs.
Ths cxpcrcncc sIII had to bc Iurncd nIo a Narxst poIIcs. lI bcIongs Io
Naos mpcrshabIc ntaIvc Io havc aI IcasI pronounccd Is urgcncy.
Nao, n Ihc gusc o! a Iong scrcs o! cuIIuraI rcvoIuIons, !or Ihc hrsI
Imc has dcsgnaIcd and puI nIo pracIcc thc rcturn o! Ihc 5IaIcs Iack back
upon IscI!-Ihc or cIsc hcrc bcng nothng Icss than hs cndorscmcnI, n
1HL bUBdLC1 UNULR 1HL bNLRb
a scnsatonaI dazbao, !or Ihc roIs o! Ihc youIh and Ihcn o! a scgmcnI o!
Ihc workcrs, agansI Ihc ncw bourgcosc o! Ihc socaIst 5IaIc.
From thaI whch put an cnd to Ihc oId Iyranncs, wc musI aIso know
how Io Ibcratc ourscIvcs.
Thosc who, a!Icr Ihat, pcrssI n taIkng abouI socaIsm and ts 5IaIc as
a sIabIc cnIIy ccrtanIy sharc wIh NaIIarmc Ihc hypoIhcss o! a haItng
pont. uI Ihcy havc !aIcd Io scc ts annuIaIon.
NaIIarmc has an aIb thaI Ihcy cannoI producc. ConIrary, aIas, to thc
mpcraIsI L55I Ioday, Ihc srcn, cvcn ! rcIurncd Io Ihc abyss, docs noI
cxst.

9
Ar] su|ject is a forced erce(tior, which cores
ir secord (|ace
E0tU8l 1 10
TbcaIrc-CaIboIicism and poIiIics-Lack and dcsIrucIion-Tbc signihcrs
o! cxccpIion, Iocus o! Ibc subjccI-On Ibc roIc oI Iombs in Narxism and
in arI-Tbc baIIing poinI-AnaIysis o! Ibc dicc Ibrow-Tbc rosc and
communism
Wbo wiII mcasurc wbaI wc owc Io Ibc IbcaIrc, !rom AcscbyIuss Crcs/cc
Io rccbIs pIays? CapiIaI arI, uninIcrrupIcd anaIyscr oI our bisIory.
NaIIarmc pronounccs a cIcar and disIincI axiom abouI Ibis: TbcaIrc is, by
csscncc, supcrior (O! Ccnrc and Ibc NodcDs, !42).
NaIIarmc appIics bimscI! Io csIabIisb Ibc IbcaIrc oI our Iimc. WbaI docs
our Iimc mcan bcrc? !I is Ibc Iimc wbcn Ibc !orcmosI rcprcscnIaIionaI-
IbcaIricaI-rcIigion, CaIboIicism, bas !aIIcn in disusc.
!n bis anaIysis o! Ibc mass, our diaIccIician hnds as mucb hguraIivc IruIb
as HcgcI docs aI Ibc IcvcI o! Ibc conccpI in Ibc mysIcry o! IcdcmpIion.
Tbc mass is a noIorious IbcaIrc o! Ibc sIrucIuraI diaIccIic. 5cc raIbcr !or
yourscII:
5ucb, dividcd inIo Ibc auIbcnIiciIy oI disIincI !ragmcnIs, is Ibc sIaging
o! a sIaIc rcIigion, as ycI unsurpasscd by any !ramcwork, and wbicb,
dividcd inIo a IripIc work, pro!!crs a dirccI inviIaIion Io Ibc csscncc oI a
Iypc (bcrc, CbrisI), Ibcn pro!!crs bis invisibiIiIy, and Ibcn by vibraIions
ouIIincs Ibc cnIargcmcnI o! pIacc Io Ibc inhniIc, sIrangcIy saIis!ying Io
a modcrn bopc o! pbiIosopby and arI. (Tbc 5amc, 2!)
1Hb bUBdLC1 UNULR 1HL bNfLRb
Tbc summons Io appcar, wbicb is Ibc Ibcmc oI Ibc rcaI prcscncc, cnds
in Ibc invisibiIiIy o! Cod, Ibc !undamcnIaI vanisbing Icrm. Takcn in Ibc
cmbIcm o! bis abscncc, Ibc IaIIcr !uncIions as Ibc causc !or Ibc Ibundcr-
ing arI o! Ibc cburcb organs, wbicb carrics Ibc pIacc Io inhniIy, jusI as in
ADcc 1hrw Ibc Iauncbing o! Ibc numbcrs, unccrIain unIiI Ibc oIhcianIs
disappcarancc inIo Ibc scawaIcrs, Ii!Is Ibc gazc up Io Ibc consIcIIaIions
IbaI cnumcraIc a sum oI sIars.
Tbc !acI rcmains IbaI, in !80, onc can no Iongcr dcccnIIy makc do wiIb
CaIboIicism. Tbc sccuIarizaIion o! aII IbcaIrc o! supcrior csscncc Icavcs onIy
Iwo ways opcn Io mcnIaI rcscarcb, wbcrc our nccd bi!urcaIcs-acsIbcIics,
on Ibc onc band, and poIiIicaI cconomy, on Ibc oIbcr (Nagic, 264).
NoIbing bas cbangcd. To wbaI sbouId wc dcvoIc our nccd Ior IbcaIrc,
i! noI Io arI or Io poIiIics? 5omconc wiII aIIcgc scicncc. NaIIarmcs pro-
IundiIy bcrc Iics in noI baving said a word abouI iI! Wbo wiII bcIicvc IbaI
IruIb, sucb as iI is, may bc IbaI wbicb causcs a subjccIs dcsirc?
!I rcmains Io bc sccn wby iI is Ibc casc IbaI our nccd musI biIurcaIc. Tbis
is Ibc wboIc qucsIion o! IbcaIrc as poIiIicaI arI. NcvcrIbcIcss, ! can voucb
IbaI among Ibosc wbo wcrc up and abouI in poIiIics around Nay 168
and wbo gavc up in 173-Ibcy arc Icgion-Ibc bcIIcr oncs rcIurncd Io
tbc arIisIic rc!crcncc wbiIc Ibc worsI !cII inIo Ibc vacuousncss oI univcr-
saI rcporIagc, i! Ibcy did noI dcvoIc IbcmscIvcs Io Ibc cooI caIapIasm oI
monoIbcisms.
oIiIics is in a sIrucIurc o! hcIion. Tbis is noI Ibc IcasI oI NaIIarmcs
sIaIcmcnIs: . .. Ibc sociaI rcIaIion and iIs momcnIary mcasurc, condcnscd
or cxpandcd Io aIIow !or govcrnmcnI, is a hcIion, iI bcIongs Io Ibc domain
o! LcIIcrs (5aIcguard, 20, Irans. modihcd).
To bavc covcrcd up Ibc csscnIiaI abscncc Irom wbicb Ibc sociaI bond
lssucs bas bccn, Ior Ibis bond iIscI!, a gravc crror. !I prcvcnIs us !rom rcIaIing
lo Ibc poIiIicaI subsIrucIurcs, as wc sbouId, Irom Ibc posiIion o! an invoIvcd
audicncc wbosc cIcmcnIary rigbI is Io biss Ibc pIay, or cvcn Io inIcrrupI iI, as
soon as iI proposcs noIbing morc Iban a mcdiocrc arIihcc, a vuIgar hcIion in
wbicb Ibc crowd wouId noI bc abIc Io rccognizc iIs own grcaIncss:
Grccl Jcmc]c hcs hccn ccuscJ Io IcrrcsIriaI IogcIbcrncss, !or ccnIurics,
by indicaIing Io iI Ibc bruIaI miragc, Ibc ciIy, iIs govcrnmcnIs, or Ibc
civiI codc oIbcrwisc Iban as cmbIcms or, vis-a-vis our csIaIc, as wbaI
nccropoIiscs arc Io Ibc bcavcns Ibcy makc cvaporaIc: an carIb sur!acc,
aImosI noI bad-Iooking. ToIIbooIbs and cIccIions arc noI bcrc bcIow,
Ibougb Ibcy sccm Io sum up dcmocracy, wbaI makcs a popuIar cuII,
b
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
cvcn vIcn sucI OrmaiIcsarc OOvcdaugusIy, asrcprcscnIaIivcs
O IIc !av, scaIcd in a Iransparcncy, nakcd and marvcIOus. ( Music
and!cIIcrs, I 945)
TIssasOaninviIaIiOnIOIIcpOIciansIOIakccarcOIIcrrcprcscn-
aIiOns, vIOsc prOcssiOna-IIaI is IO say, icIiOnaIruc cOmcs dOvn
IO cxpOsng IIcmscvcs absOuIcyin IIc IransiIOry uncIiOn O cmbcms,
viIIOuI cvcr imagining IIaI IIcy IIcmscIvcs pOsscss any subsIancc
vIaIsOcvcr.
!npOiIicsOny Oncinkis rcquircd. IrusI, vIicI musIbc granIcd, asin
IIc IIcaIrc, n OrdcrOrIIchcIiOn IOvOrk.
ApOIics rccvcd OcvcryIIng cxccpI IIis rcvOcabc bOnd vcgIs nO
mOrcIIanIIc vriIIcnIraccOnIIcpagc. EvcryIIing csc, vIcI isasycI
pcrIapsncvIabIc, vcigIs up IOa 'grcaIdamagc .
.
!n Marxsm, IIis IIcaIrca airing OpOiIicsbcarsIIc namc 'vIIcng
avay O IIc SIaIc. TIaI usI gOcs IO sIOv in vIaI scnsc IIc SIaIc cOr-
rcspOnds IO a nccrOpOs Or IIc paradisc IIaI iI makcs cvapOraIc AIIIc
hna Icrm OIIis, vc can sIi spcak O a Icrm, IIcrc rcmains Ony IIc
inIcrnacOnIidcnccOIIc masscs, vIicIisIIcrcciprOca suppOrIOIIcir
IruIIquahcIiOn.
Maarmc, Or IisparI, rcIansIIcIaskOcaringOrIIcBOOk, vIic Ic
vaiIsOr sOmcIIingbcIIcr.
WIaI is arI? TIc arrangcmcnI O naIurc nIO a WIOc, by iIs causa
rcIrcncImcnI.
b0
NaIurc IasIakcnpacc:iIcanIbcaddcdIO, cxccpIOrciIicsOrrairOads
OrOIIcrinvcnIOnsvIcrc vccIangc IIcOrm, buInOIIIcacI, OOur
maIcriaI.
TIc Onc avaiabc acI, Orcvcr and aOnc, is IO undcrsIand IIc rca-
IiOns, in IIc mcanImc, cv Or many. accOrdingIO sOmc inIcriOrsIaIc
IIaIOncvisIcsIO cxIcnd, nOrdcrIOsimpiyIIcvOrd.
EquaIOcrcaIng.cxccpIIIaIIIcnOIiOnOObccI,cscaping,isacking.
( 'MusicandLcIIcrs, I 87,Irans. mOdhcd)
TOOccupyIIcackObcingpuIssOmcOrdcrinIIcsymbO. TIccquaIiIy
O ccmcnIs andIIc hnasca Ovcrsc cOnccnIraIc, in rIyIImand rIymc,
IIcsaIisacIiOnOIIc dcsirc IOcrcaIc. ' . . . IIcpOcIic acIcOnsisIsinsccing
IIaIanidcacanbcbrOkcnup inIOaccrIainnumbcrOmOIisIIaIarccqua
n sOmc vay, and OgrOuping IIcm IIcy rIymc as an cxIcrna sca IIc
inaIvOrdsarcprOOOIIcircOmmOnmcasurc ( CrisisOVcrsc, 20) .
JHL bUbdLLJ UNUL JHL bl Nl ll Lb
OurinvcsIgaIiOnisdcvOIcdIOOOving, undcrIIccccIOIIcnaIura
Onpacc, IIc abyrinIIs OcgaIarianragmcnIaIiOn ( IIc spacc) and O
haIvIicIis crcaIcdIIcrcin in Icrms OIIc ncv undcrIIc IaImark O
crsc (IIcOuIpacc) .
!dOnOIimagnc, anymOrcIIanMaarmcdOcsOrnaIurc, IIaIvccan
add IO sOcicIy-cxccpInuccar panIs. MarxsI pOIiIics musI knOvIOv
IOcnIrcncI, IOvIOpuIIIcOdsOciaOrdcraIauIinOrdcrIruyIOcrcaIc
IatvIicIdidnOIcxisI. !IsccmsIIaIIIisrcqurcsdcsIrucIOn,vIicIs
mOrcIIanIack-vIicIisIO ackvIaIOrcc is IOpacc.
EvcnIcrc,IIcpOcIdOcsnOIabandOnus. ' csIrucIiOnvasmyBcaIricc
(!cIIcrIO!ccburc, ! 7) .

2
TIc annumcnI ncvcr nscribcs iIscI incary in IIc pOcm. YOu Iavc IIc
mcIOnymca cIains, rOmIIcsIip IOIIc masI, rOm IIc srcn IOIIcIar
OIOam.YOuIavcIIcmcIapIOricaIsubsIiIuIiOns,OamOrIracc,abyssOr
Ic spacc. BuI nOrdcrIO prOducc IIc Iack O ack, yOu musI cap rOm
Onc IypOIIcsisIOanOIIcr: sIp? NO. sircn.
TIis capinmcaningOrdrccIiOnaOnccnabcsIIcannumcnIOa hrsI
anisIingIcrmandIIccxIibIiOnOIIccOnccpIOIIccausaiIyOack.
OvcnOIIavcIcrcsOmcsIrOkcOOrcc? A sIrOkcOIIcOrcc?
BuIIIs asO cOmcsaI a pricc. Maarmc pays Or IIc dcbI incurrcd Or
having brOkcn IIc pacI O IIc mcIOnymica cIain vII signihcrs O IIc
cxccpIOn.WcsavOrcIsc. . . . abOvc.TIcrcisamOsInOpOcm, cxccpI
vIicI prOvcs IIc ruc-IIc TOmbs, IIaI cscapc IIs nccd. 'WIaI . . . ,
NO, buI . . . (AFaun in lhcAcrnoon) . ncss . . . ( Funcra 1oasl and
cmcmbcrinc/ianFricnds) . 'WcrcInOIIIaI. . . ' ( Sonncl) . 'BuI . . . ' ( Lill/c
Dilq,ALacc \anishcs+ . . ) . ' ExccpI.. . ' ( 1hcFincSuicidcF/cd. . . ) . 'TIOugI . . .
(Hcrjurcnai/sonhih. . . ) . ' ExccpIpcrIaps . . . (ADicc1hrow. . . ) .
SucI arc, accumuaIcd, IIc inIraIcxIua ndiccs OvIaI IIc avOIIc
IcxIs spaccmcnIvOudnOI bc abc IO cngcndcr a by iIscI, sincc iI is a
maIIcr OvIaI, prOpcryspcakng, isancxccpIiOnIOiI.
Oncc IIc hrsI vanisIng Icrm s givcn, IIc pOcm OOvs a nc
OI IOIaizaIiOn. WIaIcvcr vanIs IO inIcrrupI I musI sIand OuI O pacc.
BuI IOv, i nO OrcccOmcs IO OvcrdcIcrminc, qua subccI, IIc scricsO
cOnsccuIivcpaccs?
Hcrc IIc annuImcnI O IIc vanisIing, IIc sIiI IO a sccOnd inc O
b
bb
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
IOIaizaIiOn, rcquircs IIaI insIcad O! IIc mcIOnymy O! a suppIcmcnIary
c!!accmcnI (a!Icr IIc sIip, IIc pucd saiI, IIc cxIinguisIcd IOrn, IIc
cngu!cd masI, vIy nOIIIc IOrn ag, IIc IIrcad O!IIis ag, IIc aIOm O!
IIis IIrcad?) IIcrc cOmcs-'OrcIsc . . . -IIc quaiIaIivc brcak in vIicI
IIc sIrOng di!!crcncc, dismisscd bc!Orc, Iakcs iIs rcvcngc sO IIaI IIc
rcprcsscdIcIcrOgcnciIyrcIurns.
LcI us say IIis in a sIraigII!Orvard manncr. a IIc Occurrcnccs O! 'Or
csc,'unIcss, andaIIIc'buIsand'cxccpIIIaIarcnOIIingcssIIanIIc
signihcrsIIrOugIvIicI, asacacsurabcIvccnIvOOrdcrsandinIIcIimc
O!a igIIning IasI, IIcsubccIivcc!!ccIIakcs IOId.
AppcaranccdisappcaranccO!ancvIypc, invIicIIIccxccpIiOncausc
makcs!OraIIIcinIcrpOaIcddramaO!IIc subccI. SIrOngdi!!crcnccsud-
dcnypuncIuaIcdinIIcIIickpOIO!mcIapIOrsandmcIOnymics.AbrupI
inIcrrupIiOn O!IIc idca cgaIiIarian!ragmcnIaIiOn.
TIc Iack O! Iack, vIicI rcsuIIs !rOm IIc annuImcnI, is nOI Ivicc IIc
Iack, accOrding IO IIc prcviOusIy csIabIisIcd Iav. !I nccds mOrc, as viI
ncsscd in IIc grammar. an unknOvn Icad, impOssibc IO Irack accOrding
IO IIc iniIiaIspaccmcnI, OpcnsupIOIIcpOcIicc!!ccI.
! prOvisOriy ca'subccIIIisunprcdicIabcbi!urcaIiOn.
AnysubccIisa !OrccdcxccpIiOn, vIicIcOmcsinsccOndpIacc.
MaOIaspOsiIcd !OrIIc hrsIIimc IIaIIIcrc is nO IOpcincngcndcring
cOmmunism in a Iincar!asIiOn!rOm IIc sOciaIisI SIaIc. !rOmIIaIvIicI
su!hccdIO knOckdOvnIIc OId sOciaI Ordcr, vc sIOud nOI cxpccIIIaI iI
viI gOany!urIIcrbascdOnpcrscvcranccaOnc.
'Pcrscvcrarcdiaba/icum is a maxim!OrIIcsOciaisISIaIc.
TIc sIrOng di!!crcncc, vIicI MaO caIs 'anIagOnisIic cOnIradicIiOn,
musIrcappcarIOiIs !u cxIcnI. CuIIuraIRcvOIuIiOn.
!nsOdOingMaOdisccrncdIIccurrcnIagcncyO!IIccOmmunisIpOiIica
subccI, IIc sIrOkc O!!Orcc IIaI scparaIcs iI !rOm iIs aIcgcd priOr inc O!
cxisIcncc, IIcsOciaisISIaIcandIIcparIyIIaIis aIIOOinvOIvcdin iI.
OI, buI Maarmc vOud mucI raIIcrnOI sIOv IIis subccI IIaI IIc
sIrucIuraIviIIO!Iis diaIccIicsIumbIcsupagainsI !!OnIyaIIiscOudbc
kcpIviIIinIIcIOmOgcnciIyO!IIcpOcIicOpcraIiOns HcvOiccsIisambi
IiOninIIcprOgrammc!OrIi/ur. 'TIcdrama. . . isrcsOvcdin aninsIanI,
usIIIcIimcO!sIOvingiIs dc!caI, vIicI un!Odsina asI.
TIcIimcIOsay' Orcsc,'cxccpIIIaI,IappcnsnOsOOncrIIanIIcsubccI
arcady Ias Iakcn pIacc, as dissidcncc IO IIc pacc. Hcncc!OrII, Oncc pasI
IIcannuImcnI,vcarcIransiIiOningIOvardIIcidcaO!IIccausc,andagain
vc OnyIavcaIOurdispOsaIIIc!amiiarunivcrscO!mcIOnymics.
JHL bUbdLLJ UNUL JHL bl Nl lLb
!snOIIIisIIin!Orccd spIiIIing O!IvOcIains, IIisminimainIcrrupIiOn
OrvIicIa !cvadvcrbsOra !cvcOnuncIiOns su!hcc, aImOsI nOIIing?
Ycs, buI viIIOuI IIis inhmOus and IOIa gap, viIIOuI IIis grammar
O! cxccpIiOn, IIcrc vOuId OnIy bc IIc mOnOIOnOus and inhniIc c!hcacy
O!IIc grindingO!bcing undcrIIcIavO!anabscncc.
Any Iruc diaIccIician, cvcn a sIrucIuraI OncvIO subOrdinaIcs iI IO IIc
pay amOng pIaccs, rccOgnizcs in passing, 'in a asI, IIc cmcrgcncc O!
OrccvIcrcbyIIc OuIpIaccincudcsiIscI!dcsIrucIivcIy inIIc spacc IIaI
cxcIudcs iI.
!nsOdOing, saiddiaIccIicianprOduccsa IIcOryO!IIc subccI.

TIc !acI O! Iaving pusIcd Iis pOcIic macIincry aII IIc vay IO IIc
impIacabIc rigOur O!'ccrIainIy IIis, i!iI vas nOI pcrIaps IIaI uIimaIcy
savcs MaIarmc !rOmIIc IIaIprccipicc O!sIrucIuraism. TIc aIIcrisIIaI
vIicI, in A Dicc 1hraw, usI bc!Orc IIc 'cxccpI, pcrIaps, a cOnsIcIaIiOn,
IccasviIIprccisiOn'IIccOnsIanIncuIraIiIyO!IIcabyss ( C!I 77) , !rOm
vIicIIIcunIikcIysIcIIarcxccpIiOncOmcs, !OrIIcIimcO!asubccIc!!ccI,
IO kccpIimaparI.
As !Or IIc 'TOmbs, i! IIcy dO nOI rcquirc IIc grammaIica cxccpIiOn,
IIis is bccausc IIc annumcnI O! IIc hrsI vanisIing Icrm (IIc dcccascd,
!Oc Or Wagncr, VcrIainc Or BaudcIairc) is hgurcd in IIcm by IIc 'sOIid
scpucIrc,IIc'caImbOckvIicI!rOmIIcsIarIparIiIiOnsIIccarIIIyIi!c
O!IIcIcrOandIIcidcaIi!cO!IisvOrk. Icisdcad, cxccpIIIaIvcIOnOur
IismaIcriaIIOmbOnIy!OrIIcmysIcricsO!IisspiriIuacIcrniIy.
NO OIIcr !uncIiOn is aIIribuIcd IO IIc mausOcums O! Lcnin Or MaO.
tIcyarcdcad, IIcmOnumcnIsays, i! iI is nOI!OrIIc!acIIIaIIIcpOIiIi
ca subccIrcmains, !Or vIOsc IOrIuOuspaII IIcyIcncc!OrIIOccupy IIc
pOsiIiOn O!pOIarsIar.
As !Or knOving vIcIIcr iI is nOI raIIcr IIc sIar IIaI is IIus puI in
IIc mausOcum sO IIaI hnaIIy 'IIc Iimc IO sIOv iIs dc!caI may cOmc
!Or IIc subccI, IIaI is an a!!air !Or IIc SIaIc, vIicI, a!Icr a, is ncvcr a
subccI.
J
WIy dOcs IIc pOcm cOmc IO a cOsc? TIis is a qucsIiOn O! purc !acI and
O! purc Ogic. !I is a !acI IIaI iI cOmcs IO a cIOsc. A pOcm by MaIIarmc
cvcn givcsa spcciaI imprcssiOn O!cOsurc, O!aninIcgraI cn!raming. And
ycI, iI vOud bc Ogica !Or iI IOrcmain Opcn-cndcd, sincc IIc cOmbincd
bV
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
OpcraIiOns O IIc vanisIing and IIc annumcnI, by vIicI IIc causc
prOduccs iIscccIand IIcn dcivcrs iIscOnccpI, byIIcmscvcs impy nO
IaIingpOinIvIaIsOcvcr.
TIc sIip . . . OrcscIIc sircn. . . inOINcpIunc . . . uncss a cOncI . . .
AndvIy nOIIIc circcOa rccOnvOcaIiOn OIIcsIip?NOvIIaIvOud
bcprcIIy
V
SIicdbcncaIIIIcOpprcssivc cOud
IIaIbasaIandavabasc
usIviIIIIcccIOcsIIaIIavcbOvcd
bcOrca IrumpcIackinggracc
vIaIscpucIravrcck (IIc spray
knOvs, buIiIsimpy drivcsIIcrc)
uIimaIccIsamcasIavay
abOisIcs IIcmasIsIrippcdbarc
Orcsc cOnccacdIIaI, uriOus
aiingsOmcgrcaI caIasIrOpIc
aIIcvaincIasmgapingvidc
in IIc sOvIiIc andIraiingIrcss
vOudIavcdrOvncd avariciOusy
a sircnscIidikcsidc
cI dcadbyIIcsOngscccss
cccpIIIaIIaIrcdIIc masIannus
rOmOam IIcpungingridc
AIIIc cOsI Oa sccOndsubccIivcOrcing ( ' cccpI IIaI ) , vc ObIain IIc
pcrccI cOsurc, rOm vIicI scI IIcOry Iad IO guard iIsc by Orbidding
IIaIOncacccpIdcsccndingcIainsin IIcOrm Oa OOp OIIcIypc.
a . . . . . . . . . . d c b a
TIc simpcsI O IIcsc OOps is a a, vIicI pOsiIs IIaI IIc scI is an
ccmcnI OiIsc, vIicI is sOmcIIing nO inIuiIivcy graspabc scIcan IO
craIc. AccOrdingy, sucI OrmacnIiIicsvcrccacd 'cIraOrdinary scIs,
sOcIraOrdinary inacIIIaIIO simpiy, OrcvcnsimpyIOmakcpOssibc
IIcirmcIaIIcOry, OncOrgcdIIcirinIcrdicIiOnpurcandsimpc, prOvidcd
Orby IIcspcciaaiOmcacdIIcaiOm OOundaIiOn ( Or OrcguariIy) .
Ands OIOO IIc aiOmO OundaIiOn Orbids IIaI Onc dcsccndI OinhniIy,
in IIcOOvingvay.
JHL bUbdLLJ UNL JHL bl Nll Lb
. . . . . . . . . a

. . . . . . . . . . a

a
cimiIingIIc impOssibc, IIc aiOm OOundaIiOn isprOpcry namcd,
i IIaIiIIOucIcs upOnIIcrca. IIcrcaOsc-incusiOnbyvay Obcing
an ccmcnIOiIsc.
SO iI is, in sOmc rcgard, viII IIc cass parIy, aI casI in IIc vay SIain
ccsiI 'dcIacImcnIOIIcvOrkingcass, parIOIIisclass-ccmcnIOiIs
Oc-iI is asO cquivacnI, idcnIica IOiI.rOmIIc pOinIOpOiIics, IIc
parIyis IIccass
TIusIIc SIainisIcasscOnIainsiIscasccmcnI.
TIisamOunIsIOsayingIIaIiIis unOundcd-viII rcgardIOIIc aiOm
OOundaIiOn.
Maarmc, Or Iis parI, is vc-Oundcd. TIc pOcm, vIicI is suppOscd
IObchniIc, dOcsnOI cndina OOp, nOrdOcsiIsuggcsIIIcprincipcOan
IcraIivc dcsccndinginhniIy.
! cavc iI up IO yOu IO udgc vIcIIcr my OOping-dcOunding
addiIiOn vIicI annus IIc sircn and rc-csIabisIcs IIc sIip prOduccs a
paradO Or IIc OpcraIiOns acccpIcd by IIc Maarmcan IIcOry OpOcIic
cIs. mcIapIOr, mcIOnymy, vanisIing, annumcnI. TIc aIIcr, ! rcpcaI,
arIicuaIcaIIccOnccpIsOIIcsIrucIuradiaccIic:cIaincccI,vanisIing
Icrm, causaiIyOack.
MaarmcsIOps.
MaO dOcs nOI sIOp. TO SIains OOps Icprccrs IIc OIIcr sOpc O IIc
unOundcd, OIIcrcaasimpOssibc. IIcinhniIc dcsccnI. rOmIIcparIy
IO IIc masscs, invIicIiIinsIasandunimiIsiIsc, IIcIraccIOryncvcr
crOsscs a sIabc rOnIicr. WiIIOuI IIc mass inc, IIc parIy is nu and
Oid. NOIIOincudcIIcparIydisarmsIIcmasscsin qucsIiOns OpOiIics.
Icncc IIc OOving IvO aiOms. IIc parIy is 'lcading nuccus O IIc
pcOpc as a vIOc, raIIcr IIan 'cass dcIacImcnI. !I buids iIsc, and
ccIihcsiIscl, 'OpcnvidcOn asidcs, raIIcrIIanpuriyingiIscaccOrd-
ingIOiIs av OOrganiaIiOn.
SIainspOiIics is cOscd, dcIacIcd, rOnIicr-ikc agcbraic; IIaI O MaO
is Opcn, impicaIcd, IcndcnIia:IOpOOgica.
TOpOOgica,IOO,isIIcMaOisIcOnccpIOpOiIicaIisIOry.!criOdicand
passbcyOnd. NOIaIingpOinI. ' Succcss, aiurc,ncvsucccss, ncvaiurc,
and IIus aIIcvayIOIIchnavicIOry. BuIIIc'hnainqucsIiOnisOny
lhc Oncprcscribcd by IIc pcriOdizaIiOn. TIcrc is nO hna vicIOry IIaI is
OIrcaIivc.EvcryvicIOryisIIcbcginningOaaiurcOancvIypc. 'TIis

IIc hna sIruggc,

IIc Ohcia sOng O IIc vOrkcrs Or a vIOc cra,

V1
VZ
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
dcsignaIcsIIcmOdc OIisIOriciaIiOnprcscribcdby IIccurrcnIhgurc O
cOnIicI (OcasscOnIIicI, asaras vc arc cOnccrncd) . AIcr vIicI, ncv
cOnIradicIiOns, ncvsIruggcs, ncvaiurcs, ncv hnaI' vicIOry.
And cOmmunism? COmmunism is IIc namc Or IIc OIIcr cra O cOn
IicI. '! dOn'I bcIicvcIIaIcOmmunism viInOIbc dividcdinIO sIagcs, and
IIaIIIcrcvibcnOquaiIaIivc cIangcs. LcninsaidIIaIaIIIings can bc
dividcd' (MaO, 1alkon ucslionso]Philosojhy, I 64) .
TIis Iypc O sIaIcmcnI amOunIs IO IIc OOving, vIicI is crucia Or
Marxism. IisIOry dOcs nOI cxisI (iI vOudbc a hgurc OIIc vIOc) . Ony
IisIOricapcriOdsOrIisIOriciaIiOns (hgurcs OIIc Onc-O-IIc-IvO) cxisI.
TIis is vIy vc cOmmunisIs pOsIuaIc nO IaIingpOinI. WIcn vc dcIcr-
minc IIc currcnI sIagc, iI is viII rcgard IO IIc prcccding Onc and IIc
cOming Onc. Wc dO nOI cOunI urIIcr IIan IIrcc !Our aI IIc mOsI an
unccrIainOurisnccdcdinOrdcrIOObIainIIrccccrIainIics.
Maarmc's pOcm, vIicI is cssIIc currcnI sIagc OIIcBOOkIIanIIc
vasIcOiIsimpOssibiiIy, pOsiIsanimpacabchniIudc.!ImayimiIaIIc
gum IigIIs ObIaspIcmyIurcdIO IIc uIurc' ( 1hc1ombo]EdarAllan
Poc, Irans.mOdihcd):iIisIIaI 'rOck. . vIicI impOscdaimiIOninhniIy'
(ADicc1hrow) .
TIcrc is a Iimc IO cOncudc. !s iI IIc gOOd Od ncgaIiOn O ncgaIiOn?
Many bcicvc sO. CIancc Iaving bccn dcnicd a hrsI Iimc, IIc sccOnd
ncgaIiOn prOduccs IIc idca O cIancc iIsc. TIc sircn is IIc absOuIc O
vIicI IIcsIipisOnIyIIcmcdiaIiOn. WccanhndsOmcIIingOIIiskind
in Iilur.
AI asIIcIimsc, vIcnIIc nOiscsarcsicnccd, viIOrccasIsOmcIIing
grcaI ( nO sIars? cIancc annucd?) rOm IIis simpIc acI IIaI Ic can
bring abOuI sIadOvbybOving On IIc IigII-TIcn, sincc Ic vi Iavc
spOkcnaccOrdingIOIIcabsOIuIc-vIicI dcnicsimmOrIaIiIy, IIc absO-
uIcvicxisIOuIsidc-mOOn, abOvc Iimc. . . .
!aIcnIHcgcianism, cOnsOidaIcdby vIaIOOvs.TIcinhniIccmcrgcs
rOm cIancc, vIicI yOuIavc dcnicd' ( ibid. ) .
4
TIcrc is ccrIainy nOIIing vrOng viII IIis inIcrprcIaIiOn, vIicI givcs in
IO IIcOpcnIyidcaisIaspccIOIIcslrucIuraIdiacclic. BuI!vOuIdikc IO
raiscIvOObccIiOns.
JHL bUbdLLJ UNUL JHL bl Nl llLb
!I is givcn IIc ic in Iilur iIsc by IIc OOving IIcOrcm, vIicI
aIarmc caIs a scIcma'.
BricIy, in an acIvIcrccIanccis in pay,cIanccaIvaysaccOmpisIcs
iIs Ovn !dca in ahrming Or ncgaIing iIsc. COnrOnIing iIs cxisIcncc,
ncgaIiOnandahrmaIiOn ai. !IcOnIains IIcAbsurdimpIicsiI, buIin
IIcaIcnIsIaIcandprcvcnIsiIrOmcxisIing:vIicIpcrmiIsIIc!nhniIc
IObc.
Maarmc'sIOgicdOcsnOIscIIcOrncgaIiOnanymOrcIIanOrahrma-
IOn. TIc causaiIyOackIasnOIIingIO dOviIIIIcabOurOIIc ncga-
tivc. TIccOnccpIuaiaIiOn (IIc inhniIc) OIIc rcaI (cIancc) OpcraIcsby
vayOIIcrcciprOca ncuIraiaIiOnObOIIahrmaIiOnandncgaIiOn.
TIc diaccIica prOccdurcs ( vanisIing, annumcnI, an

, vc viI scc,
OrccOsurc), vIicI mOrcOvcr arc irrcducibIc IO Onc anOIIcr, Iavc nO
OIIcraim IIanIIcprOducIiOnOIIc cOnccpI. !IOOvs IIaIIIcycxpOsc
IIcmscIvcs IO cIancc Ony in Ordcr IO inscribc iIs ncccssiIy TIcrcin ics
IIc spcciainIcrcsIOLacan's paradOx, OrvIOm (OrmaI and dcducIivc)
Ogic is IIc scicncc O IIc rca (purc IappcnsIancc, cIancc cncOunIcr).
TIis paradOx cxpains IIc ncgaIivc scmbancc O IIc OpcraIiOns. IIcy
dcimiIviIIinanguagc (viIIinlalanuc, LacanvOud say), mOrcspccih-
cayviIIinpOcIicIanguagc, IIcOrbiddingdicIaIOrsIipundcrIIc cccIs
OvIicI IIc rcacanbc said iniIsncccssiIy.
ADicc1hrowiIusIraIcsIIrOugIOuIIIcahrmaIivcpOvcrOIIcdiaIccIi-
caI scqucnccs, viIIOuIining up IIcparapIcrnaia OncgaIiviIy (buI IIc
lack, IIc vOid, IIcdisappcaring.ycs. AsubIracIiOnisnOIa ncgaIiOn. )
TIc IOarymaniac'vIOcOmcsIOpay. . . IIcgamcinIIcnamcOIIc
vavcs'disappcarssOasIOburyIimscinIIc'OriginaIspray'vIicnObOdy
nOvsvIcIIcrIIcdiccIavcbccnauncIcd OrnOI.ApparcnIy. NOIIing
O IIc unOrgcIIabc crisis Or cIsc IIc cvcnI migII Iavc bccn acIicvcd
n vicv O a rcsuIs nuII Iuman viI Iavc Iakcn pacc a cOmmOnpIacc
psurgc is sIcdding abscncc OIIcr IIan IIc pIacc a Ovy spasIing O
sOmc kind as iIO scaIIcr IIc cmpIy acI abrupIIyvIicIOIIcrvisc by iIs
ascIOOd vOud Iavc Oundcd IIc Oss in IIcsc indcIniIc rcgiOns OIIc
vcIvIcrcaIrcaIiIyis dissOIvcd' ( C! ! 8-, Irans. mOdihcd) .
ExccpI IIaI IIcrccmcrgcsacOnsIcaIiOn, cOdviIIncgccIanddisusc',
vIicI idcaIics IIc vagcr On IIc rcaI OvIicIcOuragc Ias IIc Iask O
IrucIuringIIc suspcnsc !nIIis scnsc Ony. EvcryTIOugII cmiIsa icc
TIrOv'
TIc iniIia OpcraIiOns vIicI ccar IIc grOund Or IIc sIcIar
V
V9
JHLY 1HL bUbdLLJ
cxccpIiOn-IIc invcnIivc prOducIiOn viII vIicI IIc mcnIa bravura is
rcvardcd-prcscnIa Ormidabc cOmpcxiIy.
TIcsccnc-adcscrIcdOccan-bringsOuIOiIsOvnvOidavrcckcdbOaI,
OvIicIIIcOamisIIcsai,IIcmarncabyssIIccOncI.AsIIchnapiccc
O vrcckagc O IIis pIanIOm sIip in IIc prOccss O abOiIiOn, IIcrc riscs
tIc capIains cOscd hsI, cOnIaining IIc dicc. TIc IcsiIaIiOn bcOrc IIcir
auncIing (IIaI is, IIc cquivacncc OncgaIiOn andahrmaIiOn) cIangcs
IIcacaIOrygcsIurcinIOa vciOcngagcmcnI-bcIvccn IIcOdmanand
prObabiiIy, avciOiusiOnvIicI 'viaIcrandaunIiiIisnOOngcr
cOmparabc ( 'as, hrsIsubccIcccI)cxccpIIOaIOvcringqui.TIcqui
mcIamOrpIOscs IIc Occan inIO a vcvcI cap, sucI IIaI undcrncaII IIis
caIIcrcd Icadgcar Onc gucsscs IIcprcscnccO HamcI, biIIcrprincc O
IIcrccbuIabOvca,inIIcpay, IIcmasIcrOIIc undccidabcacI.TIc
ancs rOckisbarcycvcncvOkcdvIcniIisIOiIsbcingsappcdbyIIcIai
OasircnIIaIIIcquisannumcnIisassigncd, OgicaycquivacnIIOIIc
crasurc OIIcdicc IIrOv.
Appcaring suddcny OuI O IIc mariIimc vOid, aI casI six vanisIing
Icrms OOvOnc aIcr IIc OIIcr. IIc (vrcckcd) , IIcOIIc dicc
IIOvcr (IcsiIanI), IIc O cngagcmcnI (vIicI as), IIc /q
( IOvcring On IIc brink O IIc abyss), HamcI (IIc undccidabc ,. IIc
n (Icrminascacs) .
TIcsysIcmO mcIapIOrscOnIinucsunIincIingy,rOmIIcpaircIancc
ncccssiIy IIaI scrvcs as a dirccIivc Or IIc pOcIic Ogic-scicncc O IIc
rca-aIIcvayIO iIsidcaizaIiOnas IaIingpOinI. sky/cOnsIcaIiOn ( 'aI
sOmc asIpOinIIIaI sancIihcs iI ), IIrOugIIIc inIcrmcdiaIc rungs, cacI
OIIcmcarrying OuIIIcsc-caccmcnIOiIsprcdcccssOr.vingOOam/
gapingdcpII: sai/sIc, Iand cOnIainingIIc dicc/IIc masIcrs cOrpsc ( ' a
cOrpsccuIObyiIsarmscparaIcdrOmIIcsccrcIi IviIIIOds ) , prObabi-
iIy/Odman, qui/abyss qui/vcvcI cap, HamcI/rcc: sircn/rOck.
Add IO IIis a IIcOrcIica cOmmcnIary, vIicI is mixcd in viII IIc
prOccss and vIicI undcrscOrcs iIs cquaIiOns. !I inOrms us IIaI in IIis
IIcaIrc vIcrc IIcrc is nO backsIagc, IIc paybcing pcrOrmcdis IIc Onc
rOmvIicIany diaccIicaadvcnIurcdravs iIsOrmacgiIimacy.
WIic IIc IcrO IIOugIOuI Ias Iad IIc cOuragc O disappcaring inIO
IIc OpcraIiOns aimcd aI IIc Ogica capIurc O IIc rca, IIc hna subccI
cccI, markcd bya magnihccnI 'cxccpIpcrIaps, OccursaIIIccndOIIc
Ourncy, vIcn an incrcdibc ncIvOrk O mcIapIOrs, mcIOnymic cOrrO-
siOns, and succcssivc disappcaranccs, Ias scrapcd IO IIc bOnc IIc 'gIOsI
Oa gcsIurc'vIcrc'anidccIanccvas aIIcmpIcd.
JHL bUbdLLJ UNL 1HL bl Nl llLb
5
vOud cOmparc IIis Iard abOurOOgicIOparIisan vOrk, vIcnpOiIics
racks dOvn IIcIinicsIOanIagOnismsin IIc midsIOa IIick cOnscnsus,
rcduccsIIcpcniIudcOIIcsOcia IOiIscOncIivcbOnc,and, usIvIcniI
isOnIIcvcrgcOIavingcxIausIcdiIsrcsOurccs,rcccivcs,iaisprOpcry
carricd OuI, IIcsubccIivizingcxccpIiOnOanabrupIcOapscOIIciniIia
cOndiIiOns undcr IIc impcriOus prcssurc OIIc rcvOIs.
OurminuscucacIiOnmaysccmcquivacnIIOinacIiOn.BuIIIccOuragc
IO IOd sIcadyin IIis cquivacncc cnabcs usIObc IIc pOiIica subccI O
Iisncvcra.
!s OurcIancc asMarxisIs'idc? CcrIainy WIO vOudbcIa pcnnyOn
tIc rcvOuIiOn in !rancc IOday? Our IIOugII, IIOugI, cmiIs IIis IIrOv
O dicc. TIisisbccausc iIIas IIc rcquircdpaIicncc Or iIand, OniIs Ovn
scac, knOvsIOvIO prOducc IIc radica Ogic OvIicIIIc vugar OrIunc
O cvcnIs is Ony IIc hrsI cIancc.
NOvvccOmcIOmysccOndObccIiOnIOIIcpOcIsacgcdHcgcianism.
His IaIing pOinIs arc nOI usI abOuI anyIIing TIc cading rOc is
cscrvcd Or IIc sIars. cOnsIcaIiOn O IIc dicc IIrOv, ' ScpIcnIriOn O
scinIiaIiOns; csIivcsIarcscvIcrc ( WIcn IIc sIadc IIrcaIcncd . . . ) :
'O a sIar IIaInOOngcr sIincs, buI dics ( HcrOdias. OvcrIurc ) . TIisi sa
vc-csIabisIcd IradiIiOn. HugO arcady cnds pcnIy O pOcms viII IIc
sigIIOIIis sIarry sky, cOnccrningvIicI anI said IIaI, IOgcIIcrviIIIIc
mOra avinIisIcarI, iI cOmpcIcd IIcvIOcORcasOns.
TIc OIIcr cndings? TIc svan, IIc rOsc and IIc gadiOus, IIc cvcs
( 'IIc hrc O a bracccI cOd prcciOus sIOncs

) , a vOmans Ircsscs, IIc

musicinsIrumcnI,IIcsircnandIIcAmazOn. TIc IOmb.
!Iis nOI vcry ccvcrIOsccIOv, bcyOndIIcircuIuracvidcncc (a IIis
is pOcIic, isnI iI?), IIc signihcrs in qucsIiOn arc in sOmc vay scparabc.
NOmaIIcrIOvvOrn-OuIIIcymayvcbc, IIcirquaiIaIivcinIcnsiIydis-
IinguisIcsIIcmIOIIcpOinIvIcrc,bymcrcysayingrOsc ( ccrIainynOI
pcIunia) , Or'svan (duck, bycOnIrasI . . . ), Or'mandOin (avOid cOrncI),
Or'Ircsscs (mOpOIairvOn IdO), ! puImyscaI a prcciOus disIancc in
sIarp cOnIrasIIO Iabc, 'rOOm, passagcvay Or'ccnIraIcaIingsysIcm .
WIcncc, dcspiIc IIc arcIaic hir (Icir), IIc uniqucy prciminary
naIurcOIIcOOvingincs.
TIcIcirapparcnIsancicnIrOOm,
RicI IIOugI acn IrOpIics bcaring,
Vb

JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ

WOudsIibccOdiIc camcaring
TIrOugI passagcvays backIIrOugI IIcgm.
WiIIIIcscincsMaarmcprcparcsrOma disIanccIIc !OOvinggrad-
uaIcdIaIingpOinIs(IIchrsIIvObcingIIcundcrpinningOrarcIrOacIivc
annumcnI by IIc IIird) . 'IIc cOnsOcsigIIning gOv, 'sOmc rOscinIIc
dark, 'IIcrc sccps a mandOin OrOrn .
TIc Iimc IO cOncudc OvcrdcIcrmincs IIc diaccIica avs in a payO!
prccsIabisIcdinIcnsiIicsIIaIIIcIcmpOradcpII O!anguagcdravsback
inIOiIsc.
BOOIcggcrOcuIurc, Maarmc, vIOprcIcnds IO gcncraIc IIcpOcms
cnding rOm IIc sIricI rcsOurccs inIcrna IO IIc diaccIica prOccdurc,
inccIs sOmc amiiar cOnnOIaIiOns IIcrcin in Ordcr IO acIicvc Iis gOa.
BccauscIIcIOaIinganguagcvcinIcriIauIIOrizcsusIOdOsO, vcIOcr-
aIc IIaI a pOcmpauscs aI IIc rOsc O darknigIIOrIIc svans cxic. Wc
IavcamOsIarrivcdsacandsOund, IavingbccnguidcdbyIIc sIar.
TIaI isvIcrc, aIcr IIc 'and ycI O IIc cxccpIiOn, IIc sccOndcoujdc
]orcc sncaksin, IIcbu O inIcnsiIyvIcrc vc succumbIO IIcsubccI.
TIc OgicOpaccs, cvcnvIcn IandcdbyanabsOuIcvirIuOsO, vOud
bc IardpuIIO dcivcranyIIingOIIcrIIan IIc rcguarandvirIuay inh-
niIc iIcraIiOn O IIaI vIicI vanisIcs and IIaI vIicI is annucd. TIis
rcquircs IIc IisIOrica miraccs O! arI, a O IIcm by IIc vay viII IIcir
spccia daIc aIIacIcd, sincc IIis dying nincIccnII ccnIurysIands OuIikc
nOOIIcr,Maarmcincudcd,OriIsviIcdrOscs,iIsgiding,iIsgadiOuscs,
iIs cOnsOcs, andiIs!ans.
NO avcrsiOn Icrc, as ar as ! am cOnccrncd. Markcd viII IIc sca O
inIcriIcdinIcnsiIics, IIcpOcmaIIcsIsIIaIvc musIdiaccIicizcIIcsIruc-
IuradiaccIicbcyOndiIsc!.TIisvOudbca kindO!Orcc,i!aIIIccndvc
vcrc IO pay viII IIc ascinaIing and impcrsOna scducIiOn O scparabc
signihcrs.
TIis isasOprOOIIaI IIc 'ncgaIiOn O!ncgaIiOn inaIIis isnOIvIaI
aOvsusIOcOncudc.
TIcbcauIiuvOrdO'cOmmunismIasbccncnIrusIcdIOus, MarxisIs,
asIIcmiscadingnamcOrIIcIaIingpOinIOOurprcIisIOry.EvcnIIaIO!
'rcvOuIiOn, IIOugIcssOpcnymcOdiOus, OIcn !uncIiOnsasIIcIimcIO
cOncudc,IIOugIiIisccarIIaIiIcOncudcsnOIIing, IavingnOmcaning
vIaIsOcvcrasidc rOm IIcOnccOncrrcdupOniIby IIcolhcrrcvOuIiOn,
IIc sccOnd Onc, rOmvIcnccIIc imiIOIIc hrsIbccOmcsccar.
TIc vOrd 'cOmmunism Ias cOnIracIcd sOmc mOud, IIaIs Or surc.
JHL bUbdLLJ UNL JHL bl Nl llLb
BuIIIcrOscsandIIcgadiOuscs,IIcIrcsscs,IIcsircns,andIIccOnsOcs,
vcrcasOcaIcnbymOIIsinIIaIhn-dcsiccpOcIryvIicIvasgivcnIIc
amc 'symbOism and vIicI ain avas a caIasIrOpIc.
!cI us Iry IO bc nO mOrc cOmmunisI in IIc scnsc O! BrczIncv Or
MarcIaisIIanMaarmcvas a symbOisIin IIcmanncrOVicc-Grihn.
!!symbOismIasIcdupsOgOriOusyvcviIIIIcsvansandIIcsIars,
ct usscci!vc candOas mucI viII IIc rcvOuIiOn andcOmmunism.
!I is bccausc Onc Iakcs IIc cxacI mcasurc OIIcirpOvcr, and IIus O
IIcirdividcdsIaring, IIaIvOrds maybcinnOccnI.

98
J6W6| | 6|y 0| IM6 SdC|60 0 d0y Su0I|dCI| 00 0
6X| SI60C6
0DIU3I , V0
MaIarmc and IIc cass sIruggc-SonncI in ix and-!orccIosurc-TIc
subccI as dcay-LogicoIIc IraccIory-EvcryIIingis Iruc, buI vc
musI movc on andgobyond
TIc IcIcrogcncous cxisIs as subccI. TIis is vIaI Maarmc supporIsby
vay o IIc !orccd cxccpIion. TIcrc is aIso IIc !acI IIaI IIc rarihca,ion
oIIc dccor, drivcnby IIc insisIcncc oIIc vanisIingIcrms, cnIcrs Io
conIicIviIIIIcpocmsbruIa concuding inIcnsiIy.
ConcI is IIc diaIccIica IiIc oa rarcIy quoIcd prosc IcxI, originay
pubIisIcdviII anoIIcrIiIc ACasc oConscicncc .

AcascoIac inIc
ccIuas conscicncc in IIc cass sIruggc. Ycs indccd TIc aIIcr s mcn-
IioncdbyiIsvcrynamcinIIcIcxI.
Maarmc is in IIc counIrysidc. !n ronI o! Iis rcIrcaI, as an anncx o
indusIriaizaIion, a 'mcss Ia or raiIroad vorkcrs is bcing consIrucIcd.
!our incs givc us IIc cquivacnI o Gcrmina in ordcr Io prcscnI IIc
vorking cass o!IIisbuiIding, IIaI viocnI, IradcunionisI 'abour squad,
u o aIcoIo and ragc. TransaIion o IIc insuIIs againsI propcrIy and
cxpIoiIaIion. TIcIosIiiIy IurnsagainsIIIc viaoccupicdbyourviIncss.
!iccco crap Accompanicdby IIcsoundoccIkickingIIcgraIc, sud-
dcnIy bursIs ouI. Hc is IurI, irriIaIcd. His rcsIricIivc soioquy, vIicI aI
irsIaIIcmpIcdIocxcmpIiIsc!romIIcvorkcrsIaIrcd, isinIcrrupIcdby
a vIim. IIc oIIcr cass, unorgcIIabyquarrcsomc.
JHL bUbdLLJ UNUL JHL bl Nll Lb
!uing IimsccrccI, Ic cxamincs mcviII animosiIy. !I is impossibc
Io vipc Iim ouI mcnIay. ! vanI Io compcIc IIc vork oaIcoIoand
ayIiminadvanccinIIcdusIsoIIaIIcviIccascIobcIIisvugarand
mcan coossusviIIouImyIavingIooscIoIimhrsIin a hsI igIIIIaI
vouId iIusIraIc, on IIc avn, IIc cass sIruggc. !n IIc mcanIimc, Ic
ovcrovsviIIncvinsuIs. ( 44)
MaarmchndsnoIcpinIisopponcnIsobviousdrunkcnncss.RaIIcr,
Ic sccs in IIc aIIcrs muIcncss a dubious dcsIrucIivc compiciIy. AI IIis
poinI Ic is rackcd viII conIradicIory sIaIcs, poinIcss, isIorlcd, and
a!ccIcdby IIc conIagion, IIc sIivcr, osomcimbcciiccbricIy (ibid. ) .
WIaIcoudbc IIc sIrucIuraarIiccIo vIicI IIcsIadyinIoxicaIiono!
IIc cIasssIruggcpcrIains?
OnySundayo!crsaconIrovcrsiacscapc.A!IcrIIcpoIiIicaIdiscussions
' Sadncss, says Maarmc 'IIaI vIaI ! producc rcmains, Io pcopc ikc
IIis, csscnIiay, ikc IIc cIouds aI dusk orIIc sIars inIIc sky, vain, IIis
Iimc iI is IIc sIar vIicI, Iricd by anIagonism, comcs up againsI iIs imiI
andisunabcIo concudccxccpIviIIvaniIy) , oorcdbyIIc acoIo IIc
vorkcrsaI asccp.
TcmpIcdIorcIurnIo Iis daydrcamingbcyondIIc conusion obodics,
Maarmc cannoI makc up Iis mind Io do so. A povcrurcspccI, vIicI
iIcray Ias comc rom cscvIcrc, rcndcrs Iimimmobic.
!n IIc acoIoI-sIccpincss, IIis momcnIary suicidc ( 45) , Ic dccipIcrs
hrsI IIc dimcnsion o! IIc sacrcd in IIcir cxisIcncc (4) , IIc provisory
subsIiIuIc o! an inIcrrupIion !or IIc vorkcrs in vIicI vc sIoud rccog-
nizc, or Iack o! iIs IigIcr orm vIicI voud bc IIc rcvoI, a dcrivaIivc
orm o!IIisacccssIo IIcconccpIIIaIisIIcannumcnI.
TIcn, 'consIcIIaIionsbcginIosIinc.ArcvconccmorcgoingIocnd on
IIcnoIcoIIcircoId disusc? No.TIc cxpcricnccoanIagonismorccsIIc
inIcccIuaI Io ink Iis cndcavour lo IIc conccpI oIIis cxpcricncc. You
vi sayIIaI IIcyarcirrcducibyrca, IIcsc vorkcrs vIosc mysIcry and
duIy, as Maarmc dccIarcs, Ic inIiscapaciIy 'sIoud undcrsIand ( 45 ) .
TIcbodyo vorkcrs, IIaIis, cIassi niIsnocIurnadcIacImcnI,prcscnIs
anopaciIyarsIrongcrIIanIIcsIars.RaIIcrIIanrcprcscnIinganobsIacIc
orIIcpocIiccndgamc, iIbccomcsIIcaIIcrssubsIancc,rcoiningccnIu-
rics o!crcaIiviIyoIIc pcopIc aIIcvay Io IIcininiIy oa socia idca.
ccping vaIcI ovcr IIcsc arIisans o cIcmcnIary Iasks, ! Iavc occa
sion, bcsidc a Iimpid, conIinuous rivcr, Io mcdiIaIc on IIcsc symbos
o IIc !copc-somc robusI inIcigcncc bcnds IIcir spincs cvcry day

99
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
n ordcr Io cxIracI, viIIouI IIc nIcrmcdiary o vIcaI, IIc miracIc o!
IcvIicIgroundsprcscncc oIIcrs nIIc pasIIavcbuIIaqucducIsor
cIcarcd hcIds or somc impIcmcnI, vcIdcd by IIc samc !ouis!crrc,
MarIn, !oiIou or IIc Norman. WIcn IIcy arc noI asIccp, IIcy IIus
invokc onc anoIIcr according Io IIcir moIIcrs orIIcir provinccs. BuI
n!acIIIcrbirIIsaIIinIoanonymIy, andIIcrmoIIcrsnIoIIcdccp
sIccp IIaIprosIraIcs IIcm, vIiIc IIcvcigII o ccnIuricsprcsscs dovn
onIIcm, cIcrniIy rcduccdIo socaI proporIions. (4)
Givcn IIcIimiIs oiIsImc, vIaI nIcgriIy is IIcrc, in addIon IoIIc
bcauIy o! IIc IribuIc, n submiIIng Is nIcIIccIuaI Iask Io IIc Icnuous
cIancc cncounIcr o IIc rcaI o cIasscs, vIIouI conccding anyIIing
Io popuIsm, IIrougI IIc inncr conscnI gvcn Io IIc dca IIaI Icrc IIc
vioIcnI sourcco!a di!!crcnIkndoconccpImusIbcgraspcd
2
A sccond IaIIcning o vIicI IIc synIacIicaI guaranIcc is IIc Iav o IIc
spIacc.
I
Hcrpurc naiIs onIigIdspIayingIIcronyx,
TIc Iampbcarcr, AnxicIy, aImidngII susIans
TIosc vcspcraIdrcamsIIaIarcburnIbyIIc!Inix
AndvIicIno!uncraIampIoraconIains
On IIc crcdcnzasnIIccmpIyroom. nopIyx,
AboIisIcdsIcIIvIoscrcsonanccrcmans
(!or IIc MasIcrIasgoncIo dravIcars!romIIc SIyx
WiIIIIissoIcobccIIIaINoIIngncssaIIains) .
BuI nIIcvacanInorII, adaccnIIoIIcvindovpancs,
A dyingsIaIogoIdIIumincsasiIvancs
AnixsIcaIIcdinsparksIIaIa unicornkicks.
TIougIsIcinIIcobIvionIIaIIIc mirror!ramcs
!cs nudc and dc!uncI, IIcrc rans
TIcscinIIIaIions oIIc onc-and-six.
In any cmjq room, almidnihl, on/yAnxicq rcins, sujjorlcd by lhc disaj-
jcarancco]lhc /ihl.Likcalorchin lhc]ormo]raiscdhandswhichwou/dho/d
on/yan cxlinuishcd]amc, lhisanxic o]lhc voidcannolbc curcdwilh any
JHL bUbdLLJ UNUL JHL bl Nl l Lb
lracco]lhcscllinsun, nolcvcn wilhlhcashcslhalonccou/dhavcco//cclcdin
ancratyum.
1hcjocl, maslcro]lhcj/accs,hasonclolhcrivcro]dcalh, lakinwilhhim
asincr(lhcjqx) whichrc]crslonocxislinobccl.
Howcvcr,ncarlhcojcnwindowonlhcnorlhsidc, lhcrc]ainl/ysjark/cslhci/l
amco] amirroronwhicharcscu/jlcdsomcunicomschasina]lcranymjh
A//o]lhisisoinlodisajjcar, ilisasi]lhcnymjhdrowncdin lhcwalcro]
lhcmirror, whcrcncvcrlhc/cssriscs lhcrc]cclion o]lhcscvcnslarso]lhc6rcal
car.
MaIIarmc vas raIIcr proud o IIis pocm, vIicI Ic quaIhcd as 'nuII
sonncIrcIccIingiIscI!inaIImanncrs.HcconsdcrcdIIaInIIssonncI
Ic Iad pusIcd scI-suhcicncy Io IIc cxIrcmc n makng a vIoIc ouI
o noIIing. TInk o! IIc IIIc o IIc hrsI vcrson. SonncI aIIcgoricaI o!
iIscI!.
TIc IcxI appcarsIo cmpIyIscIouInonsIop.TIcburdcnoIack, so Io
spcak, saIa maximum:
a) TIc 'vcspcraI drcam, an aIIuson, cIassicaI !or MaIIarmc, Io IIc
scIIng sun, aIrcadyburnIbyIIccndingdayIIougIcaIIcduponIo
bc rcborn, vIcncc Is mcIapIorizaIion by IIc brd !Iocnix, vIcI
aIvaysriscs upagain!romiIsasIcs-IasnoIcvcnIc!IbcIind aIracc.
IIcrcsa IackoIraccoIIaIvIcIIasdisappcarcd.
b) TIcdccor (a saIon) sabsoIuIcIycmpIy.
- TIc masIcris aI IIc SIyx. TIc pocI, subccIo!IIc cIan, aIvays
occupicsIIcpIacco!IIcdcad Hcsacrhccs ImscI!soIIaIIIcIcxI
maycomc nIo bcingasa cIoscdIoIaIiIy, sIrcIIy govcrncd byIIc
Iav. TIcrigIIIo accompIsIanyIIingcxccpIionaI, orbcyondIIc
rcacI oIIc vuIgar, spaid !orbyIIc omisson o!IIcdocr, ando
Iis dcaII asso-and-so ( RcsIrcIcd AcIion, D 2 ) .
- H c Ias Iakcn viII Im IIc 'pIyx . So many gIosscs Iavc bccn
vriIIcn abouI IIis vord IIaI no dcIionary consgns MaIIarmc,
IIougI, IassadIviccIIaII isa maIIcro!a purc signihcr, unin-
scrbabIc oIIcrvsc IIan as IIc aIIrbuIc o! IIc dcad pocI. 'Abo/i
bibc/old'inanilsonorc, nuII-obccI rcducibIcIo IIc sonorous vod
o!IIc sgnihcr; soIc obccIIIaINoIIingncssaIIans, obccI viII-
dravn rombcing, subIracIivc obccI.
- !iI ssubIracIivc-minus onc-IIis isbccausc IIcpIyxsIandsin
cxccssvcrIIcIrcasurcoIIcsgnihcr. Guardiano!IIcpossbiIiIy
II
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
o!mcaning, iI docs noI!aIundcrIIispossibiiIy. TIcpIyxisIIc
pus-onc o! IIc signiicr, vIoscdcnoIaIion, no maIIcr Iov ong
IIccIainmayvcIIbc,ncvcrarrivcs.
TIc masIcris abscnI, undcrIIccmbIcm o!IIispcr!ccIsignihcro
ack, vIicIis aso, mucIIo IIcIormcnIocopyisIs, IIcIacko!a
signihcr, unaIIcsIcd !or ouIsidc IIis pocm, invIicI morcovcr iI
cnIcrs onIy in ordcr IodcsignaIciIscxiI.
c) TIc giI ramc o! IIc mirror agonizcs, iI can barcIy ( pcrIaps) bc
dccipIcrcd.
d) TIcnixisdc!uncI,buricdinIIc mirror.
Asidc rom IIcsc cccIso abscncc, vc coudrigIIysayIIaIIIisIimc
IIcspiIIing Iravcrscs-aIomismIaugIIusIorccognizcIIisncccssiIy-a
IIc ccmcnIs o!IIcpocm.
TIcvcspcradividcsday !romnigII. TIc !IocnixdividcsiIscIby hrc
inIo asIcs and rcbirII. MidnigII is IIc suprcmc MaIarmcan Iour. asI
IouroIIcdayIIaIcnds, orhrsIoncoIIcdayIo comc? ivisibc, spIiI.
AIcmpora Iour. !I isaImidnigIIIIaIIilurmusIrcaIizciIsacI (IoIIrov
IIcdicc) TIisrcIurncdMidnigIIcvokcsiIssIadov, hniIcandnuII,viII
IIcsc vords ! vas IIc Iour vIicI is Io makc mc purc ( Iilur, cIapIcr
'MidnigII ) . TIc uncraI ampIora, vIicI morcovcr is abscnI, ikc IIc
Iomb-anoIIcrcxcmpary MaIIarmcansignvouIdsignaIprcscncc, buI
oIIaI vIicI is no morc. TIc masIcr cxisIs, guaranIor o IIc pIacc, buI
Icisdcad.TIcpIyx, kcyIo amcaning, Iasnonc. TIcgodoIIcmirror
sIovsiIsc!, IikcIIcscIIingsun, onIyiniIs disappcaring. TIcacaIorynix
is pursucd, buI dcuncI. TIc mirror conIains boII IIc vaIcrs o obIivion
andIIchxaIionoIIcscvcnsIars.
NoIcasoIIaInoIIingcxisIscxccpIinIIcormo!a GrcckIac,nocIur-
namyIIoogy, abricaIion o!a drcam. TIc !Iocnix, cgcndarybird. TIc
pIyx,signiyingsIampIanIamounIIoIIc!IaIusor!acan.TIcSIyx, dcad
mcIapIorodcaII.TIcunicorns,mcdicvarcIaysoIIc!Iocnix.TIcnix,
cxcIusivc cmininiIyorIIc!aun.
Wc voud ncvcr bc donc sIaIing IIc annumcnI o incxisIcncc, IIc
noIIing o noIIing IIaI IIis incrcdibIc macIinc makcs inIo iIs subccI
maIIcr.
TIisincIudcscvcnIIcsonoriIics,IoIIcpoinIvIcrcvc cannoIbcicvc
ourcars. Hov can onc possiby consIrucIa sonncIviIIin IIc cIosurc o
rIymcs in yx and orc (quaIrains) and IIcn, by invcrsion o IIc musicaI
gcndcr, in ixc andor( IcrccIs) ?
1Z
JHL bUbdLLJ UNUL JHL bl Nl lLb
cvcIcryorIIcsacrcdo!anysubIracIionocxisIcncc.
AIIIIaIispasscddovnIousisasingccxccpIionoccrIainIy, IIcscvcn
sIars o! IIc consIcIIaIion vIicI aII o a suddcn comcs Io pu us ouI o!
anxicIy, brougII !orII in IIc mirror o our obIivion by IIc IIougI Io
vIicIisinkcd, saIvihc, animpcccabIydcIaycdsubjccI.
J
To IIosc o you vIo Iavc arcady bccn insIrucIcd by A a nuc
accabIanIc Iu, ! proposc IIaI you IunI dovn IIc vanisIing Icrms IIaI
susIain IIc !uncIion o causaIiIy. Wc obIaincd a good rcIurn vIcn vc
oundIvo,IIc sIip andIIc sircn.
NovIcrcvcgcIinIoa snag.
TIc nix is a good candidaIc. Hcr drovning rcsIorcs IcrIo IIc mirror.
SIc is a AndIIisjudiciousvanisIingIcrm issubscqucnIIyannuIcd
( IIougI) soIIaI IIc consIcaIion may bc puI in pacc, as aIvays, viII
IIc vaIuc oa IaIIing poinI.
!!vc sIickIoIIcIcrccIs, IIca!airiscasycnougI.
TIcprcsupposiIiono!IIcscIIingsun (IIcvcspcraIdrcam) , IIcnaIuraI
vanisIingIcrm orIIc pair day/nigII (vriIing/pagc) , is mcIapIorizcdin
lIc cmpIy room by IIc division o IIc mirror: giI !ramc viII unicorns,
on onc Iand, dark gIass, on IIc oIIcr TIc vaning o IIc ramcs goId,
Iorizonora saons scIIingsun, induccsIIc nixasvanisIingdivisibiiIy.
pursucd byIIchrcoIIcramcsunicorns, sIcpIungcsinIoIIc mirrors
nigII. Hcr rcvocaIion ( dcuncI ) vouId noI Icavc any Iracc-iI vouId
gcncraIc onIy IIc obIivion IIaI IIc mirror ramcsi! IIc consIcIIaIion
didnoIcomc IorcIay IcrinIcrms o!annuImcnI ( IIougI ) .
TIc annuing connccIion isaI IIc morc hrmanda!hrmaIivc i nIIaI,
according Io IIc cgcnd, iI is aIcr aI IIc nympI CaIIisIo vIo vas casI
inIo IIc sky soIIaI sIc voud dravIIc GrcaI Bcar. ying !rom iIs ovn
vanisIing, sIcisrcborn, cIcrnaI andcoId.
WIaI is a good mcIapIor !or IIc vanisIing Icrm in gcncraI? TIc
(scIIing) ? !Iis nigII.
WIaIisIIc( dcuncI) ?TIcsamcIIing, rcsIricIcdIoIIcIivingroom
( rcsIricIcdacIion ) . gd (vaning) mirror (dark) .
Nov, vIaIi s a good mcIapIor, i nIIc nigII compIcIcdbyIIc Iacking
sun, orII !dca oIIisack (Icncc, o!IIcIacko!ack) ?TIcsIars, vIosc
brigIIncssrcvokcsIIcvanisIingIcrmbyproducingiIsconccpI.Byvayo!
1d
1hLY l JhL bbdLLJ
IIcsIar, IIcsunccrIanIycomcsIobcIackngIvcc.TIcsIarprcsupposcs
IIc ngII, Icncc IIc causaI vansIng o! IIc sun, and ycI, by brngng
brgIIncss, IannusI.
TIc dca oIIc (scIIng) .vIcI IIc ( dcuncI)rcnamcs, s IIc
rcIccIonoIIcscvcnsIarsnIIcmrrorsngII (nIIcobIvonIIaIIIc
mrror !ramcs ) . TIcrcvcIavcIIcconccpI, IIc Iacko!Iack, !romvIcI
aIanxcIy s I!Icd, sinccilisanxcIy.
!IsIIcabscncco!sunIIaI cdIoanxcIy.TIc scvcn-sIarconsIcIIaIon
sbornromIIcannuImcnIo!IIcsupposcdIracco!IIsabscncc:IIcnx
!IIIusgraspsanxcIy, noIasc!ccIbuIascsscncc.
Ycs,buIsIIcrcIIcnonyoncvansIngIcrm,IIcj?AndvIaIabouI
IIc quaIrans?
4
TIcrc s rsI o! a IIc pocms rcIroacIon upon Is condIons. WIaI s I
IIaI Iakcs pIacc bc!orc IIc cmpIy saon?
TIc naugura parsccarIyIIaI o!dayandngII. !I sgvcnIvcc, n
IsvansIng juncIurc. TIc vcspcra drcam, scarIcI IIumnaIon o! IIc
cvcnng, andIIc!Iocnx (IIc sun) , consumcd byIs nIcrcnIrc nIIc
promsco!bcngrcbornaIdavn.
!IsnIIcmddIco!IIcngIIIIaIIIcpocmproposcsIsvagcr,byvay
o IIc conccpI-sIar o! IIc dcad hrc, on IIc soIar promsc. BcIvccn Ivo
prcscnccs,onyIIcIacko!IIcabscncco!anyprcscnI,vIcIIasIIcvauc
oan dca, savcsIIcvorId !rom c

ancc.
BcIvccnIvomagnarcs, ony IIcsymbocguardsus!romIIcrca.
BcIvccn Ivomassuprsngs,onIyIIcpoIIcsoIIcparIyprcscrvcIIc
cass.
Bcvarc. IIougI IIcy can bc sIaIcd aI IIc samc ponI, IIcsc IIrcc
sIaIcmcnIs, IIc Maarmcan, IIc !acanan, and IIc MaosI, arc noI
somorpIous.
ocsIIccmpIyandngIIIyroomkccpIIcIracco!IIcgoIdcnpromsc?
TIssIIcqucsIonIIaIcommandsIIcnspccIono!IIcpIaccs,accordng
Io IIc pocIcrcgmco!anxcIy.
SomcIIngabIsIrangcIappcns.WccanccrIanIysccIIaI,nIIcrsuc
ccsson, IIc (uncra) ampIora, IIcmasIcr (aIIIc SIyx) andIIc (ncxsI-
cnI) pIyxconsIIuIcIIcIrpcbanononbcng.TIc hrsIoncconIansIIc
asIcs, IIcscconds dcad, IIcIIirdsIIsvordIIaIsaysnoIIng.
19
JhL bbdLL1 NUL JhL bl N llLb
BuInaddIon,nonco]lhcmis lhcrc.
TIcsc gIosIIybcngsorsurc vouIdbcvansIngIcrms, sncc IIcy Iavc
no oIIcrbcng cxccpIIo dcsgnaIcnon bcng, !vcddnoIIavcIoadmI
IIaI Io vansI s somcIIng IIcy cannoI do, a!!ccIcd as IIcy arc, n IIc
dccor, by a radcaI abscncc vIIouI anycccI ( conIrary Io IIc supposcd
sIp, vIcI couId bc ncrrcd!rom IIc vsbc !oam, or conIrary Io IIc
dvsbIc mrror, vIcIvccandsccrn) .
SIouIdvc sayIIaIIIcscIcrms arc annuIcd? No, sncc or IIc annu
mcnIo!aIypoIIcIcaIIcrm,IsvansIngmusIbcIIccausco!aIraccvII
rcgardIovIcI, as cxccpIon, anoIIcrIcrmsmadcIoappcar, sucIasIIc
srcna!IcrIIcsIp, orIIcconsIcIIaIonoscvcnsIarsa!IcrIIc nx.
TIc ampIora, IIc masIcr, and IIc pIyx Iavc aII IIc aIIrbuIcs o! IIc
vansIng Icrm, cxccpI IIc vansIng, !rom vIcI a Iracc o IIc ack
sIouIdbc cvnccd. TIcy IackvIIouI a Iracc. OnIIs accounI, IIcy arc
rrcpIaccabc
Hcrc, vc Iavc a ncv knd o! abscncc. onc IIaI no Iongcr opcraIcs
vIInanyrcprcscnIaIon,andonvIcIIIcconccpI, IIcackoIack,Ias
nogrp. !ckng up a noIon!romLacan, vc sIouId sayIIaIIIcsc Icrms
arc!orccoscd
! musIdsIngusIIIrccopcraIonsIIaIvorkonabscncc.
- IIcvansIng,vIIcausavaIuc;
IIcannuImcnI,vIIconccpIuavaIuc
IIcorcIosurc,vIInuvauc.
WcovcIIoMaIarmsgcnusIoIavcposIcd,vIIrcgardIoIIcpIyx,
IIaI IIcpurc sgncroIackIoIcraIcsIobc cvokcdonIyvIcnsIruckby
!orccIosurc. !IsnoIIIaII dsappcars. Iis nollhcrc.
naIIcrabIc supporI o!IIc 'IIcrcsnoI, I makcs!ora Iangcncy oIIc
rcaI, o!vIcIs sadonyIIcIIcrcs.
TIaIsvIyIIcvordIsc!IadIobc carrcdIoIIcsIorcsodcaII.
TIcrc s somcIIng unconccpIuazabc. TIaI s vIaI, bascd on IIc
orccosurcs, IIssonncIsquaIransdccIarc.WIaIsIIsunconccpIuaz-
abIc? TIc purc !acI oIIcrc bcng somc conccpI-vIcI s IIc rcaIIy Io
vIcIIIc IcrccIsarc dcvoIcd. WIaImakcs IIaI IIcrc s somc conccpIs
IIcmasIcr, dcaII, and IIcpurc sgnhcr. IIcpocI, IIcampIora, andIIc
pIyx.
TIs s somcIIngyou vII ncvcrbcabc Io dcducc IIsIrangIcoIIc
subccI, dcaII,andIanguagc. !oraIIdcducIonIappcnsromIIcrc.
TodcduccmcansIosubsIIuIc.TIc rucso!subsIIuIoncaIIIcbass
1b
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
o!maIIcmaIcaIogc. TIcampIora, IIc masIcr, andIIcpIyxarc unsub-
sIIuIabIc, IcIdasIIcy!orcvcrarcnIIc IIcrcsnoI, symboccorrcaIc
oIIc IIcrcs o!IIc rca. TIcsymbocIrnIyassucI.
!sIIsIruc?!mcan,IIaIIIcrcssomcunconccpIuaIabIc?MaoddnoI
sccmIobcIcvcso.Hcsad:'WcvIIcomcIoknovcvcryIIngIIaIvcdd
noIknovbc!orc ( SW!V, 374, Irans modcd) .
! nIIsrcgard, IIcMarxsIaxom. !I s rgIII orcvoII s ambguous.! s I
mcanIIondcaIcIIaIIIc rcvoIIasIs rcason, IsconccpI?! donI IInk
so. TIc rcvoII s vIaI ounds raIonaIy, andI conccnIraIcs a IIousand
rcasonsIorcvoII. Aspopuar subjccIvaIon, Iovcvcr, ncIIcrcan I bc
rcduccdIoIs rcasons (vIcIbcongIoIIcsIrucIurcorIoIIccvcnI), nor
docs I vIoy abosI Isc! n IIc posIvIy o! Is poIcaI uIurc Hcrc
IIcrc s a !acIoroIsIorca orIunc, o!umnaIng cIancc, vIcI snoI
IIaI o!anguagcando!dcaII,buIIIaIocouragcandjusIcc.
O! IIc rcvoII, IIc SIaIc can onIy say IIaI IIcrc s noI any. !oIcaI
rcvouIonarcs, !or IIcrparI, sIck Io IIc IIcrc s . ExqusIc cIancc Io
nIoxcaIcIIcrcvoIuIonary, IIcrcvoIIsIIcpIyxoIIc SIaIc.
5
Wc arc aImosI aI IIc cnd o our IroubIcs. LcI us mark x IIc !orccosurc,
and / IIc vansIng. TIc annumcnI spuncIuaIcd vII buI or IIougI.
WcIIusobIanIIcoIovng consIrucIcdscIcma.

"
?
1

1
>
10

'/HIX
cDQIy
IOOD
HU!

ScIIcS O OIcClOSUIcS
(UHcIl) I pIcI (I bIyX) ~ ,_,
ut. . . ( "HHUlDcHI, DcIIHg OH IDc OIcCIOScU)
DIIIOI
,
+
Dc (WHIHg gOlU) _
, (UcUHCI)
glSS
thouh . . . (2U HHUlDcH!, DcIIHg OH
IDc VHISDIHg)
(SIIS)
IclcCIIOH O COHSIclIIOH/ODIVIOH
JHL bUbdLL1 UNUL JHL bl Nl l Lb
WIcrcIIcns IIcIInng sIrkc o!IIc subccI n IIscasc? TIc Ivo
annumcnIsdonoIIavcIIcsIaIuso!acoujdc]orccIIaIcscvIcrcvcrcc
ognzcdn IIcm (and IIaI onc can dsccrn n IIcmaorIyoMaarms
pocms.pracIscyourscvcs ) .
TIc buI nIIcrsIIcrccI s opposcdonyI oIIcnuIyo! !orccosurc.
!I opcns a nc oIoIazaIononIoIIc gdcdramc, vIIouIbrcakngup
any oIIcr, snccIIc ampIora, IIcmasIcr, andIIcpIyxgvcconssIcncy
onyIo IIcradcaackocxsIcncc, IoIIcnonpacc.
TIcIIougIcIcrnacsIIcnympICaIsIo,raIIcrIIandcsIroyngIcr.
cuncI and nakcd, sIc s a ncv Hcrodas. Mrror, codvaIcr !rozcn n
your !ramc ( C!30) , vIcIIIcsIcIarcxccpIon sIops onIIc cdgcs oIIc
noIIng.
TIs pocm s morc subIIy sIrucIuraI IIan many oIIcrs. Lcavng asdc
IIc!orccosurcs,vIcIIavcnoc!ccIoIIcrIIanIonIcns!yIIcvod,IIc
IcIcrogcncoussamosIunrcadabIcnI. WIaIsdcsundcrIIcIIougI,
suIurcdonIoa Icgcnd ( CasIo)vIcIbrdgcsIIcnympIandIIcsIar, s
onIya subccIo!dmnsIcdorcc,amosI!odcdback-hnaIyonIoIIc
cvcnsuracc oIIcmcIonymcaIopcraIons.
ExccpI or IIs snguar dcay opcrccpIon IIaI savcs IIc day vIIn
IIcngIIonyn IIc na nsIancc, vIcnobvousyIIc skys rcccIonn
IIc mrrorvasprcscnIromIIcsIarI.
TIcconsIrucIonsdcIourvaIIcvannggodandIIcgcncraIonoIIc
rcvocabcvansIngIcrm (IIcnx) onyscrvcIIcpurposco!d!crngIIc
ImcIoconcudc.
TIc oamn Aa nuc accabIanIc . . . vasIraccdor us!romIIc sIarI.
Hcncc,IIcIcapoIIcIypoIIcss,IIcorcsco!IIcsubjccI,mposcdIscI
vIIouIanypossbIyocscapc.HcrcIIcrusc,vIcIusIhcsMaIIarms
askngnI,conssIsnposIponngIIcsIcarIraccasIcoudrcsullrom
IIc nx, vIcrcasI s acIuayconssIcnI, orcocxsIcnI,vIII.
WIaI s IIc !uncIon o anxcIy? To dvdc IIc ngII. TIc opposIon
day/ngII s n and o Isc! an anIdaIccIcaI mcIapIor, a purc sIrong
d!!crcncc. ay and ngII succccd onc anoIIcr vIIouI rccasng IIc
movcmcnI o IIc unIy o opposIcs. TIcy arc dsonIcd aIIcrnaIng
cnIIcs. mcIapIysca, as s IIcr nvocaIon n IIc dcvasIaIng myIIoI-
ogy o amorous !uson-IIc mosI radca aIIcmpI aI dsavovng scxua
d!crcncc-nWagncrs 1rislan.
TIc hrsI daccIcasIcpconssIsn graspng IIcsucccssonoIvoIcrms
nsIrongd!!crcncc!romIIcvansIng oIIc causaIIcrmIIaIarIcuaIcs
IIcm, Icrc IIc (scIIng) . !, Iovcvcr, IIc rcsIrcIcd ngII nvIcI
1
JHLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
onc opcraIcsIIaI o IIc cmpIy saonis indivisibc, IIis sIcp is ony
a scmbancc. WIaI maIIcrs is Io savagc IIc Iracc o IIc day as inIcrna
scission o IIc nocIurna void. TIaI is vIy anxicIy is said Io bc a 'amp-
bcarcr, carricr oigII.TIisis noIsomucIiIs rcaiIy asmucIasiIs.
!Is diaccIica duIy,vIicIrcquircs IIaI aI IIc poinI oanxicIy IIc oIIcr
subjccIivizingigurccomcsin,IIconcvIicIbrcaksupIIcordcroIIings
andIocraIcs iIs scission. couragc.
TIc pocms cncrgy corrcsponds Io vIaI Hdcrin namcs 'IIc pocIs
couragc, IovIicIIIc ooving isprcscribcd.
!s noI alIIaIsaivc coscandakinIo you,
ocs IIc!aIc noIIcrsckccpyou Ioscrvc Icr cnds?
Wc, IIcn, Iravc dccncccss
OnIIrougIic, and carnoIIingIIcrc
AIIaIIappcnsIIcrcbcvccomc,bcbcsscdIoyou,
BcanadcpIinoy, orisIIcrcanyIIing
TIaI couIdIarmyou IIcrc, IcarI, IIaI
Coud ocnd you, vIcrc you musI go? (!! 20! )
!orMaarmc,IIougI,IIcrcisnoIcmporaadvcnIoIIcncv.Couragc,
or IIc sIrucIura diaccIic, is dcvoid oIisIoriciIy. WIcncc IIc grcaI di-
icuIyin disIinguisIingiI romanxicIy.
!or a miiIanI MarxisI, IIcrc is IIc anxicIy o IIc nigII o impcriaisI
socicIics, IIc anxicIy oIIc asIy !Iocnix o May 6, or o IIc CuIura
RcvoIuIioncanvcnoIaskvIcIIcrcvcnIIcampIorarcmains?TIcasI
MasIcris so od Asor 'communism, IIaIpIyx, vIoIakcs Iod oiI, or
vIaIpurposc? !IisasoaduIyIodividcvIaIisobscurc,IoIodasIIoIIc
vorkcrspromisccvcn aI IIc IcarI oiIsdccpcsI dcniaI.
Wc arc amp-bcarcrs. usI as IIc pocm docs viII IIc dcscrIcd saon,
vc inspccIIIcpoiIica pIacc inordcrIodisccrn IIcrcinIIc sIakingouIo
anIagonismIIaI vircayIIcpromiscandorganizcIIcuIurc.
WIcrcin IIcn ics IIc dicrcncc? !n IIaI, a sIrucIura sccIarian o
vcakdicrcnccsvIorcccIs IIc aspccI oIisIoricaorccinIIcscissions,
Maarmccan onydcivcranxicIyovcrIoa ogicoIraccIorics.
Timc is cxIinguisIcd by spacc. TIc souIion Io IIc ampbcaring
probcm (Icrc, IIc rcccIion o IIc GrcaI Bcar) musI bc IIcrc rom IIc
sIarI. OnyIIcpocIsdcadcycspinsIIcsubIcIIrcadsIIaIinkoncobccI
Io anoIIcr so IIaI, in a Irickcd pcrspccIivc, IIc iusion oa surprisc may
comc abouI.
1b
1HL bUbdLL1 UNUL 1HL bl Nl ll Lb
SccvIaIMaIarmcvriIcsIo Cazais IoguidcIIc possibc iusIraIion o
IIc sonncI (Ic is rccrringIo IIc hrsI vcrsion, rom ! 67) .
or insIancc, IIcrc is a vindov opcn, aI nigII, IIc Ivo sIuIIcrs as-
Icncd,a roomviIIno oncin iI, dcspiIcIIcsIabcappcarancc providcd
byIIcasIcncd sIuIIcrs, and in a nigII madcoabscnccand qucsIion-
ing,viIIouIurniIurcaparIrom IIc vaguc ouIinc ovIaI appcar Io
bcIabcs, avarikcanddyingramc oamirrorIungup aIIIcback o
IIc room, viIIiIsrcccIion,a sIcarandincomprcIcnsibc rcccIion,
orsa Maor, vIicIinksIo Icavcn aonc IIis dvcingabandoncd by
IIc vord.
TIccomposiIionoIIcvIocispriorIoIIcopcraIions,andIIcpocmdocs
noIIavcrccourscIoanyIIingoIIcrIIanvIaIiIaIcnIyprcsupposcs.
To IIc ogic o IIc IraccIory, vIicI IIc sIrucIura diaccIic comcs up
againsI and vIicI announccs IIc ncv ony in IIc rcIroacIivc opcra-
IionoiIs misccn-sccnc, vc opposc IIc ogic oIcndcncics, ocurrcnIs, o
vanguards, vIcrcin IIaI vIicI is barcy aI iIs birII, IIougI paccd and
subccIcd, inksupviIIIIcmosIIcrribcorccoIIc uIurc.
TIcMaarmcansubccIvIoisgivcnovcrIoIIc spacc docsnoIcxcccd
anxicIy. Hc ormuIaIcs iIs av o cxccpIion, vIicI Ic dcduccs rom IIc
pacc.
Hcrc vIaIcvcr amounIs Io IIc subccI o anxicIy is noIIing buI IIc
dcay o pcrccpIion. Had IIc consIcaIion bccn iniIia, iI voud subu
gaIcIIcsubccI.Comingi nIIcconcusion,i Isavcsi I. NoIIingncvoccurs,
cxccpI in Icrms oposiIion in IIc Ianguagc.
6
Wc hnd no auI viII IIc MalIarmcan opcraIions. TIc cIain cccI is
Iakcn Io iIs pcak by IIc unprcccdcnIcd usc o mcIonymica scqucnccs.
TIc vanisIing Icrm is IIc ccnIrc o graviIy o IIc vIoc mccIanism o
IIc pocms. TIc causaiIy o ack is rcdupicaIcd, as ack o ack, inIo iIs
conccpI.TIus, a ncvopcraIorisinIroduccd.IIc annumcnI. TIc spiIIing
accIs aIIcIcrms oa givcnpocIic spacc. TIc Icrms IIaI arc orccoscd
convcy IIcIIcoryoIIc unconccpIuaizabc.
Hcrc IIccompcIcsIrucIuradiaccIicisprcscnI, acIivc, displaycdinIIc
vibraIing marvc o anguagc, submiIIcd Io IIc uniying IoucI o vcrsc.
acanvi noIadd Io iI.
1V
1HLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
iaccIic, ycs indccd !or IIc oIIcr IisIorica) aspccI, vIicI is Icrc
subscrvicnI and dcvolcd Io IIc sIccr igIIning IasI, by Iorcc Irccs lIc
subccIrom IIccIainsIIaIkccpiI inlhcsamcj/acc.
A IIis Iorms a prccious cgacy. IIc arlicuaIion oI lIc subccIcIIccI
undcr IIc signihcrs oI IIc cxccpIion; IIc cunning usc oI IIc signiIying
Iorccs oI pocIry IIaI cavc us vidc opcn as Io a Iimc lo concudc and,
Iinay,IIc dcayinIIcIraccIory, byvIicIIIcsubccIoIanxicIyIIrovs
IIc dicc.
TIc cxccpIion in IIc signihcr, IIc vord IIal sIincs, IIc dcay Lacan
vi go vcry Iar aong IIcsc samcIrais.
No, !hndnoIauIviIIaIIis, cxccpIIIaI!amnoIsvaycdbyanordcr
oIIIings invIicI a IIougII is dcvoIcd Io IIc inspccIionoIIIaI vIicI
subordinaIcsiIIoIIcpaccmcnIoIanabscnccandvIicIbrings savaIion
IorIIc subccI onyin IIcarcady-IIcrcncssoIa sIar.
TIc IacI IIaI in IIis Iamous and IaIaIy unknovn auIIor cvcryIIing is
Iruc onIycommiIs us Io scruIinizcIIcvccomc dc-cmpIasizingIovIicI
vc sIoud IrcaIIim.
TIisvilcadusIo!acan,and,!Iopc, IosomcassuranccIromMarxism
as Io iIs amp-bcaring povcrs Ior IIc IIcory oI IIc subccl, vIicI vi
dcIcmincvIcIIcriI, andiI aonc, cancarryIIc igIIoIcouragcinIoIIc
advcnIurc oI IIis ccnIury, in vIicI iI is caimcd Io Iavc provokcd ony
anxicIy.
11
PAk1| | |
LdCK d00 U6S|uC| 00
111
1M6 06W 0B0|0| 0S IM6 BM006, d00
Q|6SuQQ0S6S |I
d3Pd3I , V
LacansampIibOOgy-TIaIOMarxism-TvO scxcs,
IvOclasscs
I scnIr, viIIOuI IurIIcrdclay,nIOLacansambiguiIy. '. . . vIcnOn
as IvO, IIcrc is ncvcr any rcIurn. !I ncvcr amOunIs IO making On
nv nOIcvcna nv OncAucbunis OncOIIOscprcIIy liIIl drcams O
IiOsOpIy XX. 07, Ira. mOdiicd) .
TIc scIIling O! accOunIs vII Hcgcl, cOming !rOm IIc On vIO Or us
rcncI MarxisIs s IOdays Hcgcl-IIc Only Onc vIOm I is Our Iask IO
ividc-in a singlcpIrascgvcsvOicc IO IIc dsIancc IIaI scparaIcs IvO
cnIurics nIIc IisIOry OIIcdialccIic.
acan is spaking abOuI IisIOry-n IIs casc, as bcIOvcs Iim, IIc
hisIOry O lOvc. !I s a qucsIiOn O clucIdaIing IIc absOluIc nOvclIy O
II vcnI namcd 'cOurIly IOvc in IIc IIirIccnII ccnIury. His ansvcr s
IIaI sOmcIIing gcIs spliI IIcrc-sOmcIIing vIOsc vividnss cannOI bc
trcd by any supcriOr rcsOrpIiOn.
Hrc vc arc in IIc midsl OOur dispuIc. !acan, IIc IIcOrcIician OIIc
Iru scissiOn, O vIicI IIc MaOisI maxim 'Onc dividcs inIO IvO sOugII
OprcsrvcIIcirrcparablcOrcc,againsIIIOscrcpairmcnOlaIIyrcs, IIc
rvisiOnisIs, IO vIOm is suiIcd IIc syrupycOnvicIiOn IIaI 'TvO usc nIO
O
> Or IIc sIricI dialccIical lOgic, Lacan OuIpcrOrms Mallarmc, vIO

as
ixaId On IIc sIars, in IIc prccisc cxInI IO vIicI Ic is madc IO
rc
Ognizc.
11
JHLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
- IIcnovcIIyoIIcrcaI, aIIcsIcdIobyIIcIcaringaparIoIIcdiscursivc
link,
- IIc prccariousncss oIIc Onc, obIiIcraIcd bylIcncv, vIosc csscncc
s IIc division
!n so doing, IIc Hcgcian rcconciiaIion, vIcrcin cvcryIIingis dcviscd
so IIaI IIc pangs o mc arc noIIing morc IIan IIc prcscncc o IIc
conccpI ( ' Dii/is/drri]]slbs/, drda is, 'Timc is IcconccpI iIsc
IIaI is /hr', IIc /hrIIaI scIs IIc Ionc ) , is rcduccd Io lIc imaginary
aonc-a 'prcIIyIIcdrcamopIiosopIy.
Hovcvcr, IIc sublcIy, invIicIIIcanayslscxpcricnccis an cdcaIor
bcyond rcproacI, ics in IIc synIacIica ampIiboogy IIaI Lacan vi usc
rccnlcssy-conlrary Io vIaI Icd Io bc Maarms csscnta univoc-
iIy-asanopcraIorbyvIicIIIcscnIcncc,IavingnciIIcrrccIonorvcrso,
IodsIogcIIcrIIc Ivo sdcs ooncand IIc samcrcvcrsibc badc.
WIcIsidcs?!clusbcccar.IIoscoIIcdiaccIic, iniIssIrucIuraaspccI
and iIs IisIorica aspccI. TIc sidc opacc (IIc symbolic, in IIc !acanian
Icrminoogy) andIIc sidcoorcc IIc rcal ) .
Considcrouropcninginc.'IncvcramounIsIomakingoncancv,cvcn
a ncv onc ocs IIis cunningsIraIcgisI o lalanu, as Ic puIs iI, mcan
IIaI IIc divsion o IIc onc makcs or no novcIy? TIc cmpIasis o IIc
ncgaIivc,in IIaI casc, vouIda on IIc ncv. noI cvcna nwonc. Wc arc
in IIc Iogic oiIcraIion, vIcrcin IIaI vIicI spiIs o is absolvcd viIIouI
any rcIurn o iIs unihcd orm-buI vc arc unabc Io say IIaI anyIIing
IappcnscxccpIIIc LavoIIisspiIIing.
OrraIIcr docs Ic mcan IIaI rom IIc division o IIc onc IIcrc ariscs
an ahrmaIivc novcIy, vIicI vc voud ony Iavc Io considcr ouIsidc
IIc orm oIIc oncIIaI prcviousycoudbcassigncdIo iI?TIccmpIasis
o IIc ncgaIivc, n IIaI casc, voud bc on IIc onc. noI cvcn a ncv on.
SomcIIing ncv, IIcrcorc, bcyond IIc signiying av rom vIicI any
prior orm oI IIc onc drcviIs cvidcncc And, conscqucnIly, an irrcvcrs-
ibc disasIcr o Iis vcry av, IIc symboic ruincd by IIc rca, IIc onc
ungraspabIccxccpIin IIc proccssoiIs dcsIrucIion.
TIc cnIirc gcnius o Lacans cucidaIon on IIc subccI Ingcs on IIc
acI IIaI in scnIcncc aIcrscnIcncc, and in scminaraIcr scminar, Ic says
boII lIingsaIIIc samc Iimc.
So do vc. Bccausc vc Iad bclIcr admI IIaI, insoar as iI dividcs iIsc
inIo procIariaI and bourgcoisic, IIc cd o poilics ony givcs rsc H iIs
lcraIivc av, rom vIosc poinI o vicv iIs novcIy is css ccar IIan iIs
119
LLK NU ULbJUL1lN
crmancnccIIrougIouIIIccras.EspccialyivcoovMaoinadmiIIing
h
a IIis division rcmainsinIacI undcr vIaI is calcd 'sociaism and IIaI
il asI, in Maos ovnIcrms, 'or avcryongpcriodo Iislory. Bul vc
uallyadmiI IIaIasIIcpoiIicainduccrononpoiIics ocommunism) ,
cprolcIariaIcauscslIcbrcakdovnoIIconcIIaIiIdividcsIoIIcpoinI
hcrc iI can no ongcr Iakc on IIis orm, noI cvcn by inscribing iIscl as
oIIcIcrmsoIIc conIradicIion.
or Lacan, IIc anayIica IIcory Iods on lo IIis cquivocaIion as IIc
ono dcsirc rom vIcrclIc subccI isapprcIcndcd. !or us, Marxism
hlds on Ioilin IIcpoiIicapracIiccvIoscsubccIivc poinIsIIc parIy
Lacan, an invounIary IIcorcIician o IIc polIica parIy? MarxisIs,

cnigIIcncdpracIiIioncrs odcsirc?
hisis a alscvindovTIcIruIIisIIaIIIcrcis ony onc IIcoryoIIc
bccILacanisaIcadoIIccurrcnIsIaIcoMarxismand vc musIlakc
advanIagcoIIisadvanccsoasIoimprovcourMarxislaairs
WIydovc dravIIisundividcd andmaskcdIIcoryoIIcsubccIrom
Marx!cnin-Mao and rom !rcud-!acan SIoud vc cimb IIc oos
ridgcIIc Iorror-o!rcudo-Marxism?
o,bccauscnoIcvcnorasccondisiIamaIIcrorcconciingdocIrincs.
vcryIIingdpcndsonIIcrca, buIIIcrcaIIaI isours,inIurn,dcpcnds
ly on lIcooving.
IIcrc arclvo scxcs,
IIcrc arcIvo classcs
MakcdovilIIIaI,yousubccIs oal cxpcricncc
11b
0 IM6 S| 06 0 IM6 I|u6
0DIU3I , V
!IiosopIics on IIc backboard!our corncrso IruII. coIcrcncc,
rcpcIiIion, IoIaiIy, IorsionOn para-bcing
AnygoodpocmicisavayssupposcdIorcquircazooogyodcviaIions.SIaIc
Marxism, vIicIin gcncra is Io MarxismvIaIin IIc vord o prosc a scn-
Icnccroma disIricIcourIis Io RimbaudsIllumina/ions, cxccsinIIis manic
manipuaIion o Iypoogics. TIcrc is IIc cI in appcarancc ony, vIicI in
rcaiIy is on IIc rigII, IIc rcvisionism vIicI is symmcIrica Io dogmaIism,
IIc pcIiIbourgcois anarcIism vIicI is IIc counIcrparI o Ia-bourgcois
burcaucraIism, IIccconomismvIoscrcvcrscsidcisvounIarism . . .
TIc CIincsc say ' Giving abcs . Canvc do viIIouI IIcm? ! doubI iI.
SomcIimcs vc musI knov Iov Io simpiy IIc vord. WIaI mcmory
obscurcdby innumcrabc singuariIics voudaicI usi vc vcrc orbid-
dcnIo cnumcraIc IIcpoisonasks?TIcacI rcmainsIIaInciIIcrpoiIics
nor IIc !arIy Iavc as IIcir vocaIion vIaI Maarm cacd IIc 'aIascs,
Icrbariums,andriIuas .
As or pIiIosopIy, IIc-simpIccombinalory compriscs our nolions,
Iakcn Ivo by Ivo idcaism and maIcriaism, and IIcn diaccIics and
mcIapIysics.
!rom Icrcvc incr IIaIIIcrcarc ourpIiosopIicaIypcs
I . McIapIysicaidcaism,
2. iaccIica idcaism
110
LLK NU ULbJULJlN
3. McIapIysica maIcriaism (somcIimcsasocacd'mccIanici
sm ) ,
4. iaccIica maIcriaism.
!urIIcrmorc,vcknovIIaIinordcrIobcacorrccIycaibraIcMarxisI,
iI isbad Io bc idcaisIormcIapIysicaand Ionourabclo bc maIcriaisIor
diaccIica.
Wc IIus Iavc aI our disposa onc scrious insuI (piccc o mcIapIysi
cal idcaisI) , Ivo modcraIc insuIs (idcaisI diaccIicians and mcIanica
maIcriaisIs.you arconIIcrigIIIrackbuIon onccgony), andoncorm
o praisc (maIcriaisI diaccIician cxccIcnI, you passcd IIc cxam, SIain
rizcorIIcpcaccoconccpIs) .
WIaI is IIc mcaning o IIcsc primiIivc Icrms viII vIicI vc
MarxisIs
composcourscacoinsuIs?
MaIcriaisI is vIocvcr rccognizcs IIc primacy o bcing ovcr IIinking
bcingocsnoInccdmyIIinkingin ordcrlobc) . !dcaisI, vIocvcrposiIs
Ic opposiIc.
A diaccIician is somconc vIo Iurns conIradicIion inI IIc av o
cing, a

cIapIysician, vIocvcr docs IIc samc viII IIc pricipIc o

idcnIiIy.
Today vc vi noI uzz ovcr IIcsc robusI disIincIions. ExccpI viII a
Iabc in vIicIIIccompcIcIypoogy rccrs Ioa singc conIradicIion (IIaI
clvccn IIinking and bcing-iniIsc) and in vIicI, by tIc prvcrsion
inIroduccd by cvcry suppcmcnI, vc vi disIinguisI hvc pIiIosopIi
ca Iypcs-vIicI is somcIIing !cnin arcady docs, Io Ic IIc IruII, in
Ma/crialism and Emjirio-cri/icism, by scparaIing IIc 'ranky and pIainy
argucdidcaism (Bcrkccy)romanIianrcaIivism.

JYIL
SUD|tC!IVt
Ht!QDySICl UtlSH

UD|tC!IVt
Ht!QHySCl UtlISH 2
UIltC!Cl
IUtlSH
Ht!QDySICl
H!t!|lSH
H!ttIS!
UIltC!C
4
JHIN!ING BLING!NIJ5IL!
_ . . , . . . . . , , a , . , , a .. . @ q
II7
1HLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
TIc prcccding diagram links IIc disIinclions Io IIc IraccIory o IIc
proccss oknovcdgc.
TIisIabcsIouldbcconsidcrcdapIiosopIicaIopoogy.WIy?Bccausc
il is bascd on IIc posiIion o insidc and ouIsidc, on IIc qucsIion o IIc
bordcr oIIinking, on a ogisIics o ronlicrs. And bccausc iI is rom IIis
vanIagc poin IIaI il iuminaIcs IIc qucsIion o IruII, vIosc papcrs vc
arc Icrc rcqucsIng bcorc ilsjassalhrauhcuslams.
TIcsis I , cI us say IIaI o BisIop Bcrkccy, Ias avays sccmcd as-
cinaIngduc Io iIs radicaappca. !I posiIsIIaIIIinkingIas no scnsibc
ouIsidc. No maIIcr Iov ar you go, you vi ncvcr bc any arIIcr lIan
IaI somcvIaI rcacIionary Icro vIo Iravccd around Iis bcdroom.
!I is propcry impossibc or IIougII Io cxpaIriaIc iIscI sncc i ncvcr
dcas viII anyIIing buI IIc magcs o imagcs IIaI popuaIc iI. TruII,
vIicI s IIc namc oan agrccmcnI o IIougII viII iIsc, oan imma-
ncnIadcquaIion, is dcnIica IIaI vIicI ordinariy hxcs IIc orma
sIaIusoiIsinscripIion.coIcrcncc. 'TruIIandcoIcrcnccrcciprocaIconc
anoIIcr. cvcry Iimc you rcad IIs apIorism, oronc oiIs dcrivaIivcs
and IIcy proicraIc-you can bcI IIaI you arc in IIc company o IIc
bisIop.
TIis Iopoogy scas iIs closurcby orccosing IIc rca vIicI, Iaucna-
Iory, comcsbackin IIc orm oIIccross, in IIc dvinccrrancyocoscd
IIinking.
Ycs, IIc dccisivcymodcrnavard ormcIapIysicaidcaism docsnoIgo
lo vIocvcr rcciIcs 'sssljrciji buI Io vIocvcr argucs, on IIc bass o
IIc rigII o orms, IIaI IIc crIcrion oIIc Iruc, giving up on adcquaIion
coIcrcnlviIIbcing, is coIcrcncc adcquaIc Io iIsc.
!osilions2 and 3disIribuIcIIc rcasonabcidcaisms. HcrcIIcouIsidcis
rccognizcd assucI,IIclopoogyarrangcsa bordcroIIougII.
Hovcvcr,lIcproccssocrossingIIcIIrcsIodandIIcdrivingprincipc
bcIind IIcproccssoknovingconIinucIooovIIclavoIIc idca. TIc
IraccIorysIarIs ouIromIIc mcnIa pacc. Hov docs iIpassovcr, ornoI,
inIo iIs obcclivc ouIsidc?TvopaIIs.
a) TIaI o anI, in posilion 2 in our Iabc, cxcudcs IIc bcing o
knovcdgc. Rcquircd in iIspurc mcnIion by IIc vcryacI ocxpcricncc,
IIc inlsc rcmains unknovabc Io iI-an cmpIy Icrm vIcI grounds
IIcuniIyoknovingonyin lIccxIcnIIovIicIiIabscnIsiIscromIIis
vcryopcraIion.
BcinginiIsc or anI is IIc paccd incxisIcnI rom vIicI iI oovs
IIaI il posscsscs orcc oav or lIc IransccndcnIasubccI.
11
LLK N LbJULJlN
WIcnccIIcrcIurnIo coIcrcnccasIIcguaranIccoIruII.
!ncxiIingIIcbisIop'spaacc,vIaIdocsanIganbyrccognizing IIaI
IIcrc is an ouIsdc, i IIc consIiIucnI cgisIaIion o IIc insidc suhccs Io
gaugc cxpcricncc? WIaI Ic gains by doing so is, hrsI, IIc opcning o a
lcrriIory or morals and rcigion IIaI is in cxccss ovcr IIc dcimiIaIion
o knovcdgc. And, sccond, a minima producliviIy, as soon as IIc Iruc
udgcmcnI insIiIulcd by IIc void and IIus dcccnIringIIc pacc obcing
lIaI iI acks, inds IIc orcc Io ink IogcIIcr Icrms lIaI ar nal IIc ana-
yIica rcpcIiIionooncanoIIcr.TIc'synIIcIicajriariudgcmcnInamcs
IIis Iopoogica abiiIy ogcncraIing IIc ncv according Io a IraccIory in
vIcI IIc rca cxIcrioriIy, cvcn IIougI iI cannoI bc Iravcrscd, nonclIc-
css imposcs rom aar upon IIc subjccIivc inIcrior IIc sIrangcncss o a
producIiononiIsc.
b) HcgcIs paII, in posiIon 3, dccIarcs IIaI IIc nIcrior produccs
iIs ovn cxIcroriIy. !I is an cxpansvc Iopoogy, in vIicI IIc passng
ouIsdc-o-iIsc consIiIuIcs IIc vIoc acI o a pacc. Wc couId say
IIaI a HcgcIian scIs arc opcn, vcrc I noI ncccssary, in ordcr Io posiI
IIcir macabc ronIicr, Io cosc IIc vIoc oncc again and Io program
rom vcry ar IIc Iransgrcssivc opcning as rcIurn-IoiIsc, so IIaI IIc
oca cxIcriorizaIon s ncvcr anyIIing buI IIc cccIuaIion o a goba
inIcriorizaIion.
TIisgocsIosIovIIaIIIcHcgcIianIruIIncvcrcxisIscxccpInIcgraIy.
TIisisvIaI!acaninvcrIsvIcnIcmakcsIIcIasaynginIoanabsoIuIc
condiIionorsIaIingIIc Iruc.
BcorcvcgcIIoIIispoinI,IcIusobscrvcIIaIourdocIoroIIcspiIIas
IcsiIaIcd,andcvcnrIcd,ikcaous,viIIIIcHcgcancIimcraoIIc
inIcgrasvayngiI as cosc aspossibc Io IIc diaccIic in vIicI IIc Iruc
circuIaIcsasiIs ovnaIscncss.
j. . . asongasIIcIruIIisnIcnIircyrcvcacd,IIalisIosayinaprob-
abiIyunIi IIc cnd oIimc, iIsnaIurcvi bc Io propagaIc iIscinIIc
ormocrror. j. . .
!n oIIcr vords, ndiscoursciIis conIradicIion vIicI sorIs IruII rom
crror. !rom vIcncc IIc Hcgcian conccpIion o absouIc knovlcdgc.
AbsoIuIc knovIcdgc is IIis momcnI in vIcI IIc IoIaiIy o discoursc
coscsinoniIscnapcrccInon-conIradicIion upIoandincudingIIc
acIIIaIiIposiIs, cxpainsandusIihcsiIsc. WcarcsomcvayycIrom
IIisidca j. . .
So vc arc cd, iI voud appcar, Io a IisIorica !yrronism vIicI
11V
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
suspcnds IIc IruIIvauc O cvcryIIing vIicI IIc Iuman vOicc can
cmiI,suspcnds iI in IIccxpccIaIiOnOauIurcIOIaizaIiOn.
!siIunIIinkabcIIaIiImigIIcOmcabOuI?AIcra,canIprOgrcssO
IIc sysIcm O IIc pIysica scicnccsbccOnccivcdOasIIc prOgrcss Oa
singc symbOicsysIcm, IOvIicIIIings givcsusIcnancc and subsIancc?
. . .
TIis symbOic sysIcm O IIc scicnccs Icnds IOvards IIc wcll madc
lanuac, vIicI Onc migII cOnsidcrIO bc iIs Ovn anguagc, a anguagc
dcprivcdOa rccrcncc IO a vOicc. S !, 23-5/28-! )
WIOdOcsnOImcasurcLacansIOncsIyOn IIispOinI, IIccarcgivcn IO
rcndcring IIc IraccIOry? LcI IIis bc a cssOn in cIIics, as ar asIIc lOgic
O cOnIradicIiOns is cOnccrncd. NObOdy scriOusy Iakcs On IIc diaccIic
viIIOuI cvOking IIc sIadOvy parI IIaI cnabcs IIc drcam O iIs cOacs-
ccncc. SIOuld iI bc sucIa causcOrOyIIaIcrrOrisIIccOmmcrcia agcnI
O IruII? LcI us bcvarc OIIOsc pcOpc vIO arc aIOO IasIy IO cOnscnI
IO IIc nOOnday O IIc Ia-said. TIcy cOvardy can IOvard IIc vrOng
sidc.
!ikciIIIaIOncabdicaIcsIIcWIOcOnyvIcnOrccdandcOnsIraincd
IO dOsO.
Hcgc, OnIisparI, isnOIvcryprOncIO abdicaIc.TIcrcarcnO IruIIs, in
Iiscycs,nO maIIcri IIcy arcabsOuIclyspccia, IIaIcannOI bc sIaIcd as
guaranIccdbyIIcinIcgraOIIcIruc.
WIaI is IIc issuc a abOuI? !I is abOuI IIc IOpOOgica sIaIus O IruII
vIicI,asisIIccascinmaIIcmaIics,invOvcsIIcvcrydiicuIapparaIus
OrpassingrOmIIcgOba sIudyIO IIcOcasIudy.
Wc carnraIIcrcaryOn in scIOOIIaIbcingabcIOgivc IIc prOc O
auncIiOndOcs nOIauIOmaIicalymcanmasIcryOvcrvIaIcvcrbunging
OrcOnuscdaspccIsmay surrOundsucIaparIicuarvauc.
TruII is a uncIiOn, a varicIy, a suracc, a spacc. TIis is vIaI is sO
immcnscyburdcnsOmcOrpIiOsOpIy,vIicIvOudgadyvanIiI IObc
nOIIingbuIa cOmmcrcia cOdc.
MarxisI pIiOsOpIy is nO cxccpIiOn. !Or IIc vIOc busincss O IIc
'primacy OpracIicc, nOI IO say anyIIing abOuI IIc cvcn mOrc Obscurc
aair OIIc 'cass cIaracIcrOIruII, a IIis is mcanIIO dcmarcaIc, viII
rcgard IO IIc rca-viII rcgard IO IIc cvcnI-IIaI vIicI uncIiOns as
gcncrasIrucIurc rOm IIaI vIicI uncIiOns as singuarIcndcncy.
TIc mOsIabsIrusc IOpOOgical sIaIcmcnI OOurvugaIc is IIc OncIIaI
dcclarcs IIaI IIc univcrsa cxisIs Ony in IIc spccihc. TIis is vIcrc
1Z
LLK NU ULbJULJlN
vc prOducc IIc OinI, as clOsc as pOssibc, bcIvccn IIc Oca and IIc
gOba. HOv abOuI IIc univcrsa impacI O a parIicuar rcvOuIiOn? O
vIicI vOrdvidc varicIydOIIcccmcnIscacd' COmmunc, ' OcIObcr,
and ' CuIura RcvOuIiOn, vIicI arc !rcncI, Russian and CIincsc as
arasIIcirOcaizaIiOniscOnccrncd, cOnsIiIuIcIIcundamcnIagrOup?
TO ansvcr IIis qucsIiOn, vc musI Orcc an cnIirc IOpOOgy O IisIOry,
viII iIs OricnIaIiOn, iIs singuar pOinIs, iIs curvaIurcs, iIs knOIs, and a
iIsgcar.
!nanycasc,iHcgcmakcsapassagcandauncIiOnOuIOIIcOcaIIrcsI-
odcrOssings, IcsccsnO guaranIcc OIIcIruIIcxccpI inIIc WIOc.
WIicI is IOsayIIaIIcguaranIccsnOIIing aI a
!OsiIiOn 4 in Our Iabc dOcs nOI bOIIcr iIscviII IIcsc rivOiIics. !Or
LucrcIius Or La McIIric, IIc subccIivc Iimc O knOvlcdgc is nu. WIaI
dOcs IIis mcan? TIaI a rcgiOn OIIc gcncra mccIanism can bc 'namcd
nOvcdgc, in IIc samc vay vc namc a cOv Or spinacI. WIaI disIin-
guisIcsIIisrcgiOnOrcaiIy?ndOubIcdy,IIaIiIIranscrs,OrIranspOrIs,
a maIcriaascmbagcrOm OncpOinIIO anOIIcr, IIaI is, rOm IIcrca IO
iIs 'imagc . TO knOv mcans IO busy Oncsc, by a pIysica cccI, viII a
cprOducIiOn O sOmcIIing. TIc guaranIcc O IruII aIIacIcs iIsc IO IIc
cOrrccI mccIanism O IIis IranspOrIaIiOn. A drcam Or IalucinaIiOns arc
OnyOuIagcsinIIc rcrigcraIcd Iruck IIaI IranspOrIsimagcs, OrimprinIs.
!Iis rOI IIaIgcIsIOus.
TIc maIcriaisI criIcriOn O IruII hIs in Onc vOrd. rcpcIiIiOn. ! cscapc
IIcdazcddrcamOaIOmsinsOarasIIaIvIicImarksrcpcaIsaIadisIancc
IIaIvIicIis.
!OsiIiOn 5, IIaI OIIcmaIcriaisIdiaccIic, admiIs-nOIviIIOuIIaving
IO pay a pricc vIicI vc vi cvauaIc bcOv-IIaI vc musI disIinguisI
IIOugIIrOmscnsibcbcing.TIisisiIsObccIiOnIO IIc radicaiIyOmccI
anicism. WIaI iI rcIains rOm IIc aIIcr-againsI Hcgc-is IIaI vIaI is
arcady IIcrc in IIc prOccss O knOvcdgc is Iakcn rOm bcing, and nOI
rOm IIc idca. As Or IIc IraccIOry, iI dispOscsin iI IIc spiraingdiscrcp-
ancyOIIcncv, vIcrcbyiIcxcudcsIIcidcaisIinIcgra.rOmIIcWIOc,
nOguaranIccvIaIsOcvcrOOvs.

A IruII is ncv, cvcn IIOugI IIc spira asO cnIais rcpcIiIiOn. WIaI
puIs IIc innOvaIivc inIcrrupIiOninIOIIc circuar cxiOn?A ccrIain cOc-
hcicnI OIOrsiOn.
TIcrcin ics IIc subccIivc csscncc O IIc Iruc. IIaI iI is IvisIcd. 'TIc
Iruc, IIcn, O cOursc, is IIaI. ExccpI IIaI iI is ncvcr rcacIcd cxccpI by
IvisIcd paIIvays S, 5/87-8)
1Z1
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
2
TIc invcnIOry givcs us Our pIiOsOpIica namcs Or IruII. cOIcrcncc,
rcpcIiIiOn, IOIaiIy, IOrsiOn.
TIcrcarcnOOIIcrs.TIc 'adcquaIiOnOArisIOIcandSainITIOmasIas
ncvcrbccn anyIIing buIa niccIy OuI Oa dicIiOnary. TO sayIIaIIIcrc is
IruIIvIcnIIcspiriIagrccsviIIIIcIIingdOcsnOIdispcnscanyOncrOm
OOking Or IIc cccIivc av O IIc agrccmcnI in qucsIiOn. ArisIOIc and
SainI TIOmas Ocr IIcir sOuIiOnsIO IIisprObcm, vIicI, ikc a OIIcrs,
arc disIribuIcd inIIc sysIcm. cOIcrcncc, IOIaiIy, rcpcIiIiOn, IOrsiOn.
Lacan ncvcrais IO asI OuI againsI adcquaIiOn 'TIus TruII dravs iIs
guaranIccrOmsOmcvIcrcOIIcrIIanIIc RcaiIyiI cOnccrns. iI dravs iI
rOm SpcccI. usI asiI is rOm SpcccI IIaI TruII rcccivcs IIc mark IIaI
insIaIcsiI in a IicIiOna sIrucIurc E 4/0) .
Surc.BuI IIcacIIIaIrcaiIy cngagcsnOIruIIi sIIcpOinIO dcparIurc
Or any pIiOsOpIy. AdcquaIiOn misIcads nO Onc, nOr dOcs iI pass Or an
iuminaIingsIrOkcrcgardingIIccnigma OIIcIruc.
TIiscnigmacan bc rcadOIIcdiagramOIruII.
cohcrcncc _

IoIaIiy Iorsion
Aiming aI IIc vIOc, IIc subccI-prOccssOIruII rcpcaIsiIsdicrcncc,
undcr a ncv av vIOsc Iiddcn cOIcrcncc can bc siIuaIcd Ony by a
IOrsiOnOIIc iniIia ruc.
Lacan, OnIIisIOpic, Iassaid iI aabciIviII aninsidiOussippagc.
WIaI Ic didnOIsayissOmcIIing! cavc IO yOu asa (dihcuI) cxcrcisc
IO hgurc OuI. !I is a qucsIiOn O dcmOnsIraIing IIaI, as ar as Marxism is
cOnccrncd, IIcscIcma OIruIIbccOmcsIIcOOving.
cIasssIruggIc

dicIoipoIh pI

comunism parIy
1ZZ
LLK N LbJULJlN
TIOscOyOu vIO, aIIIissIagc,sOvcIIcprObcmcanmOvcOn IO IIc
asIcIapIcrIIcyarcripcOrIIccIIicsOMarxism, cxccpI OrIIccxpiciI
ppcmcnIary cOndiIiOn O cngaging, Icrc and nOv, viI IIc parIisan
OrsiOn.
OrsiOn, cvcniIIc vOrddOcs nOI bcOngIO IIccOmmOnparanccO
arxism,canbcincrrcdrOmiIbycOmbiningIIcnOIiOnOIIccircIcand
IIaI O IIc cap. TIc IOrsiOn O IIc Iruc dcsignaIcs a circulariIy viIIOuI
a unicd panc, a discOnIinuOus curvc Scc MaO. IIcrc is a circc, sincc
Ic pOinI O dcparIurc O IruII is pracIicc, vIicI is iIs pOinI Oarriva as
vc, and IIcOryis IIc mcdiaIiOnby vay Oa curvc rOm
j
IO

TIcrc
sIOrsiOnbyIIc dOubcunIingingIIaI, asan inIcgraparI OIruII asIra-
ccIOry, grOunds IIcpracIicanOvcIy, IIc Oca indcx OpasIIc divisiOn
nIO
j
and , vIicI is nOI a IcmpOra divisiOnbuI a cOgniIivc Onc IIc
avOpaccmcnI.
WIyadoublunIinging?Bccauscin OrdcrIOguaranIccIIc circuariIy,
cvcn iiI is a brOkcnOnc, vc nccdIvO discOnIinuiIics.
WIcncc IIc IvO caps OknOvcdgc. rOm scnsibc IO raIiOnaknOv
cdgc (a cap in IIc pracIicaidcnIiIy OIIc IraccIOry) and rOm raIiOna
I rcvOuIiOnary knOvcdgc (a cap vIcrcby p dvidcs iIsc) . Rcad 0n
ac/ic.
Onc vi rccOgnizc IIaI rOm IIc scnsibc IO IIc raIiOna vc mOvc by
vayOa brcak aOng IIc axis OIruII. IOIaiIy rcpcIiIiOn.WIcrcasrOm
raIiOna IOrcvOuIiOnaryknOvcdgc, vc mOvc IOrizOnIay. rcpcIiIiOn
cOIcrcncc.
Iis is prcciscy vIaI inIcrrupIs IIc rcpcIiIiOn, sincc IIc pcrccivcd
cOIcrcnccis ncv.
!n IispcdagOgicaanguagcMaOIIcMarxisIsIaIcsIvOIIcscsIIaIarc
csscnIiaOrOurundcrsIanng OIIcIruc.
. A raIiOnaiIysIrucIurcsIIcWIOcbyvay OrcpcIiIivc scrics.
2 ApcrccivcdcOIcrcnccinIcrrupIs a rcpcIiIiOn.
OnccangOvcry arviII IIis. BuI! imagincIIc Ob ccIiOn, vIicI! vi
quOIc 'YOu arc cOung IIc issuc AIcraIIis, isiI sIi pOssibc IO IrcaI
can as an idcaisI? AI casI admiI IIaI Ic is guiIy LcI us add IO IIc
OssicrOnc OIisdccaraIiOns, vIicI is dcvasIaIing .
Or iI is sIi nOI saying cnOugI IO say IIaI IIc cOnccpI is IIc IIing
iIsc, vIicI a cIid can dcmOnsIraIc againsI IIc ScIOasIics. !I is IIc
vOrd O vOrds IIaI crcaIcs IIc vOrd O IIings-IIings vIicI aI hrsI
run IOgcIIcr inIIc hic/nuncOIIc a in IIc prOccss ObccOming-by
1Z
THLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
giving iIs cOncrcIc bcing IO IIcir csscncc, and iIs ubiquiIy IO vIaI Ias
avays bccn.klcmacsaci. E 22/276)
'O yOu rccOgnizc, my MarxisI prOsccuIOr vi cOntinuc, IIc primacy
O IIinking Ovcr bcing-in-iIsc, O tIc subccI Ovcr IIc ObccI-idcaisI
axiOmsIOvIicI!acanassignsIIcirmOdcrnOrm,invIicIiIisaqucsIiOn
OIIc anIcriOriIyOIanguagc Ovcr IIc IIing iIscl?
! ! ask my sagaciOus OppOncnI. '!s IIcrc primacy O capiIaism Ovcr
IIc prOcIariaI? ! am nOI surc IIaI Ic vi bc mucI bcIIcr cquippcd IO
prOvidc an ansvcr. !I vi prOvc uscu aI IIis pOinI IO mcdiIaIc On a
crucia IIcsis rOm Lacan. 'TIc subccI is, as iI vcrc, inIcrnaIy cxcudcd
rOm iIs ObccI ( E 6! 73 ) . !I is dihcuI, in IIis inIcrna cxcusiOn, IO
pinpOinIaprimacy.
AIOrsiOn, ycs.
Likc Marx, and ikc !rcud, Lacan isvividyavarc OIIcacIIIaI Ic is
bringingabOuIa ( COpcrnicanrcvOuIiOn.NOIinIIcscnscOaninvcrsiOn
buI raIIcra sanIing. vIaI vc sav assIraigII, vc musI scc as IvisIcd.

WIaI vc bcicvcIObcinrOnI O us, as !acanpuIsiIbriianIy, isbcing-

IO-IIc-sidc, para-bcing, par-appcaring.
!IisatIIcvcrypOinIaIvIicIparadOxcsspringuprcgardingcvcryIIing
IIaI managcs IObc OrmuaIcd asIIc cccI OvriIing (ccldcri/) IIaI
bcing prcscnIs iIsc, avays prcscnIs iIsc, by para-bcing. Wc sIOud
carn IO cOnugaIcIIaIapprOpriaIcy. ! par-am, yOu par-arc, Ic par-is,
vcpar-arc, andsOOnandsOOrtI. (S XX4/44) ' `
!ctusagrccIOcadOgmaIismanyMarxismIIaIprcIcndsIOrcsIOrcIIc
inc, viIIOuI anyIIing acaIOry, rigII in rOnI Ous.
TOnamcIIisinc'usI'isOnyasmOkcscrccnOrcaIingiI'rigII Rcad
in tIc IcavyIandOIisIOry, iIis IIcincOIruII OvIicI vc rccOgnizc
IIc Odings.
'LcIusparabc, IIat is Ourvar cry.
AndbcIIcrycI 'Wcarc nOIIing, cI us para-bc IIc WIOc
1Z9
1M6|6 d|6 00 SuCM IM| 0S dS C| dSS |6| dI| 00S
0D|U3| 9, V
CIrisI, Marx, and!rcud, (rc Oundcdby SainI!au Lcnin, and
!aca

-TIc rcvOuIiOnasIIcimpOssibcprOpcrIOMarxism-An
cxcrcisc in IOrsiOn-'csIrOy, Ic says
!spOkc IO yOu abOuI pcriOdizaIiOn. ! IOdyOuIIaIIIc maIcriaisIdiaccIic
undOcs IIc circc O IIc Hcgcian diaccIic in ccrIain rupIurcs vIcrcby
cvcry pIcnOmcnOn cOmcsIO inscribc iIscIvOIimcs (aIcasI .
TIcdOubcscaisIIcpricc OHisIOryOranOvcIy.
6
O cOursc, Marxism is a pIcnOmcnOn and, as sucI, iI is pcriOdizcd.
!t IIus bcgins IvO Iimcs. viII Marx and IIcn viII !cnin. 'Marxism-
Lcninism is a namc OrIIis dOubcsca-OrIIc dOubc namc. TIc dOc
trina Onc OIIcIisIOricaTvO.
CIrisIianiIy, IOO, bcgins IvO Iimcs. viII CIrisI and viII SainI !au.
NOIcIIaI IIc ccrIainIy O IIc hrsI bcginning isaIIacIcd IO IIcIruII O
IIc sccOnd. WiIIOuIIIcOundingmiiIanIacIiviIyOSainI!auviIIOuI
IIc idca-againsI !cIcr-O univcrsaizing IIc mcssagc, O caving IIc
Lav, O cxcccding IIc cvisI univcrsc, vIaI vOud Iavc bccOmc O
tIis micnary pOvcr, rOm vIicI aOnc vc can rcad a bcginning in
tIc Iangcd IisIOry OIIaI sccIarian cadcr iquidaIcd by IIc !alcsIinian
cstabisImcnIundcrIIcprOIccIiOnOIIcncuIraiIyOIIc ROmanSIaIc?
IcpOiIicaIIimcOIIcunivcrsaCIurcI, OvIicISainI!auisIIcbri-
liant and i-IumOurcd Lcnin, rcIrOacIivcy grOunds IIc !ncarnaIiOn as
1Zb
1HLY r 1HL bUbdLL1
acI. LcI us undcrsIand. asIhcdiscursivcacIoIhismiiIanI, conqucring
apparaIus.
MusI vc arguc IhaI organizaIion aOnc can makc an cvcnI inIo an
origin? cs, insoaras a pOiIica subccI rcquircs Ihc hisIorica undcrpin-
ning o an apparaIus and insoarasIhcrc is no origncxccpI ora dcIcr-
minaIcpoiIics.
Hovcvcr, Ihc cvcnI, oncc iI isIhus assigncd, IakcsOnan incxhausIibc
vaucocriIicaanIicipaIionviIhrcgardIo vhaIIhcrcIroacIionhxaIcsas
origin, scansiOn, orbordcr.
Considcr Ihc suspcnsc o rcIrOacIiOn and anIicipaIiOn IhaI inks Ihc
Third !nIcrnaIionaIo Ihc OcIObcrRcvOuIion. Marxism IruycOmcsinIo
bcing during Ihis pcriod, in parIicuaranIicipaIion-as capabc O hcr-
csics and-rcIroacIion-as capabc o a oundaIiona cpic. !I is Onyrom
vicIoriOus Lcninism IhaI vc can daIc Ihc cxisIcncc o Marxism as Ihc
originary discursivcdcsignaIion oa ncvpOiIicasubccI.
!ndccd,IhcrccanbcnOqucsIionoa subccI asongasIhcanguagcis
sIimissingin vhich Io prOnouncc a vcrdicIabouIhcrcsyor Io rcmiI IO
Ihc cpic.
Wivc say IhaIiI isonyromLacanIhaIvc candaIc, sIricIy spcaking,
rcudianism quaIhcory o Ihc subccI? Or cvcn !rcudianism qua cpc? As
Orhcrcsics, Ihcyappcarcd sOOn cnOugh. Wivc argucIhaI, bcorc Lacan,
IhcrccxisIcdOnyanOpcndocIrincandascicnIhcambiIiOnnomOrcaccOm-
pishcd,inmaIIcrso'psychoOgy,buIaIsonomOrcmcdiOcrc, IhanIhaIOr
vhichvc cancrcdiIMarx, IhrOughCaji/al, inmaIIcrsocconomy?
WiIhouI a doubI. A inc o dcmarcaIion had IO bc dravn bcIvccnIhc
! andIhc cgo soas hnayIo isoaIc Ihc proccss Ovhich 'unconscious is
Ihc namc,usI asiI vas OnyaqucsIiOnovaguc ObccIiviIicsunIiLcnin
cncrgcIicay rcvcacdIhaIin maIIcrs O Marxism, 'poiIics is Ihc cOnccn
IraIcd cxprcssion o cconOmics, and parIisan acIiviIy, Ihc cOnccnIraIion
opoiIics.
!I is noI or nOIhing IhaI !acan vagcs var againsI cvcry rcapsc o
psychOanaysis inIo Ihc cncrgcIic O drivcs or vhaI vc vOud ca
ccOnomism.
WhaI is, in Ihc hna insIancc, Ihc 'primacy O Ihc signiicr? I is Ihc
primacy o Ihc cIhica, o Ihc cIhics o vc-sayng. And or Lcnin, IhaI
is Ihc primacyopOiIics,vhichis an arI-'!nsurrccIiOn i sanarI-much
morc so Ihan a scicncc.
acani s Ihc LcninO psychoanaysis. Hcsays iI himsc, andusIihaby
so ina passagcIhaI hasnoI ycImadca oIo ink Iov
1Z0
LLK NU ULb1ULJlN
Marx and Lcnin, !rcud and !acan arc nOI cOupcd in bcing. !I is via
Ihc cIIcr Ihcy ound in Ihc OIhcr IhaI, as bcings O knOvcdgc, Ihcy
prOcccd Ivo by Ivo, in a suppOscd OIhcr. WhaI is ncv abOuI Ihcr
knOvcdgc is IhaI iI dOcsnI prcsumc Ihc OIhcrknovs anyIhing abOuI
iI-ccrIany noI Ihc bcing vhO consIiIuIcd Ihc cIIcr Ihcrcor iI is
ccary On Ihc basis o Ihc OIhcr ( dc l'Au/rc) IhaI hc cOnsIiIuIcd Ihc
cIIcraIhisOvncxpcnsc, aIIhcpriccOhisbcing,vhich, byGOd,isnoI
noIhing aIaOrcachOus, buInOI avhOcoIciIhcr, Io Ic IhcIruIh.
(S , 7/-0)
Hcrcvc sccIhaIIhcbinomaIOnamcscorrcspOnds univcrsayIO Ihc
oubcscaOIhcOrigin.
So Ihc prObcm o our Iimc vOud bc Ihc Ooving. Whcrc is, ycI Io
comc and makingIhrcc, Ihc Mao Opsychoanaysis?
BuI our !cnn in qucsIiOn is aivc and vc. hc can accumuaIc Ihc
numbcrs, ikca kingsuccccdnghimsc.
2
AsarasOur IOpicscOnccrncd,vhichisIhaIoIruIh, !rcad!acansmaIc-
riaism In hs sIcady uprghIncss abOuI IOrsion rom vhch I Iurns ouI
IhaI, indcxcd accOrding IO Ihc Whoc, a pcrccivcd cohcrcncc inIcrrupIs
hc rcpcIiIiOnIhaIsIrucIurcsiI.
LcI usiusIraIc Ihc IOrsion OIhc Iruc, vhich cOnsIiIuIcs Ihc IOpoOgy
oiIscohcrcncc, Ihc cacsura OiIsrcpcIiIion, andIhc hssurc o IsvhOc,
viIhOurgoOdod OOs bridgc. Ihc rcaIion oprOcIaraI/bOurgcOisic.
! say 'rcaIion, and nOI rcaIion, on Ihc grOunds IhaI, i Ihc rca O
psychOanaysis is Ihc impOssibiiIy O Ihc scxua qua rcaIion, Ihc rca
o Marxism can bc sIaIcd as OIOvs. 'Thcrc arc nO such Ihngs as cass
rcaIiOns.
WhaIdocsI mcanIO sayIhaIIhcrcarcnOcassrcIaIOns?Thiscanbc
sIaIcd dcrcnIy. anIagOnism.
ThcbOurgcoisic/prOcIariaIanIagonismdcsignaIcsIhcrcaIiOnocasscs
simpOssibc,vhcrcbyiIdcimiIsIhcrcaOMarxism.ThsisnOIIhcsamc
as iIsObccI, OrIhcObccI OMarxism,! said sorcpcaIcdy, is nonc OIhcr
thaniIssubccI. IhcpOiIicasubccI.
ThcrcaisvhaIIhc subccI cncOunIcrs, asiIs chancc, iIscausc,and iIs
consisIcncy. ! vi cOmc back IO Ihis IripcI. chancc, causc, cOnsisIcncy.
1Z
1HLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
!OrIIcsubccIOvIicIMarxismisIIcIIcOry, IIisrcaisIIcbOurgcOisic/
prOcIariaIanIagOnismasimpOssibcrcIaIiOnamOngIIcpcOpc. TIcsIapc
IIaIIIisnOcaIiOnIakcsisvaidOranyMarxisIpOiIics, inIIcrcgisIcrO
cIancc(IOscizcIIcbubyIIcIOrns , OIIccausc (iIisrOmIIisnOca-
IiOnIIaIpOiIicsassucI,vIicIisIOsaymasspOiIics,isbOrn , andOcOn-
sisIcncy (IIc susIaining O anIagOnism is vIaI givcs Marxism iIs sIaying
pOvcr, asvcasdchning IIcprincipc OuniIyOiIs sIagcs .
O vc IIcn adOpI, sucI as iI is, Lacans maxim IIaI IIc rca is vIaI is
impOssibc? cs, viIIOuI any quibbc. TIc rca OMarxism isIIc rcvOu-
IiOn. WIaI dOcs IIc rcvOuIiOn namc? TIc sOc IisIOricaI Orm O cxisI
cnccOIIcrcaIiOnOcIass, IIaIis, anIagOnism,vIicIIurnsOuIIObc lhc
dcslrucliono]lhalwhichdidnolcxisl.
TIcrcvOuIiOnisIIccxisIcnIiaOanIagOnism. !IisIIcrcOrcIIcnamc
OIIcimpOssibcIIaIis prOpcrIOMarxism.
OcsIIis mcanIIaIrcvOuIiOnsdO nOI cxisI? uiIc IIc cOnIraryTIaI
IIcy arc rca mcans prcciscyIIaI IIcy cxisI, and IIaIs a. TIc MarxisI
sIaIus O IIc rcvOuIiOns is IIcir Iaving-Iakcn-pacc, vIicI is IIc rca
On IIc basis OvIicIa pOiIica subccIprOnOunccs iIsc in IIc prcscnI.
NOIIingIas Iakcn pacc cxccpI IIc rcvOuIiOn. !I is an impOssibc cvcnI,
ikcaIruccvcnIs,OvIicIMarxismcnsurcsIIcsubccIivcguaranIccby
IIc rcIrOacIiOn OiIs cOnccpI.
'!arisCOmmunc, ' OcIObcr 1, ' CuIuraRcvOuIiOnarcnOIcmpirica
cOniguraIiOns OvIicI sOmc 'MarxisI IisIOrian OrOIIcr vOud prOvidc
IIc narraIivc. TIcyarc MarxisIcOnccpIsIIaI cnabc us IO IIinkIIc rca-
IiOnOIIcpOIiIicasubccI IO IIc rca, IIaIis, IO IIc cxisIingimpOssibiiIy
OIIc rcvOuIiOns.
TIcsc cOnccpIs arc OIIcrvisccrucia and OundaIiOna IIan IIOsc IIaI
Onc is miscd inIO Iaking Or MarxsprimiIivccOnccpIs, sucI as 'mOdc O
prOducIiOn, 'prOducIivcabOur, 'surpusvaIuc, andOIIcrs.
!Or Marxism, scizcd rOm any pOinI IIaI is nOI iIs cccIivc OpcraIiOn
vIicI is cnIircIy O IIc Ordcr O pOiIics viIIin IIc masscs, dOcs nOI
dcscrvc Onc IOur O Our IrOubcs. NOr vOud iI bc vOrII invcsIing IIis
IOur in a !rcudianism rcduccd IO IIc drcary dOcIrinc O scxua dcIcr-
minaIiOn, adusIcd IO sOmc IIcrapy Or OIcr mcanI IO rcinOrcc IIc
cgO.
!n IIcsc Iimcs markcd by IIc 'cOmmOn prOgrammc O IIc !cI,
IIOsc vIO imaginc IIaI anyIIing vIaIsOcvcr O Marxism can subsisI i
OncprcIcnds IOdOviIIOuIIIc impOssibc rcvOuIiOn arcusIgOOdOrIIc
absOvingIacnIqucsIOacadcmia.
JZb
LLK NU ULb1UL1lN
Marxism is IIc pracIica discOurscOr susIaining IIc subccIivc advcnI
C a pOiIics. WIaI pracIicc? ! apprOvc OIIc dhniIiOn Lacan givcs IO
praxis 'WIaIisa praxis? . . . !I i sIIcbrOadcsI Irm IO dcsignaIca cOn
ccrIcdIumanacIiOn,vIaIcvcriI maybc, vIicIpaccsman in apOsiIiOn
IO IrcaI IIc rcaviIIIIcsymbOic (S ! 6/ I .
Marxism sccks IO cIangc IIc rca O rcvOuIiOn IIrOugI IIc symbOic
grip OvIicI iI assurcs IIc pOiIica subccI O sucI a rca, a subccI Or
vIicI, asvcaknOv, iI rcscrvcsIIc namc 'prOlcIariaI, vIicI is nciIIcr
mOrcnOrcss apprOpriaIc IIanIIc (dubiOus vOrd 'uncOnsciOus.
TIisis asOvIcrcMarxismmusIOrdainiIsIOrsOn.
3
!na IpOOgyrOm vIicI vc migII IIink IIc pair cxIcriOr/i nIcriOr, vIaI
sIIcsiIc OIIcsc IvOIcrms, 'bOurgcOisic and 'prOcIariaI
EcOnOmism, vIicI is Ond O disIincIiOns, pOsiIs IIc cxIcriOriIy. bOur-
gcOis is vIOcvcr Ovns IIc mcans OprOducIiOn. rOcIaria, vIOcvcris
scparaIcdrOmIIcm and Ias aI IisdispOsaOny IisabOurOrcc, vIicI
c scs.
NOvIIcrcissOmcIIingIIaIisccrIainynOIvrng
Wc knOv vIaIOOvs. TIis IOpOOgica cxIcririIy cIangcs Ovcr inIO
a uncIiOna inIcriOriIy. TIis is IIc rcvcngc O II pacc, vIicI vc sav
nIIc casc O Hcgc. !IIc prOcIariaI is Ony IIis prOducIivc (cxpOIIcd
cxIcriOriIy, iIvOud bcbcIIcrIO namc iI-viII arx-'aburOrcc, Or
cvcn 'variabc capiIa. !ndccd, iI is nOIIing buI a piccc O capiIa. Ou
avcmadcadisIincIiOngOvcrncdbyIIcrucOaIrucIurcdscI, invIicI
disIincIiOn is acIuay OnIy a av O cOmpOsiIiO, IIaI O IIc cycc O
cnargcd rcprOducIiOn. WIaI yOu Iavc is Cajilal. Hcrc IIc Orking cass
scvcn IIc mOsIprcciOuscapiIa, sincc iIi sIIc OnIyacIivcprincipcOiIs
rcgcncraIiOn. Ou may dO avayviII IIc capiIaiIs, aI IIc vIic main-
IainingIIc av OcapiIa. TIis isvIaIIIc Russia uncIiOnarics managc
IO dO quiIc vc. TIc vOrkcrs, by cOnIrasI, cannOI bc subIraIcdrOm IIc
Ovcra cOnhguraIiOn. !rOm IIis vc can incr IIaI IIcir iniIia disIincIiOn
rOm IIc bOurgcOisic, purcy rOm IIc pOinI O cv O cxOiIaIiOn, O
IIc cxIOrIiOn O surpus-vauc, camc dOvn IO II OOvig sIaIcmcnIs
o incusiOn. IIc bOurgcOis vOrd spaccs cass, caiIa is II pacc OIIc
prOcIariaI.
!aradOxicay, in OrdcrIO cOmc IO IIink OIIc rOcIariaI as bcing-Or
1ZV
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
as pOssiby bcing-IIc OuIpacc OIIc bOurgcOis spacc, wcmusl]rsllhink
lhcbourcoisic s inlcrioriqlolhcjrolclarial.
TIis isvIcrc IruII appcarsIOsIandinaIOrsiOn, vIcrcasIIccOIcrcncc
OIIc ccOnOmiss gavc us OnyIIc rcpcIiIiOnOcapiIa aspacc-vIOc.
!nIIcbcginning,IIc'prOcIariaIisindicaIcdasaparIicuarhgurcOIIc
bOurgcOisic, IIc spiIhgurc OIIc aIIcrspOiIics.WIaI sIarIcd Marxism
vasnOIIingcscIanIIcpOpuarandvOrkcrsinsurrccIiOnsO 83-5,
IIcmscvcs graIcd OnIOIIcbOurgcOis dcmOcraIic mOvcmcnI in EurOpc.
An cxccpIiOna disOrdcr. usI as psycIOanaysis bcgan Ony by isIcning
IO IIissinguardisOrdcrOspcccI IIaI isIIc]n-dc-sicclcIysIcric. TIc Iis-
IOrica sympIOmvIcncc IO Irack dOvn IIc subccI Originaycanbc rcad
O IIc bOurgcOis pOiIica disOrdcr. WIaI is IIis disOrdcr? TIc scissiOn
inIrOduccdinIOIIcsubccI by iIsassignaIiOn IO a IcIcrOnOmOus Ordcr. I
is IIc cxpusiOn, IIc purging, O IIc inIcrna inccIiOn by IIc subccIivc
prOcIarian cmcrgcncc, vIaIcvcr IIc dcgrcc O iIs cOnsisIcncy, IIaI rsI
cOnsIiIuIcsiI.
Wc migIIasvc sayIIaIiIisIIccmcrgcnccObizarrcpracIicaOrgan-
isms in IIcIcnccOrII-cOnuscddOmainObOurgcOispOiIicsIIaI cOnsIi-
IuIcs IIcprOcIariaIspar-appcaring.
WIaI is IIc prOcIariaI? A IIaI is IisIOricay in IIc prOccss Ocuring
iIsc O a mOrIa pOiIica discasc. !I is a surviving bOdy, bOrnc rOm rOI.
Ncvcrcurcd, vc sIOudnOIc, avays in IIcprOccssObcing curcd.
As a sympIOm O IcaII, vIicI rOm any OIIcr pOinI O vicv cxccpI
Marxism rcads as a sympIOm Oincurabc incss, IIc pOiIics OIIc prO-
cIariaIccrIainysIandsin inIcrnacxcusiOnIObOurgcOispOiIics,IIaI is,
IO iIs ObccI.
Ocs IIc bOurgcOisic makc a subccI? ! ahrmcd as mucI inIIis vcry
pacc, inApri 75. LcImccOnIradicImysc,iIisaIrickOpar-appcaring.
TIcbOurgcOisicIasnOIbccna subccIOr a OngIimc, iImakcsa pacc.
TIcrc is Ony Onc pOiIica subccI, Or any givcn IisIOricizaIiOn. TO
ignOrc IIis maOr ObscrvaIiOngcIs Onc IangcdupinavisiOnOpOiIicsas
a subccIivc duc, vIicIiIisnOI. TIcrc isOnc pacc, and OncsubccI.TIc
dissymmcIry is sIrucIura in naIurc.
TIcprOcIariaIcxisIscvcryvIcrcvIcrcsOmcpOiIicaOuIpaccisprO
duccd. !I is IIcrcOrc by purging iIscIIaI iI cxisIs. !I Ias nO anIcriOriIy
OvcrIIc OrganizaIiOn OiIs pOiIica surviva. TO cxpc IIc bOurgcOis pOi-
Iicsby cOmprcssingiIsOvn Organism-suppOrI andIObringinIOcxisIcncc
IIcprOcIarianpOiIics, apparcnIy, arc OncandIIc samc.
OcsIIisaOvusIOvagcrIIccxisIcnccOapOiIica subccI? NO, ! dO
1
LLK NU ULbJULJlN
nOIagrcc viII IIcvicvIIaI iI vOud suhcc I IavcIIc muIipiciIy O
IIcrcvOIs,IIcOuIpaccOpurcsubccIivizaIiOn, IIccrupIivcgivcn OIIc
p
OpuarpOiIicacOnccnIraIi On.
TIc IOrsiOn is mOrc radica. !I is nOI Ony as IIc pacc-OuI-O-pacc O
c-cxpusiOn, as IcIcrOnOmOus pOiIics, IIaI IIcprOcIariaI qua subccI
Omcs inIO bcing in IIc vOrd. WiIIin IIc cOnIinuiIy OIIc purihcaIiOn
Onc canavaysIakcIIcprOcIariaIOran unnOIiccdcard OIIcbOurgcOi-
c iIsc, arcIurnOiIssubccIivccOmpcIcncc, apiIaOIIcpacc.TIisis
IaI vc arc IaugIIbyIIc appcarancc in IIc SSROa ncwburcaucraIic
IaIc bOurgcOisic.
Ic subccIs mcasurc dcmands IIaI IIc sIricI Ogic O IIc OuIpacc,
OvcrncdinvIOyMaarmcan asIiOn by IIc causaiIyOack, cxcccds
Iscin IIc dcslrucliono]lhcjlacc.
!I isnOI an cmpIypacc, nOIcvcn IIaIOpOvcr, IIaIcOnurcsIIccmcr-
cncc in IIcpOiIicadisOrdcr, O IIcsubccIOiIs OccupaIiOn.
' csIrOy, Ic says sucI is IIc ncccssaryand prOOngcdprOcIarian
IaIcmcnI.

TIis barbarOus sIaIcmcnI Orbids us IO imaginc IIc pOiIi

ca subccI in IIc sIrucIura mOdaiIy O IIc IcriIagc, IIc IransmissiOn,
IIccOrrupIiOn, IIc invcrsiOn. BuIasO in IIaI O IIcpuriyingcuI, OIIc
Ord brOkcnin Iv.
csIrucIiOnmcansIOrsiOn.!nIcrnaIOIIc spacc, iI ravagcs iIs paccs, in
a abOriOus duraIiOn.
TO vIaI inIcriOriIy pcrIains IIaI vIicI cxisIs Ony by dcsIrOying IIc
ruc OdcimiIaIiOnbyvIicIIIc cxIcriOr uncIiOns asa bOrdcr?
AndycIIIcprOcIariaIccrIainycmcrgcsinilsjlacc.
Hcrcvc musI prOduccaIOpOOgyOdcsIrucIiOn. TIaIOIIcack (O IIc
IOc aOnc cannOIby iIsc uh IIc IIOugIIOruins.
OurcnIircdispuIcviIIacanicsinIIcdivisiOn,vIicIIc rcsIricIs, O
IIcprOccssOackrOm IIaIOdcsIrucIiOn.
ackanddcsIrucIiOnTIisgivcsusOcus,aIIcmOrcsOinIIaIIIisdia
ccIicis Iransvcrsa IO IIc Onc Oagcbra and IOpOOgy, vIicIcOmmands
aOmaIcriaism.
11
LV6|y Su0j6CI C|0SS6S d l dCK 0 06| 0 d00 d
06SI|uCI| 00
0DId3I Z, V
Lacan-Hcgc-ThcsubccIOIhc chain-Thc cOmmunisIcccI
OnIOOgy-!acan sOur axiOms-csIrucIiOn asmasIcryOOss
Lacan,!saidcaricr,isOurHcgcIhaIis,hcprcscnIsIhc(idcaistdiaccIicO
Ourtimc.WiIhOurIimccOmcsIhcrcquircmcnIIhaIOncprcIcndstOOppOsc
Ihis diaccticIO Hcgcs machincs, and!acandOcsnOtshirkIhisduIy.
!rOvOkcdbyacqucs-AainMiIcr,On May27, ! 64, inIOsaying'Lacan
aainslHcgc, hcapprOvcsviIh dcighIbuIasOviIhIhcpOiIcprudcncc
OdcnyingIhaIiI cOud-'ata -bc amaIIcrOra phiOsOphicadcbaIc
S XI 2 5/240) .
WhaI happcns i s thaI Icn ycars caricr-! invitc anyOnc I OOOkaI Ihc
indcx O Ihc Ecrils. Hcgc Iakcs Ihc iOns sharc, aIcr !rcud (vhO is nOt
parI O Ihc cOmpcIiIiOn and Ihus dOcs nOI appcar in Ihc IisI buI bcOrc
anyOnc csc-it vas a qucsIiOn Odcciding 'iIhcrc issIi sOmcIhing prO-
phcIicin Hcgcs insisIcncc,vhich rcvcasIhc cxIcnIOhisgcnius, OnIhc
undamcnIa idcnIiIy O Ihc parIicuar and Ihc univcrsa, IhaI is, in thc
daccIicaIOrsiOniIsc, andIOinscribciniIIhcrcIrOspccIivcabcOpsy-
chOanaysis, vhich prOvidcs Ihis tOrsiOn viIhiIs paradigm by rcvcaing
thcstrucIurcinvhich this idcntiIyis rcaizcdasdisuncIivc OIhcsubjcct,
and vithOuI appcaingI Ihc uIurc (E 22/242, Irans. mOdihcd . This is
Ihc OpcraIiOn, appicdIO Hcgc, OIhc dOubc sIamp O diaccIica mOdcr-
niIy. COnscqucnIy, OIhcdOubc ump.

1Z
LLK NU ULbJUL1lN
LkcHcgcOrMarx, LacanOrusiscsscnIiaand divisibc.Thc primacy
o Ihc sIrucIurc, vhich makcs O Ihc symbOic Ihc gcncra agcbra OIhc
succI,andOlalanu,iIsIransccndcnIahorizOn,iscOuntcrcdcvcrmOrc
ccaryvitha IOpOOgicaObscssiOn in vhichvhaI mOvcs andprOgrcsscs
pcrIainstOIhcprimacyOthcrca.
Thcrcarc, brOadyspcaking, IvOsucccssivcLacans, Ihc OncOIhcack
obcingand thcOnc OIhc OnIOOgyOthchOc, OIhc nOda lojos, and,
onscqucnIy, Othcbcing Oack.
!rOmIhcprimacyOIhcsymbOictOIhccOnsistcncyOIhc rca.
ThcraIiOnamaIrixIicdIOIhc cccI Oack, byvhichLacancOnIinucs
tc Maarmcan cOrt, is cOnccnIraIcd in Ihc arIiccs in vhch acqucs
ain Micr in a ccar sIcp-bysIcp manncrscts OuI Ihc Ogic O Ihc sig-
nicr, and Ihcn Ihc IhcOry O lalanu. Micrs cOncusiOns sum up Ihc
ormaism O Ihc sIrucIura diaccIic, undcr thc Ihcmatichcading O Ihc
vanishingcnIity,OIhcincOnsistcnIIOtaiIy.
!tisOnyvhcnIhcmarkdisappcarsthaIiIspaccappcars,andIhcrcOrc
Ihc mark as such. !s Ihis cnOugh IOusIiy Our saying IhaI iI aIIains iIs
bcing Ony in iIs disappcarancc-IhaI iI takcs hOd Ony On Ihc bOrdcr
OiIsack-ina Iash? j. . . IhcbcingOIhc mark, usI ikcthaIOack,
'cxistsOnyinIhcin-bcIvccn,incOrpOrca,ungraspabc,Orinthcdicr-
cncc bcIvccn Ihc Onc and Ihc OIhcr, in Ihc mOvcmcnI, in Ihcpassagc,
and iI is avays ciIhcr IOO cary Or IOO atc. j. . . This prOccss-Ihis
cnIiIy-prcscnIs iIsc as unIOIaizabc-Or, as a cOnIradicIOry IOIaiIy,
vhichistOsay,aIOIaiIyviIhiIscOnIradicIiOn, OrviIhiIsnOninIcgrabc
ccmcnt, muIipiciIyirrcducibctOa unity. . . . Thcmark j. . . dOcsnI
consisl (iIis incOnsisIcnI , iIpcrsisIs, iIinsisIs, itis a prOccss.
ThcsubccIhcrcis rcvcacdinIhcccipscOIhcmarking,caughIinIhc
pulsaIing mOvcmcnI, IhcIashingaI Ihccdgc OthaIvhicharIicuaIcsiI.
Thus,IhcprOctariaI,trappcdinIhcpOiIicaavOIhcbOurgcOisvOrd,
is Ony-as Lacan says OIhc Obcct O anIasy-an 'unspcakabc vacia-
ton ( E 5 50/656) . WhOcvcrvanIsIOdccarciIssubsIancc is a svindcr.
O Ihc prOcIariaI, vc ncvcr ObIain anything cxccpI Ihc bOdy (Ihc
parIy , cxccpIIhcIraccs:pOpuarhisIOricaacIsvhOscnOminacvidcncc
tikcsusviIh unccrtainIy.
Whcncc IssubccI-making.
rcscribcd by Ihc Oss O iIs ObccI-Ihus suIurcd OnIO thc rcal by
tc ack O bcing-dcsirc dividcs Ihc subcct, bcing incxIcnsivc IO Ihc
nOthing rOm vhcncc iI prOcccds. ThcOnymOdc O cxisIcncc Osucha
1
1HLY 1HL bUbdLL1
divisiOn is IhcavOaIcrnaIiOnOn vhich, in Lacanscasc, nOsIarcOmcs
IOpuI iIs sIamp.
Thc subccI OOvs IhrOughOuI Ihc aIc O Ihc vanishingIcrm, having
Ihc sIaIus OaninIcrvabcIvccn IvO signihcrs, S
l
and S

vhichprcscnI
I Onc H Ihc OIhcr. usI as Ihc prOcIariaI is Ony IhaI vhich a ( namcd)
rcvOuIiOnprcscnIsIOanOIhcr( namcabc) rcvOuIiOn. usI asIhcvrcckcd
ship ( S

) prcscnIs Ihc subccI O vriIing IO Ihc sircn ( S

vhic nOIhing
cOnsOidaIcsIhisprcscnIaIiOn, nOIcvcnIhcMaarmcandrcamOaciphcr
OIhc univcrsc, cOnhncdinIhc BOOkinvhich Ihis univcrsc shOud Ogi-
caycuminaIc.
!Or Lacan, Ihc subccIcads IO nOIhing,

vhich is nOI ncgigibc, buI

iI makcs nO scnsc in IhaI iI musI sidc Ovcr abscncc vIhOuI any grip,
Or 'dcsirc is Ihc mcIOnymy O Ihc ack O bcng (E 5 34/65, Irans.
mOdiicd .
!n Ihis vay, !acan givcs himsc an acccss rOad, vhich suiIs us, inIO
OnIOOgy Ihc uncOnsciOus is IhaI bcing vhich subvcrIs Ihc mcIaphysica
OppOsiIiOn O bcing and nOnbcing. !OriI is Ihc cccIOIhc ack O bcing
(cccI vhich hasa namc. Iranscrcncc .
TO IhaIcxIcnI, as vc vi scc, Ihc uncOnsciOus rcscmbcs Ihc prOcIar-
ianpOiIiaccOrdingIOIhcMarxisI, vhich is i/s c]]cc/(i/sc]-]ac/) o]no/bcin
(c-acIvhOscnamc is 'cOmmunism .

. -A. Micr, sIi him, gOcs aIcrLacan viIh IhcqucsIiOn. 'WhaI isyOur
OnIOOgy?WhaIisIhcuncOnsciOus?
Oh, Ihc Ordcas IO vhichOncIhinksIhaIMarxisIsarc subccIcd vhcn
Onc IhrOvs aI Ihcm pOinI-bank Ihc burning qucsIiOn (Ihis happcns a
IhOusand Iimcs Ovcr, sO IhaI vc carry incOmbusIibc prOIccIvc gcar :
'Whcrci syOurprOcIariaI? !si InOIan imaginarysignihcr?
WOc IO IhOsc vhO bcicvcIhaIIhcy musI OOv Ihcir OquaciOus IOr-
mcnIOr OnIO Ihc Icrrain O cxisIcncc IO vhich hc has prOvOkcd Ihcm.
WhcIhcrIhcyscarchOn Ihc sidc OIhc vOrkcrs andacIOry cxpOiIaIiOn,
Or vhcIhcr Ihcy bring up Ihc cxisIing SIaIcs, Ihc rcsuI vi avays bc
ciIhcrIOOmuch, OrIOOiIIc. !IisuIicIOvanIIO hand OuIIhc ccrIihcaIc
OcxisIcnccOancmpiricascI (bciIasOciacass OrIhc idca nOnbcingO
a prOccI Or sOcicIy (bc iI 'sOciaisI ) IO IhaI vhich givcs a pOiIicaI subccI
Ihc Orcc OiIs namc.
NciIhcr Ihc scxua drivcs nOr Ihc !nIcrnaIiOna sychOanayIica
AssOciaIiOnhavccvcrprOvcnIhccxisIcnccOIhcuncOnsciOus. LcI usnOI
cxpccI anyIhing mOrc, inIcrms OIhc prOcIariaI, rOm Ihc acIOry sIrikc
OrrOmIhc Chincsc SIaIc.
19
LLK N Lb1UL1lN
acan,vhcnpuIIO IhcqucsIiOn,immcdiaIcyhccdsIhcgOOdadvccO
Obiquc cunning. Thus, hc sprcads OuI his ansvcr, annOuncing hrsI IhaI
'O cOursc, ! havc my OnIOOgy-vhy nOI?-ikc cvcryOnc csc, buI IhaI
as arashis discOursc is cOnccrncd, I 'makcs nOcaimH cOvcrIhc cnIirc
cld Ocxpcricncc (S !, 72/6) .
Oncbruary I , I 64, i IvOud sccm IhaI hc OvcrdOcs i Ii n Icrms O

OdcsIy NO, '!sychOanaysis is nciIhcr a Wcl/anschauun, nOr a phiOsO-

hyIhaIcaimsIOprOvidcIhckcyIOIhcunivcrsc.!IisgOvcrncdbyapar-
Iiar aim,vhich ishsIOricaydchncd by Ihc cabOraIiOn OIhcnOIiOn
OIhc subccI (S !, 77 73) .
cs, buI Ihis subccI i s prcciscy Ihc uIimaIc sccrcI vcapOn (Ours,
vhich shOvs a simiary dubOus mOdcsIy, is Ihc pOiIica acIuaiza-
IiOn , sincc iIs cOnccpI rcshucs nOIhng css Ihan Ihc idca O a pOs
sbc scicncc-usI as Ours, IhaI O a pracIca appcrccpIOn O Ihc sOciaI
bOnd. nIiI !rcud, cpisIcmOOgy asOundcd OnIhcIrajccIOryvhichgOcs
rOm pcrccpIiOn IO sccncc vandcrs O in Ihc vrOng dirccIiOn, bccausc
I avOids Ihc abyss OcasIraIiOn (S !, 77 73) . LcI us undcrsIand Ihis as
sayingIhaIyOu havc nOacccssIOIhcrighIidcaOIruIhiyOucircumvcnI
Ihc cccI O ack. This vOud amOunI IO givng Oncsc Ihc cOhcrcncc
viIhOuI Ihc IOrsiOn, vhich vi push yOu rcpcaIcdy inIO Ihc miragc O
Ihc vhOIc.
OnIOOgy Or nOI, psychOanaysis accOrding IO Lacan impOscs a gcncra
ccIihcaIiOn On phiOsOphy, vhich IOuchcs upOn nOIhing css Ihan Ihc
vayinvhichIruIhcans upagansIIhc rca
And sO, IvO mOnIhs aIcr, dcspiIc his 'rcusa IO OOv Micrs hrsI
ucsIOn On Ihc subccI OanOnIOOgy OIhc uncOnsciOus, OurIricksIcr
busIcsabOuIcIIinggO O 'a iIIc rOpc (S !, I 34 I 22) WhaIiIIcpiccc
OrOpc? ThaIvhch dOdgcs Ihc OppOsiIiOn Obcing/nOnbcing.
AIIhispOinI, ! shOud dchnc uncOnsciOuscausc, nciIhcrasancxisIcnI,
nOr as a uV, a nOn-cxisIcnI-as, ! bcicvc, cnri Ey dOcs, a nOn-
cxisIcnIOpOssibiiIy.!Iisa uVOIhcprOhibiIiOnIhaIbringsIObcing
an cxisIcnI n spiIc OiIs nOn-advcnI, iI is a uncIiOn OIhc impOssibc
On vhicha ccrIainIyis bascd. (S !, 28-/ I ! 7)
This 'prOhibiIiOn IhaI brngs IO bcing an cxisIcnI in spiIc O iIs
nOnadvcnI cOnvcys Ihc causa prcmaIuriIy OIhc subccI, IhcIOO-cary
OO-aIcncssOiIsOrIunc. WhOisnOIamiiar, inpOiIics,viIhIhcuIiiIy
O incar accumuaIiOn? OcxacI prcdicIiOn?
NciIhcr bcing nOr nOnbcing, Ihc pOiIica causc, vhich avays ais IO
1b
JHLKY JHL bUbdLLJ
shOv up i annOunccd asusI causc, is Ihc rcal, aI Oncc abOishcd and
dazzing, by vhich a hOc is puncIurcd in hisIOry sO IhaIIhc prOcIarian
subccI, iIs bOdydividcd, mayasIcniIscOnIOiI.
!Is namc? 'ThcmasscsThisisIhcrcathaIIhcparIisansubccIrcIrOac-
tivcycncOunIcrsinanybrcak in hisIOricizaIiOn.
Thc masscs arc nOI Ihc subsIancc O hsIOry buI lhc jrohibilion lo
rcjcal, vhich brings IO bcing Ihc acaIOry subccI IhaI Marxism puIs inIO
discOursc.
2
Thc 'hrsI !acan, in Icrms O! vhaI maIIcrs IO mc and vhich dOcs nOI
cOnccrn psychOanaysis, bOis dOvn IO Our Ihcscs, thc sysIcm O vhich
cOvcrs IhcOurnamcsOIruIh (cOhcrcncc, rcpcIiIiOn, IOIaiIy, IOrsiOn .
ThisaxiOmaIicarrangcmcnIin my cycsgivcssIrucIurcIOIhccsscnccO
IhcEcrils, asvc asIhcScminars unIi Ihc cndOIhc ! 60s.
BcginninginIhc 70s,vhichOnccanmarkbyIhcprimacyOIhcknOI
OvcrIhc chain, OrO cOnsisIcncy Ovcr causaiIy, iI is Ihc histOrica aspccI
IhaI gainsIhcuppcrhand OvcrIhcsIrucIura Onc.
!sychOanaysis, in my vicv, sucrs a shipvrcck in Ihc prOccss, vhic
cIhics cOmcs IO ruc, absOuIcy. BuI Ihis is Ony Ihc OpiniOn Oa disIanI
amaIcur.
! vOud dcducc Ihc Our cOnsIiIuIvc Ihcscs O Ihc hrsI dOcIrinc as
OOvs
10
. 1hcsiso]lhccmjqjlacc, allhcsourcco]rcjclilion
. . . vhaI is rcpcaIcd s a prOducI, nOI O nOIhng Om Ihc rca
(vhichpcOpcbcicvcIhcyhavcIO prcsuppOsc iniI , buIprcciscIy
Owhalwasnol[ccquin'lailjas] . (E 32/43)
2. 1hcsiso]lhcvanishin lcrm, allhcsourcco]lorsion
WhcrciI vasusInOv, vhcrc iI vas OrashOrIvhic, bcIvccnan
cxIincIiOn IhaI is sIi gOving and an Opcning up IhaI sIumbcs, I
can cOmc inIO bcing bydisappcaring!rOm my sIaIcmcnI [dil] .
AncnunciaIiOnIhaIdcnOunccsiIsc, asIatcmcnIIhaIrcnOunccs
iIsc, an ignOrancc IhaI svccps iIsc avay, an OppOrIuniIy IhaI
sc-dcsIrucIs-vhaI rcmains hcrc nOI Ihc Iracc O vhaI rcay
musIbc in OrdcrIO aavayrOmbcing? (E 68/80I )
LLK NU ULbJKULJlN
3. 1hcsiso]lhcimainaj]alion. allhcsourcc o]lolali
HOvcvcr, Ihc nOIOn O uncOnsciOus anIasy nO Ongcr pcscnIs
any diicuIy Oncc iI is dcincd as an imagc scI IO vOrk in Ihc
signiying sIrucIurc.
LcI us say thaI, in iIs undamcnIa usc, anIasys Ihc mcans by
vhich Ihc subccI mainIains himsc aI Ihc cvc O his vanishing
dcsirc, vanishing inasmuch as Ihc vcry saIisactOn O dcmand
dcprivcshim OhisObccI. ( E 5 32/ 63)
4. 1hcsiso]lhcjhallus,allhcsourcco]cohcrcncc
!Or Ihc phaus is a signihcr, a signihcr vhOsc uncIiOn, in
Ihc inIrasubccIivc ccOnOmy O anayss, may I Ihc vci !rOm
Ihc uncIiOn iI scrvcd in Ihc mysIcrics. !Or iI is Ihc signhcr
IaIisdcsIncdIO dcsignaIcmcaning cccIs as a vhOc, nsOar
as Ihc signihcrcOndIiOns Ihcm by iIs prcscncc as signiicr. (E
57/60)
This aIIcrsignihcrisIhcrc!Orc Ihc signihcrIOvhicha Ihc OIhcr
signihcrs rcprcscnI Ihc subccI-vhich mcans thaI ithis signihcr
smissing,aIhcOIhcrsgnihcrsrcprcscnInOIhing.!OrsOmcIhing
is OnycprcscnIcdIO.
NOvinsOarasIhcbaIIcryOsignihcrsis, iIis cOmpcIc, andIhis
signihcr can Ony bc a inc IhaI is dravn rOm Is circc viIhOuI
bcingabIcIObccOunIcdiniI. ThscanbcsymbOizcdbyIhcinhcr-
cnccOa ( - I ) inIhc scIOsignihcrs.
!I is, assuch, unprOnOunccabc,buI iIs OpcraIiOnis nOI, Or Ihc
aIIcr is vhaI Occurs vhcncvcr a prOpcr namc is prOnOunccd. !Is
sIaIcmcnIiscquaIO iIs signihcaIiOn. (E 64/8 )
Thus, rOm Ihc quadrangc O IruIh, Lacan cxIracIs, as aras Ihc agc-
raicdOcIrinc OIhc subccI is cOnccrncd, Ihc !OOvingIraccIOry.
(phaIIus) (Iack)
(cohcrcncc)

'''''''''

(whoIc) i ( a) (Iorsion)
( IanIasmaIicimac) (sub ccI cclipsc)
1
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
!n IIis IraccIOry, IIc subccI is gOvcrncd by IIc ignOrancc O IIc Oss
IIaI cOnsIiIuIcsiI. !IOOvsIIaIIIcrc isnOIruIIvIicIis nOImuIiaIcd,
and nO subccIvIicIis nOI subccIcd.
TIc OpcraIiOnsOIIcspaccarc subsIiIuIiOns ( mcIapIOrsand mcIOny-
mics . !I isIIcrcOrcimpOssibc IOrccOgnizcIIc Oss assucI. TIc subccI
gidcsbcIvccnIIc succcssivc parIia rcprcscnIaIiOns OIIaIvIOscradica
ackinsIiIuIcsiIas arIicuaIcd dcsirc.
Nccdcss IO say IIaI pOiIics Ias Ony IIc vcry mcdiOcrc inIcrcsI O a
bindncss IIaI causcs a rackcI abOuI iIs asc subsIiIuivc insigIIs. 'WIaI
is sOcia is avaysa sOc ( COnccnccs . And bcIIcycI, in ansvcrIO
IIcOOvingqucsIiOnvIicIrcvcasa gOOdamOunIOrOnIaOpIimism.
'TIcpOiIicaimpicaIiOnsOyOurpsycIOanayIicainvcsIigaIiOns? , vIicI
is a IruyAmcricanqucsIiOn, addrcsscdIO LacaninIIcvinIcrO 75aI
ac nivcrsiIy. '!n any casc, IIcrc isnOprOgrcss. WIaI Onc gains On Onc
sidc, OncOscsOn IIc OIIcr. NOI knOving vIaIOnc Ias OsI, Onc bcIicvcs
IO Iavc vOn. My IvisIcd brains suppOsc IIaI IIis is narrOvmindcd'
( COncrcnccs 37) .
A baancing, inan uncarihcdIaI-saying, Ogain andOss. sucIis IIc
OuIcOmcOanysIrucIura cOnccpI OIIcpOiIicasubccI.
!iI is pOssibc IO sayanyIIingmOrc abOuIiI iI is OnyinsOaras IIcrc
is an cccIivcmas/cjo]loss.
TIc ObccIiOn bcing IIaI iI cannOI bc qucsIiOn Oa Orm OknOvcdgc,
mucIcssa rccOccIiOn.
SO vIaI is IIc masIcry O Oss? Marxism IcacIing us IIaI iI is
dcsIrucIiOn.
TIc dcsIrOycd rca is nOI rcducibc IO iIs disappcarancc in IIc IOc O
IIc ack. !I sucy drOps in iI and sOmcIimcs viIIOuI any cIOvcr buI
IIcnccOrII iI isdividcdbcIvccn iIs causa cccI Opurc ack and vIaI
vcviprOvisOriycaIIc sccOnday cccI, vIOscmainspring cOnsisIs in
dclcgaIinga virIuaiIyOcxccss OvcrIIcrcpcIiIivcpaccmcnIscIinmOIiOn
by IIc ackObcing.
csIrucIiOn dividcs IIc cccI O ack inIO iIs parI O ObiviOn-O
auIOmaIism-and iIs parI O pOssibc inIcrrupIiOnO cxccss Ovcr IIc
pacc OIIcOvcrIcaIing OIIcauIOmaIisms.
By IIis IIin gap anOIIcr masIcry can bc said IO cOmc inIO bcing
IOgcIIcrviII an asymmcIricabalancing O Oss andgain.
COnIrary IO cOmmOn OpiniOn, vIicI sccs pcrscvcrancc in bcing as
IIcgrOund OacOnscrvaIism,iIis in cccI-as acan caims-rOm IIaI
vIicI is lacking IIaI cOnscrvaIiOn sccurcs iIsc. BuI vc musI add IIaI,
1b
LLK N LbJULJlN
rvIaIcOmcs IO bc dcsIrOycd, aI IIcvcrylcasIIIcprccariOusncss O
cnscrvaIiOn is sccurcd, as vc as IIaI parI, inIcrcnI in a rcpcIiIiOn,
icIinsisIsin inIcrrupIing iI.
vcry subccI sIands aI IIc crOssing bcIvccn a ack O bcing and a
csIrucIiOn, a rcpcIiIiOn and an inIcrrupIiOn, a paccmcnI and an cxccss.
1V
1M6 Su0j6CIS d0I6C6060C6 I0 | IS6|
|| , V
csIrucIiOn-TIc mOrc-IIan-rcaIandIIcinIcrrupIiOnOIIc
rcpcaIabIc-Curcandrc-cducaIiOn-TvOsubccIivcaIIOcaIiOnsOOrcc.
anxicIyandsupcrcgO
csIrucIiOn is IIaI hgurc O IIc subccIs grOunding in vIicI IOss
nOI OnIy Iurns Iack inIO a causc, buI aIsO prOduccs cOnsisIcncy OuI O
cxccss.
TIrOugI dcsIrucIiOn, IIcsubccIIaIcIcsOnIOIIaIvIicI, inIackiIscI,
survivcs IIc Iacking and is nOI IIc rcpcIiIivc cIOsurc O IIc cccI IO IIc
prcscncc OIIc causc.
!IIcs/ruc/uralcOnccpIOcOnIradicIiOn (IIcspIiIIing)pOinIsIOIIcIack
as Is mainspring and IO IIc Iav as Is IOrizOn, IIc his/aricalcOnccpI O
cOnIradicIiOnisOrgcd OnIIc basis OdcsIrucIiOnvIOscspIcrcOacIiOn
Iics in IIcnOnIav.
!I isIrucIIaI OncpOIcOIIc cOnIradicIiOn, IIcOncIIaIcOnsIiIuIcsIIc
IavOIIcspIaccasIIcpIaccscviIgcnius, pIaysOn iIsOvn abscnccasOn
IIaIvIicI, by Ounding IIc rcpcaIabIc, guaranIccs IIcpcrcnniaI cOnscr
vaIiOn OIIcvOrId.
SucIis IIc dciniIiOnOIIcruIing cIass, vIicIIIuscanncvcrbc madc
prcscnI cxccpI by IIaI vIicI, in IIc anIagOnisIc subccI, is subscrvicnI
IO rcpcIiIiOn.
!tvOuIdbcraIIcrIIing, mOrcOvcr, I namcIIisabscncc'sOcicIy-Or
19
LLK NU ULbJUL1lN
campIc, !rcncI impcrialisIsOcicIy-sOasIavOidaIIinginIOIIcIrapO
it subccIivizaIiOn.
As Or IIc privaIc subjccI, iI is indccd IO IIc Iav O dcsirc, and mOrc
pcciicaIIy IO IIc pair O pcrvcrsiOn/ncurOsis IIaI vc musI ascribc IIc
uOrgivingcccIOiIsvaciIIaIingidcnIiIy. NcurOsisandpcrvcrsiOn.sucI
i> IIc sOcicIy IIaI cacI O us makcs Or Iim Or IcrscI, as IIc primOrdiaI
lmcn/OIIcsubccIivc.
Ovcvcr, IIc acI IIaI IIc OIIcrpOIc OIIc cOnIadicIiOn rOm vIicI
IIc
subccI ariscs canbccOnsidcrcddcsIrucIvcinviIcsusnOIIO rcducc IIc
uccIivc diaIccIicIO iIs aspccI OsOciaIizcd (OrncurOIic) rcpcIiIiOn.
!I rcmains Iruc, IIOugI, IIaI/hcsacialis/hcncurasisa]jali/ics.
TIis is vIaI Iradc uniOnism, viII iIs dOIcuI cOmpIsiOn, iIs tcary aIc-
giancc IO IIc SIaIc, and iIs sIricI subOrdinaIiOn IO aII impcriaIisIic rcpcIi-
IiOns,incarnaIcs 'inIIc rav.
IcIOgicOIradcuniOnssIcmsrOmIackaIOnc, andIIusrOmIIcav.
IIcirvindicaIiOnisby dchniIiOn 'IcgiIimaIc.
OIiIics, cvcn IIOugI iIis sIrucIurcdin IIc samc vay, OriginaIcsinIIc
cI-dcsIrucIiOn OiIsIcgiIimacy.
WcmusIrcscrvcIIcnamcsub)cc/OrIIaIvIicIcannOIbcinscribcdOn
tIc spIaccd grOund O rcpcIiIiOn cxccpI dcsIrucIivcly as IIc cxccss Ovcr
IIaI vIicIkccps iIinpIacc.
TOdchncIIcsubjccIasIIcmcIOnymyOIIcIackObcingOnIyidcnIi-
ics IaIOiIscsscncc, IIcOIIcrIaIbcing /ha/whichivcs bcin/a/hclack,
IIaI is, dcsIrucIiOn, vIicI is irrcducibIc IO IIc acI OpurcsubsIiIuIiOn.
TIus IIc subccI, as IIc pIaccdprOducI OIIc Iav OIack, bringsOuI a
Orc-IIan-rcaI in iIs dOmain IIrOugI vIicI Iack iIscI, in IIc Iracks O
csIrucIiOn, cOmcsIO Iack.
I is acIuaIIyIIis 'mOrc IIaI! caII]arcc.
HOvcvcr, IIis pOinI nccds sOmc rccIihcaIiOn. !n IIc bOOkIcI cnIiIIcd
!haja]Can/radic/ian, vIicI ! vrOIc IvO ycars agO, IIc nOIiOn OOrcc is
OI rcaIIy diaIccIicizcd. TIcrc Orcc cOmpIcmcnIs, Or cvcn cOmpIimcnIs,
pIaccinsOarasiIiscOnccivcdOasa 'placcdOrcc . AIbOIIOm,iIisnOIIing
cIsc IIan IIc quaIiIy O IIc prOccss IIaI prOvidcs IIc IIrcsIOId, Or IIc
pcrOdIcrm, OrIIcOvcrIIrOving OIIcsysIcmOpIaccs.
TOday ! vOuId say IIaI iI is sIiII in vain, IOvcvcr vcII inIcndcd and
pcdagOgicaIIy sOund iI may bc, IIaI vc scck IO 'hII IIc sIrucIurc viII
IIc quaIiIaIivc. !I is nOI OnIy bccausc O IIcir quaIIaIivc IcIcrOgcnciIy
IIaI tIc IvO Icrms Oa cOnIradicIiOnIurninIO a 'rcIaIiOnOOrccs . !vc
rmain aIIIaI IcvcI, vc arcbackin a ducI.
191
1HLY l JHL bUbdLL1
TIc cOnscrvaIivc Icrm canbc idcnIihcdviIIIIc avOack andsubOr
dinaIcsIIcOIIcrIOiIscasrcpcaIabc.!OrccisnOIIingbuIIIaIvIicI,by
cOnccnIraIinginiIscOuI-O-pacc,aIcrm IIaIvasassigncdIOrcpcIiIiOn,
ams up IIc mccIanism O rcpcIiIiOn and IIus Iriggcrs IIc pOssibiiIy Or
IIc dcsIrucIiOn OiIs av.
TIcrcvIcrcIIc OIdcOIcrcncc prcscribcd a mcrcsdingdispaccmcnI,
aninIcrrupIiOn ariscs IIrOugI a puricaIiOn IIaI cxcccds IIc pacc. TIis
is IIc IisIOryOOrcc.
!rOm IIis pOinI O vicv, usI as IIcrc is Ony Onc subccI, IIcrc is asO
OnyOncOrcc, vIOsccxisIcnccavayssuraccsasancvcnI.
TIiscvcnI,IraccOIIc subccI, crOsscsIIcackviIIIIcdcsIrucIiOn.
SucI is IIc cascvIcna rcvOuIiOncrOsscsIIcrisingcurvc O IIc pricc
OvIcaI, OrIIcnumbcrOvarcasuaIics,viIIIIcinsurrccIiOnarycrOvd
Iaking IIc BasIic, OrviII IIc BOsIcvik pOiIica Ordcr.
TIcsubccIsuppOrIisincscapabydividcdbcIvccnIIcparIOiIscIIIaI
is subccIcd IO rcpcIiIiOn (sincc iI is paccd) and IIc parI IIaI inIcrrupIs,
bOcks, andbrings abOuIIIc nOnrcpcaIabc.
YOuIIusObIainsOmcIIingarmOrccOmpcxIIanIIcsimpcdisIincIiOn
Orcc/pacc. YOu dOnOIIavc IvO cOnccpIs Or Onc andIIc samc prOccss,
buIraIIcrIvOprOccsscs(rcpcIiIiOn/inIcrrupIiOnandack/dcsIrucIiOn)Or
OnccOnccpI ( IIaIOIIcsubccI ) .
!Orcci s vIaI, OnIIcbasisO IIcrcpcaIabcanddividingiIscrOmIIc
aIIcr cOmcsinIObcing asnOnrcpcaIabIc.
!n Ordcr IO sIcd sOmc igII On IIis crOssrOads, ! vOud ask yOu IO
cOmparc IIc aim O IIc psycIOanayIic curc and IIaI O pOiIica rc-
cducaIiOn, nO maIIcr vIaI IIc ObviOus and univcrsa aiurcs O ciIIcr
mayvcbc.!Iis IIc inIcnIiOn IIaIcOunIs.
WcviIurn a dcacarIO IIOsc vIO argucIIaI a cOucI isaIcraInOI
as scriOus as a camp. TO IIcm ! say viIIOuI IcsiIaIiOn IIaI IIis rcmains
IObcsccn.TIcaxiOmOIIcnouvcauxjhilosojhcs'A campis a camp -is
usIasascasvIaIIIcCIicagOIIcrapisIsvanIcdIOprOmOIcIIrOugIIIc
cxcOmmunicaIiOnOLacan. A cOucIis a cOucI
TIc IruII is IIaI IIc psycIOanayIic curc Ias nO rca aim OIIcr IIan
IIaIOIIc rcadusImcnI OIIcsubccI IO iIsOvnrcpcIiIiOn. Hcncc Lacan
sIOvscxIrcmcmOdcraIiOninrcaIiOnIOIisOvnpOvcrasananaysI. An
anaysissIOudnOIbcpusIcdIOOarWIcnIIcanaysandccsIIaIIcis
IappyIObcaivc,iI iscnOugI ( COncrcnccs 5 ) .
WIaI dOcs pOiIica rccducaIiOn scck I OprOvOkc? A radica IOpping
O Oncs subccIivc pOsiIiOn, IIaI is, IIc inIcrrupIiOn O IIc rcpcIiIiOns
19Z
LLK NU ULb1ULJlN
iuccd by IIc subccIs prcviOus (cass) pOsiIiOn TIc 'Iappincss IO bc
aivc dchniIcycavcsIIissubccI indicrcnI.
Ic psycIOanayIic curc dOcs nOI caim IO cxcccd IIc av O ack. !n
a
c IIc OppOsiIc is Iruc. IIrOugI IIc rcsOuIiOn O IIc sympIOm-vIicI
i,
accOrding IO acan, IIaI vIicI many pcOpc Iavc IIaI is IIc mOsI
a (COncrcnccs ! 5 )IIc abOur O IruII is dirccIcd aI rccrcaIing IIc
cpcndcncc On IIc causc IIrOugI iIs vcry ObiviOn. !Or 'cvcry succcss
symbOic inIcgraIiOn invOvcs a sOrI O nOra OrgcIIing, and IIc
iIcgraIiOninIOIisIOrycvidcnIybringsviIIiIIIcOrgcIIingO ancnIirc
vOrd OsIadOvsvIicIarc nOIIranspOscd inIOsymbOiccxisIcncc. And
tIissymbOiccxisIcnccissucccssuand isuyIakcn OnbyIIcsubccI,
it cavcsnO vcigIIbcIindiI ( S !, 2/2 ! 6) .
TIc aim

O IIcpsycIOanayIiccurc is IIc sigIIy smOOIIcr cxcrcisc O

IcchcacyOack.
OiIica rc-cducaIiOn, Or rcvOuIiOnarizaIiOn, cnIircy dcscrvcs IIc
humanisI cIargc madc againsI iI O vanIing IO cIangc pcOpc, 'brain
vasIing,dcsIrOyingindividuaiIy,Or,asMaOsays,OvanIingIOcIangc
aninIisinncrmOsIbcing.TIisisIIcavOvcdgOaOIIccuIurarcvO-
tOn,iIprcsuppOscsIIccOnvicIiOn IIaIIIc Od man can Ormaydic.
OOkaIIIcrcvcrscsidcOIIcscaccusaIiOns.IIcyarcnOIIingbuIapca
OrIIccIcrnaignOranccOIIcOssIIaIcOnsIiIuIcsIIc TIcyarca mcrc
ccnccOIIcrigIIIOrcpcIiIiOn.
Ic paradOx O IIis inc O dccncc is agranI. WIcn askcd abOuI IIc
cpccIaIiOns OsOmcOnc vIO cnIcrsinIO anaysis, LacanansvcrsIIaIOr
IhispcrsOniIisamaIIcrOgcIIingridOasympIOm.'AsympIOmiscurabc,
Icsays.BuIvIaIisasympIOmTIcsO-cacdncurOIicsympIOmissimpy
OmcIIingIIaIaOvsIIcmIOkccpOn iving ( COncrcnccs 32) .
S OIIcnsIOudvcbc dcivcrcd rOm vIaIismOsIrcaOrus, rOmIIaI
vIcI aOvsyOuIOgOOn Iiving?
TO ivc viII Oncs Ovn IruII causcs a sympIOm bccausc IIaI vIicI
IOud bc IOOiIIcisinsIcad IOOmucI.
!n IIis rcgard, IIc curc dOcs nOI rcay aim IO bring IIc vIOc inIO
aignmcnI viII IIc Iruc. SucI an cxccss O rcsIiIuIiOn IO IIc rigOur O
uII Opcns IIc riskOpsycIOsis. TIank GOd, vc dOnI makc IIcm (IIc
aaysands) sO nOrma IIaI IIcyvi cnd up psycIOIic. TIaIs IIc pOinI
vhcrc vc musI bc vcry cauIiOus ( COncrcnccs 32)
TIc pOinIi sraIIcrI OrcmiI IIc rcaI OIIcObiviOn OiIsObiviOn, rOm
vIcrciIscausaOrccispurihcdinIIcackaignmcnIOIIcIruc OnIO IIc
vIOc. TIis Iypc OvOrk rcquircs mOdcraIiOn.
19
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
TIc prOccss OrcvOIuIiOnarizaIiOn, OriIsparI, caIIs On IisIOry, in vain,
asiI sIOudbc, andOIcn IrcaIsiIIOabcaIing, in OrdcrIO 'spiIIIIc bcans
OIIcIrucinIIcinIcgraIOiIsscIizc. !IsambiIiOn is IO makca sympIOm
OuI O IIc OId IOIaIiIy, and a IOIaI IruII OuI O IIc sympIOm-OuI OIIc
crisis.
Hcrc vc arc ncaring IIc dOmain O cIIics, and OIIc sIricIcsI kind O
cIIics IO bOOI. !s iI aI aII pOssibIc IO makc scnsc Oany rcsisIancc vIaI-
sOcvcri IIc idcnIiIyOIIc subccIdcrivcsOnIyrOmIIcrcpcaIabIcand
rOmIIcObscurcrigIIsOIIcIackObcing
COnvcrscIy, IOvcvcr, can Onc mcasurc IIc pricc O dcsIrucIiOn IO bc
paidOr any masIcry OIOssandOrany Opcning Oa spaccOnOvcIIy
TIc curc OrIIc rcvOIuIiOnarizaIiOn. asaIvays, IIc acIs in IIcmscIvcs
dccidc nOIIing ciIIcr vay. BcIvccn IIOsc vIO survivcd IIc cOucI and
IIOsc vIOsc miIiIanIpOIiIics, in IIc OrccdmarcIing sIyIc OIIc Cauchc
Prollaricnnc, puI IIcm IIcrc, vc rcaIIy cannOI say IIaI IIc WcsIcrn
dcbaIc OIIc I 7sIasbrOugIImucIIIaIisOvaIuc.
!nsIcad, IcI us Iry IO grab IOId O IIc IvO accs OIIc nOIiOn O IIc
subccIivc-vIOscarIicuIaIiOnviIIrcquircgrcaIcOrIsrOmus-inOrdcr
IO graI OnIO iI IIc ruiIuI dcsIrucIiOn, IOgcIIcr viII IIc Iappincss O
aIIing sIOrIOiI.
2
!Lacan isa diaIccIician, Ic musI nOIicc vIaI Ic dOcs nOInOIicc. ! mcan.
nOmaIIcrIOvarIcpusIcsIIcsIrucIuraIprimacyOIIcIavOIack,vc
viIInOIrccOgnizcIimasOurHcgcIunIcssIcaIIIcvcryIcasIpOinIsaIIIc
OIIcraspccI, IIaIOdcsIrucIiOn, OIIcmOrc-IIan-rcaI, OOrcc.
'!Orcc, IOvcvcr, is a Icrm Or vIicI Ic ccIs an inIcnsc disIikc, busy
.
. .

as Ic is hgIIing IIc dcadIy arrOgancc O IIc Amccan ccOnOmsIs.

'sycIic cncrgy, quanIiIy, IOv. aII IIis is inoranliac asylum. !acan prO
cccdsinnOunccrIainIcrmsrOmcpisIcmOIOgicaImisIrusI-'HOvOIcn,in
IIc cOurscOIisIOry, IavcIIc nOIiOnsOcncrgyandOrccbccnIakcn up
anduscdagainupOnanincrcasingIyIOIaIizcdrcaIiIy (S !, ! 63/ 4)IO
IIc signiicanI vcrdicI-'in gcncraI, Orcc is uscd IO dcsignaIc a IOcus O
OpaciIy ( S !, 2 I 24) .
!rOm IIis sidc vc sIOuIdnOI cxpccI IO ObIain anysaIisacIiOn.
! prOpOsc IIaI IIcrc arc IvO IIcmcs in acan IIaI indicaIc cvcryIIing
IIaI, bcyOndOrsIy OIackandmark, in a brcacIingOIIcaIgcbra OIIc
199
LLK NU ULbJULJlN
subccI, cOmcs inIO bcing as IIc mOrcIIanrcaI O dcsIrucIiOn. TIcsc
vIIcmcsarcanxicIyandIIcsupcrcgO.
TIcprincipaIrccrcnccvIcniIcOmcs IOIIc supcrcgOis IIcOIIOving.
TIc supcrcgOIasa rcIaIiOnIO IIc lav, andisaI IIc samcIimca scnsc-
lssIav,gOingsOarasIObccOmcaaiIurcIOrccOgnizc [mconnaissancc
Ihc Iav. TIaI is aIvays IIc vay vc scc IIc supcrcgOacIingin IIc ncu
rOIic.!snIiIbccauscIIcmOraIiIyOIIcncurOIicisa scnscIcss, dcsIruc-
Iivc,purcIyOpprcssivc,aImOsIaIvaysanIi-IcgaImOraIiIy,IIaIiIbccamc
ncccssary IO cIabOraIcOn IIc uncIiOnOIIcsupcrcgOin anaIysis
TIc supcrcgO is aI Onc and IIc samc Iimc IIc Iav and iIs dcsIruc-
iOn. As sucI, iI is spcccI iIscI, IIc cOmmandmcnI O Iav, in sO ar
snOIIing mOrc IIan iIs rOOI rcmains. TIc Iav is cnIircIy rcduccd IO
sOmcIIing, vIicIcannOIcvcnbc cxprcsscd, IikcIIc oumusl, vIicIis
spcccI dcprivcd OaII iIs mcaning. !I is in IIisscnscIIaIIIc supcrcgO
cnds up by bcing idcnIihcd viII OnIy vIaI is mOsI dcvasIaIing, mOsI
ascinaIing,inIIcprimiIivccxpcricnccsOIIc subccI. !Icndsupbcing
idcnIihcdviII vIaI ! caIIlhc]crocious]urc, viIIIIc hgurcsvIicIvc
can Iink IO primiIivc Iraumas IIc cIiId sucrcd, vIaIcvcr IIcsc arc.
S !, ! 2/ )
ThcsupcrcgO givcs acccss IOIIcrOOI O Orcc OIIcI aviIscI, IO IIaI
vhicI isnOIOngcrOIIcOrdcrOIanguagcbuIvIicIncvcrIIcIcssIicsaI
hccOrcOIIc cOmmandingcIaracIcrOIIc Iav.
! IIc Iav can bcar IIc advcnI O dcsIrucIiOnIIc cxccss Ovcr IIc
cpcIiIiOn IIaI IIc IaviIscIdicIaIcsiI isbccauscIIc vcryOrdcr OIIc
lav, graspcd as purc cOmmandmcnI, is in iIscI csscnIiaIIy cxccss and
sIrucIiOn.
TIisisIIc hrsIsignaI OvIaI ! viII dcscribc as IIc cIcrnaIanIcccdcncc
IcsubccIIOiIscI.WiIncssIIcIav,vIicIIIcsubccImusIbOIIOIIOv
nd brcak in OrdcrIO cOmcinIObcinginiIsspccihcspIiIIing.
cgarding IIis signaI, Lacan says IIaI IIc supcrcgO uncIiOns as an
pning,nOmaIIcrIOvsinisIcr.TIcnOnIavisvIaImanicsIsiIscIasIIc
hrmaIivcsidcOIIcIav,OrIIisrcasOnIIcsupcrcgOcanbcsimuIIanc-
sIyIIcsignOIIc IavandOiIsdcsIrucIiOn.TIcsupcrcgOOriginaIcsas
n sIancc vIcrc IIcrcis sOmcIIing OuI-OpIacc in IIc cOmmandmcnI
cnccrningcvcrypIacc, IIaIis, vIcrcIIcrcis anOnrcpcIiIiOnOIIc prc
crpIiOn IO rcpcaI
I is prcciscIy IIcrc IIaI sOmc IigII is IIrOvn On IIc paraIysing
l nd IIus, in cccI, disrupIivc) uncIiOn O IIc supcrcgO, as is sIOvn
19b
JHLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
cxampariIy in IIc scnscIcssncss O ObscssiOna ncurOsisand, in IIc casc
OIIc pOiIica subccI, aas, in cvcryIIing IIaIIakcs cOmOrI in IIc prcs
cnccOIIc SIaIc.
!n ncuOsis and in IIc univcrsc O irraIiOna rcguIaIiOn, IIc supcrcgO
susIains a dcsIrucIivc mOraIiIy, a cOmmandmcnI sIrippcd barc, vIicI
Orccs cvcry symbOic pIaccmcnI and scndsiIinIOsyncOpaIiOn.
LcI us puI asidc Or IIc Iimc bcing IIaI II IIis Ias bccn rcgisIcrcd
ncgaIivcy (IIc 'scnsccss and sO On). Hcrc inIcrrupIiOn as sucI bcgins
IOsIandOuI.
NOvas aras anxicIy is cOnccrncd, iIis rOmIIc pOinIOvicvO IIc
rcaI in cxccss raIIcr IIan rOm IIaI OIIc aiIingIavIIaIiI uncIiOns as
inIcrrupIiOn-andIIcrcOrc asrcvcIaIiOn.
A nxicIyis acruciaIcrmOrccrcncc,bccauscincccIanxicIyis IIaI
vIicI dOcsnOI dcccivc. BuI anxicIymaybcIacking.
!ncxpcricncc,iIisncccssaryIOcanaIizciIand, i!maysaysO,IOIakc
iI in smaI dOscs, sO IIaI Onc is nOIOvcrcOmc by iI. TIis is a diicuIIy
simiIarIOIIaIObringingIIcsubccIinIOcOnIacIviIIIIc rcaI-a Icrm
IIaI! sIaI IryIO dchnc ncxI Iimc. (S , 4 ! /44 )
AnxicIy is IIc submcrsiOn by IIc rcaI, IIc radica cxccss O IIc rcaI
Ovcr IIc ack, IIc acIivc aiIurc O IIc vIOc apparaIus O symbOIic
suppOrI prOvOkcdbyvIaI rcvcas iIscIIcrcin, in a cuI, as unnamcabIc
cncOunIcr.
Hcrc, again, iIisncccssaryIO 'cIanncIiIscccI, sincc anxicIydcsIrOys
IIcadusImcnIIOIIc rcpcaIabc.!IsIOrI-circuiIsIIcrcIaIiOnOIIcamp-
bcaringsubccIIO IIcrcaI.
AnxicIy, IIcn, is IIc sign O IIaIvIicI in IIc subccI Orccs IIc cgaI
spIacc.
AsinLacanssupcrbcxprcssiOn,anxicIyisnOIIingbuIIIcIackOIack.
BuI vIcn IIc Iack cOmcs IO Iack, iIs mcIOnymic cccI is inIcrrupIcd
anda masIcry OrcaI IOssbcgins, paidOrby IIc ravagingOa symbOIic
pOinIsOrccrcncc.
Hcncc anxicIy ncvcr dcccivcs. csIrucIiOn musI rcacI IIc av O Iack
inOrdcrOrIIcurcOdcccpIiOn, scmbancc, andIIcObIiviOn OObIiviOn
IObcsvcpIavay.
AnxicIy and IIc supcrcgO arc IIcrcOrc IvO undamcnIaI cOnccpIs O
IIc subccI (IIcrc arc IvO OIIcs) , i by IIis vc mcan IO dcsignaIc IIaI
vIicI ics aI IIc crOssing O IIc incrI and civiizcd av O ack and IIc
barbaricinIcrrupIiOnOdcsIrucIiOn.
190
LLK NU ULb1ULJlN
Ic
sc IvO cOnccpIs Iavc bccn rccOgnizcd by Lacan, Onc in IIc para-
g IOrrOrOObscssiOn, IIc OIIcrin IIc ravaging IruIIO IIc pIungc
i

Icrca.AIIOugIIIisvas nOI Iis IIcOrcIicaguidingIIrcad, iI vas

cIIcIcssrigIIinincviIIIIcrigOuOIiscxpcrimcnIaccOmpisIcd
aIcOIIc diaIccIicIIaI indccd Ic vas. . . .
19
10|S| 00
M3 Z, V
Ona ccrIain diaccIica uscOIIc maIIcmaIica IcxITOrsiOn
ubccIivc Ormuas!irsI mcnIiOnsOusIiccandcOuragc
!vOudikcIOIaIkabOuIaccrIainuscOmaIIcmaIicsIIaIisprOpcrymy
Ovn, viIIOuIsccmingprOpcrIOanyOnccsc nciIIcrIOmaIIcmaIicians,
vIOndiImcIapIOricaI, nOrIOOIIcrs, vIOarc inIimidaIcdbyiI.
BricIIypuI, iI is a maIIcr O sIOrI-circuiIing IIc diaccIica anaysis by
cxaminingIIc vay invIicImaIIcmaIicsIrcaIs a vOrd, sOIIaIviIIOuI
Osing anyIIing O iIs rigOur, IIis IrcaImcnI is nOncIIcIcss rOm IIc sIar
cOnsidcrcdIObc aninIcrprcIaIiOnOIIisvOrd.
!ndccd, aninIcrprcIaIiOn, OrraIIcr. arcaizaIiOn, Orcvcn a rcprcscnIa
IiOn, as inIIcIIcaIrc.
TIcpOsIuaIcisIIaInOsignihcrhndsiIspaccinamaIIcmaIicaIIcxIby
randOmcIancc, andIIaIcvcniiIis IrucIIaIiIsmaIIcmaIicacIaracIcr
dcrivcs rOm iIs rOcviIIin IIc Orma IcxIurc OIIc dcmOnsIraIiOn, IIis
IcxIurcsIOudasObccOnsidcrcd,iniIsOvcrdcIcrminaIiOn,asIIcrcIrOac
Iivc anaysisOIIisvcry nOn-randOm cIaracIcr.
TIisisIanIamOunIIOsayingIIaIvccOnsidcrIIcmaIIcmaIicasignihcr
a sympIOmarOundvIicIIIcdcducIivc IcxI, viIIOuIknOvingIIis aIa
attcmpIs an auIOanaysis.
TIaIis,vcIakcIIcmaIIcmaIicaIcxIIbcinIIcpOsiIiOnOIIcanaIysI
OrsOc O its OvnvOrdsasbcingsympIOmaIicOiIsc.
19
LLK NU ULbJULJlN
IisIypc OanaysisviIIcn IavcIO bc cOnrOnIcdviIIIIc OncIIaI
> Or
.
dic
.
rcnIpaIIs, sucIasIIc diaccIica and maIcriaisIicIIcOryO
Ic subccI, Ordcr IO accOmpisI IIc cOnvcrgcncc O a ncccssiIy, Or IO
ncsIgaIcIIc apparcnI abuImcnIin a cIancc-ikccOincidcncc.
Ic backdrOp Or a IIis is IIc undcrsIanding IIaI in grapping viII
aguagc, IIc maIIcmaIicaOrmaIismspcrOrmadcsubccIivizaIiOnOny
a Ic cOsI O cxpOiIing IO IIc maximum-IO dcaII-IIc signiIicrs IO
vIicI IIc subccI is suIurcd.
COnsidcrasO IIc ascinaIiOn IIaIMarx and Engcs ccOr dicrcnIia
alcuus and IIcir sOmcvIaI nac inIcnI IO scck IIcrcin IIc maIrix O
Ic avsOIIc diaccIic OrMarxsaIIaciOuscOnvicIiOn, dispIaycdinIis
nmcrOusvriings OnmaIIcmaIics, IIaIIcvasamaIIcmaIicianbccausc
Ic vas a diaccIician. TIcsc arc a signs IIaI IIc cnigma O vriIing is
cd IO IIc anIasy O a Ormaizcd diaIccIic, viII maIIcmaIics bcing iIs
sIricIcd spcciaIIyrOmvIicI, upOn cOscscruIiny, iI vOudbcpOssibc
al tIcsamcIOcxIracIIIc univcrsaprincipc.
Wc sIOud abandOn IIis paII in avOur O IIc Onc ! am indicaIing,
vIcIIOdsIIaIvOrds rcsOnaIcviIIina dcmOnsIraIiOnvcbcyOndIIc
cvcOincrcnccsOrvIicIIIcyscrvc, cvcnIIOugIIIisccIOisnOvIcrc
O bc Icard cxccpI in IIc acIua undcrsIanding O IIc cIain O adduccd
pOOs.
! givc yOu an cxampc.
Wc Iavc aIrcady sccn IIaI IIc Icrm 'IOrsiOn dcsignaIcs IIc subccI-
pOinI rOm vIicI IIc OIIcrIIrcc cassic dcIcrminaIiOns O IruII cOmc
l bc cOOrdinaIcd. IOIaiIy, cOIcrcncc, and rcpcIiIiOn. TIis IIcn rcminds
c tIaI, bcsidcs iIs IOpOOgica usc (as in IIc IOrsiOn Oa knOI OOving
acans Icad) , IIc vOrd IOrsiOn is asO uscd in agcbra in a vcry simpc
vay
Takc a grOup, vIicI, ! rccaI Or yOu, is a scI dchncd by a av O cOm-
pOsiIiOn amOng iIs ccmcnIs. LcI us mark IIis av, vIicI Ias IIc
gOOd
.
canOnicaI prOpcrIics O bcing assOciaIivc ( x( yz) )( ( xy)z) ,
OI Iavg a ncuIraI ccmcnI, 0 , sucI IIaI ( x) x, and OassOciaIing
cacI ccmcnIviII iIs invcrsc (IIaI is, x, viII ( x( x) ) ) . Onc cas
OrsiOn O an ccmcnI x O a grOup IIc smacsI vIOc numbcr n, i iI
cisIs, sucI IIaI x addcdIO iIscn Iimcs cquaszcrO.
x x x . . . . x
`
n Iimcs
19V
1HLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
!OrIIc sakc OcOnvcnicncc in viIing up vIaI OOvs, cIusagrccIO
uscIIc nOIaIiOn nxOrIIcaddiIiOn.
x x . . . x
`
n Iimcs
An ccmcnI vIicI prcscnIs a IOrsiOn is a IOrsiOn ccmcnt. i n sum, a
cOnIOrIcd ccmcnI. A grOup in vIicI cvcry ccmcnI Ias a IOrsiOn is a
IOrsiOngrOup. !OrcvcryccmcnIx OIIis grOup, IIcrc isa vIOc numbcr
n sucIIIaInx.
TIisnamcisnOIducIOmc.MaIIcmaIiciansIavcuscdiIOraIcasIIy
ycars. RcgrcIIaby, ! IavcnOIsIudicdIIc IisIOry O IIis signihcr.
Obscrvc IIc vaymaIIcmaIiciansanaysc IIccIOiccOIIis vOrd, IIaI
is, invIaIvay IIc maIIcmaIicacIain rcprcscnIs 'IOrsiOn.
) !irsI IIc dchniIiOn. WIO ais IO scc IIaI IOrsiOn is cOnnccIcd IO
rcpcIiIiOn, IIaI is, IIc rcpcIiIiOn O IIc OpcraIiOn cIaracIcrisIic O IIc
grOup, appicd n IimcsIO IIc samc ccmcnITIc ccmcnIiIscinsisIs, sO
IO spcak, in IIc addiIiOn x x x . . . ~ x . . . , iIbccOmcs scriaizcd
tIrOugI rcpcIiIiOn. Evcry parIia addiIiOn isparIicuar, buIvIcn IIcrc is
IOrsiOn, aIcr IIc dcsignaIcd numbcr O rcpcIiIiOns is rcacIcd, IIc sum
isni. AIIIispOinIvcvisayIIaI/orsion in/crruj/s/hcrcjc/i/ion,vIicIis
vIaI dchncsiIsdiaccIicasIaIus.
TOrsiOninIcrrupIsrcpcIiIiOninIIcquaiIaIivccIaracIcrOIIcdicrcnI
addiIiOns. !Or i IOrsiOn vcrc surpasscd, Onc vOud ind Oncc again IIc
pariasumsrOmbcOrciIscccI.!nx 0, vcvi Iavc nx x 0 x
x, and nx 2x x x, and hnaynx ~ nx 0 0 .
TIisusIiicsOursayingIIa in IIiscasc, i Ii spcrOrcc IIaIIIOscsums
vi rcIurn,OvingIOIIcacIIIaIIIcyprcscnIanullcxccss OvcrvIaIprc
ccdcdIIcm, bcOrcIIcIOrsiOnbringsusbackIO zcrO.
Oa IIc pasI addiIiOnsinvIicIIIc ccmcnI insisIs, agcbraicIOrsiOn
vipcs IIcsaIcccan.
2) !s IIcrc a quaitaIivc disIancc bcIvccn IIc Ogic O IOrsiOn and IIc
OrdinaryavsOgrOupsTIisisvIaIOncvOudcxpccIsincc,bydiscOvcr
inga ncvIypc OcOIcrcncc,IOrsiOn rcuscsIObccOapscdbackinIO IIc
varOs rcpcIiIivc scrics tIaI makc up tIcabricOIIc WIOc. TIis is iIs
crucia uncIiOn as an inIcrrupIiOn. !n MarxisI Icrms, iI is asO IIc para-
dOxicasIasOIIc parIy.
!n maIIcmatics, IIis pOinI is anayscd IIrOugI a vcry simpc and vcry
1b
LLK N Lb1ULJlN

ngIIcOrcmvIicIsIaIcsIIaIIIcaxiOmaIicIIcOryOIOrsiOngrOupsis
t prcscnIabcina hrsI-OrdcrlOgic.
A irsI-OrdcrlOgicisOnc invIicI IIcquanIihcrs ( ' IIcrc is, , and 'Or
al l . ) arc appicd Ony I individua variabcs. !n IIisIypc OOgic, Or
ampc, yOu can vriIc. 'TIcrc is an ccmcnI Iaving IIc prOpcrIy ,
haI is, x ( ( x) ) . BuI yOu cannOI vriIc 'TIcrc is a prOpcrIy p Iavinga
haacIcrisIic A !irsIOrdcr Ogic is gcncray suicicnI Or nOrma pur-
scs aIIOugI iI cmpOys an inhniIc numbcr O axiOms OrIIc IIcOry
inqucsIiOn.
TIcrc is Onc casc IIaI inIcrcsIs us in parIicuar, prcciscy bccausc iI
hds nOinIcrcsIOrus. !I isIIccascOgrOups in vIicI nOccmcnI di
rcnI rOzcrO is subccI IO IOrsiOn. !n EngisI, IIcsc arc cacd /orsion-
cc. grOups viII absOuIcly nO IOrsiOn IIaIarc, in OIIcr vOrds, pcrccIy
IaigI.
SucI 'sIraigIIncss IrOubcsIIcdialccIician. !n IIcscgrOups, x isaddcd
OiIscviIIOuIcvcrinIcrrupIingIIcprOccssOrcpcIiIiOn.
NOv, IIc IIcOry OIOrsiOn-rcc grOups, IIaI is, IIc IIcOry Oagcbraic
IraigIIncss, is uy prcscnIabc in hrsI-Ordcr Ogic. Takc IIc inhniIc isI
axiOms IIaI say IIaI, nO maIIcr IOv ar yOu gO, Or cvcry ccmcnI x
dicrcnI rOm 0, IIcrcpcIiIiOn OaddiIiOnsIOiIsclvi amOunIIO a sum
IIaI is nOI ni.
Ax. . (x) (x x )
Ax. 2. (x) ( x x x 0)
Ax. (n ! ) . ( x) (nx 0)
IakingasIIcdOmainOIIc quanIihcr
a x dicrcnI rOm
!yOu add IIis IOIIcIIrccundamcnIalaxiOmsOgrOups, yOuIavc IIc
irsI-OrdcrIIcOryOIOrsiOn-rccgrOups.
HOvcvcr, IIc samc prOccdurc cannOI uncIiOn Or IOrsiOn grOups.
WIyBccauscyOu dOnOIknOv,OrcacInumbcr,vIicIvIOcnumbcr
pcscnIsiIsIOrsiOn.YOuOnyknOvIIaIiIcxisIs.TIus,yOuvOuldIavcIO
cabcIO vriIc '!Or cvcry ccmcnI x, IIcrcisaIcasIOncvIOc numbcr
l sucI IIaInx , Or ( x) (n) (nx 0) .
BuI ( n) appicsIIc quanIiicr, nOII Oanindividuavariabc, buII OIIc
prOpcrIy 'bcing a vIOlc numbcr, IIaI is, IO a prcdicaIc. !n IIis vay, vc
xcccdhrsI-OrdcrOgic. TIus, IIc IIcOry OIOrsiOnisindcd quaiIaIivcy
cxccss, inIcrmsOOgicalcOmpcxiIy, OvcrIIcIIcOry OsIraigIIncss.
Iis is vIaI dciniIcy cOnvinccs IIc diaccIician. !n acI, sIc vi bc
1bJ
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
Iappy IO scc IIaI iIis IIc cxisIcnIia unccrIainIy OOming Ovcr IIc cIcc-
Iivcncss O IOrsiOn IIaI Iindcrs IIc aIignmcnI O IIc IIcOry OnIO hrsI-
Ordcr Ogic. NOIicc IIaI i IIc axiOms O aIgcbraicsIraigIIncss a sIOrI,
iI is bccausc IIcy arc aI univcrsa dcIcrmincd by V, IIaI is, by IIc 'Or
a vIOsc Ogica cccIs O simpiciIy and mascuinc cIaracIcr arc vc
knOvn. A IIcOryinvIicIIIc axiOms arcaunivcrsaIIasgOOdOrrObusI
prOpcrIics. !n parIicuar, cvcry subsIrucIurc O a mOdc O IIis IIcOry is
IscaIsOa mOdcOIIisIIcOry.
!n cOnIrasI, IIc cxisIcnIia IIaI IIc IIcOry O IOrsiOn runs up againsI
hgurcOIIcacaIOrynaIurcOIIIcinIcrrupIiOns,IIcindcIcrminacyinany
rupIurccxcccds IIc Ogica panc vIcrc IIc univcrsa cOud IOdup.
MaIIcmaIicausIiccOrIIcccansaIcOsucccssIuIrcvOuIiOns.
3) TOrsiOn grOups (inhniIc Oncs, iI is undcrsIOOd hniIc grOups arc aI
IOrsiOngrOups,buIiIIcdOvccarcOrIIchniIc)can,ncvcrIIccss,prcscoI
pIcasanI aIgcbraic prOpcrIics, prOvidcd IIcy arc cOmmuIaIivc. A grOup b
cOmmuIaIivcircgardcssOIIcvaIucOIx andy, vcIavc.x y y x
!nIIiscasc,vccancasiycsIabIisIIIc OOving.
TIc ccmcnIsIIaIIavcIIcsamcIOrsiOnn IOrm a subgrOup.
TIcgrOup canbcbrOkcndOvnasIIc dirccIrcsuIOIsubgrOups,wiII
cacI OI IIcsc subgrOups bcing cOmpOscd O ccmcnIs vIOsc IOrsn
IakcsIIcIOrmp,vIcrcp is a vIOc numbcr.
! dO nOI vanI IO Iakc up IOO mucI Iimc cxpaining IIcsc sIaIcmcnIs.
TIcy IcI yOu, aIbciI vagucIy, IIaI in a univcrsc OI cOmmunicaIiOn, O
rcvcrsibiiIy, IOrsiOns drav up vc-Ordcrcd subscIs, brcaking dOvn
IIc iniIia scI inIO subsIrucIurcs vIOsc principc O idcnIiIy is ccary
csIabIisIcd.
TIc subvcrsivc vauc O IOrsiOn IIcrcby is vaIcrcd dOvn inIO an ana-
yIica av, bccOming a cOnccpIua vccIOr IIaI aIOvs IOr a rcasOnabc
parIiIiOning OIIcWIOIc.
.
Hcrc, in sum, IOrsiOnIcnds IOvardsIIcscgmcnIaIiOnOIIIc WIOc IO
OcaIcOIcrcnccsin vIicI rcpcIiIiOnis, sOIOspcak,minima.
!Iis asi,sccnIrOmaIarinarcvcrsibcIisIOricaspacc, rcvOIuIiOnsIad
nO OIIcr IuncIiOn IIan IO scriaizc cvcnIs, IO cIassiIy IIc cpOcIs and IO
rccOnnccI andrc-grOupIIcIcIcrOgcncOus.
OrasiIIcparIyIadnOOIIcrdcsIinyIIanIObringIOigIIIIcparIiIivc
rcpcIiIiOn O IisIOry, IIrOugI IIaI spccIacuar ccmcnI OI cOmmuIaIiOn
IIaI vc caII IIc 'rcsIOraIiOn O capiIaIism . Aas, IIis is vIaI Iappcns, as
vc aknOv,vIcnIIcparIy cOnIaIcsiIscviIIIIc SIaIc.
1bZ
LLK NU ULbJULJlN
BuI in IIc hna anaysis, IisIOry i s nOI cOmmuIaIivc.TIis i scvcn IIc
Oundingprincipc OiIsincxisIcncc, IIcsccrcI OvIicI isIOrsiOn.
WIaI, IIcn, dOcs IIcagcbraisIIcI usabOuI nOn-cOmmuIaIivcinhniIc
I
OrsiOn-grOups
4) Wc, nOImucI. HcIandsIIcqucsIiOnOvcrIO us.
TI
.
c OnIyIOpcvasIIaIanOn-cOmmuIaIivcIOrsiOngrOupgcncraIcdby
a Ic numbcrOccmcnIs vOud iIscbc hniIc.
WIy vas IIis IIc-anIidiaccIicaIIOpc Bccausc Onc IIus vOud
havccOnnccIcd IIc vaucsOIvO hniIudcs. IIc iniIudc OIOrsiOn, vIicI
lOcks IIc inhniIy O IIc rcpcaIabc, and IIc IiniIudc IIaI cngcndcrs IIc
gOup, vIicI masIcrs, i n sOmc vay, IIc IvisIcd diaccIic IIaI puIs IIc
alaIOr hniIc suspcnsc O IOrsiOn IO vOrk viIIin IIc nOncOmmuIaIivc
nhniIyOIIc grOup.
A hniIcgcncraIcdgrOupisOncvIOscccmcnIscanbcprcscnIcdasIIc
sms (viII pOssibc rcpcIiIiOns) OccmcnIs Iakcn rOma hniIc sIOck. !,
Orcxampc, yOursIOckcOnIainsIIrcc ccmcnIsa, b, ccvcry ccmcnI
O IIc grOup vi bc OI IIc Iypc (a a), (a b a c), (c b a)
. . . IIcscarcOnyarbiIrary cxampcs.
ObviOusy,IvOcOmbinaIiOnscanbcIIc cquasIOOncanOIIcr (IIaIis,
Icy can yicd IIc samc ccmcnI) . TIus a hniIcgcncraIcd grOup is nOI
cccssariyinhniIc.
Sincci naIOrsiOngrOupanyaddiIivcrcpcIiIiOn OIanccmcnIIOiIscis
nIcrrupIcd (IIaI is, iI apscs backIOzcrO

) , and sincc IIis is Iruc i npar-

cuar Or IIc cIcmcnIs OIIc hniIc sIOck IIaI gcncraIc IIc scI, Onc can
havc IIc imprcssiOn IIaI iI is nOI pOssibc IO hnd an inhniIy O diIcrcnI
cOmbinaIiOns OaddiIiOns. !nIuiIiOn Ics us IIaI IIcrc is a cIancc IIaI a
niIc-gcncraIcdIOrsiOn grOup mayiIscbc hniIc.
OrIIcsakcOOurdiaccIicacOnvcrgcncc,IIisvOud rcprcscnIasnag.
Marxisms hcd O OpcraIiOn, Or iIs parI, Ias IIrcc anaOgica prOpcr-
cs i IisinhniIc, iI invOvcsIOrsiOn, andiIis IiniIcgcncraIcd. WIy!irsI,
ccausc IIc cvcnIa ccmcnI, vIicI is IIc rav maIcria O mass pOiIics,
l5
nhniIc. !I is cvcn ininiIc aI cvcry mOmcnI bccausc iIs IIcOrcIicay
cOunIabc naIurc, rOm IIc pOinI O vicv OI pOiIics, is Ony a hcIiOn.
ccOnd, bccausc rcpcIiIiOnisIIcrcbyinIcrrupIcd in IavOurOIIcadvcnI

anOIIcr cOIcrcncc, IrOm IIc sIandpOinI O IOrsiOn, viIIin IIc vIOc.

And hnay, bccausc IIc ccmcnIs IOr IIc prcscnIaIiOn O a pOiIics
classcsarc dcIiniIcyhniIc innumbcr.
IcdcducIivcanaysis OIIc Icrm 'IOrsiOn IrOm an agcbraicpOinI O

vvOud sIOv an abrupI divcrgcncc, an cxpOraIOrycIancc, icvcry

1b
1HLY 1hL bUbdLL1
IiniIc-gcncraIcdIOrsiOngrOupvcrc hniIc.WiIIrcgardIOIIcdiaIccIic,IIc
maIIcmaIicaI intcrprcIaIiOnOIIc Icrm vOuIdbc inapOsiIiOnOmasIcry
OvcrIIccxccss.
BuIIIisisnOIaIaIIIIccasc.TIcIIcOrcmOSIaarcviIcI ( 64) sIOvs
IIaIiIisnOIIrucIIaIaIIhniIcgcncraIcdIOrsiOngrOupsarcIiniIc. !Idcm-
OnsIraIcsIIisbyvayOa cOunIcrcxampIc,IIrOugIagrOupgcncraIcdby
IIrccIOrsiOncIcmcnIsIIaIisnOncIIcIcssnIiniIc.
TIccxisIcnccOsucIagrOupbringsIIcanaIysisOIIcIcrmIOrsiOnIO
iIs clOsurc in a cOnIcxIOdiaIccIicaI cOnvcrgcncc.
TIus, inhniIc and nOn-cOmmuIaIivc IOrsiOn grOups Iurn OuI IO Iavc
OnIy rarc and unIcaIIIy prOpcrIics. TIcysIand, as aIgcbra sIOvs, aI IIc
OuIcrcdgcsOIIcaIgcbraicunnamcabIc.
TOrsiOn uncIiOns as IIc bOrdcr-IimiI O aIgcbra. TOrsiOn is pcrvcrsc
subccI.
NOIc IIaI vc Iavc nOI prcscnIcd a mOdcI O anyIIing Icrc, nOr
aIIcmpIcdIO'maIIcmaIizc anyIIingvIaIsOcvcr. Wc Iavc OnIyIricdIO
rcsIOrcasOrIOsurpIusbriIIianccvIOscsOIcmcansOcxprcssiOn rcmains
IIc maIIcmaIicaI IcxI, undcrsIOOd as IIc Ob ccIivc cIucidaIiOn O IIc
sympIOm prOvOkcd byIIccOnIrivcd cIancc OIIcvOrd.
WIaI Iappcns, IOvcvcr, vIcn IIc dcducIivc analysis O IIc maII-
cmaIicaI signihcrIIaIvc IavcisOIaIcddivcrgcsrOmiIsdiaIccIicaI inIcr-
prcIaIiOn?!n IIiscasc, IcIus IavcIIcaudaciIy IO sayIIaIan uncxpIOrcd
maIIcmaIicalIcad musIOrccIIc divcrgcncc. WcmainIainIIaInOIcrm
cOmcsinIOuscbycIancc.
TIisis asgOOdanapprOacIasanyOIIcr,IIOugIccrIainIyunOrIIOdOx,
IOscarcIin cxisIingmaIIcmaIicsOrIIOscpIaccsIIaIIOIdinrcscrvcIIc
mcansIOIakca sIcpbcyOndandIIus IO IindvIaI is cvcrybOdys drcam
anunknOvnIIcOrcm.
!Or maIIcmaIics is IIc scicncc OIIc rcaI, and iIs signihcrs, vIaIcvcr
IIcymaybc, arcaccOunIabIcOr iI.
2
WIaIaIgcbraicnOIaIiOnvilIvc usc OrIIc supcrcgOandanxicIyIOindi-
caIc IIaI IIcsc IvO cOnccpIs rccr nciIIcr IO subccIivc cxpcricnccs nOr
IO parIs O IIc subccI, buI raIIcr IO IvO prOccsscs vIOsc cOmbinaIiOn
dchncs IIaI rcgiOn OpracIicaI maIcriaIIy IIaIvc vOuIddObcIIcrIO caII
IIc'subccI-cccI?
1b9
LLK NU ULb1UL1lN
OsubccI prc-cxisIsanxicIyOrIasIsbcyOndIIcsupcrcgO, ianxicIyis
vhaIsubccIivizcsandIIc supcrcgO isOncOIIc mOdcs OcOnsisIcncy O
h subccI-cccI.
crc vc cOnsIrucI IIc cOnccpI OIIc subccI sIarIing rOm mucI mOrc

ccraI diaIccIicaI caIcgOrics. Orcc ( !) , pIacc ( ) , IruII (T), IOcus ( L) ,

csIrucIiOn ( d) , andIack ( ) .
AnxicIy is IIaI cxccss-O-IIc-rcaI (cxccss O Orcc) Ovcr vIaI can bc

bOIizcd (pIaccd) IIcrcO in a ccrIain Ordcr, rOm vIcncc a subccI

crgcs aIrcady dividcd, crusIcd rOm iIs birII by iIs Ovn IruII, vIOsc
aing, undcrIIc rulc OIack, cOmcsiIsclIO Iack.
TIus, i indicaIcsIIccxccss, IIcnIIisis IIc cipIcrOr anxicIy.
: , .
Z
TIcsign indicaIcs IIaI iI is aIIIc mOmcnIOcxccss, viIIin IIc di-
cnIialOrm OsubccIivizaIiOn, IIaI S cx-sisIsasspIiI.
As Or IIc supcrcgO, vIicI namcs IIc parI O nOnIav IIaI adIcrcs
sIrucIivclyIOIaviIscl,ivcpOsiIIIaI!isOrlav (OrOrIOcus,OrOrIIc
placc) and d OrdcsIrucIiOn,vcviII Iavc IOvriIciI dOvnasOIIOvs
_
L d
Z
crc

musIbcrcad asindicaIing IIaI iIisinIIcrcalmOIIccOnsisI-

cncccI (OIIcsubccIivcprOccss),vIicIisinIcgraIandnOIdicrcnIial,
haI S cndurcs in iIs ccIipsc, undcr IIc IcrrOrizing caII OIIc Iav purcly
Ikcd viII iIs naIivc crOciIy.
As yOu can scc, iIisa qucsIiOn O Ocdipus and O SOpIOcIcs.
TO sayIIaI anxicIyscrvcs as a guidcpOsI Or IruII amOunIs IO saying
IhaIiIisinIIcguisc Oan unpIaccdOrccand nOI in IIc IOgicOpIaccs,
ugI IIc IaIIcr is prcsuppOscdIIaI a suhcicnI quanIiIy O subccI
ccI spIiIsOinOrdcrOrncvknOvlcdgcIOappcar.
TIis is IIc cnunciaIiOnOIOrsiOn (iIisrOm IrsiOnandOrIOrsiOn IIaI
lc OIIcr IIrcc namcs OIrIIcOIcrcncc, IIc vIOIc, and rcpcIiIiOn
c gcncraIcd) Or vIicI MaO, aI IIc pcak O IIc CuIIuraI cvOIuIiOn,
pvidcda crysIaI-cIcarIransIaIiOn.'TrOubIcsarcan cxcclIcnIIIing. An
ccIIcnIIIing, IIaI is, ivc vanIIO scccIcarIy.
Ths cOuId bc a dcIiniIiOn O anxicIy IIc IrOubIc viII sccing IIings
carIy.
1bb
1HY t 1H bUBdC1
YC WI SCC IDI II IS SO, DC IOH IDC SHC QOIDI, IDC CCHDIIIOD O
COUI_C, DUI ID OICCI IO SCC IDIS WC WI DVC IO IDC OUI W IDIOU_D IDC
SCISSIOD QICSCDICC ID LICCK II_CC. I IS CCIIID IIUC IDI IIUID ID IDC
IC_ISICI O DXICI IS UDIVCDC DCCUSC O IIS CSSCDII COHQICII WIID
CK. IHC _VC US IIS ICDI SIIUCIUIC. I IS UDIVCDC IO IDC CXICDI
IDI~CCHDCID_ D IDICIIUQIIOD O IDC CHCC O IDC SHDOIC, IDC CCCI
O DOC~II CD DCVCI DC COHCSIICICC IDIO D IDIC_I SID_. CID_ OD
DSIC, IDC IIUID IS ISIC. DIS IS WD IDC IIUID~IDI O \CCIQUS, IDI
O cOQDOCCS, IDC IIUID IDI CCHDCS IDC DOOC SCIIHCC O IDC _ZC~IS
IDCCCC II_IC.
DCIC IS, DOWCVCI, DOIDCI IIUID DC DOIDCI II_CC. IDI O \ICSICS
DC O FCSCDUS. CIC, CCSIIUCIIOD SSUICS IDC SUD]CCI O CCIIID HSICI
O OSS. I IS DO OD_CI DUI YDI COCS IDIS HCD, I DOI IDI ID IDIS
W WC COHC OUI O IDC ICIC IHQSSC IO WDICD IDC UDII O IDC QCC,
IDI IS, IDC IDSUIHOUDIDC HXII O IDC SHDOIC CODHDCS US: CSIIUCIIOD
DCCOHCS CICCIIC IDKCC IO OSS ID IDC UDICQICSCDIDC SUQQOSIIIOD
IDI lhc splccc s dvshlc-a SUQQOSIIIOD IDI IISC IS HOSI UDSDC, CVCD
IDOU_D II IS IDC OUDCIIOD O IDC UDISID_ O IDC IIUID.
CDCC, IDC SUD]CCI S IDC CXCICSCCDCC O IDC ICVOI O DXICI IS DOID ID
IDC VIOCDI IDICID CISIDCC O IDC W IO IISC, DC II DHCS IDC QIOCCSS
IDIOU_D WDICD IDC OICCI IDI IDC SUD]CCI SUSIIDS ID IIS IIUID COHCS IDIO
DCID_ S OIDCI IDD IISC.
CIIDCI IDC OIDCI O LCD DOI IDC \IDCI CD CODCCIVC O IDIS IQC O
ICIII, WDICD IS IDC OD ODC IDI !OWS US IO IDIDK O IDC CVCDI O
ICVOUIIODS, IDC OD ODC IDI OWS US IO UDCCISIDC ID WDI SCDSC, S
IX SS, IDC COHHUDISI ICVOUIIOD IDVOVCS IDC HOSI ICIC IUQIUIC
WIID IICIIIOD ICCS (Thc CJmmunsl NcnjcslJ). DC OD ODC, HD,
IDI CD DHC IDC DCICIODOH O QOIIICS.
DCCCC, WIIDID IDIS CIVICCC W, IDIS DIOKCD SHDOIC, WC CC WIID
IIDS\IDCI WDICD IS SUCD IDI WDI IS I ISSUC IS IDC IIDSOIHIIOD O IDC
VCI IHCWOIK OI CCCICID_ IDC OIDCI DC IDC SHC.
D IDIS SCDSC, WC HUSI S IDI, DISIOIIC, IDCIC WDCIC SUD]CCI IISCS
I IDC CIOSSIOCS O CK DC CCSIIUCIIOD, DC I IDC QOIDI O DXICI DUI
ID IDC IDVCISIOD O IIS IIUID, IDCIC IS IIU OUDC SOHCIDID_ IDC CXISICDCC
O WDICD LCD CCDICS~D OIDCI O IDC \IDCI, IOH WDICD II OOWS IDI
WDI UDCIIODCC S IDC HISI \IDCI DOW QQCIS S DOIDID_ HOIC IDD D
UDCDI_DICDCC HOCC O IDC cHC.
DIS IS QICCISC IDC QIOCCSS OI WDICD FIDCD SCIVCS S DHC I IDC
CDC O FCSCDUS Crcslcc WDCD, ID OICCI IO IDICIIUQI IDC ICDIC HI
1b0
LCK N b1UC1N
VCDCCII, SDC IDSIIIUICS IIIDUD SUCD IDI, S IDC CDOIUS~D_UISDCC CI
OD IDC QID IOWIC COUI_CDDOUDCCS, IDC DCW WS OVCIIDIOW IDC
OC ODCS.
JDC COUI_C O IDC SCISSIOD O IDC WS, IDC DXICI O D OQQUC QCI-
SCCUIIOD, IDC SUQCIC_O O IDC DOOCIDIISI IIDCS, DC HD ]USIICC
CCOICID_ IO IDC CODSISICDC O IDC DCW. IDCSC IC IDC OUI CODCCQIS IDI
IIICUIC IDC SUD]CCI.
FS CI S ID V99, LCD IHQICII IDCICICC IDC DCCCSSII O IDCSC OUI
CODCCQIS WDCD DC DIICIQICC IDC CIDIC ICCD O DIS CISCIQIDC.
\DCC IDC DUHDCI O CCCS DCCCSSI OI IDC SUD]CCIS OD]CCIS IO QQCI
DVC DCCD CCOHQISDCC, DC DIS IH_IDI DISIOI IS COHQCICC, ODCC
IDC SUCCCSSIVC ICDSCCUQ, SUSQCDCCC, DXICIQIOVOKID_ CCSIICS O IDC
SUD]CCI IC DHCC DC ICIDIC_IICC, IS DOI, OI IDI, DIOU_DI IO
ICIH. YDI WS IDIII IDCIC, ID L, IDCD DCIC ID L, IDCD _ID ID
L, DS IO DC ICCIICC IO IDC COHQCICC SSICH O SHDOS. DC VCI
OUICOHC O IDC DSIS ICQUIICS II.
YDCIC COUC IDIS C]OUIDHCDI COHC IO SIOQ: O WC DVC IO
CXICDC IDC DIIC IDICIVCDIIOD IO IDC QOIDI O DCCOHID_ ODC O IDOSC
UDCHCDI CIO_UCS OD ]USIICC DC COUI_C, ID IDC _ICI CICCIIC
IICIIIOD:
DI IS QUCSIIOD. I IS DOI CS IO DSWCI, DCCUSC ID IIUID, HOCCID
HD DS DCCOHC SID_UI UDUSCC IO DIOCDID_ IDCSC _IDC IDCHCS.
C QICCIS IO ICSOVC IDID_S ID ICIHS O CODCUCI, O CQIIIOD, O _IOUQ
HOIC DC OIDCI IWCCC. (c |, V~V22O|
FDXICI COCS DOI IC DC IDC SUQCIC_O _IVCS C_ CODSISICDC IO CCSIIUC-
IIOD. UI IDC UDCHCDI CIO_UCS OD ]USIICC DC COUI_C OQCD IDC
W IO IDI SQCCI O IDC CICCIIC IICIIIOD ID WDICD, D VIIIUC O
COHQCIC CICICDI IKC OD IDC IIIUQIIOD O IDC IC, IDC SUD]CCI QCCC S
OICC CD OICC IDC CXCCSS OVCI IDC QCC.
1b7
1M60|y 0 IM6 Su0j 6CI dCC0|0| 0 I0 b0QM0C| 6S,
IM60|y 0 IM6 Su0j 6CI dCC0|0| 0 I0 6SCMy| uS
M V, V
usIIcc andIIc supcrcgO nOnav asav and avasnOnav-OscpI
COnrad-COuragc and anxIcIy-SOpIOccsaccOrdIng IO HdcrInTIc
dccrcc O AIIcna InAcscIyus-RcvcrsaOIIc naIIvc pacc and rcvcrsa
OcxIc
O nccIIcsucccssivcIcnscd-up,suspcndcd,anxIcIy-prOvOkIngdcsIrcsO
IIcsubccIarcnamcdandrcInIcgraIcd , saysLacan.psycIOanaysIsOpcr-
aIcs as tIc rcducIIOn O IIc IOO-mucI O IIc rca, II rcInIcgraIcs vIIIIn
a spacc O nOmInaIIOn IIaIparI O cxccss Ovcr IIc pacc vIIcI kcpI IIc
subccIInIIc suspcnsc OanxIcIy.
TIus, OrccI spuIbackInIIspacc.
YcI,LacanasOsays,aIsnOI,OrIIaImaIIcr,brOugIIIOIcrm.!nvIaI
scnsc? TIc qucsIIOn carrIcs cOnsIdcrabc vcIgII, sIncc vIaI Is aI sIakc
IIcrcInIsIIc dIaccIIca cxIcnsIOnOIIc IIcOry OIIcsubjccI, IIaIIs,IIc
rccOgnIIIOn, On IIc sOId maIcrIa basIs O IIc cccIs O IIc sIrucIurc, O
IIcIr cxccssIvc rcvcrsc sIdc IIrOugI vIIcI IIsIOry rcIurns as subccIIvc
nOvcIy.
TIc cxccss-OIIc-rca IIcn, dcIacIcd rOm IIs Obscurc rcadabIIIy In
IIcIruII O anxIcIy, mIgII bc abc IO suppOrI IIc cxIcnsIOn O IIcsym-
bOIc Ordcr and nOIsImpy IO puI back InIO IIs paccvIaI uncIIOncd as
OuIpaccIIcrcIn.
Hcrc Lacan mcnIIOns a grandIOsc pcrspccIIvc. 'I Is In as mucI as IIc
1bb
LLK NU ULbJULJlN
ubccIIvcdramaIsInIcgraIcdInIOamyIIvIIcIIasancxIcndcd,amOsI
u
nIvcrsa Iuman vauc, IIaI IIc subccI brIngs IImsc InIO bcIng (S ,
- I /2 ! 5) .
TIcrc IIus sccms IO bcancxIcnsIvc and unIvcrsaIzIngprOducIIvIIy O
I
c ' subccIIvc drama IO vIIcI In IIc cnd IIc psycIOanayIIc vOrk, vIa
Ic undamcnIadIaOgucsOnjusIIcc and cOuragc, cOud IOd IIc kcy.
WIyjusIIcc andcOuragc?
usIIccIsIIaIbyvIIcI IIc subccIsnOdaInkIO IIc pacc, IO IIcav,
akcs On IIc dIvIsIbc hgurc O IIs IransOrmaIIOn, vIcrcas IIc supcrcgO
xprcsscdIIccrOcIOusarcIaIsmOIIchxIIyOIIcav.usIIccmakcsnO
cnsc asa cOnsIIIuIIvc caIcgOry OIIcsubccI IIIcsymbOIc OpcraIcs as
ndIvIsIbIIIyvIOsc kcrncOIcrrOrOundsIIc cOnsIsIcncyOIIc subcc-
IvcprOccss, InIIcrcpcIIIIvcabrIcOObscssIOn.usIIccrcquIrcsadIaccII
caprccarIOusncssOIIcav, susccpIIbcObcIngsIakcnupInIIcprOccss
IIs scIssIOn. TIIs IsnOIIIcprccarIOusncssOIIIs Or IIaIparIIcuarav,
uIOIIcvcryprIncIpcOcOmmandmcnIIIsc.
MOrc radIcay, usIIcc namcs IIc pssIbIIIy-rOm IIc sIandpOInI O
vIaIIIbrIngsInIObcIngassubjccI-cccI-IIaIvIaIIsnOnavmayunc-
tiOnasav.
nMarxIsm,IIIsIsvcknOvn. HcrcIIccOunIcrparIOIIcsupcrcgOIs
Ic acI IIaI IIc csscnIIa andcOnsIIIuIIvccOrcOIIcSIaIc, IIcdOmIna-
IOn O Onc cass, Is avays dIcIaIOrIa. ndcr IIc prcIcncc O dccndIng
Ic cgaapparaIusandparIamcnIary dcmOcracy, IIc SIaIc IscsscnIIay
Ic Icga bcIng O a cgaIIy, O IIc vIOcncc O rIgII, and OIIc av as
OnIav. OnIIcOIIcrIand,IIccOmmunIsIIIcmcIsjusIIcc, OrIIcaIms
tIaI, undcrIIccaIcgOryOIIcvIIIcrIngavayOcasscsandOIIc SIaIc,
nOnav maybccOmc IIc asI av OprOcIarIan pOlIIIcs. COmmunIsm, as
IcsOcmOdcrnIIcOryOrcvOuIIOn,cccIuaIcsIIcparIIsansubccIIvIIy
IIc unIvcrsa prIncIpcOusIIcc, IIaIIs, IIc nOnav asav.
TIcrcOrc, vIaI cxIcnds IIsc (!acans cxIcndcd, amOsI unIvcrsa
auc) musIbc rOOIcdInvIaIIs In cxccss (OvcrIIc pacc, IIc Ocus, IIc
ymbOIc,IIc av) .
OcIry may scrvc asOurguIdc In IIIs maIIcr InsOar asI II s Ony by
rcakIngupaOrdInaryprOscIIaIII cxIcnds IIc ImII O IIc cOmmunIca-
candpusIcsbackIIcInacccssIbcrOnIIcrsOlalanuc.
!I Is vIOy cOnsIsIcnI IIaI OscpI COnrad, IIc suprcmc nOvcIsI O
axIcIy and IIc supcrcgOas Hcar/ o] Darkncss and Lord 1im IcsIIy
IOudnOncIIccssgIvcarIIIcsIraIcgIcIaskIOrcndcrIIcIIgIcsIIndO

ustIccIOIIcvIsIbc unIvcrsc. nOrdcrIO dOsO, IcasO In Onc andIIc

1bV
1HLY 1HL bUbdLL1
samc mOvcmcnI Iad IO bccOmc IIc cxccpIiOnaI nOvcIisI O cOuragc IIaI
Ic is. scc1hRovrOrmcnand1hArrowo]ColdOrvOmcn.
COuragc is insubOrdinaIiOn IO IIc symbOIicOrdcr aI IIc urging O IIc
dissOIuIivc inuncIiOn O IIc rcaI. As bascd On IIc cxccss-O-IIc-rcaI,
cOuragcisidcnIicaIIOanxicIy,buIasa disrupIivcOrccviIIinIIc spIacc,
iIuncIiOnsas iIs invcrsiOn. COuragcpOsiIivcIycarrcs OuIIIc disOrdcrO!
IIc symbOic, IIc brcakdOvn O cOmmunicaIiOn, vIcrcas anxicIy caIIs
OriIs dcaII.
Sincc cOuragc isnOI anaIIribuIc O IIcsubjccI, buIraIIcrIIcdivisibIc
prOccss O iIs inIrinsic cxisIcncc, iI is mOrc apprOpriaIc IO cOmparc iI IO
]or/i/udo (OrIiIudcOrsIrcngIIOmind) IIanIOaudaci ( audacIyOrbOId-
ncss ) . !OrIIcOppOsiIcOcOuragcis nOIcar, buIanxicIy. OnIIis IOpic,
scc SpinOzas E/hics (!arI !, bcginning vII !rOpOsiIiOn 5) . Audacia is
cnIircIy dcncdbyIIc mcdiaIiOn O IIcOIIcr, iI is 'IIcdcsircbyvIicI
sOmcOnc isIcdIOdO sOmcIIing vIcIinvOIvcsa dangcrvIicIIscquaIs
arc araidIOundcrgO. For/i/udo isinIrinsicbccausciI susIainsiIscIOnIy
rOm IIc Iruc, , mcanng ' a II IIc acIiOns vIicI OIIOv rOm cmOIiOns
vIicIarcrcIaIcdIOIIcmindinsOarasiIundcrsIands.BuIIIcIruIIaI
issuc,byIIcIIrusIOIIcrcaI,prOduccsadchciIinIIcsymbOIicvIcrcby
IIc subccI, as cOuragc, Iurns IIc radicaI abscncc O any sccuriIy nIO Is
Orcc.!nIIisprOccss, IIcsubccIIruIyIOscsiIsnamc.Bcsidcs,iIisaIsOOnc
O! SpinOzas IIcOrcmsIIaIsccuriIydcsubccIivizcs (inIisIanguagc, sccu-
riIyisnOIavirIuc) . 'Scuri/as j. . . ] animiimjo/n/iss/sinum ( ScIOIiumIO
!rOpOsiIiOn47) . SccuriIyisIIcsignOa subccIvc impOIcncc.
AnxicIymcansdchcicncyOIIcpIacc,vIiIccOuragc isIIcassumpIOn
OIIc rcaIbyvIicIIIcpIacc is spIiI.
AnxicIy and cOuragc sIarc IIc samc dividcd causaIiIy, in a rcvcrsibIc
arIicuIaIiOnOIIc pOinIimpacIcdbyIOss.
On IIc ncccssary andindcsIrucIibIcbasisO anxicIy and OIIc supcr-
cgO, cOuragc andusIicc IIus arIcuIaIc IIc subjccI-cccI as IIc divisiOn,
by IIc cxccss, OIIc symbOIicOrdcrOIIc spIacc-in vIicIIIis cxccss
is un-pIaccd.
TIismakcs cIcarvIyapOIiIicaIsubccIcOmcsinIObcing OnIybyIying
IIcrcvOIIIOarcvOIuIOnarycOnsisIcncy, anddcsIrucIiOnIOarccOmpOsi
IiOn. SucIis IIcrcaIprOccssvIicIbcspcaksIIc acIIIaIOrcvcryOrdcr
andcvcryprincipIcOIcgaIcOmmandmcnI,IOvcvcrsIabIcIIcymaysccm,
IIcirbccOmingcOincdcsviIIIIcrinIcrnaIdivisiOn.TIc OIIcrmusIgivc
vayIOiIsvcryOvnscissiOninIOIIaIunprcccdcnIcdOIIcrvIicIiIncvcr
vasandIIaI SamcvIOscidcnIiIyIIadncvcrprcscribcd.
10
LLK NU ULbJULJlN
2
hcrc is a IIcOry O IIc subccI accOrding IO SOpIOcIcs and anOIIcr
ccOrdingIO AcscIyIus. TIc IaIIcr (vIicI isIisIOricaIIyIIc hrsI, buIsIiII
thc sccOnd Or !rcud and, IIOugI invisibIy, IIc hrsI Or Marx) cnIircIy
iaIccIicizcs iIs OIIcr bccausc, bcsidcs anxicIy and IIc supcrcgO vIOsc
IrucIurc I rcIains, iI pOsIuIaIcs IIaI cOuragc and usIicc arc ncccssary
OpcraIOrsOIIcsubccI-cccI.
!IgOcs viIIOuI sayingIIaISOpIOcIcsandAcscIyIusIcrcscrvcassigni-

crs, OrcvcnascOnccpIs,andnOIasnamcsOrasIiIcraryvOrks. !IisIruc

haI IIcy arc IcxIs, buI IIcsc arc mcanI Or IIc IIcaIrc, vIicI cIangcs
vcryIIing.
TIc vIOIc purpOsc O Our criIical dcIimiIaIiOn vII rcgard IO IIc psy-
cIOanaIyIccOnIribuIiOnIOIIcIIcOry O IIcsubccIcanbccvaluaIcdby
askingIIcOIIOvingqucsIiOn.vIyisiIs IIcOry O IIc subccI csscnIaIIy
bascdOnSOpIOclcs, IIaIis, prcdicaIcdOn IIc Ocdipus cOmplcx
!prOpOscIIaIvc musIbcAcscIyIcan. Lacan sidcsviIISOpIOcIcs, buI
pOinIsaIAcscIyIus, vIcIisvIcrcvcvanIIO gcI.
HdcrInOpcnsIIcdcbaIcOvcrIIcrcaI issucsinIisdazzIing'Rcmarks
On AnIigOnc ' , vIcrc Ic dcscribcs IIc csscncc O SOpIOcIcs in IIc
OIlOvingvay
I . TIcIypcOcOnIradicIiOnpuIinIOpIaybyGrcckIragcdysIIaIOIIc
Orignary vcrsus IIc OrmaI, OvIaI isnaIivc vcrsus vIaI is Icarncd
(IIc'naIivcIyGrcck, saysHIdcrlin,sOppOscd IOIIc 'naIivcOrm ) .
! n OIIcrvOrds, vcsccadivisiOnO!IIcnaIivcpIacc,a n inIcrnaI cOn-
IradcIiOn IIaI OppOscs IIc simpIc OundaIiOn O IIc Iav IO IIc Iav
iIscI.!nIcrmsOspIacc,IragcdyisIIcjarousiaOaninIimaIcscissiOn,
namcIy, IIc Onc IIaI scIs aparI IIc Onc OIIc spIacc rOm Is unc-
IOn, vIicIis IIaI O rcguIaIingIIc mulIipIc. LcI mc add in passing
IIaI IIis is an avaIar O IIc cOnIradicIiOn, vIicI makcs IIc subccI,
bcIvccnIIc OncandIIc WIOIc.
. !OrIIcGrccks,IIiscOnIradicIiOn scIsinOppOsiIiOn.
On IIc sidcOIIcOriginaryOnc, iIsinhniIcand OrgiasIic, 'AsiaIc
cOnsisIcncy,

On IIc sidc OIIc rcguIaIcd (civiIizcd) spIacc OvIicI IIis Onc is

IIc Origin, IIchrmncss O iIs hniIudc, iIs pOvcr O rcprcscnIaIivc
cIOsurc, vIicIcanbc OundinIIc OrmaIpcrccIiOn O Grcck arI,
maIIcmaIics, arcIiIccIurc, andIIc pOIiIics OIIcciIy-pOIis.
101
THEURY UF THE 5UBECT
C! US !IDS!!C. I !HC LICCK !W IS HDI!UUC DU C!OSUIC, !HCD !HC
DOD!W !H! IS !HC OUDU!IOD O !HIS !W, I!S D!IVC VIO!CDCC, IS HU!!I
OIH SI. JHUS, !HC IC!IZ!IOD O !HC LICCK SU]CICgO, WHICH gIVCS !HC
SUDjCC! I!S CODSIS!CDC]!HC !W S DOD!WIS cluclc ID !IgCU].
. D bO]HOC!CS Anlqnc, !HIS C!UCIU!IOD O !HC !IgIC COD!IUIC!IOD IS SC!
ID HO!IOD D] IDSUIICC!IOD. JHC I!IICIU! ICDC! VIO!CD!!] !UIDS gIDS!
!HC CI!] DU, S ICSU!!, HC IS IUIC!!] CXC!UUCU (HC IS KI!!CU DU HIS
DOU] IS !C! UDDUIICU). UU! !HC !!CH]! ! CXC!USIOD I!S. !HC SHOCK
S]ICUS !HIOUgHOU! !HC ]O!IS, DO! ID !HC OIH O }O!I!IC! IDSUIICC!IOD,
DU! S !HC ICSU!! O D IDHDI!C UD!IHI!!IOD WI!HID !HC D!IVC OIH.
. JHIS IDHDI!C OIH-gIVIDg ]IOCCSS ]IOUUCCS ICVCIS!~I! IS SUDjCC-
!IVIZ!IOD !HDKS !O WHICH !HC ]!CC !!OWS I!S COD!IUIC!OI] OIIgID, I!S
I!!Cg! UDI!], !O IC!UID WI!HID !HC IDl!CU IHCWOIK O ICgU!!IODS.
7. JHC ICVCIS! !KCS OD !HC (!HC!IIC!) HgUIC O D D!gODISH.
JHC VCI] UD!IHI!!IOD O !HC D!IVC OIH gIVCS IISC !O ]rml l-
muchncss (!ICOD). JHC !W IS ICVC!CU S DCIDg ID CXCCSS O I!S OWD
ICS!OI!IVC HgUIC. !ICOD IS !HC SU]CI!W.
D ICC!IOD !O !HIS CXCCSS O OIH, !HC !!CD! ]rmlcssncss ID I!S !UID
IS SC! D!ZC DU C!!S U]OD !HC IDHDI!] O !HC SK] gIDS! !HC HDI!C
!W O !HC ]O!IS (D!IgODC).
!ICOD IS !HC DHC O !HC SU]CICgO. !HC !W UCICgU!!CUUCS!IO]CU
D] I!S VCI] OWD D!IVC CSSCDCC S I! IC!UIDS ID CXCCSS O !HC ]!CC !H! I!
CIICUHSCIIDCS.
D!IgODC IS !HC DHC O DXIC!], !H! IS, !HC ]IIDCI]!C O !HC IDHDI!] O
!HC IC!, UD]!CCD!C WI!HID !HC ICgU!!CU HDI!UUC O !HC ]!CC.
IOH !HIS ]OID! O VICW, D!IgODC DU !ICOD, !!HOUgH !HC] IC D!gO-
DIS!S ID !HC ]!], ID H] C]CS CCOH]!ISH !HC SHC ]IOCCSS, WHICH UCHDCS
!HC bO]HOC!CD !IgIC SUDjCC!. bUCH IS !HC OUDU!IOD O !HIS !IgCU] S
!CX!U! LDC. !O ]ICSCD! !HC SUDjCC!-]IOCCSS !HIOUgH !HC COHDIDCU C!CgO-
IICS O DXIC!] DU !HC SU]CICgO.

YC CD OIHU!!C !HC ]IOD!CH S O!!OWS, D] ISO!!IDg !WO HjOI !HCSCS
ID HO!UCI!IDS CCOUD!.
10Z
JHC CCC! (!HC COUISC) O IDSUIICC!IOD IS !H! O ICVCIS!, D] WHICH
!HC IOU O !HC DCW IS DIICU.
LCK NU UE5TRUCTUN
JHC ID!CID! CDgIDC O !HC !IgIC COHCS IOH !HC CXCCSS O !HC !W
OVCI I!SC!, IOH !HC HgUIC O !ICOD. JHC OIH!CSS IS SC! OD HIC OD!]
S ICC!IOD, ID SCCODU !IHC. S OI !HC HgUIC O !HC ICDC!, HC
CDDO! DC ]U! ID D] CH]. HC IS SIH]!] D !gCDIIC !CIH, D DSCD!
CUSC SUD!IC!CU IOH !HC ]O!IS. JHOSC WHO S!DU U] gIDS! ODC
DO!HCI IC !HC CXCCSS O OIH DU !HC OIH!CSS, !HC SU]CICgO DU
DXIC!]~ID!CI!WIDCU HgUICS O !HC ]IIHOIUI! LDC, !HC LDC O !HC
ICVCIS!.
JHUS, WC SK. WH! IS !HC !IDK DC!WCCD !HCSC !WO !HCSCS. ! S!KC IC
!HC ]O!I!ICS UDUCI!]IDg HO!UCI!IDS ]OC!ICS. JHC ]OSSID!C HOUCOI!] O !HC
!gIC IS ]O!I!IC! QUCS!IOD~S QUCS!IOD OI !HC !HCOI] O !HC SUDjCC!.
OI HO!UCI!ID, !HC COD!IUIC!IOD IS !IgIC IDSOI S I! !CVCS DO W]
OU! O!HCI !HD UC!H. YH]; UCCUSC I! IS DO! gOVCIDCU D] D] DCW
IgH!. D !HC !WO !CIHS (!ICOD DU D!IgODC), I! IS !HC IDHDI!C OIH !H!
]CIVUCS CVCI]!HIDg, !H! IS, !HC IC! !H! SUDHCIgCS !HC S]HDO!IC, !HC
H!IVC OICC !H! UISSO!VCS !HC ]!CC. JHC UDI!] O O]]OSI!CS ]ICVI!S OVCI
lHCII UIVISIOD, ID UIICC! ]IO]OI!IOD !O !HC CX!CD! !O WHICH !HC CSSCDCC O
IHC ]IOCCSS !ICS ID !HC !ICU]-!HCIC O !HC OIIgID. HCDCC !HC bO]HOC!CD
HHC O CVCI] SUDjCC!-]IOCCSS IS ICVCIS!. JHIS IS WH! LCUI]US IDCI-
D!CS WI!H !! !HC C!II!] O HIS D!IDUDCSS. DU IDUCCU DC!ICVC !H! !HIS
SUDjCC!IVC HgUIC, WHOSC UI!CC!IC! CUgC IS !IHI!CU !O !H! O DXIC!] DU
IHC SU]CICgO, HUS! !W]S ]ICVI! ID !IHCS O UCCUCDCC DU UISII],
DO!H ID HIS!OI] DU ID !IC.
JHIS IS ]ICCISC!] WHCIC WC HUS! !KC HO!U O !HC UIVISIOD DC!WCCD
CSCH]!US DU bO]HOC!CS.
D CSCH]!US Urcslc, !HC !IgIC IS SC! ID HO!IOD D] !HC HUIUCI O
gHCHDOD. LICS!CS, OICCU !O KI!! HIS HO!HCI (WHO HS ID !UID KI!!CU
HIS !HCI), IS SOHCHOW ]ICUCHDCU D] !HC IDHDI!C U]DHIC O ICVCDgC
DU COUD!CI-ICVCDgC. JHIS IS !HC IC]C!I!IVC S]!CC ID WHICH HUIUCI SH!!
lC ]UDISHCU D] DO!HCI HUIUCI, S !HC CHOIUS S]S. HCIC !HC UD!IHI!CU IS
!HC UCD! O D!OOU. JHC (U!UIC) bO]HOC!CD C!CgOIICS IC C!CI!] ]ICSCD!,
CODDCC!CU !O !HC S]!CC I!SC!. !H! ]!CC UII]]IDg WI!H D!OOU IOH WHCIC
LICS!CS !CCS !CI !HC HUIUCI !H! SUDjCC!IVIZCS HIH !HIOUgH DXIC!] DU
WHCIC HC IS ]UISUCU D] !HC ]CK O LIID]CS, W!CHUOgS O !HC SU]CICgO
HU CIUC! CUS!OUIDS O !HC IC]C!I!IVC !O!!I!] CODS!I!U!CU D] !HC HI!]
YCHUC!!.
HU! !HC !IUC OIICD!!IOD O !HC !II!Og] IS !HC IU]!UIC !H! !!OWS OI !HC
UVCD! O !HC DCW. YH! IS ! S!KC IS !HC nlcrrupln O !HC IDHDI!C UCD!,
10d
THEURY UF THE 5UBdELT
O !HC IC]C!I!IVC CHID O HUIUCIS, D] W] O !HC !OISIODIH]OSCU D] D
CX-CCD!ICU UCCICC O !HCD~WHICH !!OWS OI !HC UVCD! O DCW IIgH!,
C]D!C O COH]!C!C!] ICCOH]OSIDg !HC WHO!C !OgIC O !HC UCCISIOD.
OI ID !HC !IIDUD! !H! IS !HUS SC! ID ]!CC, I! IS IDUCCU DCW COHCICDCC
!H! IS IDS!I!U!CU D] !HC ID!CIIU]!IOD O !HC IC]C!I!IVC SCIICS !H! HUC U]
!HC WHO!C ]ICVIOUS SOCI! OIUCI.
JHC ICSU!! IS !H! !HC !WO D!gODIS!IC ]OSI!IODS IC DO !ODgCI I!ICU!!CU
D] !HC UDI!] O !HC D!IVC S ID bO]HOC!CSHO!UCI!ID. DS!CU !HC] IC !HC
ID!CID! UIVISIOD O !H! WHICH CODS!I!U!CS !HCH, UIVISIOD DC]ODU !HC !W
O CVCI]!HIDg !H! CD HVC !Cg! V!UC. ! IS !HC !OCUS I!SC! !H! IS SHOWD
!O DC ID ]IIDCI]!C DO! ODC, DU! !WO.
D !HC COUISC O !HIS UI!CC!IC! ]IOCCSS, !HC DCW ]ICVI!S OVCI !HC O!U. D
HO!UCI!IDS !CXICOD, WC COU!U C!! !HIS, DO! !HC ICVCIS! O !HC D!IVC OIH,
DU! I!S UVCD!.
JHCSC !WO ]OSI!IODS IC HUC CX]!ICI! ID !HC !II!Og]. YC CD SCC !HC DIS!
ODC ID !HC CHOIUS O !HC LIID]CS, !HC UIVIDI!ICS O ICVCDgC.
!!S!IO]HC DOW IS COHIDg IOH DCW OIUIDDCCS, I jUS!ICC WHICH IS
HIH !O jUS!ICC SH!! ]ICVI! OI !HIS HD HCIC, !HC H!IICIUC. JHIS U]S
WOIK WI!! ! ODCC CCUS!OH !! HCD !O !ICCDCC. [ . .. ] JUS!ICtS HOUSC !!S.
JHCIC IS ]!CC WHCIC !CIIOI IS gOOU, DU W!CH OD HIDUS D] CI
SC!CU DOVC. ! IS WC!! !O !CID WISUOH !HIOUgH gIIC. YOU!U D] !H!
DUISCS DO !CIIOI ID HIS HCI!S C!CI !IgH!DO!H HD DU CI!] !HC SHC
ICVCIC JUS!ICC S!I!!. [ . .. | !HC HD WHO UCDCS OU! O DO!UDCSS, !IDS-
gICSSIDg jWHI!C HC CIIICS| HIS gIC! CIgO, ODC IDUOH!] gO! WI!HOU!
IIgH!, ID VIO!CDCC, WI!! !OWCI SI! WI!H !IHC, ODCC !IOUD!C C!CHCS HIH
U] DU HIS ]IU-IH SH!!CIS. HC C!!S OD !HOSC WHO UO DO HCI, IOH
!HC WHII!]OO!S CCD!IC SO HIU !O S!IUgg!C WI!H, DU gOU !UgHS OVCI
HO!-HCUCU HD, WHCD HC SCCS ODC WHO WS CODDUCD! !H! HC WOU!U
DCVCI DC CUgH! IH]O!CD! ID HC!]!CSS !OIHCD!, DU DO! SUIHOUD!IDg
!HC WVC-!O]. HIS ]IOS]CII!], !IC-!ODg !I!! !HCD, IS USHCU U]OD JUS!ICCS
ICC, HC UICS UDWC]!, UDSCCD."
JHUS, !HC UI!CC!IC DC!WCCD DXIC!] DU !HC SU]CICgO IS !HC SO!C OUD-
U!IOD O SOHC OIH O HCSUICHCD! ID !HC CHID O ICVCDgC. JUS!ICC IS
SUDOIUID!CU !O !HC SU]CICgO, !O !HC S!IUC!UI! ICgU!II!] O ]UDISHHCD!,
WHCICS SUDjCC!IVIZ!IOD OCCUIS !HIOUgH !HC !IOUD!C O DXIC!], UDUCI !HC
SIgD O UC!H.
!HCD, !HC OUDUCI O !HC DCW IIgH!, O COUISC S!!CS !HC SCCODU
]OSI!IOD.
109
LLK NU UE5TRULTlUN
Alhcnc: IOW HCI H] OIUIDDCC, ]CO]!C O !HCDS, WHO IC jUUgIDg !HC
]!CS ID !HC DIS! !II! OI SHCU D!OOU. OI !HC U!UIC !OO !HIS COUDCI! O
jUIOIS SH!! !W]S CXIS! ID CgCUS ]CO]!C j . .. |. \D!OUCHCU D] UCSIICS OI
gID, ICVCICU, QUICK !O DgCI, !HC !DUS WKCU! gUIUID O !HOSC S!CC],
!HIS COUDCI! DOW CS!D!ISH. JHIS HS DCCD H] !CDg!H] CXHOI!!IOD !O H]
CI!IZCDS OI !HC U!UIC, DU ]OU HUS! IISC DU !KC ]OUI VO!CS OI CS!IDg
DU UCCIUC !HC CSC WI!H ICS]CC! OI ]OUI O!H. w] S]CCCH IS SIU .. . DU
LICS!CS WIDS CVCD I ID !HC jUUgCHCD! HC HS CQU! VO!CS. LH]!] !HC VO!CS
IOH !HC UIDS ! ODCC, ]OU jUIOIS WHO HVC !HIS UU!] ]U! OD ]OU! j . . . ]
Apll: !OUD! !HC CH]!ICU VO!CS COIICC!!], S!IDgCIS, WI!H ICVCICD! CIC
gIDS! WIODg UC!CIHID!IOD! YHCD gOOU jUUgCHCD! HS gODC W],
gIC! HIH H]]CDS, DU! I SIDg!C VO!C COHCS ID, I! CD SC! HOUSC
U]IIgH!.
Alhcnc: JHC HD HCIC gOCS ICC OD !HC CHIgC O D!OOUSHCU. JHC
DUHDCIS O VO!CS IC CQUl'
JHUS, gIDS! !HC UD!IHI!!IOD O !HC O!U IU!C, !HC UIS]U!C HUS! DC
SC!!!CU D] IDS!I!U!IDg !HC DCW ODC. bUCH IS !HC UIVISID!C COUIgC O !HC
COUDCI!, WHICH ID!IIDSIC!!] ICCIS !O !HC jUS!ICC O DUHDCI. JHC C! !H! I!
IKCS CQU!!] UIVIUCU VO!CS !O SC! !HC UCCISIOD S]HDO!IZCS IUIC! CHDgC
ID !HC VCI] CODCC]! O WH! UCCISIOD HCDS OI ]OSSID!] CD HCD. ! IS
SCISSIOD ID !HC VCI] CSSCDCC O IIgH!.
!HCDS UCCICC ]IOUUCCS D Cg!I!IID !OISIOD IOH WHCDCC !HC DCW
jUIIUIC! COHCICDCC~!H! O !HC HjOII!] UC!IDCI!IOD DC]ODU ]]C!~
ODCC I! IS ]]ICHCDUCU DU ]U! ID!O ]IC!ICC, ID!CIIU]!S !HC HCCHDIC!
SCII!I!] O ICVCDgC.
JHUS WC SCC !H! !HCIC CXIS! IDUCCU !WO LICCK !IgIC HOUCS. !HC
CSCH]!CD ODC, !HC UIICC!IOD O WHICH IS !HC COD!IUIC!OI] UVCD! O
]US!ICC D] !HC COUIgC O !HC DCW, DU !HC bO]HOC!CD ODC, !HC DgUISHCU
SCDSC O WHICH IS !HC QUCS!, !HIOUgH ICVCIS!, OI !HC SU]CICgOIC OIIgID.
4
YH! UOCS HO!UCI!ID S].
JHC !IUC !DgUgC O bO]HOC!CS, SIDCC CSCH]!US DU LUII]IUCS KDOW
HOIC HOW !O UC]IC! SUCIIDg DU WI!H, ]C! !CSS HOW !O UC]IC! HDS
UDUCIS!DUIDg S WDUCIIDg DC!OW !HC UD!HIDKD!C. (LiJ JJ, !IDS.
HOUIHCU)
10b
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
My irsI ObccIiOn is IIaI iI viI nOI dO IO pair up AcscIyus viII
Euripidcs. BuI IIisisOnIyIIcsignOa mucIdccpcrdisIOrIiOn. aparIiaIy
uncxpIaincd prcdiccIiOnOr SOpIOccs, vIicIisnOIcnIircIyabscnIrOm
!rcud ciIIcr-OrvIOvil argucIIaIIIcnaIivc OgicOIIc uncOnsciOus
iscxcmpIOrcvcrsaIs?
! AcscIyus cxccs in anyIIing, iI is raIIcr in grasping, On IIc supcr-
cgOs irm grOund, IIc mOmcnI OIIc ins/i/u/ivcdisruj/ion.TIcrc is ncvcr
arcIurnIOOrdcrinIisIIcaIrc,buIraIIcrIIcrccOmpOsiIiOnOadicrcnI
Ordcr. AcscIyIus cxcudcsIIc prcsuppOsiIiOn Oa uniIy O IIc Originary.
TIis is vIy IIc AcscIyIcan IcrO indccd dOcs nOI vandcr undcr IIc
unIIinkabc. His cxccIcncc assurcdIy is On IIc sidc O IIc IIinkabc. !I
cOnsisIs in /umin away]rom anyrc/um, Or raIIcr. Iis virIuc Iics in IIc
abiIiIy IOcxpOsc a nOn-naIivc rcvcrsaI.
As a rcsuI, iI is nOOngcr IIc OrmaI cxccss IIaI scrvcs asIIc cnginc,
buI raIIcrIIc cOuragcOus rcusa. AIIOugI dcvOurcdbyanxicIy, and in
acIjrcciscly bccauscIcis dcvOurcdby anxicIy, OrcsIcs dOcs nOI inIcrna-
izc IIc Iav O IIc dcbI ObIOOd viII iIs cndIcss aOcaIiOns, nOr dOcs Ic
IurnagainsIiIinabindury.!nsIcad, Icdcmandsa discussiOnbascd On
acIs, IcsIandshrm and dOcs nOIgivcin IO IIcmurdcrOusscducIiOn O
IIcErinycs.
OrcsIcs, vIO is hrsI IIc namc O anxicIy, is IIc namc O cOuragc.
AIIcna is IIc namcOusIicc.
AnIigOnc, CrcOn, OrcsIcs, and AIIcna namc IIc comjlc/c rangc O
subccI-cccIs viIIin Grcck Iragcdy. IIc OrmIcss, IIc Orma cxccss,
inIcrrupIiOn, andrccOmpOsiIiOn.
!n a Iragcdy by AcscIyus, IIc dynamic cOursc O insurrccIiOn, as
HIdcrIin vOuId say, dOcs nOI cOincidc viII IIc prOpagaIiOn O dcaII.
!I is vIaI Ounds usIicc IIrOugI IIc inIcrnaI divisiOn and viIIcring O
IIc Od rigII. !arrOmbcing IicdIOIIc cxcusiOnOIIc abscnI causc, IIc
rcbc-OrcsIcs Or !rOmcIIcus-is IIc immcdiaIc agcnI O IIis dynamic
cOursc.
HdcrIincIcaryOpIsOrIIcSOpIOccanIragic,IIaIis,OrIIcsIrucIuraI
parIOIIcIIcOryOIIcsubccI.
TIc dividing inc dcpcnds On IIc naIivc imiIaIiOn O IIc rcvcrsaI.
Bccausc O IIis IimiI, SOpIOccs IragicIisIOry circumscribcs anIagOnism
inIIcpOvcrOIIc Onc.
TIccruciapOinIOrSOpIOccs/HdcrinisIIcrcIrOgrcssiOnIOvardIIc
Origin in iIsdOubcaspccI. IIc OrmacxccssandIIcrc OIIcOrmcss.
!n IIis casc, IIcIragicIcrO vIO Ovcs Iis subccIivizaIiOn IO anxicIy and

LLK N LbJULJlN
Iis cOnsisIcncyIO IIc supcrcgOOIIOvsIIcinvOIuIiOnOIIcspaccIOIIc
OinIOdcaII.
TIc kcy pOinI Or AcscIyIus is cOmpIcIcIydicrcnI-iI is IIcinIcrrup-
IiOn OIIc pOvcrOOrigin, IIcdivisiOnOIIc Onc. TIisinIcrrupIiOnaIsO
hasIvOaspccIs.TIchrsIisIIaIOIIccOuragcOusrcusaIvIicIqucsIiOns
IIc av undcr IIc cccI O an cxccss-O-IIc-rca and Iransccnds anxicIy
IIcmOdc Oa disju/c. TIis mOmcnI is rcacIcd vIcn OrcsIcs dcmands
tIaIadccisiOnbcmadcOnIIcqucsIiOnOvIcIIcrIcvasrigIIOrvrOng.
TIc OIIcr aspccI is IIaI OIIc rccOmpOsiIiOnvIicI, On IIc basis O IIc
iIcrrupIiOn, unOIdsa ncvOrdcrO usIicc.
NciIIcrOIIcscIvOOrmsamOunIsIOarcIurnOIIcOrigininIIcruIc.
BOIInamc IIc dimcnsiOnOIIcsubccIvIicI, vIicaIvaysbcingrcaI-
izcd undcr IIc Iav (anxicIy and IIc supcrcgO), nOncIIcIcss aI IIc samc
Iimc aIsO cxcccds iI sO as IO bring inIO bcing IIc nOvcIIy OiIs bcing-in
IIis casc, OrAcscIyIus, a subccI OIav.

Likc any grcaI dialccIician, HIdcrinaI Iimcs rccOgnizcs inpassing IIc

virIuaiIy OAcscIyIus sidc 'And inIIc naIivc rcvcrsaI vIcrc IIc cnIirc
Orm O IIings cIangcs, and vIcrc naIurc and ncccssiIy, vIicI avays
cmain, incinc IOvard anOIIcr Orm-bc iI IIaI IIcy Iurn inIO cIaOs Or
passinIO a ncvOrm (E!T ! ! 5, Irans. mOdiicd) .
HOvcvcr, IIcvirIuanOvcIy, IIc ncvOrm IIaIIragcdycOuIdgcncr-
aIc,cOmcsabOuIOnyIIrOugIIIcOrccOdcaII.WIy?BccauscIIisncv
Orm,asissubscqucnIysIOvn,isnOIIingmOrcIIanIIcOrmalcxccss
iI is OnyIIc IaviIscIcaugIIinIIcvOrIcx OIcrrOr-and bccausc cIaOs
is nOIIingbuI IIc unIimiIcd, IIcbIazc OIIc Ormlcss. Bcsidcs, IOv can
OncuIIygain acccss IOIIc nOvcIIy OancccI iOncprcsuppOscs, in IIc
mOdcOIIcnaIivc, IIcabsOuIcuniIy OIIccausc? TIcrcOrc, HdcrIin
musI makc cxpIiciI a principc O imiIaIiOn. a /o/al rcvcrsaI Ic says, is
nOI granIcd IO Iumans. !I is cIcar indccd IIaI a IOIaI rcvcrsaI cOuId nOI
bc naIivc. !nOrdcrOrIIaIIObcpOssibIc, vc vOud IavcIObc dcIivcrcd
rOm supcrcgOic]i. AcscIyIus paII, in vIicI cOuragc andusIicc dia-
ccIicizcanxicIyandIIcsupcrcgO,aIIOvsOrdivisibiIiIyandcucidaIcsIIc
pOssibiiIy OdcIivcrancc.
!I is nOI IIaI vc Iavc IO Icavc IIc bcauIiuI vOrd 'rcvcrsaI bcIind.
!nsIcad, ! vanI IOdisIinguisIIvOOrms OvIaI IIisvOrd dcsignaIcsOr
tIc IIcOry OIIc subccI. TIcrc is IIc naIivc rcvcrsaI vIicI Iakcs pIacc
n anxicyand prcIcnds IO curc iI bOII IIrOugI IIc IcrrOrOrcsIOraIiOn
and IIrOugI iIs OppOsiIc, IIc mysIicaI sIupOr. BuI IIcn IIcrc is asO IIc
cvcrsaOcxiIc, invIicIiIisrOmIIcdcncgaIiOnandscissiOnOIIc Od

JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ

Iav IIaI sIcms IIc iIIuminaIiOn, in IIc guisc O IIc ncv, O IIc IOrsiOn
inIicIcd upOn IIc rcaI. TIc rcvcrsaI O cxiIc rcvOkcs IIc OriginaI in iIs
scanIrcaIiIy,vIiIcrcsIOringIIcrcaI inusIicc.
!n IIis rcgard, iI is a IOIaI rcvcrsaI. IcI us makc a IabuIa rasa O IIc
pasI.
TIis is nOI simpIc, bccausc iI is vain IO IOpc IIaI IIc prOccss O! IIc
rcvcrsaI O cxiIc viII Iakc pIacc viIIOuI IIc sIrucIuraI ancIOragc O
IIcnaIivc.!ndccd, iIisrOmIIcmaIcriaIisIicimpasscO!IIc IaIIcr IIaI IIc
pracIicaI cxisIcncc O! IIc Ormcr prOcccds. !I is Onc-sidcd IO dccIarc IIc
subccIIragic,ncvcrIIcIcss,IragcdycxisIs.
TO susIaincxiIc, Orasimbaud saysinA ScasoninHc 'IOIOIdOn IOa
sIcp Oncc Iakcn, is vIaI HIdcrIin cOuId nOI bcar. ExiIc Or Iim ncvcr
sIOppcdbcingIIccruciying mcdiaIiOn OIIc rcIurn.
TIcrc is nO OIIcr dchniIiOn O! cOuragc. cxiIc viIIOuI rcIurn, IOss O!
Oncs namc. BuI HIdcrIin vanIs IO mainIain IIc nOminaIiOn OvIaI is
ncar.
AndnOvOndcr YOurnaIivccOunIryandsOiIyOu arc vaIking,
WIaIyOu scck, iIis ncar, nOv cOmcsIOmccIyOuIaI!vay. !! 277)
! cIaim IIaIvcmusIpass Or OvcrIakc nOsIaIgia, asOncpasscs Or Ovcr-
Iakcs a spcciaI cOnvOy vc musI cxcccd IIc prcgnanI Orm O!IIc rcIurn
byvay O cOuragc.
SOpIOcIcssIandsOrIIcrcIurningqucsIO!IIcncarinvIaIisrcmOIc,
IIcinhniIcpaIriOIismO!purcprOximiIy, a IruIIsOinIimaIcIIaIOncIas
IO dic in OrdcrIOuncOvcriIin OncscI!.
AcscIyIussIands!OrIIcrcmOIcinIIcncar, cxiIccIOscsIIOOncsskin.
acIiOnancIOrcdin IIaI vIOsc IOgicis mOsI OrbiddingIy !Orcign IO
cvcryIIingIIaIisamiIiarIO us. sucIisIIcsubccIO!anIagOnism.
Evcn IIOugI vc Iavc IO rcIurn-and iI is IIis rcIurn IIaI makcs IIc
subccI-IIcrc can arisc an cnIigIIcncd OvcrcOming O vIaI nO IOngcr
cnIaiIsanyrcIurn.
10b
IM6 SI|d00S 0 IM6 K00I, I0 K00W 00l y IM6
C0l 0u|
M3 Z, V
NOIcsOra diagramTIccrisisIasmaIurcdCIasscs,IIc SIaIc,
masscsMaIIcmcsAIIIcbIackbOard
! vcnI a biI !asI IIcsc IasI Iimcs. !n Ordcr IO cOunIcr IIc cnigma, IcI us
cxaggcraIciI. MygOaIisIOdravupaIabIcOvIaIvcIavcaccOmpIisIcd.
BuI! viIIdOsObygOingIIrOugIa scricsO!randOm annOIaIiOns.
! . acansIcrmsand OurOvn
Wc bcgan, in ! 75, viII IIc spIacc (Or IIc pIacc O IIc subccIivc), IIc
OuIpIacc, cOnccnIraIcd inIO !Orcc, and IIc dOubIc arIicuIaIiOn OIIc IvO.
pIaccmcnIand cxccss.
WcIavccOrrupIcdIIisIcxicOnO!OrccandpIaccviII!acansIriniIary
crsiOn symbOIic, rcaI, IruII, imaginary.TIaI IIrcc makcsOuris cIcar.
' SubccIiscOmmOnIO bOII O!us, andcOmmOnIycvadcd.
ccciI!uIIy, ! prOpOsc IOyOu IIc!OIIOvingIvO Ordcrcd IisIs. Arc IIcy
isOmOrpIOus!cIsscc.
Lacan.symbOIic, rcaI,imaginary, IruII,Iav,signihcr, knOI.
Hcrcand cIscvIcrc: pIacc, !Orcc, idcOIOgy ! ( IOIaIiIy-rcpcIiIiOn) , idcOI
Ogy2 (IOrsiOn-cOIcrcncc), SIaIc, IOgic O!pIaccs (aIgcbra) , IOgic O!!Orccs
(IOpOIOgy) .
10V
1HLY l JHL bUbdLL1
. Wc arc dcaing viII IIc IIcOry OIIc subjccIas sucI
WiIIIIcprOducIivcraIiOnaIiIyOIIcsubccIcccIs. !IissaidnciIIcrIIaI
a subccIrcquircsa (scxuaIcd)individuaassuppOrInOrIIaIiIbcOngsIO
a (sOcia)cass.WcarcOnygivinganOvcrvicv. WIcnccIIcpOssibiiIyO
IIcaOrcmcnIiOncdcxica cOrrupIiOn.
3. !Orcc and dcsIrucIiOn
TIis is Onc andIIc samc cOnccpI, dividcd accOrding IO IIc sIrucIurc and
accOrding IOIIcprOccss.
AccOrdingIOIIc sIrucIurc, Orccrcmains dchncdinIcrms OIIc pIacc,
as purihcaIiOn in cxccss, as IOO-mucI-O-IIc-rcaI. I cOnIinucs IO bc
rccrrcdIOIIcack.
AccOrdingIOIIcprOccss,OrccisvIaIinIcrrupIsIIc rcpcIiIiOn. !I isIIis
mOmcnIOinIcrrupIiOnIIaImakcsacksIrayinIOdcsIrucIiOn.
!n MarxisI pOIiIics, Onc knOvs IIis dicrcncc Ony IOO vcI. 'Bcing
a Orcc IO bc rcckOncd viII mcans cOunIing Or IOO mucI-rOm IIc
pOinI O IIc advcrsary-in Icrms O IIc IOcrabIc pIacc O IIc OppOsi
IiOns. I is an inIcriOrizcd rcprcssivc dchniIiOn. NOv, IIis ascinaIiOn
viII Iack is aImOsI IIc ruc amOng 'rcvOuIiOnary pOiIicaI parIics. TIcy
mcasurc IIcir Ovn Orcc againsI IIc quanIiIy O IOIcrabIc cxccss, IIaI
is, againsI IIc IIrcsIOId O dcsIrucIiOn. AbOvc a, IIcy dO nOI vanI IO
Iakc IIc pacc Obcing OuI OpIacc. ncccssary, IIcy vcakcn Or dividc
IIcmscvcs. TIisIcndcncyIOdcpOyOrccOnIyaccOrdingIOIIcsIrucIurc
makcs IIc rcvOuIiOnaryimpaIicnI, anxiOus IO cxcccd IIc cxccss in IIc
acI OinIcrrupIiOn.
TIc cxcmpIaryIisIOricaIhgurc OIIis subccIivc drama is cnins ury
in ! I 7, vIcn IIc parIy, inOvicv and amcncv, csscnlially bak aI IIc
nOIiOn O Orcing IisIOry by vay O IIc insurrccIiOn. TIcy vanI IO Iavc
nOIIing IO dO viII IIis arI, vIicI is IIc namc cnin raps abOuI IO
dcscribc IIc insurrccIiOnin IIc digniIy O iIs unccrIainpOvcr. !Or IIcm,
IIcOrcc OIIc BOIsIcviks IicsinvaiIing,iIisa cumuIaIivcgivcn.
TIc csscncc OpOiIics indccd cOnsisIs OvaiIing. On Onc Iand, IIis is
insurmOunIabIc. BuI vIcn Lcnin saysIIaIIIcinsurrccIiOnis an 'arI, Ic
mcansprcciscyIIaIiIviOaIcsIIc csscncc OpOIiIics.
WIaIdOcscninsayWcmusIrcadaIIcscIcxIsrOmIIc aIO I 7,
Orcxampc 'TIc CrisisHasMaIurcd.
1
LLK NU ULbJULJlN
WIaI, IIcn,is IObc dOnc Wc musIaussjrcchcn wasisl, 'sIaIcIIcacIs,
admiI IIc IruII IIaI IIcrc is a Icndcncy, Oran OpiniOn, in Our CcnIra
COmmiIIcc and amOng IIc cadcrs OOur !arIy vIicI avOurs wailin
Or IIc COngrcss O SOvicIs, and is ojjoscd IO IIc immcdiaIc Iaking
O pOvcr, is ojjoscd IO an immcdiaIc insurrccIiOn. TIaI Icndcncy, Or
opiniOn,musIbcovcrcomc.
OIIcrvisc, IIc BOIsIcviks viII cOvcr IIcmscIvcs viII cIcrnaI shamc
anddcslroylhcmsclvcsasaparIy.
!OrIO miss sucI a mOmcnIand IO 'vaiI Or IIc COngrcss O SOvicIs
vOud bc ullcridioq, Orshccrlrcachcj. [. . .
TO rcrain rOm Iaking pOvcr nOv, IO 'vaiI, IOinduIgcin Iak in IIc
CcnIraI ExccuIivc COmmiIIcc, IO cOninc OurscIvcs IO hgIIing Or IIc
Organ (OIIc SOvicI), 'hgIIingOrIIcCOngrcss,islodoomlhcrcvolulion
lo]ailurc.
!n vicv O IIc acI IIaI IIc CcnIraI COmmiIIcc Ias cvcn lc]l unan-
swcrcd IIc pcrsisIcnI dcmands Iavc bccn making Or sucI a pOicy
cvcrsinccIIcbcginningOIIccmOcraIicCOncrcncc, invicvOIIc
acI IIaI IIc CcnIra Organ is dclclin rOm my arIicIcs aI rccrcnccs
sucI gIaring crrOrs On IIc parI O IIc BOsIcviks as IIc sIamc
u dccisiOn IO parIicipaIc in IIc !rc-!arIiamcnI, IIc prcscnIaIiOn O
scaIs IO IIc McnsIcviks in IIc !rcsidium O IIc SOvicI, cIc., cIc.-
am cOmpccd IO rcgard IIis as a 'subIc IinI O IIc unviIingncss
O IIc CcnIra COmmiIIcc cvcn IO cOnsidcr IIis qucsIiOn, a subIIc
IinI IIaI sIOuId kccp my mOuII sIuI, and as a prOpOsa Or mc IO
rcIirc.
am cOmpccd IO rcndcr my rcsinalion om lhc Ccnlral Commi//cc,
vIicI IcrcbydO, rcscrvingOrmyscIIc rccdOmIO campaignamOng
IIcrankand ]lcOIIc !arIyandaIIIc!arIy COngrcss.
!OriIismyprOOundcOnvicIiOn IIaIivc vaiI OrIIc COngrcssO
SOvicIsandIcIIIcmOmcnIpassnOv,vcsIaIIruinIIcrcvOIuIiOn. ( SW
4 I 70)
! IOpcIIaIyOu viI disccrn IIc nOminaIiOn, amOsI unbcknOvnsI, O
an unprcccdcnIcd subjccI-cccI. TIaI vIicI spIiIs O Icrc rcccIs IIc
vaiIing, asa cOscd hgurc OOrcc, sO asIO Iip Ovcr inIO IIc immcdiaIc
dcsIrucIiOnOiIscOndiIiOns.
TIis mOmcnI Opurc IOrsiOn-O rcsignaIiOn asa missiOnin vIicI
tIc cumuaIivc is invcrIcd inIO Oss, inIO IIc squandcring OOrcc, is IIc
IcmpOraIspIinx OIIc subjccI.
11
1HLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
Hcrc vc scc IIc crOssOvcr, in a raging vaciaIiOn, bcIvccn IIc iccss
sIraigIIncssOvIaIismissingandIIc viIa riskO inIcrrupIiOn.
Hcrc IIc subjccI avakcns IO IIc dccisiOn, vIicI is purcy iIs mOdc O
cxisIcncc. TOdccidcavaysamOunIs IOdisjOin, in IIc dcIcrminanI uniIy
OIIcscriaack, IIc pOinIOdcsIrucIiOn. TIis isvIy iIiscxIrcmcyrarc
IIaIanyIIingvIaIsOcvcrpcrIainsIOa dccisiOn.
4. TIc dOubcarIicuaIiOnOOrccandpacc
EiIIcriIisIIccascIIaIOncisIIcOssOIIcOIIcr,vIcnIIccxccss,bcing
dcsIrucIivc, cannOI bc OcaIcd in iIs assigncd pacc, Or csc iI is IIc OIIcr
vay arOund, vIcn, by kccping aI iIs pacc, Orcc is squandcrcd in IIc
vidc-cycd Opcning OIIcsupcrcgO.
TIisisMarx sgrcaIdiscOvcry, cspcciayduringIIcaris COmmunc.
! yOu OOk aI IIc asI cIapIcrO my Eihlccnlh rumairc, yOu vi nd
IIaI! dccarcIIaIIIc ncxIaIIcmpIOIIc!rcncIRcvOuIiOnvibc nO
Ongcr, as bcOrc, IO Iranscr IIc burcaucraIic miiIary macIinc rOm
Onc Iand IO anOIIcr, buI losmashiI, and IIis isIIc prciminary cOndi-
IiOn Or cvcry rca pcOpcs rcvOuIiOn On IIc COnIincnI. And IIis is
vIaIOurIcrOicarIy cOmradcsinarisarc aIIcmpIing.`
'
!I is a qucsIiOn O dcsIrucIiOn, as a Icndcncy O IcrOism-subjccIivc
quaiIy icvcrIIcrcvasOnc-sO asIOgivc risc IOIIc pOpuar dimcnsiOn
OIIcinsurrccIiOn.
Marx IIcOrizcs IIc ink bcIvccn dcsIrucIiOn and IIc 'rcay pOpuar
cxIcnI O IIc IisIOrica pIcnOmcnOn in qucsIiOn. TIc bcing O IIc
vOrking cass may vcry vc appcar as subjccI, as iI did in unc ! 4,
in IIc dccnsivc, muIc, Iragic aspccI O anxicIy. BuI IIc inIcrcsI O IIc
pcOpc asa vIOc, OriIsparI, icsinIIc gcncra inIcrrupIiOn OIIcscrics
O IIc pacc, IIaIis, in IIc dcsIrucIiOn OIIc inIimaIc mccIanism OIIc
SIaIc.
TIcmOrcIIcrcvOuIiOniscapabcObcingradica, andnOIsIuckinIIc
bOOdyOuIbursIgOvcrncdbyIIcanxicIyOrcprcssiOnandIIcsupcrcgOO
IcrOr,IIc mOrciIparIicipaIcsinIIccOuragcOusIippingOIIcscacsinIO
dcsIrucIiOnandIIcjusI audaciIy OrccOmpOsiIiOn, and IIc mOrc iIIurns
OuIIObcIIcacIOapcOpc, OvIicIIIcprOcIariaIOnynamcsIIc Onc,
asIIc OncOpOiIics.
1Z
LLK NU ULb1UL1lN
5. Casscs, IIc sidcOIIc IruII
Ic dOminanI cass dcrivcs iIs pOsiIiOn rOm kccping IIc spacc as is. !Is
ruII is Ia-said, by caiming IO bc a. !I managcs IIc rcpcIiIiOn. A
pcrccivcd cOIcrcncc isunsusIainabcin iIscycs.
TIc rcvOuIiOnary cass dchncs iIsc as IIc subjccI IIaI susIains IIc
IruIIiniIsdivisiOn. Bascd On iIspOiIicacxisIcncc, vIicIisIigIyaca-
Ory, IIc Ia-saying bccOmcs Onc-saying accOrding IO IIc IOrsiOn rOm
IcpOinI O vIicI IIcncv cOIcrcncc is puIinIOpracIicc.
TIcMarxisIanaysisin Icrms OcassisisOmOrpIOusviIIIIcLacanian
anaysis in Icrms O IruII. BOII cascs rcquirc IOrsiOn, sincc IIc IruII
cannOI bc said a (Lacan) and IIcrc is nO IruII IIaI is abOvc cass
Marxism), IcncciIcannOI, incccI,bc said a.
TIis mcans IIaI iI musI bc said nOI-a. TIaI is, iI musI bc said in IIc
guiscOIIcsubjccI. IysIcric OrIIcOnc, rcvOuIiOnaryOrIIcOIIcr.
rOcIariaI isIIcpOiIicanamcOII

IruIIIIaIisnOIa.
6. SIaIcandmasscs, IIc sidcOIIcav
TIc SIaIc is IIcviOcnIcOrcOIIcavscOmmandmcnI.!IsspccihccccI
cs inIIc annumcnIOIIcanIagOnisIic subjccIivc Orcc.
TIcmasscs,bymakingIisIOry (gOOdasmucIasbad), canbcrcgisIcrcd
On IIcsidcOIIcnOnav. TIcyarcIIcOnyanIisIaIcOrcc, vIicIisIIcir
crydcniIiOn.
TIc masscs can irrupI OnIO IIc sIagc O IisIOry Ony in a dcsIrucIivc
cxccssOvcrandabOvcIIcSIaIc. TIisisIIcircOmmunisIinvariancc.TIcy
mayasO, in IIciridcnIiIyassubsIancc, dicIaIcIIcIIickcsI, and cvcn IIc
mOsI abjccI, sIaIisI cOnscnsus. BuI IIis is IIcir paccd bcing, IIci

Orccd
bcing. TIcirbcing-in-Orccas undcrIIcavOnOnav.
Wc ca'masscs IIcIisIOricainIcrrupIiOnassucI, IIcrcaOIIc cuI.
7. !OurmaIIcmcs
Ouragcbra is cOmpOscd O L (IIc Ocus Or pacc), ! (Orcc), (pacc), T
IruII), (ack) , and d ( dcsIrucIiOn) . TIcsign marks a dicrcnIiaIimc:
tIc sign an inIcgra prOccss. isIIcOrkOIIc cxccssOvcrIIc barO
IIcpaccmcnI.
1
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
! Iavc aIrcady vriIIcn OuI Or yOu IIc maIIcmcs O anxicIy and IIc
supcrcgO.
AnxicIy.
SupcrcgO.
r r
. )
t - a
r

.

COuragc is IIc dcsIrucIivc Iipping O IIc scacs in vIicI IIc IruII is

susIaincdin iIsdivisiOn:
S
usIiccrccOmpOscsIIcspaccundcrIIcmarkOaIavvIicIIcnccOrII
is ackinginIIaIvIicIaIIacIcsiIscIIO iI. !IiIIuminaIcsandcOnsOIidaIcs
IIc divisiOnO!IIcpIacc.
s
r r ~

!
TIcsc Our maIIcmcscOnsIiIuIc IIc cccI-O!-IIc-subccI.
2
cI mc rccapiIuIaIc IIisOryOu inspacc (scc diagram bcIOv) .
Rcgarding IIc dOubIc divisiOn vIicI dcIcrmincs IIc subccI cccI,
iI vOud bc air IO say IIaI Lacan Ias cxIausIivcIy namcd OnIy Onc
IaI.
TO IIc hrsI divisiOn, IIc IOrizOnIaI Onc in IIc IabIc, cOrrcspOnds IIc
diaIccIic OIavandIruII, vIOsc cOrrcIaIc vOuId bc IIaIOIIc SIaIc and
cass. !rcud namcdiI.
TIc sccOnd, vcrIicaI dividc rcccivcs nO anaIyIicaI namc. !I passcs
bcIvccn IIc Onc O IIc Iav and iIs divisiOn, bcIvccn IIc SIaIc and IIc
19
LLK NU ULbJULJlN
ors.suc.iox
oIthcothcrsothaI oIthcIawsoIhaIthc
IhcIawmayIivc oIhcrmaylivc
Iawas nonlaw nonlawaslaw
1

.
1

SIaIc masscs

1
=
`
1
r r

r r
s 1

Crcon
. .
AIhcna

+

xir\
AnIigonc r r
. )
r r
s

d
OrcsIcs . .

v

v
m

Iruth, unsustainabIcwhoIc IruIhsusIaincdiniIsdivision

1
=
1
dominanI cIass rcvoIutionarycIass
Ihc Iorcc, loss oIIhc pIacc Ihc pIacc, IossoIIhc Iorcc
roscr
asscs, bcIvccn IIc IvO anIagOnisIic cIasscs. Marx Ias namcd iI. !I is
hOugh IIisdivisiOn IIaI IisIOriciIy circuIatcs.
As a rcsuII OIIc knOt OIIis dOubIc spIiIIing, a knOIvIicI sOar vc
Ov OnIy by IIc cOIOur O iIs sIrands, IIcrc arc Our undamcnIaI cOn
c
pIsOIIcIIcOryOIIcsubccI.
TIiscxIausIsIIccriIicaI pOvcrs OOuraIgcbra. WcknOvvIaI,undcr
lc
cccIOIIcunnamcddcsIrucIiOn,cscapcsLacaninIIcdcIcrminaIiOn
1b
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
O IIc subjccI. BuI vc dO nOI knOvvIaI iI is in cOuragc IIaI rcIrOacIs
OnIIc unavOidabIc anxicIy, nOrvIaI iI isin usIiccIIaI rcsOnaIcs inIIc
prcscripIiOnOIIcsupcrcgO, nOrhnaIIyIOvIIcrccOmpOsiIiOns,vIcIIcr
IIcyarcIcrrOrizingOrdissOving, arIicuaIcIIcmscIvcsOnIOIIcinIcrrup-
IiOns, OIIcrIIanin IIcaIsc cmpirica cvidcncc OIsucccssiOn.
TIc maIIcmc O IIc Our maIIcmcs dchncs Our currcnI impassc. TO
cnsurciIsmaIcriaisIguaranIccvircquircavasIdcIOur.!rOmIIcaIIcr,
vccxpccIaramcvOrkviIIvIicIIOcucidaIc Oursinguarivcs,andIIc
arI IIaI imbucs IIcm, asvc asIIc cxisIcncc OpOIiIics, andIIc IisIOry
IIaIispOIIcd inIIcm.
AIaIimcsiIisrOmancIIicsIIaIacIiOngainsaprcmOniIiOnOiIsrisk
and iIs succcss. !rOmIIcvidcsprcadcOnvicIiOn IIaI acIiOn is impOssibc,
IIc mOsIravagingdcsubjccIivizaIiOnsarcbOrnc.
WIaI can vc cxpccIIrOm a IIcOryOIIIc subjccI, i nOI IO sIcd sOmc
igIIOnIIcmysIcryOIdccisiOn

PAk1| V
M8I6|| dl |SI K6V6|Sdl 0 MdI6|| dl | SO

1M6 0l dCK SM66Q 0 OdI6|l d| | SO

N0V0RD0I , V
Ic subccIOIIradiIiOn!aIIgIumncssTO dcIcndMarxsmisIOdcIcnd
a vcakncssOnidcaIsIdOmnaIiOn-!rOmGOdIOdcaInguisIcry
'WIaI s a subccI in pOIiIics !Or gOOd rcasOns IIs qucsIiOn IOrmcnIs
s, mcmOrabIcIcIIisIsandIcIIisIsOIsIOrImcmOry Wc carryIIisObscurc
qucsIiOn, aImOsIvIIOuIknOvingiI, IOapOinIOIcvcngrcaIcrObscuriIy,
inIOIIccIassOIIacIOryvOrkcrsandiIsObIusc IisIOry. BuI can IIisqucs
Onbc maIcriaIsI CaniIbcMarxisI
WOuIdiIbc a maIIcrOIaddnga cOnvcnicnI psycIOIOgy IO daIccIicaI
maIcraIism,inIIcvay!OIIzcrvanIcd, IO IIcpOinIOIsupprcssng iIscII
inIIcprOccss!saymanyImcsnO!IisnOIIIccascIIaIMarxism,Iaving
ccupicdIscII-IcI us suppOsc n gcncraI saIsIacIOriIyviII cIasscs and
c SIaIc, vII IsIOry andvII pOIiIics, vOuIdIavcIcIIbIank IIcsuspi-
cOus dOmain OIIIcindviduaI, IIc Iury OIscx Or IccmOIOnOI IOvc
lcavngIIcmIOrOIIcrcOOksOIIIc cOnccpI.
IIasncvcrIcdIOanyIIng, nOrvIIiIcvcrIcadIOanyIIng, IOimagnc
haI IIcrc is sOmc Iack IO hII in Marxism, sOmc rcgOnaI discipInc IO
hicIiIspOvcrsOugIIIObccxIcndcdapsycIOIOgy,IOrcxampIc,vIicI
p
cOpIcIavc pridcd IIcmscvcsIOrdrcamng upOnIIcRussiansdc, vII
hcIcIpOIa Icv canincs bIcsscd viII cducaIiOnaIsaIva.
OurqucsIOn,vIicIis mucImOrcradicaI,dOcsnOIIakcIIchgurcOIa

cgiOnOIIIccOnccpIWcask 'WIaI makcsasubccI andiIisnIIcbcsI

1V
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
cOnsIiIuIcd dOmains O IIc IradIiOn-cass acIiOn and Is parIy-vIcrc
IIisqucsIiOnrcsOnaIcsmOsIabrupIly.
Bcsdcs, IIis IradiIiOn dOcs nOI ai IO sIcIcr Our prObcm. !crIaps
iI cvcn givcs iI IOO mucI sIclIcr. !I is an cnIircy OrIIOdOx disInc
IiOn IO OppOsc IIc 'cassin-iIsc, vIcI is IIc purc cxisIcncc O IIc
vOrkcr cOccIivc, and IIc 'cass!Or-iIsc, subccIivcly cOnsIIuIcd in iIs
rcvOuIiOnarygOa.
!I rcmains IO bc sccn vIcIIcr IIis Hcgcian arrangcmcnI is
iuminaIing.
TIcIrackIIaIcsOpcnbcOrcuscOnsisIsn IIc nOIiOn IIaIIIc Organ-
zaIiOna pIcnOmcna O pOiIics dcpcnd, n any IisIOrca prOccss, On IIc
subccIivc. TIcyarciIs maIIcr.
TIisargumcnIhndsccIOcsIIrOugIOuI I 50 ycarsOIsIOryinIIcIair-
spiIIing dcbaIcs Ovcr IIc qucsIiOn O vIO arc IIc acnls O IisIOry. TIc
casscs?TIc masscsinrcvOI?TIc SIaIc?TIcrcvOuIOnarycadcrs? WIO
IIcn makcs IisIOryassubccI? WIOis IIcsubccIOIIcvcrb 'IOmakc?
MaO On IIis IOpic IlirIs vII IIcOlOgy. 'TIc pcOpc, and IIc pcOpc
aOnc, arc IIcmOIvcOrccOvOrdIsIOry ( SW!!!, 207) .
TIcpcOpcIcrcOccupy a IransccndcnIsubccIivcpOsiIiOn.
LcninismccrIanyIasmarkcdamaOrsIagcinIIc!OcusngOMarxsm
On subjccIivc acIOn. Hcrc IIc IIcOry O!OrganzaIiOnaspracIcasubccI
dOminaIcsIIcclass anaysis.
WiIIMarx,vcraIIcrIavcaIIcOryO!IIcsc,acriIqucOIIcllusiOns
OcOnsciOusncss. CasspOsiIiOnsarccxplaincdasparIO!idcOlOgcalappa
raIuscsIIaI arc nOIarrOmcvOkingIIcuncIOnO!IIcmaginarynIIc
idcacdihcaIOnOIIis scIIaIOrcvcrysubjccIcOnsIiIuIcsIsWIOc.
TIcrc is alsO IIc rccurrcnI dcbaIc abOuI IIc rOlc O IIc indivdua n
IsIOry. RcaIcd avaIarsarc IrusIcIcvs IIcsis On IIc 'culI O!pcrsOna-
Iy IO cOnjurc IIc pIanIOm O! SIain, and Lin BiaOs !carical vIcn in
igII O! IIc 'IIcOry O gcnius Ic Iricd IO prOccI MaO inIO IIc inacIivc
IcavcnOprOcIaran BuddIas.
YOusccIIcdisparaIcnaIurcOIIscgacy.
!n any casc ! cxcudc al aIIcmpIs IO puI IIc subccI back inIO IIc
saddc as simpc ccnIrc, as pOnI O Orign, as cOnsIIuIivc O cxpcricncc.
TIc IIcOry O IIc subjccI is diamcIricay OppOscd IO all cucidaIing
Iransparcncy.!mmcdiacyandsc-prcscnccarcidcalisIaIIrbuIcsOrvIaI
isinIrOduccdOnyviII IIcaimOrclnkingIIc diaccIica divisiOn.
COnccnIraIng IIc diaccIiciIy O IIc rca, IIc subccI-prOccss csscn-
Iiay IOucIcs upOn scissOn. TIc subccI dOcs nOI OvcrcOmc Isc in any
1b
c
cu
W

h
c
n
c
O
an
c
an
o
na
A

cO
pO
an
h

c
c

MJLlLlbJ LVLbL l MJLlLlbM

ccOnciiaIiOn O iIscl ciIIcr viII IIc rca Or viII iIsc. Lacan is Our
urrcnIIcacIcrviII rcgardIOIIismaOrprccauIiOn.
2
WIaI is a IIc uss abOuI durng IIis al O ! 77? TIc dcspair Ovcr
isIOry, IIcidiOsyncraIicacsIIcIcism, IIc IasIcOr spccacOnsIrucIiOns,
hc cOnvicIiOn IIaI IIc mOnsIrOus hgurc O IIc SIaIc OOms Ovcr and
cIncsOurdcsIinyandIIaIWcsIcrnraIiOnaIy, OvIcIMarxismvOud
ny bc IIc mOdcrn OuIcOmc, scaugII up in IIis dchniIiOn. TIc mcda
cIOIIc ncvsIIaIviIIIIcGuagandIIcVicInamcscbOaIpcOplc, viII
Ol!OIand IIcSOvcIarmada,vc vOud hnayIavcvIaIIIakcsIO puI
n cd IO IIc abOmnaIiOnOMarxism.
TIc cIIics bcInd IIis Ircnd is dividcd bcIvccn a mOras OrigIIs (IO
ccndIIclicOIIcindviduaagainsIIIcdcadyabsIracIOnOIIcSIaIc)
ndapOliIicsOIIccsscrcvi (IOdccndWcsIcrnpariamcnIsagainsIIIc
oIaiIarianisms O IIc EasI) . TIc cOmmunisI ambiIiOn is udgcd crimi-
a Or prccrring mass pOlIics Ovcr IumanisI andjuridical ncgOIiaIing.
AgainsI idcOlOgica viOcncc, vc Icar plcas !Or IIc sIubbOrn rcgulariIy
insIiIuIiOns, nsOarasIIcy vOud crccI a buvark arOund IIc nsuar
Onscicncc.
TIc radcal sOcialsI Aan arcady spOkc O 'IIc cIizcn agansI IIc
Ovcrs IIaI bc .

TIis !rcncI mOdcsIy nOv makcs a cOmcback in an

nIi-MarxisI daIrbc scrvcd up by a kcy cIaracIcr. IIc cIsI rcncgadc,
hc rcpcnIanIMaOisI, vIOsc salcs piIcI-lkc IIaI Oa vIOc gcncraIiOn
' SIainisI inIcllccIuals alrcady in IIc ! 50s-is IIaI nObOdy v caIcI
Icmrcd-Iandcdagain.
HandOvcrcducaIiOnIOIIOscvIOgOIIircdO!anIagOnism, IOaIIOsc
IO, aIcrjOiningIIciraIcIOIIaIOIIcvOrkcrs,IavcsinccIIcncOmc
ackIOIIcrprcscrbcdpaccasnIcccIuas, and yOu vi makcIIcvsI
sIaIc !uncIiOnarics cOmc Iruc by kccping IIOugII Or IIc ncxI IvO
ccadcs viIIin IIc narrOv cOnhncs O IIc usua cOursc O aairs. !I vi
c cvcryOnc Or Iim OrIcrscl, nObOdyvi prcIcndIO spcak OranyOnc
IaIsOcvcr.
TIisisIIcsurcsIrOadIOvardsIIcvOrsI.WIcnOncabdicaIcsunivcrsa-
, OncObIains univcrsaIOrrOr.
WiII rcgard IO IIis mcdiOcrc cIacngc, ! scc IvO aIIiIudcs amOng IIc
crcnIpcOpc! knOv. IOdccndOncsc!OrIO cIangc Oncsc.
1b1
1HLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
' c!cndingMarxismandpOiIics cads OnyIOdca!ncss.OyOu rcay
bcicvc IIaI Our anIiMarxisIs cOud scrcam !Ou pay and annOuncc Our
dcbacc i! vc vcrc abc IO dc!cnd Ourscvcs vicIOriOusy? ! caim IIaI,
dcvOidO!anOvcIy,IIcanIi-MarxisIprOpagandaO!IIcrcpcnIcdandIIc
rcaigncd,O!IIccIampiOnsO!IumanrigIIsandIIcamaIcursO!HcvcIian
pcaccO!mind, OnyIasIIc c!!ccIivcncss O!OurOvnvcakncss.
Ycs, cI us admiI iI viIIOuI dcIOurs: Marxism is in crisis Marxism is
aIOmicd. !asI IIc impusc and crcaIivc scissiOn O! IIc 60s, a!Icr IIc
naIiOna ibcraIiOn sIruggcs andIIc cuIura rcvOuIiOn, vIaI vc inIcriI
in Iimcs O! crisis and IIc immincnI IIrcaI O! var is a narrOv and !rag-
mcnIary asscmbagc O!IIOugIIandacIiOn, caugIIin a abyrinII O! ruins
and survivas. TIaI vIicI vc namc MaOism is css a hna rcsuI IIan a
Iask, a IisIOricaguidcinc.!IisaqucsIiOnO!IIinking andpracIisingpOsI-
!cninism. TO mcasurc IIc Od, IO cari!y IIc dcsIrucIiOn, IO rccOmpOsc
pOiIics !rOm IIc scarciIy O! iIs indcpcndcnI ancIOring, and a IIis vIic
IisIOrycOnIinucsIOruniIscOurscundcrIIcdarkcsIO!banncrs.
TOdc!cndMarxismIOdaymcansIOdc!cndavcakncss.WcmusIjraclisc
Marxism.
WIcncc IIcparadOxica sIaIcmcnI IIaI ! vOudprOpOsc IO yOu. Evcn
IIOugI iI is cvidcnI IIaI Our anIi-MarxisIs Iavc iI in abOvc a !Or IIc
diaccIic, iI is maIcriaism IIaI vc musI !Ound ancvviII IIc rcnOvaIcd
arscnaO!OurmcnIapOvcrs.
!! vc vcrc IO cI gO O! Our grip, imiIingOurscvcs-as vc did during
IIc miiIanIycars-IOpOsiIingIIaIIIc mOvcmcnIiscvcryIIing andIIaI
iIdividcsiIsc!inIOIvO,vIicIIcanIiMarxisIsdcmandarcIurnIOrigIIs
andavsvOrIIyO!IIcOOgians, vc vOud rcmainviII Ourbacks againsI
IIc va, bind IO Ourscvcs andIOOurIimc.
Truc,iIisnOIbycIanccIIaIIIcpcIIyaIIacksO!IIcikcsO!Gucksmann
and OIIcrs arc aimcd aI Hcgc and aI IIc rOc O! RcasOn in IisIOry. TIc
suprcmcIargcIisIIc diaccIic.
LikcIIcruscdIacIiciansO!ancicnICIina,vcgranIIIcadvcrsaryIIcsc
abrupIcIangcsO!IcrrainIIaIIurnIIcirravagingIigIIsinIOcavarics!Or
vindmis.
Wc dcmand O! malcrialism IIaI iI incudc vIaI vc nccd and vIicI
Marxism, cvcn viIIOuI knOving iI, Ias avays madc inIO iIs guiding
IIrcad. a IIcOryO!IIcsubccI.
TIcinauguraIcxIvas IiIcd 1hc CommunislMani]cslo. WIaIvcrc IIcsc
cOmmunisIs, in I 4, i! nOI IIc ncv subccI abOuI vIOm IIc !Ounding
aIIcrs said.
1bZ
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL l MJLlLlbM
TIc COmmunisIs dO nOI !Orm a scparaIc parIy OppOscd IO OIIcr
vOrking-cassparIics.
TIcy Iavc nO inIcrcsIs scparaIc and aparI !rOm IIOsc O! IIc prOc
IariaIasavIOc.
TIcydOnOIscIupanysccIarianprincipcs O!IIcirOvn,byvIicIIO
sIapc andmOuIdIIcprOcIarianmOvcmcnI.
TIc COmmunisIs arc disIinguisIcd !rOm IIc OIIcr vOrkingcIass
parIicsbyIIisOny. I . !nIIcnaIiOnaIsIruggcsO!IIcprOcIariansO!IIc
di!!crcnIcOunIrics, IIcypOinI OuI and bring IO IIc !rOnIIIc cOmmOn
nIcrcsIsO!IIccnIircprOIcIariaI, indcpcndcnIy O!aII naIiOnaiIy. 2. !n
IIc variOus sIagcs O! dcvcOpmcnI vIicI IIc sIruggc O! IIc vOrking
cass againsI IIc bOurgcOisic Ias IO pass IIrOugI, IIcy avays and
cvcryvIcrc rcprcscnIIIcinIcrcsIsO!IIcmOvcmcnIasa vIOc.
TIc COmmunisIs, IIcrc!Orc, arc On IIc Onc Iand, pracIicay IIc
mOsIadvanccdandrcsOIuIcsccIiOnO!IIcvOrkingcassparIicsO!cvcry
cOunIry, IIaI sccIiOn vIicI pusIcs !Orvard a OIIcrs On IIc OIIcr
Iand,IIcOrcIicaIy,IIcyIavcOvcrIIcgrcaImassO!IIcprOIcIariaIIIc
advanIagc O! ccary undcrsIanding IIc inc O!marcI, IIc cOndiIiOns,
and IIc uIIimaIc gcncraI rcsuIs O! IIc prOcIarian mOvcmcnI. ( SW!,
I I 20, Irans. mOdihcd)
COmmunisIs. IIcy arc, in IIc mOvcmcnI O! IisIOry, IIc pOiIicaI
ubccI.
TIaIisIIcpOinI!rOmvIicIvc musIsIarIagain.
3
hc maIcriaIisI IIcsis is nOI simpIc. !I is cvcn css simpc, appcaranccs
oIviIIsIanding, IIan IIc diaccIicaIIcsis.
MarxisIsIavc avayspOsiIcd IIaI cvcrsincciIs Grcck Origin, IIc cOn-
adicIiOnIIaIdchncspIiOsOpIyisIIcOncIIaIOppOscsmaIcriaismand
idcaism.TIisis IIcaxiOmO!IIcbaIIcO!IIc cIcrks
Ic pIiOsOpIcrs spiI inIO IvO grcaI camps. TIOsc vIO asscrIcd IIc
primacyO!spiriIIO naIurcand, IIcrc!Orc, inIIcasIinsIancc, assumcd
vOrdcrcaIiOninsOmc!OrmOrOIIcr . . . cOmpriscdIIccampO!idca-
ism.TIcOIIcrs, vIOrcgardcdnaIurcasprimary,bcIOngIOIIcvariOus
scIOOsO!maIcriaIism. (Engcs, Ludwi FcucrbachandlhcEndo]Classical
CcrmanPhilosojhy, SW !, 346)
Jb
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
WIaI is IIc sOurccOIIissIrucIurainvarianccaccOrdng IOvIicIpIi-
OsOpIysccmsIOsIagca skccIabaIIcOnvIcIIcrAprcccdcsB, OrB, A?
WIaI suppOrIs IIis in IIc rca is IIaI IIc ruing casscs arc invariaby
prOnc IO caim IIaI IIOugII prcccdcs bcing (naIurc) . A IIs is raIIcr
curiOus, is iI nOI? And EngcsaIbOIIOm dOcsnOI cxpain IimscurIIcr
On IIcIOpc.
!cI usgivcIvOprOvisOrymOIvcsOrIIisdcasIcOmpusiOn.
AruingcassisIIcguardianOIIc pacc, IIcObigaIOryuncIiOnary O
IIcspacc.!Isaim,bOIIviOcnIandIiddcn,isIOguaranIccrcpcIiIiOnand
prOIbiI IIcpOiIicasubjccI, IIrOugIIIcbOckagcOinIcrrupIiOn.
TO rucmcansloinlcrrujlinlcrrujlion.
!nIIcanguagcOIIcpOiIicsOIIcSIaIc,IIsiscacd'rcsIOringOrdcr.
OrdcrisvIaIisrc-csIabisIcdvIickccpingsicnIabOuIvIaIcsIabisIcs
iI. !kc IIc subjccI I dcnics, Ordcr dccarcs IIaI iI cOmcs in IIc sccOnd
pacc.
TIccOnscrvaIvcpOsIurcrcquircsIIaIIIcavbc namcdasindvisibc:
iI can Onybcun-csIabsIcd, buIncvcrdividcd. !rOmsubvcrsiOnIOcOn-
spiracyIIrOugI dcsIabizaIiOn, IIc SIaIcs cxcOn is rcpcIc viII vOrds
IO rccrIOIIc un-csIabsImcnIOIIc av, buInOIa singc Onc IO namc
IsdivisiOn.
TIc ndivisibIy O IIc av OIIc pacc cxccpIs I rOm IIc rca. TO
ink up IIis cxccpIiOn in IIc dOmain O IIcOry amOunIs IO sIipuaIing
IIc radica anIcriOrIy OIIc ruc, vIicI, in acI, is dchncd (csIabsIcd)
Ony rcIrOacIivcy, IIrOugIIIcIOrsiOninvIicI iIscOIcrcnccappcarsas
disjOncdrOmIIc ncv cOIcrcncc.
TIcpOsiIiOnOIIisanIcccdcncciscabOraIcdinpIOsOpIyasidcaism.
!I isncccssaryIO grOundIIc paccOIIc rcpcIiIivc scrcsinIIcabsOuIc.
!dcaismisIIcnOminaparOusiaOIIcspaccassucI.!aIO,asbcIOvcs
aOundcr,dcsignaIcsiI as lojos.
dcaism ncccssary dOmnaIcs, bcing IIc ObigaIOry anguagc O
cOnscrvaIiOn.
OnIIcOIIcrIand,iIisIrucIIaIIOIIisvcrydaycvcryruingcassOniIs
OvnaccOunIIaskcpIinpIaccIIcsOciadivisiOnOabOur. CuIIngIrans-
vcrsay acrOss cass cOncIs, vc hnd IIcsc grcaI micnarian sIrucIura
invarianIs, IIcscIIrcc grcaI dicrcnccs-ciIy and cOunIrysidc, ndusIry
andagricuIurc, inIcccIua and manua-vIOsc abOisImcnIisIIcvcry
aimOcOmmunism.
!Iisin IIisscnscIIaI cOmmunismiscOncrcIc. SpccihcdviIIcxacIncss
by IIc mOsI IcnacOus sOcia dicrcnIaIiOns, iI Iakcs up IIc qucsIiOn O
1b9
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL l MJLlLlbM
pOiIics OnyasIIcangcrcqurcd OriIsacccss IO IIcrca.Naming as I
dOcs,IIrOugI pOpuar viOcncc, IIcnccdIO mcasurc IIcsIagcs rcacIcd
iII rcgard IO IIc rcsOrpIiOn OIIcIIrcc grcaIdicrcnccs (Icncc OsIu-
dc
nIs cngagcd inIIcprOccssOprOducIiOn, ciIics sIOppcdrOmgrOving,
hc sma indusIriazaIiOn O pOpuar cOmmuncs, IIc vOrkcrs IccInca
nnOvaIiOn cIc. ) , IIc CIincsc CuIura RcvOuIiOn dcscrvcs inIurn IObc
namcdIIchrsI cOmmunsI rcvOuIiOn in IisIOry.
WIaIcvcraskccpsiIs namc. !nOI, vIaI cxacIyis I IIaI aicd?
!OrIIOsc casscs OvIcI cOmmunism is IIc spccIrc, iI is impOrIanIIO
OnsOidaIcIIcdisIincIiOns. AbciI in avaricIyOOrmuas, vIOsc cxIcn-
On s amOsI dcvOid O cOmmOn mcasurc, IIcy amOnOpOizcinIccc-
aabOurandsysIcmaIizciIs'supcrOriIy OvcrIs manua cOunIcrparI.
Wc vi rccOgnizcIIaI idcaism isIransiIvc IO IIs sOcia axOm. !n IIc
naanaysis,iIsubOrdinaIcsnaIurcIOIIccOnccpI, mucIikcIIcspccia-
izcd vOrkcr O IIc asscmbync s subOrdinaIcd IO IIc cngnccr, Or IIc
slavc, IIaI anmaIcdIOO, IO IsmaIIcmaIicianmasIcr.
O nOI IIink IIaI IIc vugariIy O IIs argumcnI is an ObsIacc IO iIs
uII.
!n IIc IandbOOks OpIiOsOpIy, yOu v scc IIaI kc IIc cpiIIcI Oa
vO-biI HOmcr, IIc adjccIvc vugar amOsI nvariaby aIIacIcs Isc IO
hcnOunmaIcriaism'.WcycsTIcrcissOmcIIingIriviaabOuIrcading
Ic abccI sccrcI O a spccuaIvc pcrmancncc in IIc dcnscsI O sOcia
IicrarcIics. BuI IIaIisIOviIis.
WIcncc IIcmaIcriaism O IIcbOurgcOis rcvOuIiOnarics OIIccgII-
ccnII ccnIuryagainsI IIc ccrica-cuda csIabisImcnIand IIaI O
Ic prOcIarians OIIc nincIccnIIagainsI IIc barOns Ohnancc capiIa
OnvcrIcd IO spriIuasm.
TIus, IOO, viII IIc OnscI O IIc Od agc O cOnscrvaIism Onc casiy
OrgcIs IIc rascibc maIcriaism O Oncs pOiIica yOuII. TIc samc Oncs
vIO casIcd On prcsIs and acadcmics cnd up subsidizing IIc mssOn O
hc gOOdaIIcrs in Arica, Or dsIribuIing IO IIc CcnIra COmmiIIcc IIc
icOns Oa ' SOvicI Iumansm IIrOugI vIicI vc can casiy gimpsc IIc
vc-Icccd dacIas and IIc back Mcrccdcs.
4
aIcriaism, iiI is nOI a dcad dOg, aIIcsIs viIIin IIc cOnccpI IOIIcpur-

gcmcrgcncc OOrcc. !I is an assauI pIiOsOpIy. WII iIs dissOving

1bb
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
purpOsc and simpiIying cOuragc, iI makcs IIchssurcOIIIcsymbO sIinc
aIIIcIarIIcsIrcmOvc, insIrucIcdasiIisby anOuI-OI-pacc.
MaIcriaismsIandsininIcrnadivisiOnIO iIs IargcIs. !Iis nOIincxacIIO
scciniI a picOIpOcmicascOrn. !IsinIcrnamakcup is ncvcrpacihcd.
MaIcriaismmOsIOIIcn disus/sIIc subIc mind.
Ic IisIOry OImaIcriaism hnds IIc principc OIiIs pcriOdiaIiOn in iIs
advcrsary. MakingasysIcmOuIOInOIIingcscIIanvIaIiIsccksIObring
dOvn and dcsIrOy, puIIcd upin aIcnI hIsOIragc, IIisaimis barcypIiO-
sOpIica. !IgivcscOOur, in OIIcnbarbarOusinIccIiOns, IOIIcimpaIicncc
OIdcsIrucIiOn.
Ic hrsI maIcriaism OI Our cra, IIaI OIIIc rising bOurgcOisic-IIaI OI
IIc cigIIccnII ccnIury-cxisIs Ony viII rcIcrcncc IO rcigiOn, vIicI iI
prOpOscs in a viOcnI and cvcn rcpugnanI manncr (vIaI mOrc mcdiOcrc
Iabc IIan VOIaircs 1hcMaido]0rlcans, IIc vcrsihcaIiOn OI IIOsc sOrdid
bar sIOrics vIcrc Onc OOks avidy undcrncaII IIc IrOck OI IIc viagc
pricsI?) IO abOisI immcdiaIcy. Iis maIcriaism, IIOugI iI rcIcrs IO IIc
cOckvOrk scicncc OIIIc vOrd, cacuaIcdy cOsc IO NcvIOns mccIan-
ics, sccks IO Organic as quicky aspOssibc a singc dirccIivc. CrusIIIc
inIamy
HOvcvcr, IIis Iimc OI OIIcnsivc subccIiviaIiOn prOduccs nOsIabiiIy.
WcsccIIisascaryasinIIc !rcncI RcvOuIiOn, vIcn IIcanIi-CIrisIian
cxccss OI IIc prOvisOry aics, IIc pcbcians OI IIc ciIics, is brOkcn by
HcbcrIscxccuIiOnOn IIc guOIinc, vIcrcas IIc rcgcncraIiOnOIspiriIu-
aism OIIIc grcaI idcaisI sysIcms cOnnOIcs IIc pOssibiiIy OI a univcrsa
cOncOrdaI. BOurgcOis sccuarism, csIabisIcd IIrOugI IIc SIaIc, vi
sOmcIimcsbcanIiccrica, ncvcrmaIcriaisI.
LcI IIis bc rcIrOacIivc prOOI OIIIc IacI IIaI maIcriaism Organics IIc
assauI, nOIIIcIakcOvcr IIcuprising, nOIIIcrcprcssiOn.
Ic bOurgcOisic, Iakcn IO bc IIc guardian OI IIc mOdcrn pacc, musI
ObcyIIrcccOndiIiOns, OnccIIc Odrcgimc isOvcrIIrOvnandIIcpaIIis
OpcnIOiIs vOrdvidc ruc.
1b0
- IOcraIc IIis minima parI OI maIcriaism IIaI is adcquaIc IOr IIc
raIiOnaicdiII-OIIOI IIc prOducIivc IOrccs, as accrcdiIcdby scicncc
- rcOrganic idcaism, vIicI makcs a symbO and a ruc OuI OI IIc
subOrdinaIiOn OI IIc manual IO IIc inIcccIua in IIc IicrarcIica
divisiOnOIabOur,
- susIain in pIiOsOpIy IIc uridica and mOra Ordcr IIaI namcs IIc
prcscripIiOnOIIIc paccs, andassignsIIc rcpcIiIiOns.
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL l MJLlLl bM
Ic prOducI OI a IIis is a spccihc idcaism, ccnIrcd OnMan, andnO
ngcrOnGOd. COnsciOusncssasIIcIOcapOinIOIcxpcricncc, IIcsubccI
>
guaranIcc OI IruII, mOraiIy as aIcmpOra IOrmaism. IIis avcragc
anIianism asIs, On a massivc scac, IOIIisvcryday.
Ic sccOndhgurcOImaIcriaismisIIusmadcOuIOIIIcassauIagainsI
umanism, and cspcciay againsI IIc pcIIy anIian IcacIcrs OI IIc
ivcrsiIy.
Icy pusIcd IIcir pavns vcryIar, IIOsc pavns OI IIc IransccndcnIa,
aIIcvayinIOIIcranks OIIIcncvpOiIics, asvccan sccinIIcLcninisI
iaIribc IIaIiscacdMa/crialismandEmjirio-cri/icism.
Ic baIIc in IIc backgrOund OIIIc sccOnd maIcriaism, OIvIicI IIc
Ourgcisic is arcady nO Ongcr IIc bcarcr, cOmcs dOvn IO Iaking sidcs
iIIHcgcagainsIanI.
Ask yOurscI in passing iI cvcrymaIcriaism is nOI IIc s/t]]cnin OIan
d idcaism.
WIcrcdidIIc maIcriaisIsOIIIc cigIIccnIIccnIurygcIIIcirsupcrIaI
acIincs, iInOI IrOm cscarIcs? And LcninbringsHcgcian immancncc
| bcar againsI IIc IransccndcnIa. And vc, againsI AIIusscrs prOccss
iIIOuIsubjccI,invOkcLacan.
A ncv hgurc OI maIcriaism annOunccs iIscIin a divisiOn OIidcaism.
IssubccIivcmainspringis vIaIinIrOduccsIIcbrcak.
IcsccOndmaIcriaism,aIIcrIIaIOIirrcigiOn,vibcIisIOricabccausc
l> IaskisnOOngcrIOundOGOd,buIIOundOMan.NaIurcvIicIisvIaI
c OppOscdIOgraccandmiraccsccascsIOIuncIiOnasrcIcrcnI. aking
paccisIIcIisIOricabccOmingOIIIcvOrd,invIicIIIccasspOsiIiOn
urns OuIIO dividc Iumankind and IIcrc isnOI Onc simpc Icrm capabc
IIuncIiningasIIcccnIrc OIciIIcrcxpcricnccOrIruII.
WIcncc iIs namc, IisIOrica maIcriaism, and iIs surnamc diaccIica
aIcriaism,viIIIIcsccOndccvaIinginIOgcncraiIyIIaIvIicIIIcIirsI
uaranIccsin iIs IcmpOraprccari OusncssandiIsdividcd bcing.
YcI, IOday, ! dO nOI scc IOv anIiIumanism cOud bc IIc parIicuar
arkOIMarxism. !rOmIIc I 60sOnvard,iIvasunivcrsayIcdIIaIvc
ad IObc dOnc viII Man, and sucI vas IIc Iask IOr!OucauI and Lacan
vc asIOrAIIusscr.
Ocs IIis auIOmaIicay mcan IIaI vc cnIcr IIaI OrpIanagc OI bcing
aI givcs maIcriaisms IIcir sIcIcr OI cIarmcss IruII? !ar IrOm iI A
IiIumanisIs OI IIc pcriOd Icd On IO a cOnsIiIucnI IuncIiOn in IIc asI
aysis, namcy, IIaI OIdiscOursc.
Languagc is IIaI OIvIcI cxpcricncc is IIc cIIccI, and I is IrOm IIaI
1b
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
vIicI makcs Iis spcccI pOssibIcIIaI Man dcrivcs IIc pOvcr nOIIOcxisI.
TIcrcyOu IavcIIcaxiOmO!aOurbcsIIIinkcrs.
TIcrc arc IIrcc maIcriaisms, !Or IIc cxcccnI rcasOn IIaI IIcrc arc
IIrccidcaismsrcigiOusidcaism,IumanisIidcaism,andIIcn-IIc!ruiI
O! IIis IisIOrica cu-dc-sacin vIicI impcriaIism casIs iIs asI rays O!Ian-
guisIingmOdcrniIy-inguisIicidcaism.
'LinguisIicIcrcimpOscsiIsc!,insO!aras 'IIc sIrucIurc canbc rccOg
nizcdasprOducing, as!say, anguagcOuIO!lalanuc.'
Languagc sIrucIurc.sucIisIIccOnsIiIucnIsIaIcmcnI,vIicIvcsIOud
nOIcOn!uscviIIIIis OrIIaIsIaIcmcnIin IIcscicnIihcdiscipincnamcd
inguisIics, OrbcIIcrycI IIcOncnamcd-byLacaninguisIcry.

Evcn sO, IOIIc cxIcnI IIaI iI cIaims IO cxpandaIIIIcvayIOIIcIIcsis.

IIc vOrdisdiscOursc, IIisargumcnIin cOnIcmpOrarypIiIOsOpIyvOuId
dcscrvcIObcrcbapIicd idcainguisIcry .
TOday iI is idcainguisIcry IIaI IIc maIcriaisI assauI makcs inIO iIs
causc.
!I is cxacIIy!Or IIis rcasOnIIaIIIccsscncc O!acIivc maIcriaism, by a
COpcrnican invcrsiOn, dcmands IIc pOsiIiOn O! a IIcOry O! IIc subccI,
vIicI prcviOusyiIIadIIc!uncIiOn O!!OrccIOsing.
AI iIs vOrsI vIcn iI rcduccs iIscI! IO IIc dcscripIiOn O! vasI discursivc
cOnhguraIiOns IIaI cIaracIcrizc IIc cnIirc mcnIa and pracIica prOccss
O! an cra, idcaIinguisIcry cxcudcs any subccI. TIis is IIc IIcsis, vIicI
! vi ca hxisI O! !OucauI, IIaI Cuvicr O! IIc arcIivcs vIO viII sOmc
bOOkisI bOncs cxamincd viII gcnius givcs yOu IIc cnIirc brOnIOsaurus
O!a ccnIury.
AI iIs narrOvcsI, IIc subccI IIaI idcainguisIcry IOcraIcs is anyIIing
buIsimpcccnIrc, Iransucid!OcapOinI,IransccndcnIadispOsiIiOn.!Iisa
qucsIiOnO!adcccnIrcdsubccI, a subugaIcd subccI, invIOsc ccIipsc IIc
av rcvcasiIsc!IObc rcciprOcaIabc IO dcsirc.
As sucI IIis subccIis cOsc IO us, a!Icr a, duc IO IIc mOdcsIy O!IIc
c!!ccI IIaI signasiI.
!nsO!ar as vc rccOgnizc a pOIiIica subccI in a cass acIOr, IIc aIIcr
IOO viI bc scvcrcy bOund IO IIc disIancc IO iIsc!prcscribcd IO iI byIIc
!Orm O! IIc principa cOnIradicIiOn. TIc vOrking cIass is !Orcvcr unabc
IO rcsOrb IIc scissiOn, vIicIgivcs iI bcing, bcIvccn iIs sOcia immcdiacy
andiIspOiIicaprOccI. O!sucIapOiIicasubccI-hnayrcsIricIcdIOIIc
acIiOnO!iIspIacc-IOIdcr, IIcparIy, bOdymadcO!anOpaqucandmIipc
sOu-vc vi ncvcrsayIIaI iI cOnsIiIuIcsIisIOry, nOIcvcnIIaIiI makcs
IisIOry.
1bb
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL MJLlLlbM
s!OrpOsiIingIIaIiIsdcsirc (cOmmunism) isrcciprOcaIabc IOIIcIav
IcdicIaIOrsIipO!IIcprOcIariaI),IIcrcinicsIIcvIOIcsIrOkcO!gcnius
o
Marxism, viII IIc parIy bcing IIc cnigmaIic subccI-suppOrI O! IIis
cciprOciIy.
TIis dOcIrinaI prOximiIy !Orbids us IIc sOOIIing vugariIy O! ycsIcr-
y
cars maIcriaisms. Wc sayandvc IIink IIaI iI is-vugarIyidcaisIIO
oiIIIaI anguagcprcccdcsIIcvOrId. Truc BuIIIc rcvcrscdIIcsis (IIaI
Ic vOrId prcccdcs Ianguagc) rcvcas, !OrvIaI is aI sIakc, an cnOrmOus
cakncss.
NciIIcr GOd nOr Man, in mOdc idcaIism, Ias IIc !uncIiOn O! IIc
oganizcrO!bcing.TIccOnsIiIucnI!uncIiOnO!anguagc,vIicIcx ccnIrcs
cvcrysubccIc!!ccI, dcacIivaIcsIIcmaIcriaisIOpcraIOrO!IIcinvcrsiOn
o! IIc invcrsiOn in IIc scnsc in vIicI Marx spOkc O!puIIing HcgcI back
onIis!ccI.
TO caim, by a 'maIcriaisI invcrsiOn, IO gO!rOm IIc rca IOIIcsubccI
cansIO!aIsIOrIO!mOdcdiaccIicacriIicism,vIicIscparaIcsIIcIvO
crms-subccIandrcaIsOIIaIaIIird, IIcsymbOicOrdiscOursc, cOmcs
HIO OpcraIcasa nOda pOinIviIIOuI!OrIIis rcasOnbccOming a ccnIrc.
Barrcd!rOm IIcpaIIO!a simpcinvcrsiOnandsummOncdIOIOdOnIO
IcscissiOninvIicIIIcsubccIO!idcainguisIcrycOmcsinIObcingasan
c!!ccIO!IIc cIain, vc MarxisIs hnd Ourscvcs On IIc dirc rOad O!a prO
ccdurcO!dcsIrucIiOn-rccOmpOsiIiOn.
TO picrcc IIrOugI IIc advcrsarys inc O! dc!cncc rcquircs IIis Icavy
amrOdvIOscidOIaIrizcd Icadbcars Our subccIivccmbIcms.
TIaI a cOnccpIua bIack sIccpa maIcriaism ccnIrcd upOn a IIcOry
o!IIc subccIis cquaIyncccssary!Or OurmOsIprcssingpOIiIicanccds,
vIicI invOvcdravingup a baancc sIccI rcgardingIIc qucsIiOn O!IIc

arIy, nOdOubIprOvcs sOmcIIing.

BuI vIaI?
1bV
1M6 | 00| SS0| u0l 6 Sd| I 0 I|uIM
N0V0RD0I Z, V
TIcsis OIIcOnc, IIcsisOIIcTvO-Am! anIian?-TIcIvO
mcIapIOrs (rcccIOnandasympIOIc)AskngOrgvcncssOrIIc duck-
bll-TIc SamccxccpI OriIs rcmaindcr-TIc parIyaIIIc IIrcsIOds
TIc axOmOcrOssng
ndcr IIc namc maIcriasm vc undcrsIand IvO pcrccIy cOnIradicIOry
IIcscs. Onc sIaIcs IIaI IIcrc is IIc Onc, IIc OIIcrIIaI IIc Onc prcccdcs
IIc OIIcr, andIIusIIaIIIcrc is IIcTvO.
'TIcrcisIIc OncisIIc mOnisIIIcsisabOuIbcing, OrvIicImaIIcrin
rcaiIy is OnlyIIc signhcr. Evcry maIcrialsm pOsiIs IIc prmiIvc unicIy
Obcng, vII IIc mpicaIiOnIIaIIs inImaIc cOnsIiIuIOn rcqurcs Ony
Oncnamc. MaIIcrsIIisnamc.
!I s Ony IIc nOn dcrvabc naIurc O IIc Onc-O-bcing IIaI is dcsig
naIcdbyIIssignihcrOmaIIcr. OnccaniusIraIcIIsnOmnaIingpOvcr
viIIa varicIy OsccnIihccOnsidcraIiOns IO makc iI sccm aIIracIvc and
cOnvincing. mass, cccIrOns, aIOms, cncrgy, vavcs, varOus parIiccs, and
sO On.
TIus,iyOuvanIIOnamcIIcnamcOIIcOnc,yOuinsIanIyObIainIIc
muIpc. TIisIasavays bccn IOvncgaIivcIIcOOgansObccIcdagainsI
any OncprcdicaIcOr GOd.
MaIcraisIa-IIcOOgyis ncccssarlyncgaIvc.
TIcOOgca dcaism is Oundcd On IIc rm grasp O IIc TvO. !Or IIc
JV
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL MJLlLlbM
rccks, IIc inIcigbc rcspOnds IO IIc scnsibc. !Or IIc CIrsIans, IIc
nhniIc and IIc hnIc arc as ncOmmcnsurabc as IIc CrcaIOr and crca-
urcs. TvO rcgOns Obcng, vIOscrcduplcaIOnsplIscvcry OnccaugII
in IIc hniIc. SO I s Or Iumans, madc up O a sOu and a bOdy, Or Or
risIOIlcsanyIIng-vIaIsOcvcr,madc up Oa Ormanda maIIcr.
TIc kcy cOnccpI Oa rclgiOusidcalsmavaysOpcraIcs aI IIc uncIurc
O IvO rcgOns O bcng, vIcIIcr I is (!aIOnisI) parIicpaIiOn, (cvsI)
rcaIOn, Or ( CIrisIan) incarnaIiOn.
SIa vc say IIaI, Or !acan, IIs daccIca cxIrcmIy can bc Ound in
hcknOI,OrIObcmOrcprccsc,nIIcqino] lhcknol?TIaIsIOviIvOud
cm. TIc knOIdOcsnOIcOnsIiIuIccOnssIcncy,I cxsisIs in IIc ccmcnI
IIc cOrd, n IIccOnssIcnIcOrd.

!n IIs cx-ssIcncc O IIc knOI ! scc a uncIiOn OjuncIurc. Bccausc I

is tIrOugI Iransccndcncc vIIin mmancncc (cx-ssIcncc vIIn cOn-
ssIcncy) IIaI vc rccOgnzc IIc OpcraIOr O IIc cOnnccIiOn by vIicI a
idcaism-anddcangusIcrycannOIbcancxccpIOn-dcduccs IIc unIy
OIIaIOvIicIIpOsIsIIcgapObcing. YOucanvcriyIIsOrparIcipa-
iOn, crcaIOn, and incarnaIOn. ! vipcrsOnalyIandc IIcknOI.
As Or maIcriaism, yOu v sccIIaII sraIIcra qucsIiOnObrcakng
tIc uniIy OnOminaIOn vII vIcI I bOcks bcng. TIaI dOcs nOI makc
thc Iaskany casicrOrccarcr.
AndIumansI idcaism, yOuvillask, snccvcjumpcdabscnI-mindcdy
Om SanI !au IO Lacan? !Is purpOsc s IO makc a subccI OuI O an
OnIOOgcal rcgOn. TO IIc cOnsIIucnI subccI, IO cOnscOusncss, IO IIc
Or-iIscl, I OppOscs IIc Iux O rcprcscnIaIOns, IIc ObccI, IIc n-iIscl.
Simary, via IIc cOnccpI, Is hnc brusI Iraccs IIc bOrdcrOcxpcricncc.
OOk aI a IIOsc anIan cxcrciscs, markcd by a bancu ObscuriIy, IIaI
arc, OrknOvlcdgc, scIcmaIsm (lavOIIcapplcdmagnaIiOnbyvIicI
scnsibc bcng cnIcrs nIOIIchcdOIIcIransccndcnIalsubccI) , and, Or
Oras, rcspccI (av OscnsbiIy inOrdcrIO mOvc cxcusivcyaccOrdng
O IIcinIclgbc) .
! can scc IIaI IIcrc arc sOmc O yOu vIO IInk IIaI sncc I 75, vII
spacc and OuIpacc, Or vII pacc and Orcc, ! gOI O IIc vrOng OOI in
crms OmaIcrasm.TIcyicnvaIOrmcaIIIcuncIurc, andIIcyask
IcmsclvcsvIcIIcr! dO nOI ca subjccIIIc cccI OIIc bOrdcrvIcrc
anIandOIIcrsgcI IIcmscvcsinIOIrOubc.
YOu sIOud nOIc IIaI alrcadyIIisvOud bc bcIIcrIIanIO makc oncO
Ic Icrms inIO IIc subccI. And, mOrcOvcr, ! cOuld invOkc OuranccsIOrs
OrsuppOrI.!ndccd, vIaIisIIaIparIyabOuIvIicIauIsky, praiscdIigI
JVJ
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
by!cnin, saidIIaIiIs'Iask j. . . isIOimbucIIcprOcIariaI jiIcray.IOh
IIcprOcIariaI viIIIIcconsciousncssOiIspOsiIiOnandIIccOnsciOusncss
OiIsIask ( SW!, ! 56) inOI bcIvccnIIcinIcigibcOMarxismandIIc
scnsibcOIIc spOnIancOusvOrkcrsmOvcmcnI asubccIivcscIcmaIism
Oa ncvIypc?
NO dOubI IIc parIy is a bcing O IIc IIrcsIOds, an OpcraIOr O IIc
brcak-uncIurcinIisIOrysmaIcriaisIOnc.
l2
And ycI vc arc maIcriaisIs. OurIrOubc, nO maIIcrIOvgrcaI, is nOI
IIc samcasIIaI OIIcidcaisIs.
2
TIc sccOnd cOnsIiIuIivc IIcsis O maIcriaism ahrms 'IIc primacy O
maIIcrOvcrIIcidca.
!sIIisIIcsisObigaIOry?ndOubIcdy.!yOusIickIOIIcOnc,yOuIavc
OnyIIc namc. HcgcisIIcrcIOsignaIOusIIaIIIcidcavidO,inIcrms
OIIc Onc. AbsOuIcidcaismandsIricImaIcriaismarcindisccrnibcasar
asIIcrcaiscOnccrncd,bcing mcrcyIvO dcsignaIiOns OrmOnism.
TIcmOnOIypcObcingbcarsIvOpOssibcmarks.
!n OrdcrIO 'invcrI Hcgc, vcnccd IIcTvO OIIc invcrsiOn. TIc Icad
andIIcccI,IIcidcaandmaIIcr.HOvcsccOudvcpOsiIIIcanIcccdcncc
OIIcOncOvcrIIc OIIcr?
TIcrcOrc,OrIIcmaIcriaisI,vIOsignihcsIIcOncObcing,iIisnOnc-
IIccssncccssaryIIaImaIIcrnOIbcIIcidca.
ScckingIOdisIinguisIIisOvnOncrOmIIaIOIIcinIcgraidcaisI,IIc
maIcriaisI musI acccpIIIaIIIcrcarcIvO namcs OrIIc rca, IIaIbOIIO
IIcm arcvaid, and IIaI IIcir Ordcr dicrs.
TIis amOunIs IOsayingIIaIIvO scIsviIIOnyOnc ccmcnI arc avays
isOmOrpIOus, nO maIIcrvIaI IIcirsIrucIurc mayvc bc. WIcna cOm-
bincsviIIa, iIIcrcisno/hinclsc,IIcrcsuIisavaysa.TIcnamcsmaIIcr
vcryiIIc.
!yOuvanIIIcminimumOagcbraicdicrcncccOnccivabc,yOunccd
IIc pair (a, b) , vIicI can bc Ordcrcd in IvOvays, a ~ b, Orb ~ a, and
vIicIsuppOrIsasOrIsOagcbraicsIrucIurcs (IIs, a a a asa avis
nOIisOmOrpIOusIOIIaIvIicIprcscribcsa a b) .
! n Ordcr I O disIinguisI iIsc rOm idcaism, maIcriaism i s Orccd IO
abdicaIciIscsscnIiaaxiOm,vIicIismOnism, andIOpOsiIIIcIIcsisOa
maOridcaisms,namcy,IIaIIIcrcarcindccdIvOrcgiOnsObcing.
1VZ
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL l MJLlLlbM
HOvcvcr, iI dOcs sO OnyviIIIIc aim OannuingIIis IIcsis. !Or in
IruIIIIcrcis OnyOncrcgiOnObcingOrmaIcriaism.
WIaI dOcsIIis mcan, inOIIIaI IIOugIIOrmaIcriaismisIIc vanisI-
ing IcrmrOmvIicIiIOOvsIIaIIIcrc isOnymaIIcr?
!ndccd, inOrdcrIOnamc IIc Onc assucI-Or-sucI-a-Onc (inIIis casc,
aIIcr), vIaIis nccdcdisIIc rcaOIIcTvO.TvOsignihcrs, inany casc
(maIIcrandIIcidca) .
TIis i s vIaI Marx summarizcs as OOvs. 'TIinking and bcing arc
Ius ccrIainy dis/inc/, buI aI IIc samc Iimc IIcy arc in uniIy viII cacI
OIIcr.
WcpOsiIIIaImaIcriaismcxisIsi nIIcrccOgniIiOnO IvOIIcscs, OncO
vIicInamcsbcingandIIc OIIcriIsOrdcr-an OrdcrvIOscbcingicsin
avanisIingnOminaOvcrIau.
- TIcIIcsis OidcnIiIy.bcingis cxclusivcymaIIcr.
- TIc IIcsis O primacy. maIIcr prcccdcs IIOugII, and nOI IIc OIIcr
vayarOund.
Wc can say, in sIOrI, IIaI IIc IIcsis O idcnIiIy namcs IIc pacc ( O
cing), and IIc IIcsis O primacy IIc prOccss (OknOvcdgc) undcr IIc
cOIIcpacc.
'!rimacy dOcsnOImcanOnIOOgicaIicrarcIy, Orprc-cmincncc, sincc
Icrc cxisIs only maIIcr. !I is nOIIing ikc IIc !aIOnisI supcriOriIy O IIc
inIcigibc, subccI IO invcrsiOn. '!rimacy mcans IIaI in IIc prOccss O
knOvcdgcIIaIOundsIIcIIcsisOidcnIiIy, IIcccipscOIIOugIIsIands
ndcrIIc avObcing, andnOIundcrIIaI OIIOugIIiIsc.
TIc IvO IIcscs O maIcriaism givc sIrucIurc IO IIc mc/ajhorical divi-
ion O IIc prOccss O knOvcdgc. TIcrcin ics IIc rca chcacy O IIcir
OppOsiIiOn.
HcrcvcarcaIIIcarcancIcarIOIIcamOus'rcccIiOnIIcOry,vIicI,
maIIcrs OIIcOry, prOpOscsOnc OuIOIvO mcIapIOrs vIOsccOuping
IapcsIIcbarOqucpOcmOmaIcriaism.
TIc OIIcrmcIapIOrisIIaIOIIcasympIOIc.
3
Icrc Iavc bccn mOunIains O gOsscs vriIIcn On 'rcccIiOn IIcOry',
IcIIcrviII SIainisIdcnsiIy OrviII idcaizingirOny. A IypicaprOducI
Ol
maIcriaisI'vugariIy,iInOvicsOnIIcOOrviIIOuIsIOvinganysign
1Vd
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
Oc, asa vcIm OcrIca apdaIOn. EvcnIs vcry namc, as sOOn as
Is nvOkcd, arOuscsaugIIcrabOuIsOmcIIngrOmIIcpasIIIaIsOvcr
anddOncvII, a snacnnIOIIcObvOnOIs cxpaIOn.
WIaIdOcsIIs sOcacdIIcOryamOunIIO?TOIIcacIIIaIIIurnsIIc
IOmOgcncOusnIOamcIapIOr. SusIainngIIcOncrcqurcsIIaIvcuny
IIc knOvn ObjccIandIs knOvlcdgc n an OnIOOgcaarrangcmcnI, sad
IObc 'maIcra, vIIOuIany asymmcIry OIIcrIIanIIaIOcausaIy (Is
IIcObjccIIIaIcauscsIIcrcIccIOn) .
TIcIIcOryOrcIccIOn,byarrangngIIcknOvngparIasapurcpassvc
magc, susIans n scnsbc rcpcIIOn vIaI OIIcrvsc I vOud Iavc IO
mpuIcIOIIccOnsIIucnIacIOn OIIcsubjccI.
WIaI s mpOrIanI n IIs IIcOry Ias IO dO vII IIc mrrOr-ary
Maarmcan, aIcr allvIcI Ias IIcpccularvrIuc Obcng a ragcnI
O maIIcr n vIcI, aI IIc samc Imc and by a maIcra cccI, a scnsbc
dOubc OIIcObjccIcanbc rcad.
AI bOIIOm, IIc rcIccIOn IIcOry scIs up IIc cxpcrmcnIa cIambcr
O Maarmcs pOcms, IIc Onc n vIcI-sucI s IIc dccsvc gan-IIc
masIcr s abscnI. BymasIcr, lcI us undcrsIandIIcanIansubjccI.
Rcmcmbcr IIc vay n vIcI, n IIc aIcrvOrd IOIIc sccOnd Gcrman
cdIOnOIIc IirsIvOumcOCajilal, IIcOrgnOIIc mcIapIOrs Ixcd
TOHcgcIIccprOccssOIIcIumanbran, .c., IIcprOccssOIInk-
ng, vIcI, undcr IIc namc O IIc !dca, Ic cvcn IransOrms nIO an
ndcpcndcnI subjccI, s IIc dcmurgOs OIIc rca vOrd, and IIc rca
vOrld s Ony IIc cxIcrna pIcnOmcnal Orm O IIc !dca. !Or mc, On
IIccOnIrary, IIcdcas nOIIngcscIIanIIcmaIcravOrdrcIlccIcd
byIIc Iumanmnd, IranspOrIcdandIranspOscdnIOOrms OIIOugII.
(SW 8, Irans. mOdhcd n accOrdancc vII IIc !rcncI IransaIOn
BadOu uscs)
HcrcIIcOpcraIOnsOknOvcdgcarcnamcdIIrccImcs, as'rcIlccIOn
(vIcI nsIIuIcs IIc mrrOr), as IranspOrIaIOn (vIcI ndcaIcs IIc
spaIa dsIanccbcIvccnIIcIIngandIs dOubc, IIcplacc OIIc rcpcI
Ivcscrcs ), andasIranspOsIOn (vIcIvll OpcnIIcpaIIIOIIcsccOnd
mcIapIOr, IIaI OadcrcnccvIInIIc rcpcIIOn) .
TIsIrplc ban s IIaI OIIcscnsblcIOmOgcncOusagansIIIcprOduc
IvcscdcvcOpmcnIOIIcdca.
!cI us sayIIaI OrmaIcrasmrcIccIOn s IIc mcIapIOrOIIc IIcss
OdcnIIy.TIcrcsOnyOncrcgOnObcng, nvIcImrrOrng dOublcs
prOducc, undcrIIc namcOknOvlcdgc,IIcrcpcIIOnOIIc Samc.
1V9
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL MJLlLlbM
TIc sccOnd mcIapIOr maIIcmaIzcs IIc IIcss O prmacy nIO an
asympIOIc.

RcIlccIOn namcs IIc Onc, asympIOIc IIc TvO. MaIcrasm Ordcrs

IO IIc samc pIrasc IIc asympIOIc and IIc dOubc, IIc pOnI O IgII
and IIc rcdupcaIOn.
!cIusrcad,yOuvsI, IIcIcIIcrrOmEngcsIOCOnradScImdI daIcd
MarcI I 2, I 85

TIcdcnIIyOIIOugIIandbcng, IOcxprcssmyscnHcgcanasIOn
cvcyvIcrccOncdcsvIIyOurcxampcOIIccrcIcand IIcpOIygOn

r IIc IvO O IIcm, IIc cOnccpI Oa IIng and Is rcaIy, run sdc b,
dc .kc Iv
.
O asympIOIcs, avays apprOacIng cacI OIIcr ycI ncvcr
mccIg. TIs dcrcnccbcIvccn IIc IvO s IIc vcrydcrcncc vIcI
prcvcnIs IIc cnc

pI rOm bcng drccIy and mmcdaIcy rcaIy and

caIIy rOmbcgmmcdaIcyIsOvn cOnccpI. BuIaIIOugIa cOnccpI
I.s IIc cs.cnIa n
'
Iurc Oa cOnccpI and cannOI IIcrcOrc jrima]acic
drc
.
cIy cOc

dc II rcaIIy, rOm vIcI I musI hrsI bc absIracIcd, I

ssIIsOmcIIg mOrc IIan ahcIOn, uncssyOu arc gOngIO dccarca
IIcrcsuIIsOIIOugIIhcIOnsbccauscrcaIyIasIOgOaOngvayrOund
b
'
Orc I cOrrcspOndsIOIIcm,andcvcnIIcnOnIycOrrcspOndsIOIIcm
II asympIOIc apprOxmaIOn.
!Onc IOds asI IO dcnIIy, vIcI s IOvIIc ragmcnI bcgns Onc
musl cnd up vII IIc nsupcrabc gap. TIc csscncc O rcIIccIOn

s IIc
asymp
'
OIc. Ev
.
cry
.
m
'
rr
.
Or (cvcry cOnccpI) IIrOvs nIO a IcndcnIa abyss
IIc ObccI vIcI I s Is hOn IO rcdupcaIc. TIaI s vIaI IIc casscs
tcI us.
Sup

Osng IIaI n Icrms O IruII Onc dcmands purc rcpcIIOn (O IIc

rcIIccIOn) , IIcnOncv IavcOsIcOIcrcncc;suppOsngIIaIOncsIcksIO
IIc vIOc (IIc magc) , IIcn vIaI dssOvcs s IIc IOrsOn (IIc IcndcnIa
cvcrsa ) .
Engcs cxpcrcnccdIIsOrImscIIcdayIIaI, bcnga bI IOO rgd n
IIc adc
.
quaIOn O IscOnccpIs OzOOOgy, Ic Iad mOckcd a hcIOns O
cg
,
aygmammaIs,OnyIOhndImscOrccdaIcrOnIObcgIIcduck
bspardOnOr.
TIs cOud bca prOvcrba sayng Or IIc mIIanI maIcrasI TrusI
IIc mrrOr IOO mucI, and IIc duckbI v dcy yOu as sucI TIaI s

bcvar
.
cOsacrhc
'
ng
.
IIcasympIOIcIOIIcrcIccIOn, IIc IIcss Oprmac,
(O bcg Ovc IIkg, O pracIcc Ovcr IIcOry) IO IIc IIcss OdcnIIy
(IIcmOnOIypcObcng) .
1Vb
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
Bcginningin I 64-5, vc rcccIcd IIcacIIIaIIIc !C! IadabandOncd
acassObccIivcs,andvcnamcdIIcimagcrcvisiOnism.TIcadcquaIiOn
OIIccOnccpIviIIIIcIIing-IIcIIcsisOidcnIiIy-amOunIcdIOIigIIy
cOvcringIIcpOiIicapracIiccsOIIisparIy, mOsInOIabyiIsIagranIIradc
uniOnisI cOunIcr-rcvOuIiOn O May-unc I 6, undcr an idcOOgica
bankcI. IIc rcvisiOn OMarxism. Wc drcv grcaI IOpcs rOmIIis Opcra
IiOn O dccipIcring, sincc a dOcIrina rcvisiOns arc vcak and mOrIa
bcing OnyIIc dccOmpOsing OIIaIvIicIIadIIcpOvcrOIIcunivcrsa
OniIs sidc. WcvcrcIIusabcIOimaginc IIaI IIc immcdia/crcay, by IIc
Iruc Marxism andIIc Iruc masscs, vas rcscrvcd Or us in Icrms O IIc
rcvOuIiOnaryidcOOgyOCass. !rOm IIcrc iI vas Ony a sIcpIO suppOsc
IIaI vc vcrc IIc aIIcr Organizcrs in IIc sIOrI Icrm. Bccausc bcIvccn
IIc bOurgcOisic and IIc vOrking cass idcOOgucs O IIc !C! (IIcir rcvi-
siOnisI scrvanIs) On Onc Iand, and IIc rcvOI and iIs MaOisIbapIism, On
IIcOIIcr, vIaImOrccOudIIcrcbcIIanbcIvccnancgg-ayingbirdand
aviviparOusmamma, IIaIisIOsay, nOIIing?
WIaIayinbcIvccnvasprcciscyIIc duck-bi OcassIIaI is IIc ncw
bOurgcOisic, IIc mOnOpOisIandsIaIcburcaucraIicbOurgcOisic, OvIicI
rcvisiOnism is Ony IIc IransiIOry idcOOgica prOducIiOn and vIOsc Iis
IOricariscIOpOvcr,ancIOrcdinIIcimpcriapOvcrOIIcSOvicIniOn,
sOnyusI bcginning.
!I IIus bccamc ncccssary IO mcasurc IIc IcndcnIia gap bcIvccn Our
hrsI-idcOOgica-cOnccpIandIIcpOiIicarca.TOmcasurciI,vcsIOud
add, in IIc cxpcrimcnI O a vcakncss, vIicI brOugII us back IO IIc
primacyOpOiIicapracIicc OvcrIIcarrangcmcnIsOIIOugII.
!rOm IIcrcIccIiOnOIisIOry,by cOnIicIivcy asking Orgivcncss rOm
IIc duckbi O IIc cOmmOn prOgrammc, vc Iad IO IransiI inIO IIc
asympIOIc Oa sIubbOrnpOiIicaduraIiOn.
Vcry cv IavcviIIsIOOd IIis cxpcricncc,vIicIcOnsisIs in Iravcrsing
IIcmcIapIOricadivisiOnOmaIcriaism. TO ask OrOrgivcncssrOmIIc
duckbi Or IIc vasImaOriIyrcprcscnIcd IIc dramaIic cIOicc bcIvccn
duck-biing IIcmscvcsOrcsc sIOudcringIIcOdurIunIcrsric.
HisIOry is IIc hnc siI O grOss apprOximaIiOns. TIaI is iIs maIcriaism
andiIsausIcriIy.
RcIccIiOn scrvcs as a mcIapIOrOIIc acIIIaIIIinking andbcingarc
Onc and IIc samc IIing. TO IIis Engcs adds-via IIc asympIOIc-IIaI iI
is IIc samc IIing cxccj/]orsomc/hin, sOmcIIing IO vIicI IIc prOccss O
knOvcdgcrccrs cndcssyasi/s rcmaindcr.
!n IIc Ordcr O IIc sIrucIurc, IIc mcIapIOr O rcccIiOn pOsiIs IIc
1V0
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL l MJLlLlbM

cnIiIy, vIic IIaI O IIc asympIOIc Iurns IIis idcnIiIy inIO a Iis-

rica prOccss, cxcccding iIsc by IIc cOnccpIua insubOrdinaIiOn O iIs

maindcr.
MaIcriaismOpcraIcsasIIcuniyingscissiOnOa sIrucIurcOrcdupica
OnandancccIOapprOximaIiOn.!IpOsiIsIIc Samc,pusiIsrcmaindcr.
TO sayIIaI maIcriaismisdiaccIicaisan undcrsIaIcmcnI. !IiscnIircy
a
vcrscdyIIcdiaccIiciIyOIIcdiaccIic,iIsdOubcOccurrcnccassIruc-
urcandasIisIOry.
! prOpOsc IO namc agcbra IIc hrsI Iypc OdiaccIiciIy O maIcriaism
undcr IIc mcIapIOrica av O IIc rcIIccIiOn, as Ogic O IIc IIcsis O
cIiIy) , and IOpOOgy IIc sccOnd (mcIapIOrOIIcasympIOIc, OgicO
hc IIcsis O primacy, causaiIyOIIc rcmaindcr) .
4
aIcriaismdiaccIicizcsIIcmcIapIOrsOrcIccIiOnandOIIcasympIOIc,
us piIing IIc vIOc in IIc cxccpIiOn O iIs rcmaindcr. Lacan bcars
iIncss IO IIis as rcgards IIc divisiOn in vIicI IIc subccI cOmcs inIO
ccI. ! cavciI up IOyOucarcuyIO gOssIIis IcxI.
TIcubianIassumpIiOnOIisspccuarimagcbyIIckindObcingsIi
Irappcd in Iis mOIOr impOIcncc and nursing dcpcndcncc-IIc iIIc
manisaIIIcin]anssIagcIIus sccmsIOmcIOmanicsIinancxcmpary
siIuaIiOnIIcsymbOicmaIrixinvIicIIIc isprccipiIaIcdinaprimOr
dia Orm j. . .
BuI IIc impOrIanI pOinI is IIaI IIis Orm siIuaIcs IIc agcncy knOvn
as IIc cgO, priOr IOiIs sOciadcIcrminaIiOn, in a hcIiOna dirccIiOn IIaI
vi Orcvcr rcmain irrcducibcOrany singc individua Or, raIIcr, IIaI
vi Ony asympIOIicay apprOacI IIc subccIs bccOming, nO maIIcr
IOvsucccssuIIcdiaccIicasynIIcscsbyvIicIIcmusIrcsOvc, as,
IisdiscOrdanccviII IisOvn rcaiIy. ( E76/4)
Spccuar and asympIOIicuncIiOn. IIaI says quiIc a OI. TIc diaccIi
ca succcss OIIc , IIaI is, iIs idcnIihcaIOry rcsOuIiOn, is rcaIivc IO IIc
y
mpIOIc OvIicIIIcimaginaryOIIc cgO namcsIIcimiIrcIccIiOn.
Thc cgO is a hgurc, Or IIc, OIIaI unprOducIivcvIOc OvIicIIIc
a unihcaIiOns rcaizc IIcprOvisOry cOIcrcncc.
rcud smaIcriaismhndsiIsOOIIOdinIIcscissiOnOIIccgOandIIc

diIisIOIIcaIIcrrcsIiIuIiOnIIaI Lacan rOmIIcsIarIdcvOIcsIimsc

1V
JHLY 1HL bUbdLLJ
againsI IIc Amcrican idcaisIs. TIus, in maIIcrs bcOnging IO IIc IIcOry
O IIc subccI, IIc Ogic OIIc prOccss brcaks viII IIc invcsIigaIiOn O a
subsIanccasvcasviII IIc inuiIiOn Oa cOincidcncc.
NO maIIcr IOv sIrOngy! idcnIiy mysc viII IIc idca hgurcs OIIc
cgO, iI is ncvcrIrucIIaI, inmyimagc, ! am/is OsI. `
!Ii s raIIcr apprOpriaIc IIaI !acan vOud rcasscrI IIis ccrIainIy in Iis
sIaIcmcnIOnIIcmirrOr sIagc.
NOmaIcriaisI,nciIIcrMaarmcnOrLacannOr!cnin, canaOrdIO dO
viIIOuI IIismcIapIOricacngincOIIc mirrOr.
Or us, vIcn pOiIics amOunIs IO making a subccI, IIc mOsI sIringcnI
cOndiIiOn dcmands IIaI vc cOnccivc O iI as nciIIcr subsIancc nOr sc
cOnsciOusncss. TIc parIy, as IIc subccIivc maIcriaiIy O cass, musI bc
disIinguisIcd rOm iIs EgO, vIicI adOpIs IIc igurc nOv O IIc insIiIu-
IiOnandnOvOIIcvi. !IisIIcpOarizingascinaIiOnOrIIisimaginary
pOiIicaEgOIIaIcdmanyIOsIaIcIIaIIIcparIyvasavaysrigIIOrIIaI
iI vasIIcaccOmpisIcdsubsIancc Ocass.
BuIIIcparIyisncvcrIIccasscxccpIaccOrdingIOIIcasympIOIcOIIc
Orm O pOiIics IIaI iI carrics OuI in IIc midsI OIIc pcOpc. ! iI makcs
scnscIOpOsiIIIaIiIrcccIsacasspOsiIiOninsucIOrsucIIacIicacpisOdc
in vIicIIvO camps can bc Iraccd, vc sIOud immcdiaIcycOnsidcr IIaI
sIraIcgicay iI raIIcr Iinds iIsc in a inc O hcIiOn-vIicI is IIc Iruc
namc Oa pOiIica inc, inasmucI as IIc IruII O pOiIics, ikc any OIIcr
IruII, sIandsina sIrucIurc OIOrsiOn.
TIc prOccssOIIcpOiIicaparIyncvcrIakcsIIcOrmOidcnIiIyciIIcr
viIIiIscOrviIIcassviIIOuIaIOnccinvOvingaIcndcnIiarcmaindcr,
vIicIdcmandsIIaIiIpracIiscnOnidcnIiIy.TIisisvIyIIcparIyisavays
IisIOrica cOnuncIura.
!IsavOcxisIcnccisinkcdIO IIcasscssmcnIOIIisav. IOrsiOn.
TIc acI O knOving, as bOII asympIOIc and rcIccIiOn, is cOnsIiIuIivc
nciIIcrOIIcObccInOrOiIsc.
WIaI makcsIIc IIing IIaI! IavcIO cOmc IOknOvcnIcrinIOIIchcd
OknOvcdgcrcmainsiIscunknOvn H IIcknOving.
!ndccd, IIc prOccss O knOvcdgc dOcs nOI cOnsIiIuIc IIc bccOming-
knOvabcOiIsObccI.TIcsysIcmrOmvIicIiIOOvsIIaIsucIOrsucIis
IIc rcaIOvIicI! IOdIruc cannOIbc IigurcdinIIcprOccssOIIisIruII.
LOOknOurIIcrOrIIcmcaningOIIcamOusincrOmMarxaccOrding
IO vIicI man OnypOscsIIOsc prObcmsIIaIIc is capabc OsOving.
!Or iI dOcs nOI dcpcnd On man, insOar as IIc anima namcd man
cxisIs, IIaI a prObcm bcas Iim qua prObcm. !rObcmaIizaIiOn is IOv
1Vb
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL MJLlLlbM
IcrcamakcsaIOcOrIIcIruII. IisIIcrcmaindcrprOpcrIOIIcsOu-
i On, IIcindissOubcsaIOIruII.WIcnccIIcasympIOIc.
Ovcvcr, IIc acI IIaI man can sOvc a prObcm, inasmucI as in IIc
cIrOacIiOn O IIc sOuIiOn iI Iurns OuI IIaI IIis prObcm pOscd iIsc
tO
Iim, and IIaI Ic can sOvc iI cn/ircly, guaranIccs IIc mcIapIOr O
cccIiOn.
TIis is IIc amOus paradOx O IIc Anli-Dhrin. knOvcdgc is rcaIivc
sympIOIc)insOarasiIisabsOuIc (rcIccIiOn) . Iis uIiaIcdinsOarasiI
is sOvcrcign, cspcciay asIO IIcprOducIiOnOcIcrna IruIIs .
!nIIisscnscIumanIIOugIIisusIasmucIsOvcrcign asnOIsOvcrcign,
and iIs capaciIy Or knOvcdgc usI as mucI unimiIcd as imiIcd. !I is
sOvcrcign and unimiIcd in iIs dispOsiIiOn, iIsvOcaIiOn, iIs pOssibiiIics
and iIsIisIOrica uIimaIcgOa; iI isnOIsOvcrcign andiI isimiIcd in iIs
individua rcaisaIiOn andinrcaiIyaIanyparIicuarmOmcnI.
!I isusI IIc samc viII cIcrna IruIIs. mankind cvcr rcacIcd IIc
sIagc aI vIicI iI sIOud vOrk Ony viII cIcrna IruIIs, viII rcsuIs O
IIOugIIvIicIpOsscsssOvcrcignvaidiIyandanuncOndiIiOnacaimIO
IruII, iI vOud IIcn Iavc rcacIcd IIc pOinI vIcrc IIc inhniIy OIIc
nIcccIua vOrd bOII in iIs acIuaiIy and in iIspOIcnIiaiIyIadbccn
cxIausIcd, and IIus IIc amOus miracc O IIc cOunIcd uncOunIabc
vOudIavcbccnpcrOrmcd.
CipIcr O IIc rca, knOvcdgc pOsiIs as IIc rcmaindcr Onumbcr IIc
ncOunIabc, vIOsc cxccss Ovcr numbcr makcs cOunIing inIO an cxacI
OpcraIiOn.
WcvOudnOIknOvIOvIO hx IIcacIOknOving inIOa simpcIracc-
OryviIIOuIimmcdiaIcyIavingIOdividcIIcaIIcrinIOIIaIOnvIicIiI
OpcraIcs andIIc cOndiIiOnOlhisOpcraIiOn iIsc, vIicI sIandsina pOsi-
iOnOrcmaindcr.
nOvcdgc crOsscsIvOprOccsscs. IIc prOccss, in IIc rca, OiIs cOndi
iOns, and IIc prOccss, in IIc subccI-cccI, O iIs scizing, O vIicI IIc
OIIcris IIc rcIrOacIivc undcrsidc.
iI IIc subjccI knOvs sOmcIIing, iI is Ony by bcing iIsc a subjccI
causcdbyan ObccI-vIicIisnOIvIaIiI knOvs, IIaIis, vIaI iIimag-
incsiIknOvs.TIcObccIvIicIcauscsiI is nOIIIcOIIcrOknOvcdgc
[connaissancc] .
.c
! mysc vi crOss IIis Lacanian sIaIcmcnI, buI vi ncvcrIIccss
rcscrvcmyscIIcrigIIIO vOiccaudgcmcnIOn OncprcciscpOinI, vIicI
1VV
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
s IIaI, Or !acan, IIc ObccI-rcmaindcr O knOvcdgc, vIcI is nOI IIc
OIIcr-ObccIOIIcknOvn, sIIccauscOnyOIIcsubccI.
As Or mc, dvidng IIc IIcOry O IIc rcmandcr vIicI, Oncc again,
is Ony IIc MarxisI uncIurc O IIc rcIccIiOn and IIc asympIOIc, ! viII
pOsI IIaI iI is cquaIy On IIc sidc OIIc rcaI IIaI vc musI dcsignaIc IIc
unknOvncauscOknOvcdgc.
TO rcducc IIc aIIcr IO IIc causc O IIc subccI puIs us in IIc vIOc
ramc OidcainguisIcry.
WcviIIcrcOrcgivcprccrcnccIOIIcaxiOmOIIccrOssng,invIcI
IIc subccI dOcs nOI appcar. IIc knOving makcs a knOI OuI O a rcIa-
IiOn OIIOugIIIO IIc rca (viIIinvIcI IIcrc is adcquaIiOn-rcIccIiOn)
and IIc bccOmng-knOvabc O IIc rca puIIing IIc IvO Icrms vis--vis
Onc anOIIcr, rOm vIcncc IIc imiI O IIc hrsI rcIaIiOn cOmcs IO bc
dcIcrmncdasIscOndIiOn-rcmaindcr(iIspurcyasympIOIicvauc) .
TIccxIausIOnOahcIdOknOvIcdgcprcsuppOscsIIcincxIausIOnO
IIaIvIicI,inIIcrcaandinIsIOry, suppOrIsiIscxsIcncc as Onc.
Z
0SW6|| 0I0 IM6 bQMl 0X06Od00S |0O IM6
Su0j 6CI 00I I0 MdV6 I0 d0SW6|0| IM6 bQMl 0X
0C0RD0I 9, V
TIcrc cxsIsnO unknOvabc-Ocdipus, IIcspIinx, IIcpcdcsIa-TIc
rraIiOnaIin apOsiIiOnOIIcsubccIOrvIOIc numbcrs, and Or
!yIIagOras-TIc CuIIura RcvOIuIiOn in IIcsamcpOsiIiOn OrIIc
OcIObcrRcvOIuIiOnand!cnn
O, IIcdOcIrincOIIcrcmaindcr,IIrOugIvIicIIIcIvOcOgniIivcmcIa-
pIOrsOrcIccIiOnandasympIOIcarcpuIinIOIcnsiOn,snOIanIian.
! pOsiI IIaI IIcrc cxisIs nO nIrinsic unknOvabc. TO spcakvIIMaOs
cariIy. Wc vi cOmc IOknOvcvcryIIing IIaI vc didnOIknOvbcOrc
SW!V, 374, Irans. mOdihcd) .
ExccpI IO add IIaI vIaI vc did nOI knOv bc]orc vas dcIcrmincd as a
cmandcr OvIaI Ias cOmc IO bc knOvn, aI IIc crOssOvcrbcIvccn IIc
namcIcssmOvcmcnIIIrOugIvIicIIIcrca appcarsasa prObIcm and IIc
cIrOacIOn, namcdknOvIcdgc, vIicIprOvdcsIIc sOuIOn.
!IisnOIbycIanccIIaI OcdpusansvcrsIIc SpIinxaIIIccrOssrOads.
HOvcvcr, iIcknOvsIOvIOansvcrIIc qucsIiOn WIaIis Ocdipus?,
hcmusIcavcasa ( dcad) rcmandcrIIcqucsIiOnOIIsqucsIOn.WIOs
IhCspIinx, Iavingmadc Ocdpus-man-nIO IsprObIcm?
LcI usnOIOrgcI IIaIIIcspIinxs inacI a spIngc.
anIs IIng-in-iIsc vOuId raIIcr bcIIc pcdcsIaIOnIOp OvIcI IIc
pIingc s pcrcIcd. NO Onc viI cvcr dcIan IIc qucsIiOn Or vIicI IIis
ICC sIIcansvcr.
ZI
THLY JHL bUbdLLJ
BuI! IOdIIaIIIcspIinxisnamcabc, Oncc IIc qucsIiOningimiIrOm
vIcrcOcdpussansvcrprOvisOriy appcarcdIObcvcadapIcd, IIrOugI
a OrccdcvcnI, cOmcsinIOIIcigII OIsIOry.
As a rcIccIiOn O IIc qucsIiOn, IIsansvcrvas rigII OnIargcI, vcrc iI
nOI IIc asympIOIc OanOmiIIcdrca, IIaIOIIcspIingcvIOmOcdipus,
bykiing Icr, causcd IO a inIO IIc anOnymiIy OIIc rcmandcrIIaI is
IIc pricc IOpayOracxacIncss.
WIcn maIcriaism puIs inIO qucsIiOn 'man, IIaI Obscurc prObcm Or
vIicI Ocdipus sIaIcs IIc ccar sOuIiOn, iI rcsusciIaIcs IIc spIngc and
IurnsIcrrOm qucsIiOncrIIaI sIcvas nIOIIc IIcmcOiIsqucsIiOning.
TIcrcmaindcrisIIusvIaIpcriOdzcsknOvcdgc,accIngacumua
IivcandincarIOpcOprOgrcssvII an indcxOnuiIy.
TIcrc is nO unknOvabc, cvcn IIOugI a knOvcdgc dcmands iIs
pOsiIiOn.
TIc rca O knOvcdgc is aI aIimcs IIaI vIicI is impOssibc IOknOv.
BuI IIaI is prcciscy vIaI asympIOIcay xaIcs IIc uIurc OIIc rcIcc-
IiOn.TIisimpOssibc,IIcrcOrc,vibcknOvn, aIIcvIicbcingpaccd
in IIc pOsiIiOnOpOssibiiIy (OrcIccIiOn) byIIcncv add-On iniIscd.
2
!yIIagOrcan maIIcmaIcs pOsiIs IIaI IIc cOunIabc Or dcnumcrabc
s madc up O vIOc numbcrs, Or O rcaIiOns amOng vIOc numbcrs.
TIis is a prcscripIiOn vII rcgard IO IIc pOssbc. WIaIcvcr vOud a
OuIsidcOIIcsc assgnaIiOns dchncsIIcmpOssibcprOpcrIOnumbcr.IIc
undcnumcrabc.
TIaIOnyvIOcnumbcrsandIIcirrcaIiOns (IIcloo, vIicIaIcrvi
bc cacd raIiOna numbcrs) cOunIas'numbcrs isnOI, yOuvi admiI, an
inIramaIIcmaIca rcsuI. RaIIcr, IIc vIOc hcd O !yIIagOrcan maII
cmaIicsisprcscribcdbyIIisaIcnIdccisOn-vIcIprcciscysnOIadcc
siOnbuIraIIcrIIcunknOvnrcamOvcmcnIIIrOugIvIicImaIIcmaIica
prObcms, prObcmsOnumbcrs, vIOcOrraIOna cOmcIO cxisI.
YOuIIusObIanacOnsIIuIivcrcmandcrOIIchcdinvIicIIIcmaII-
cmaIcaknOvcdgcOIIccraOpcraIcs.TIisrcmaindcrisIIcundcnumcr-
abc,pOsiIcdasincxisIcnI,accOrdng IO IIcnOrmOIIc dcnumcrabc.
nOvcdgc mcans rcIccIiOn as ar as numbcr gOcs and asympIOIc as
cOnccrnsIIcncxisIcnIIIaI isprOpcrIOiI.
Hcrc Onc sIipuaIcs, by vay Oan ansvcr-rcIccIiOnIO a prObcm, IIaI
ZZ
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL l MJLlLlbM
iIin IIis dOmain a gcOmcIricaI rcaIiOn (IIaI O IIc diagOnaI O IIc
quarc IO iIs sidc) canbc mcasurcd nciIIcr by a vIOc numbcr nOr by a
aOnanumbcr.
is cvidcnI Ony IO us IIaI IIis dcmOnsIraIivc cvcnI Opcns a crisis.
ccOrding IO IIc av O IIc pacc IO vIcI IIc dcmOnsIraIiOn cOnOrms,
hcrcOOvsOnyOncIIing.IIaIIIcrcaIiOnOIIcdiagOnaOIIcsquarc
l IIc sidcis nOIa numbcr.
AIcr a mybarsIOO is nOI a numbcr, nOr is IIc circumcrcncc Osaid
asIOO,vIicIis rOund, inrcaIiOnIOiIsdiamcIcr.
!IIcrcis acrsis, iI sinsOarasiIbccOmcsa prObcm/omakcanumbcr
/o]anundcnumcrablc.TIisisvIaIvc arcinviIcd IO dOin IIcpIOsOpIi-
al imagnary OIIc !yIIagOrcans, vIO vanI aIacOsIIIaI bcing-IIus
!
C WIOc-bc madc OuIOnumbcrs.
IccpisIcmOOgicaabc aI issuc Icrc scrvcsIO dravup a Iabc OIIc
amOus Lacanian insIanccs. !I is vcry simpc. IIc symbOic, in Our casc,
psiIs asavIIaIIIcdcnumcrabcbc cOmpOscdOvIOc numbcrs. WiII
haI yOu Iavc vIaI I IakcsIO cOunI and cOmbinca IIaI is. TIc (pIO-
pIica) maginary gurcs IIc IOIaiIy O IIc vOrd accOrding IO vIaI
hav sIpuaIcs asIIc ruc O (maIIcmaIica) vOrds. !I sIaIcs. Bcingis
nmbcrTIcrcais IIcimpOssibc, IIaIis, IIcrcsisIanccOIIc undcnu-
crabc, O/ha/whichisno/a naIuranumbcr.TIcsubccIprcscnIs, aIIIc
nIOIIcimaginarysdchcicncy,IIcnumcrabcIOIIcundcnumcrabc.
Iakcs cccI as IIc maIIcmaIicians dcsrc IO numbcr IIc undcnumcr
ablc,IOcgazcIIcmpOssibc.
AIIIispOinI, yOu musIOrccIIc avOIIc pacc, vIicIprcscribcs nO
placc vIaIsOcvcrOrsucIa 'numbcr.
!IisamaIIcrOnamingIIcrcmaindcrviIInIIcIicdbyvIicIiIsack
susIaincd.
!nOIIcrvOrds,iIisamaIIcrOmakngarcIccIiOnOuIOanasympIOIic
gmcnI.
WIcn,vIIEudOxus, GrcckmaIIcmaIicscngagcdin IIcgcOmcIricai-
aOn OIIc dcnumcrabc csIabisIcs in iIs IIcOry OprOpOrIOns a cas-
iicaIOryarrangcmcnIIIaIincudcsIIcrraIiOna'numbcrs, iIOrccsIIc

pOssibc, iIsymbOizcsIIcrca.
AssucI,yOuIavcdcsIrOycdIIcprcviOus sysIcm OrcIccIiOn IIrOugI
! h
inccIiOn, n cxccss Ovcr IIc pacc, O iIs asympIOIic rcmaindcr. TIc
d OIIc dcnumcrabciscnargcd.A ncv cga sysIcm, brcakng up IIc
ld
cOnsIranIs, Orgcs a cOnccpIO numbcr OnncvgrOunds.
!Ii snOIvrOngIOsIaIcIIaI, undcrIIcnamcOnumbcr,IIcrcaIiOnO
Z
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
IIcdiagOna OIIcsquarcIO Is sdccOmcsinIIcpOsiIOn OIIc subccI
OrIIc Od paccOIIc dcnumcrabc.
WIcrcbyyOuhndIIcOuIpacc, Orcc, dcsIrucIOn, andcxccss.
WIcrcbyyOuhndusIcc,IIcrcvOuIiOnaryrccOmpOsiIiOnOIIcIIcOry
OnumbcraccOrdngIO anOrdcrnvIicIOrmsOknOvcdgcprcvOusy
cOnsidcrcdabsurdcannOvuncIiOnasrcccIOns.
YOuIavcdispaccdIIcprncipcOIIccrOssngIIaIIcsIIcasympIOIc
IO IIc rcccIiOn, IIc rcmaindcr IO IIc pacc, IIc mpOssbc rca IO IIc
cgaiIyOIIc pOssbc.
OcsIIismcanIIaIaIIaIscIpcrIainsIO IIcOrdcrOrcccIiOn?NOI
aI a. !n sucI a spacc-vIcI admIs irraIiOna numbcrs-IIcrc rcmains
(Orcxampc) IIcimpOssbiiIyOanysOuIOnOrIIccquaIiOnx

I
TIc undcnumcrabc (IIc unnamcabc) rcmains as asympIOIic suppOrI Or
IIc sOIvngrcIrOacIiOnOprObcmsvIOscpOssibccxisIcnccIprcscribcs.
WIcnIIc!IaanagcbraisIsOIIcsixIccnIIccnIurypOsiIIIccxsIcncc
O 'imagnary rOOIs (sO vc-namcd IIc anIasmaIc ury Onumbcr as
WIOc ) , OIIcIypc!- I , IIcypcrOrmIIcsccOndOrcngOIIcarrangc-
mcnIOIIcdcnumcrabc.
Evcryun-crOssingOIIc knOIOknOvcdgcmakcs Ora rcvOuIOn, by
pOsiIinga namc OIIcimpOssbcOrIIc subccI.
3
TIc rcvOuIiOn O OcIObcr ! I 7, yOu vi agrcc, Opcns OnIO a ncv sIagc
nIIc IisIOryOMarxism.
TIssIagcsdchncdbyIIcadcquaIcsOuIOn,IIcsOuIOn-rcccIOn,O
aprObcmIandcddOvnbyIIcaIurcOprcviOusrcvOIuIiOns,spccihcay
byIIc!arsinsurrccIiOns Ounc ! 4andMarcI I 7 I .
TIs prObcm can bc OrmuaIcd as OOvs. vIaI Iypc O OrganzaIiOn
dOcs IIc prOcIariaI nccd IO rcay and cnduringy brcakIIc cncmy sIaIc
macInc?WIaIbccOmcs Oavic/orious insurrccIOn?
TIc LcninisI parIy rcsOvcs IIs prObcm. TIc cd O pOssbiIcs prc-
scribcdbyIIis OrganizaIiOnaOrmiscacdIIcTIird!nIcrnaIiOna. !rcIIy
mucI cvcryvIcrc, pOiIica cass OrganizaIOns in cOnOrmIy vII IIc
BOsIcvk mOdc arc scIup. Onc rcccIs BOsIcvsm, unvcrsaypracIs-
ngIIcBOsIcvizaIiOnOparIics.
TIcrc arc succcsscs. TIc CIincsc parIy scizcs pOvcr, and sO dO IIc
Orcan, YugOsav, andAbanianparIcs.
Z9
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL l MJLlLlbM
SOOn I appcarsrOm viIIin IIc LcnnsI nvcsIigaIOn IIrOugI IIc
scissiOnnIIcinIcrnaIOnaIcOmmunsImOvcmcnIOIIc I 60sIIaIIIc
cninisI parIcs n acI Iavc bccn capabIc ObccOming bOurgcis parIics
IIaIOpprcssIIcvOrkingcIassandpcOpIcsinanaImOsIascsI manncr.
WIaI can vc say abOuI IIs dcmOnsIraIiOn? WiIIOuI rcsOrIng IO IIc
dOcIrnc O IIc rcmandcr, Onc vI bc cOnIcnI vII IiIIc, IIaI is, viII
armngikc a rgII-vng !yIIagOrcan summariIycxpcngIIcdiagO
nanIOnOIIingncssIIaIIIcscdcgcncraIcparIicsarcno/LcninsIparIcs,
tIaI IIcy incxsI Or IIaI dOmain. TIis cOnscrvaIivc pOsIurc amOunIs IO
spcakingIIccOscdIanguagcOOrIIOdOxy. TIc IaskisOncOrcsIOraIOn
IOrcdO (rcpcaI) IIcIOsILcninisIparIcs.
BuI i Onc s an audacOus !yIIagOrcanOr BOsIcvkOnc viI
nsIcadpOsc IIc baspIcmOus qucsIOn. vIaI IIcn vasIIcasympIOIc O
BOIsIcvikknOvIcdgc?WIcrc IIcnis Is rcmandcr?
TIc LcnnsI parIy s IIc IsIOricaI ansvcr IO a prObcm IIaI s vIOy
nscrbcd n IIc SIaIc/rcvOIuIOn cOnIradcIOn. !IIrcaIs OIIc vicIOrOus
dcsIrucIOn. WIaI Iappcns IIcn IO IIis parIy viII rcgard IO IIc SIaIc/
cOmmunsm cOnIradcIiOn, IIaI s, in rcaIOn IO IIc prOccss vIcrcby
IIc SIaIcand casscsmusI nO Ongcr bc dcsIrOycd buI musI vIIcr,
IIrOugI ancccI OIransIOn?
TIcIsIOry OIIc SSRis by andargc IIcIsIOricaI dcmOnsIraIiOn O
IIispOnI.IIcLcninisIparIysincOmmcnsurabcIOIIcIasksOIIcIrans
IiOn IO cOmmunsm, dcspiIc IIc acI IIaII sapprOpraIcIO IIOsc OIIc
vcIOriOus insurrccIiOn.
BuI vIaI IcsIhcs by vay O Orcng IO IIc ncccssary cxIcnsiOn O
IIc 'parIihabcIkc IIc dcnumcrabIc n EudOxusis IIc CuIIura
RcvOuIOn in CIna, vIicI, Iaving sIumbIcd On IIc parIy nIIc hrc O
a cOmmunsIuprisng, puIs On IIc agcndaIIcacIIIaIIIcLcninisIparIy
isOvcr.
TIc dOmain O Lcninsm makcs nO rca pIacc, vIcn I cOmcs IO IIc
parIy, OrIIcprObcmOcOmmunismassucI.!IsbusncsssIIc SIaIc,IIc
anIagOnsIc vcIOry. TIc CuIuraI RcvOuIOn bcgns IIc Orcing O IIs
unnIabIabcpIacc.!InvIcsusIOnamc'parIyOIIcncvIypcIIcpOsI-
LcnnisIparIy, IIcparIy Or cOmmunsm, On IIc bass OvIicIIOrccasI
IIc cnIirc hcdOMarxisIpracIicc.
TIus I is rcIrOacIvcy prOvcn IIaI IIc prObcms O LcninsmIIc
qucsIiOns OLcnnsm, as SIaInpuIIcI asa rcmandcr IIc prObIcm
OIIcscprObIcms, IIcprObcmaIicOcOmmunism, OnyrcIccIingasIIcy
dOIIcprcviOusyprcscribcdIask, IIaIOIIcIakngOpOvcr.
Zb
1hLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
TIc asympIOIc OI IIc BOsIcvik rcccIiOn is nOIIing OIIcr IIan
cOmmunsm.
WIaI makcs IIc SIaIc/rcvOIuIiOn cOnIradicIiOn inIO a cOnsIrainI musI
bcdcsIrOycdand rccOmpOscdbyIIcIisIOricaInOminaIiOn OIiIs rcmain-
dcr, vIicIis rcaIivc IOIIc SIaIc/cOmmunism cOnIradicIiOn.
WIcncc a rcvOuIiOninMarxism, IIcMaOisIrcvOuIiOn.
4
IknOvcdgcisprOccss, iI musI in princpc IOOvIIc Hcgcan maIriccs,
vIicIvc IavcscIcmaIizcdn I 75.
WcsIOudcxpccIIIaI IrOmIIccrOssOvcrIvO dcviaIOns, IvO rcIapscs
scparaIc IIcmscvcs.
WIaI arc IIcIcrcsicsOImaIcriaism?
TIcmccIanicisIOncisOaIcsIIcmcIapIOrOIIIcrcccIiOn.Iimagincs
adcquaIiOn viIIOuI rcmaindcr. IsIicks IOrcpcIiIiOn.
TIc dynamicisI Onc dOcs IIc samc viII IIc asympIOIc. nivcrsaIizng
IIc dOcIrnc OIIIc rcmandcr, iI pOscs IIaI a is ux, Icndcncy, apprOxi
maIiOn. !OrIIisIcrcsy, cvcryunihcd cOnhguraIiOnisaniIusiOn, Orcvcn
a 'IOIaIiIarian IIrcaI.
HcrcyOuIavcIIcIabc.
oxmrcrs. nitrcict mrcnxicrs.
m.rsitrsm m.rsrtrsm mrsrtrsm
muIIipIcoI crossing combinaIoryoI
variabIcinIcnsiIics

undccomposablc
uniIs
IhcsisoI IhcsisoI
primacy idcnIiIy
asympIoIc rcIIccIion

rcIaIivc absoIuIc
knowIcdgc knowIcdgc
rcmaindcr pIacc
IIIisIs righIisIs
Z0
M1LlLlb1 LVLbL l M1LlLlbM
TIcdcviaIiOnOnIIcrigIIknOvsOnyIIc avOIIIcpacc. ImakcsnO
ObcmOIIIcprObcmsi IrcsOvcs.
TIcdcvaIiOnOnIIccIIIOOvsapcrspccIivcOIgII.Iisaradicaism
OI
nOvcIy. IbrcaksamirrOrs.
ccuzc On IIc uIracII, viSIrauss On IIc rigII. TvO maIcriaisms
haIIrcaIOIidcainguisIcrybyvayOIadriII. OncinIOIIccOmbinaIOryOI
igns, IIcOIIcrinIOIIccanccrOusmOccucs.
MaIcriaismisavaysnIIcpOsiIiOnOIIavingIOrcsisIIIc IcmpIaIiOns
haIIOund iI. nciIIcraIOmicdccipIcring nOribcraIiOn OIux.
Z
| 60|d d00 I0Q0| 0y
0C0RD0I V, V
OgmaIisIsandcmpiricisIs-LavOcOmpOsiIiOn, OrccmcnIary
bcOnging (agcbra)-NcigIbOurIOOd, OradIcrcnccbyincusiOn
(IOpOOgy)-Hcgc IIc Onc, IIc Onc Onc ( dascincLins)
TIc GnOsIics O maIcriaism-IIc mccIanicisIs-pOsiI IIc adcquaIiOn
viIIOuIrcmaindcr. SaIishcdviIIIIc Samc, cOisIcrcdinrcpcIiIiOn, iIIc
dO IIcy carc IIaI IIc crOssing O IvO prOccsscs is nccdcd Or any ObccI
vIaIsOcvcrIOcOmcIObcknOvn.
TIcir Ogic is mcrcy Onc O cxacIiIudc. McIapIOricay, IIcy sIick IO
IIc mirrOr.
!n pOiIics, IIcy dOgmaIic. 'WIaI issaidsaysvIaIis
!IsIOudbc nOIcdIIaIvcnccdIIcdOgmaIisIs. GuardiansOprincipcs
inIIcrOcnsuraccOIIcmirrOr, IIcykccp usrOmcOnusingIIcavO
IIcrcmaindcrviIIIIcabandOnmcnIOIIcpacc.TIcyarcIIc Oncs vIO
acrI us IOIIc acI IIaI IIis Or IIaI 'nOvcIy in Marxism (rOm BcrnsIcin
IOIrusIcIcv) Or!rcudianism (rOmungIORcicI) , arrOmOrcingIIc
unOccupyabc pacc IIaI spccihcs IIc currcnI sIaIc O Our prObcmaIic,
simpy cavcs andgOcsOclscwhcrc.
TIc acI rcmains IIaI IIc Orcing Iurns IIcm O. TIc cOnscrvaIivc
uncIiOn O IIc mirrOr-O IIc OOking gass-makcs O IIc dOgmaIisI a
rcucIanI maIcriaisI. !gnOrancc O IIc rcmaindcr makcs IIc dOgmaIisI
rcmainin pacc.
Zb
MJLlLbJ LVLbL MJLlLlbM
TIc Arians O maIcriaism-IIc dynamicisIs-pOsiI IIc ubiquiIOus
r
cmaindcr, IIc muIipiciIy O variabc inIcnsiIics. TIcy arc pcOpc vIO
bcicvcinIIc insOubc Icndcncy. SaIishcdviII IIc OIIcr, sIrcIcIcd OuI
OvcrIIcIOrsiOns,iImaIIcrsiIIcIOIIcmIIaIa spaccandiIsrucarc
ccdcdOranyIIing rcavIaIsOcvcrIObc inIIcpOsiIiOnOanObjccI (O
nOvcdgc) .
McIapIOricay, IIcy sIickIOIIc asympIOIc, IOIIc !Ov. TIcir Ogici s
nIy Onc OapprOximaIiOn. ! npOiIics, IIcy cmpiricic. 'WIaI is maIIcrs
OrcIIanaIIaI issaid
TIccmpiricisIsacknciIIcravOurnOruscuncss.!yinginvaiIOrIIc
OvcmcnI,IIcyccpusrOmrcducingIIcnccdOrcxacIrc!IccIiOnIOIIc
biviOn OnOvcIy. TIc cmpiricisIs arc IIc Oncs vIO acrI us IO IIc acI
IaI IIis Or IIaI cOnsIrainI O IIc pacc (rOm !assac IO SIain, Or rOm
ncs IO Anna !rcud) dissimuaIcs Or us IIc unOccupyabc pacc rOm
IicI any brcak cOudprOcccd.
TIcacIrcmains IIaIIIcyarcIurncdObyIIcparIisan Iaking Osidcs.
IcasympIOIic pcrspccIivc O!igII makcs OIIc cmpiricisI a vandcring
aIcriaisI, a vagabOnd pIiOsOpIcr O naIura subsIanccs. !gnOrancc O
IcmirrOrIurnsIIccmpiricisIinIOIIc mirrOrOIIcvOrd.

TIcscIvOarmyanks OcOnscqucnIiamaIcriaismarcIIcsympIOm O
IcaIIcrsvcryOvn scissiOn, vIOscmcIapIOricaknOIIIcyunIic.TIcsc
prcscrvaIiOnisIdiscOurscs, cuIOrOmIIcirOvnic,pOinIOuIIIaIIIcrc
rc lwoprOccsscsIIaI makcup oncmaIcriaism-andnOIOny IvO IIcscs
IaIOidcnIiIyandIIaI Oprimacy) .
!na n OpcningOnIOa ncvmcIapIOr, vc visayIIaI IIcrci s IIcagc-
raicdispOsiIiOnandIIcIOpOOgicadispOsiIiOn.
AcIivcmaIcriaismcrOsscsIIcscIvO dispOsiIiOns.
As OrIIc subccI, iIs-maIcriaisI-argumcnI isinscribcdin IIisinIcr-
cIiOn. Any subccIcccIuaIcsIIcOpcraIiOnsOa IOpOOgicaagcbra.
2
prudcnIycxpOscmysc, hrsI IOIIc maIIcmaIician scOndcmnaIiOn

! bOrrOvmcIapIOricayrOm IisvOcabuaryand, IIcn, IOIIcpIiOsO-
crs ObccIiOn, i ! givc up On IIc idca O making IIcbOrrOvcdvOrds
nc inIIcigIIOpurcscicncc.
TIispaII O spiI inIcrprcIaIiOn is my Ovn. !casc rccrIO IIc cIapIcr
orsiOn . ! IOpc IIaI ! say nOIIing imprccisc in maIIcmaIics, buI asO
ZV
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
noIIng IIaI s maIIcmaIcay procrcd. My ambIon Icrc s Io adorn
maIcrasm vII a cv sgnhcrs vIosc susIancd rgour v bc IIaI
o prccous sIoncs, vII IIc dvcrson o Is cnd goa conIrbuIng Io Is
orcc.
!rccson puI nIo IIc razor o IIc MarxsIbarbcr, maIIcmaIcs s IIaI
unaIcrabc badc vIIvIcI onc cndsupbccdng IIcpgs Io dcaII.
Bcsdcs, as namcs or ccrIan domans o maIIcmaIcs and noI or
obccIsoIIcscdomans,ncIIcragcbranorIopoIogysasccnIhcnamc.
TIcy raIIcr parIcpaIc, as gcomcIry or scI IIcory, n IIc cIasshcaIory
anaIomynIo vIcI any dscpInc rcdupcaIcsIscnordcrIo dcscrbc
IscaccordngIo a cvscccIcdpcccs.
WIaI docs IIc maIIcmaIcan ca agcbra? LcI us Irvazc, as IIcy
say. Supposng a gvcn scI-provsory hgurc o IIc WIoc-agcbra pro-
cccdsIoIIcsysIcmaIcsIudyoIIcnIcrcsIngrcaIonsbcIvccnIIcclc
mcnlsoIIs scI. !Is mosIgcncraconccpIs IIaI oIIc av ocomposIon
IoIvo ccmcnIs oIIcscIoncassocaIcsaIIrd, naruIyasIon-usIas
IoIvo numbcrsonc assocaIcsIIcrsumorIIcrproducI.
WIaIdchncsanagcbracspcccs (asIrucIurc) , vIcIsIIaIorvIcI
IIc maIIcmaIcan rcscrvcs IIc kcy conccpIs o aIgcbra, conccrns IIc
consIranIs uponIIcavocomposIon.!orcxampc,obcngassocaIvc
( ( ab) ca( bc) ) , orobcngcommuIaIvc ( abba) .
TIc cxcrcsc o agcbrac nomnaIon prcsupposcs IomogcncIy, n
IIaIaIIaIs IakcnnIoaccounI, asarasIIcccmcnIsarcconccrncd,s
IIcrbcIavouraccordngIoIIcIav,onccIIcrdcnIcabcIongngIoIIc
orgna scIsacccpIcd.AncIcmcnI snoIdchncdagcbracaybyIsoca-
Ion nIIc scI. !I suhccsorI IobcongIo IIs scI. !nIcrms opacc, IIc
agcbracdcnIIys oncobcongng.TIcpaccsnsomcvayunvcrsa.
TIcorccsIackng. TIc IavmposcsdsIncIonsonIoIIc ndsIngusI-
abc. SucI or sucI ccmcnI, say c, v or cxampc Iavc IIc propcrIy
o bcng ncuIra n IIaI, s IIc av, or any ccmcnI a (ncudng c
sc), aca.
!nIIcprcvousIabIc, IspossbcIosayIIaIagcbrasrcgsIcrcd'onIIc
rgII. IcxcudcsaIIougIIoIcndcnccsandasympIoIcs.Homogcncous
dcnIIy o bcIongng, ccmcnIary sIrucIurng, spcccs dsIngusIcd n
Icrms oIypcsocgaIconsIranI.IIcaIgcbracunvcrscsImIcdIocom-
bnaIorymaIcrasm.
TopoogysIcms-vaIIcrcqurcmcnIsoanayss-romIIcnccdora
maIIcmaIcaguaranIcc n ordcr Io grasp movcmcnI. !I cs aI IIc orgn
o prmIvcIy vaguc noIons sucI asocaIon, approxmaIon, conInuum
,
Z1
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL l MJLlLlbM
nddcrcnIa.!I snoIamcd(asaIgcbra s) aIvIaIIappcnsvIcnIvo
dsIncI and Iomogcncous cvcnIs cnd up bcng combncd undcr ccrIan
consIranIs, buI aI vIaI Iappcns vIcn onc nvcsIgaIcs IIc sIc o a
Icm, Is surroundngs, IIaI vIcI s morc or css 'ncar Io I, IIaI vIcI
s scparaIcd rom I n conInuous varaIons, Is dcgrcc o soaIon or
adIcrcncc.
! IIc masIcr conccpI o agcbra s IIaI o IIc Iav (o composIon) ,
IopoIogy s bascdonIIcnoIono ncgIbourIood.
TIcobccIonoIIcIccIncans?TIaIancccIvcaxomaIcsIarIsrom
IIcdchnIonoopcnscIs.TIsobccIonIasnoIsIorcavadIy.!orIIc
daccIcaInIcrprcIaIon, I s ccar IIaI an opcn scI s onc IIaI scrvcs as
ncgIbourIoodorcacIoIsponIs.
Topoogyvorkspcrorcc on IIcjarls o a scI, consdcrcdasamIcso
ncgIbourIoods o an ccmcnI (oa ponI, oncv say, IIcrcby markng
haI IIsImcIsIIcocaIonIIaIscruca) . !IdocsnoIassocaIcIo cacI
cmcnI anolhcrccmcnI, buIraIIcrmposcs uponI IIcmuIorm con-
iguraIon oIscnvronmcnIs.
TIc agcbrac cgsaIon produccs dcrcncc bascd on IIc oIIcr
(ccmcnI) as IIc samc. TIc IopoIogca dsposIon makcs dcnIIy oIIc
samcaccordng Io IIc muIpc-oIIcr oIsncgIbourIoods.
A n a, IIc cIcmcnI byIscIas no nIcrcsI or Iopoogy. !I s a ds-
cpnc o IIc IcIcrogcncous, n IIaI I Icnds Io dcIcrmnc IIc ponI by
amIcsoparIs, IIcncudcdbyvIaI Ics around I. !IsamsIo makc a
ucouIoapproxmaIon.MucImorcsoIIanIIcbcngoaIcrm,Isccks
ocsIabsIIssysIcmoproxmaIcdcrcnccs.
TIc agcbrac aIcrIy s combnaIory, IIc IopoIogcaI dcnIIy s
dcrcnIa.
You canrcad IIcsc caIurcs aI a gancc n IIcoundng axoms o an
agcbrac or IopoogcaI spcccs. TIc hrsI xaIc IIc consIranIs or IIc
producIvcassocaIonsamongccmcnIs.TIusarcspcchcdgroups, rngs,
bodcs, and so on. TIc sccond dcIcrmnc IIc condIons or amIcs o
parIs (osubscIs) .
Topoogy Icnds 'Iovard IIc cI n IIc prcvous Iabcon IIc sdc o
ynamcsI maIcrasmor I IInks IIc (ccmcnIary) Onc accordng Io
hc prmacyoIIc mIpc (oparIs) .
Advanccd maIIcmaIcs dcas vII IIc Iopoogcs IIaI arc compaIbc
vIIa parIcuaragcbrac sIrucIurc.
Any conscqucnIa maIcraIsm arIcuaIcs an asympIoIc (IopoogcaI)
poccssanda rcdupIcaIng (agcbrac) proccss.
Z11
1hLY l 1hL bUbdLL1
3
!nHcgcsLoicIIcrcisanasIOnisIingpassagcinvIicIIIcbccOming-rca
OIIc OncguaranIccsIcIransiIiOnrOmquaiIyIOquanIiIy.
TIisisnOIIingcssIIanIIc spccuaIivcbirIIOnumbcr.
WIaI is quanIiIy? Hcgc ansvcrs IIc uniIy OIIc cOnIinuOus and IIc
discrcIc ! I ) . TIaI is, IIc diaccIicOadIcrcnccIOIIcncigIbOurIOOd
(cOnIinuiIy) and O ccmcnIary bcOnging ( discrcIcncss) . 'TIis acI O
disIinguisIingOr dicrcnIiaIiOn is an uninIcrrupIcdcOnIinuiIy (L I ) .
Agcbrai s IicdI OIOpOOgy.
!IisIIcrcOrcIIccaIcgOricsOmaIcriaismIIaIHcgcscIsabOuIcngcn
dcring, sIarIingrOm IIc purc cOnccpIOIIc Onc. TIaI is IO say, OnIIc
basisOIIc paccdccmcnIassucI.
TIis arIihcc Ias grcaI inIcrcsI Or us. WIy? Bccausc in pOiIics IIc
cOnsIanIIaskOncscIsabOuIaccOmpisIingisIOincrIIcmaIcriaisIprOs-
pccIingOa siIuaIiOnOn IIcbasisOIIccOnccpIOIIc Onc. TIc uniIyO
cass, IIc uniIy OIIcpcOpc. sucI arc IIc rccrcnccpOinIsrOmvIicI iI
OOvsIIaIIIcmaIcriaisIanaysis, aIIIcarIIcsIrcmOvcrOminacIiviIy,
prcscribcsIOIIcpOiIicaacIOrs IIcirIaskinIIc givcn circumsIanccs.
WIaIisiIIIaIunihcs, inIIcanIagOnisIicacIiOn, asOciaIOrccinrcvOI?
WIaI amagamaIcs IIis hrsI uniIy viII IIc Onc O IIc Ovcra pOiIica
prOccss,rOmvIicIIIcsubccIivcOgicOIIcparIyIypccanbcincrrcd?
!IisnOIcxaggcraIcdIOsayIIaIIIcrcinicsIIcmainspringOIIcmiiIanI
inIcrvcnIiOn.
!IisIIusrOmIIcOncIIaIIIcmaIcriaisIIIcmcOacIiOnmusIsusIain
iIsc.
TIc bOurgcOis vcrsiOn O IIis rcquircmcnI IIaI is inicIcd upOn us
IOday,andbyvIicIiIissIOrIcircuiIcdinIOIIcidcaisImiragcOsubmis-
siOn, asOhndsiIscmbcminIIcuniIyOIIc 'LcI.
AgcbraicmanipuaIiOnOpariamcnIarypaccs, iIbarsIIcpcOpc, IIaI
suppOscd uniIy, rOm IIc IOpOOgica paII O IIc cOnIinuOus, O acIivc
cOnsisIcncy.
Hcgc inIrOduccs IvO OpcraIOry mcdiaIiOns in Ordcr IO accOmpisI,
accOrding IO IIc Onc, IIc cngcndcrmcnI O agcbraic discrcIcncss and
IOpOOgica cOnIinuiIy rcjulsion, byvIicIIIc OncpOsiIsiIscasdisIincI
rOmIIcmuIipcO-Oncs, anda//rac/ion, byvIicIIIcOncamagamaIcs
IIc mIipcviIIiIsc.
A IIis is quiIcudiciOus. RcpusiOn dravs iIs IIcmc rOm divisiOn as
IIc csscncc O IIc Onc. !I is 'IIc sc-dicrcnIiaIing O IIc Onc, aI hrsI
Z1Z
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL MJLlLlbM
inIOmany, and IIcn, bccausc OIIcirimmcdiaIcncss, in OIIcrs ( L I 73) .
Wc, IOO, apprOacI IIc Onc accOrding I OiIs 'dicrcnIiaIing. TIc sOcia-
rca, OrvIicIIIc rcvOIs and IIc OrmsOcOnsciOusncss arc Ourguidc,
can bc rcad O IIc unIying OiIs prcviOus ink. Any Onc is cccIuaIcd
IIcrcin as innOvaIing puncIuaiIy viIIin a uniIy O aIOmicizaIiOn, O a
Onc Iircd O iving in IIaI iI is nOIIing mOrc IIan 'a bccOming Omany
Oncs ! ! 67) .
!n IIis passivc agcbra, IIc rcpusivc Onc, IIc hrsI Onc I Orisc upin
rcvOIOrin disuncIiOnis rcadabcOnyOnaccOunIOiIs cOnIradicIOry
virIuc O aIIracIiOn. ! iIs immcdiaIc aspccI is IIc dissidcncc viIIin IIc
IOmOgcncOus mIipcIIis mIipc O Oncs abOuI vIicI Hcgc bri-
ianIyahrmsIIaIinIIcpaccskcIcIcdOuIbyiI, IIcOnc 'bccOmcs Ony
Onc ( ibid. ) , iIs acI cOnsisIs in pOarizing IIc cnIirc hcd by an aIIracIivc
unca/ion.usI asa OcaizcdpOpuaruprising, iiI carrics IIcprOpOsiIiOn
O a ncv uniIy, disIurbs IIc agcbraic IOmOgcnciIy in IIc IOpOOgica
dirccIiOn Oa rcgcncraIcdcOnsisIcncy.
TIisisvIaIinIIccasssIruggcis cacdIOOrma camp.
TIccsscnccOIIcrcpusivc Oncis IIcrcOrc IO dicrcnIiaIciIscrOm
cpsiOn, IO purgc iIsc aIIracIivcy in Ordcr IO Orgc, sIarIing rOm IIc
idca OdispcrsiOn, IIc rca OIIc unihcaIiOnOIIcmuIipc.
!nIIisvay,IIcncvpOpuarcamp, IIcsIrucIurcOvIicIisIIcprOccss
O prOcIarian pOiIics, is nO Ongcr dcIcrmincd ( agcbraicay) as Onc-in-
IIcmuIipc-O-Oncs, vIicI is IIc sIaIus, cI us say, OIIc vOIcrin IIc
vOIingbOOII, buIdcIcrmincs i/scl]IOpOOgicayasOnc IcIcrOgcncOus IO
IIc muIipcOcquaiIy.
TIisisvIaIHcgccOnccnIraIcsasOOvsTIusIIc OnccxcrcisingIIc
aIIracIiOn, as rcIurningIO iIscsIarIing Orm muIipiiIy, dc/crmincs i/scl]
as Onc iIis Onc asbcing nOImIipc, Onc Onc (L ! 74, Irans.mOdihcd) .
' OncOnc (IOpOOgica ) apprOximaIiOnOIIc Gcrman. 'dascincLins.
TIc Onc Onc is IIaI Onc vIicI, rOm Iaving cmcrgcdassubccIundcr
IIc av O rcpusiOnaIIracIiOn, csIabisIcs iIsc aI IIc crOssing pOinI
bcIvccn anagcbraiccOnsIrainIvIicI makcs iI Onc and a IOpO-
l Ogica, aIIracIivc, cOaguaIingcOnsisIcncyvIicImakcsiI 0ncOnc.
TIus,cass,iniIsdividcdbuIsOmcIimcscrupIivcsOciacxisIcncc, isIIc
Onc rOm vIicI iI OOvs IIaI IIc Onc Onc, IIc parIy, can cOmc inIO
bcingaspOiIics.
TIcvIOcqucsIiOnOrIIcparIyisIOrcmainaIIracIivc,sinccaIIracIiOn
is prcciscy 'IIc Onc IIaIis Onc Onc (L I 74, Irans. mOdihcd) .
Tradc uniOnism i s IIc inIrinsicay rcpusivc Orm, vIcncc iIs
Z1
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
OrganizaIiOncOpicdrOmIIcprOducIivcbrancIcsOcapiIaism, invIicI
IIc Onc bccOmcs OnymOrcOIIc Onc. !Is dOminanI is agcbraic.
!rOcIarian pOiIics is IIc mOving sysIcm O rcpusiOn-aIIracIiOn by
vIcIIIc Onc bccOmcs Onc Onc.
!nIIisrcgard iIsuIimaIcsiIc, OOving HcgcsanaOgy, musIcncOm
pass bOII IIc cOnIinuOus, vIicI is IIc cccI O aIIracIiOn, and IIc dis-
crcIc,cccIOrcpusiOn.
!ndccd, i IIc aIIracIivc uniIy-IIc pOpuar cOnsisIcncy O a camp
sprcads, vIaIisnccdcdIOmcdiaIcIIisprOpagaIiOnis OrIIcanIagOnisIic
rcpusiOn IO bc OpcraIivc, IIaI is, IIc cass cOncI by vIicI IIc cOn-
IinuOus Onc Onc disIinguisIcs iIscin Iurn (as Onc) viIIinIIc discrcIc
sysIcm OOppOsiIcOrccs
!n cOnIinuiIy, IIcrcOrc, magniIudcimmcdiaIcy pOsscsscsIIcmOmcnI
O icclcnc-rcpusiOn, as nOv a mOmcnI in quanIiIy. COnIinuiIy is
scsamcncss, buI OIIcManyvIicI, IOvcvcr, dOnOIbccOmccxcu
sivc; iI is rcpusiOn vIicI cxpands IIc sc-samcncss IO cOnIinuiIy.
Hcncc discrcIcncss, On iIs sidc, is a cOacsccnI discrcIcncss, vIcrc IIc
Oncs arc nOI cOnnccIcd byIIc vOid, by IIc ncgaIivc, buIby IIcirOvn
cOnIinuiIyanddOnOIinIcrrupIIIissc-samcncssinIIcmany.TIcdi-
crcnccOIIc rcpcingisIIcrcOrcprcscnI Ony as dicrcnIiabiiIy. (L
I 7, Irans. mOdihcd)
TIOugI ahrmaIivc in csscncc, aIIracIiOn IOds viIIin iIsc IIc di-
crcnIiabiiIy rOmvIicI iI prOcccdcdIO bcginviII,vIcniIs cxisIcncc
(ikcIIaI Ous, a Iandu O MaOisIs) rcmaincd subOrdinaIcIO IIcavO
puncIuacxisIcncc, inIIcpaccOmuIipc-Oncs.
AnymaIcriasubccI, OncOrIIcOnc Onc, and Onc OncaccOrdingIO
IIc Oncs, arIicuaIcs IIc agcbra OiIs paccmcnI andIIc IOpOOgy OiIs
nOvcIy.
Z19
N6| M00u|M000S
0DIUI 0, V
BcOngingandadIcrcncc-CanIOrsIIcOrcmandIIcincxIausIiOn
OIisIOry-RcaIivcscarciIyOprOpcrnamcs-MaIcriaism andscI
IIcOryTIc axiOmsOncigIbOurIOOdsinIIcirdiaccIicacgibiiIy
TIcmaIIcmc OIIccuIOpcrsOnaiIy
cI usrcauncIviIIa summary.
OnccanObviOusysIaIc IIaIagcbra is IIcmcIapIOrOIIccalculablcin
aIcriaism. !n iI, IIc rcaIiOnIOIIc rca sIcms rOm IIcprOccdurapOs-
siiiIyOknOvingIIcbcIaviOurOsucIOrsucIa Icrm, iniIsdicrcncc
and iIs cOmbinaIOry capaciIy, undcr IIc cccI OsucI OrsucI an cxpiciI
ruc.
TOpOOgy Iakcs IIings 'y IIc pack. !I mcIapIOricay IransaIcs IIc
unclionalinmaIcriaism,insOarasiIisIIcncigIbOurIOOd,IIcamiicsO
cOnging, IIc OcavariaIiOn, vIicI cOnsIiIuIc iIs dOmain.
TvOdicrcnIrcaIiOnsIOIIcWIOc.agcbracxpOrcsiI undcrIIcacgis
IIc individuas IIaIbcOngIOiI and IIcrucsaccOrdingIO vIicI IIcy
rcaIc IO Onc anOIIcr. TOpOOgy, undcr IIc acgis OIIc varicd subscIs O
hicIcacI individuamakcsiIssiIcviIIinIIc WIOc.
WiII rcgardIOIIc WIOc, IIcIcrmOagcbraicmaIcriaismisisOaIcd
hc OnyrcaIiOniIIasIO IIcscIis OncOsinguarbcOnging,c e E. TIc

rmOIOpOOgicamaIcriaismisapprcIcndcdin IIcOcamOdaiIyOiIs
p
rcscnccviIIinIIcWIOc,IIrOugIIIcmcdiaIiOnOIIcamiicsOparIs
Z1b
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
IIaI surrOund iI. WIaI is IIus spccihcd is IIc parIicuar vay in vIicI iI
adhcrcs IOIIcWIOc. TIc acI IIaIiI is Onc OiIs ccmcnIs is a ncccssary
buIinsuhcicnIrcquircmcnI. OncsccksIOknOvrOmvIcrciIbcOngsIO
iI, IOv, invIaIgcOgrapIy, viIIvIaIcOccIivc pIysiOgnOmy.
Agcbra is a OgicObcOnging IOpOOgy, aOgicOadIcrcncc.
TIinkOIIcdicrcnccbcIvccnbcingamcmbcrOapOiIicaparIyand
IavingadIcrcdIOiI.
TO rcgisIcr-IO pOsscss IIc card-pcrIains IO agcbra IO uniIcpcrIains
IO IOpOOgy.
2
HibcrI said IIaI maIIcmaIicians vOud ncvcr cI IIcmscvcs bc cIascd
OuIOIIcparadiscIIaI CanIOrIadOpcncdup OrIIcm.
HibcrI ispcrIapsIIc asI OIIOsc grcaIsubccIivc IccInicians O sub-
scrvicnIvriIingvIOcOnsIiIuIcda sccOndgOdcn agc OIIc cOnccpI (IIc
hrsI bcing IIaI O IIc Grccks) . TIis agc, ikc iIs prcdcccssOr, asIcd Or
IIrccccnIurics, and Gauss, inIIc middc OIIisIimc span, gaIIcrsaiIs
prcsIigc. Hcrc yOu Iavc anincOmparabc scrics O hgurcs O anIicipaIiOn
and masIcry, rOm vIicI cvcn IIc incxpicabc adOcsccncc, in IIc sIyc
O Rimbaud, is nOI abscnI-sincc iI s prOvidcd by IIc hgurc O EvarisIc
GaOis.
TIc paradisiaca aspccI O scI IIcOry, crcaIcd in Onc c svOOp by
CanIOr, icsinIIcacIIIaIiIprOvidcsauniyinganguagcOsucIpOvcrs
OgcncraiIyIIaIincOmparisOnIIcancicnIObccIsOmaIIcmaIicadcnO-
IaIiOnmusIappcarascOnIrivcdarIcacIs.
Onc vi nOI bc surpriscd IIaI, csIabisIing IIis cacuabc dispOsiIiOn
O inhniIcs in IIc IarsI sOiIudc O a pOsiIivc IIcOOgian, CanIOr sOvy
sIOud IavcsippcdIOvardIIc dciriumOgrandcur.
TIcnOIiOnIIaIcvcryIIingcanbcsIaIcdundcrIIcsOcnamcOIIcscI,
andviIIinIIcOgicObcOnging, iscquivacnI, asaras! amcOnccrncd,
IO IIc maIcriaisI rccOgniIiOn O IIc Onc O IIc namc O bcing. 'MaIIcr
Icrcscrvcs, Orbcing, asunivcrsasignihcr,usIasIIcscIdOcsOrmaII
cmaIics. Bcsidcs, ikc IIc scI, iI can Ony rcccivc an impiciI dchniIiOn,
gOvcrncdbyaxiOms, vIcIIcraIcnIOracIuayOrmuaIcd.
ScI and maIIcr arc as a rcsuI subOrdinaIc IO IIcprincipc OimiIa-
IiOnIIaIrcsIricIsIIc usagcOanymasIcrsigniIicr, namcy, IIaIiIcannOI
bc rccrrcd IO IIc WIOc. !I is vc knOvn IIaI IIc nOIiOn O a scI O a
Z10
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL MJLlLlbM
cIsis incOnsisIcnI. Simiary, IIccOnccpI Oan inIcgra maIcria IOIaiIy
is Ony IIc pOrOus anIasy O maIcriaism, iIs dcccIiOn Iurncd back inIO
idcaism.
!OrIIcmaIIcmaIicsOscIIIcOryasmucIasOrIIcIrucmaIcriaisI,a
IOIaiIyisparIicuar.TIaIvIicIbcOngsIOIIcvIOcrcquircsIIcpOsiIiOn
OIIcOIIcr,vIicIisnOIOIIcvIOc.

!rOmIIis, OnccOncudcsamOng OIIcradmirabcmOdcsIicsIIaIunivcr-

aIisIOry, cOnccivcdasIIcacIuaIOIaiIyOpOiIicacvcnIs, Orcxampc,
ianincOnsisIcnInOIiOn. TIcrc is anincviIabcIisIOrcadispcrsiOn.TIis
Onc O!IIc rcasOnsIIaIinvaidaIcIIcdchniIiOnOMarxismas scicncc
OIisIOry, sincc IisIOryisnOIanObjccI.
'TIc cOncrcIc anaysis O a cOncrcIc siIuaIiOn, vIicI is IIc cninisI
OrmuaIiOn OacIivc Marxism, IasIIcvirIuc OdcIOIaizing IIc rccrcnI
and indicaIing IIaI nO Marxism is in a pOsiIiOn IO survcy any IOIaiIy aI
a.
WIcnOnc vcnIurcs IOcnumcraIc'IIcgrcaIcOnIradicIiOns OIIccOn-
IcmpOrary vOrd, OvIicIIIcrc arc Our (bcIvccn IIc prOcIariaI and
tIcbOurgcOisicbcIvccnimpcriaismsandIIcdOminaIcdpcOpcamOng
IcimpcriaismsIIcmscvcs andbcIvccn sOciaisI SIaIcs andimpcriaisI
SIaIcs), iI is ccar IIaI IIis Orma apparaIus dOcs nOI cnd iIsc IO bcing
unihcdinIOIIcgObapcrccpIiOnOacOurscOIisIOry, andIIaIiIIasnO
cIicacyOIIcrIIanIO map IIc Iypcs OprOccssvIOscOca Ovcrapping
laccsa siIuaIiOnviII rcgardIOIIaIvIicI surrOunds iI.
TIc agcbra O IIc Our undamcnIa cOnIradicIiOns IIus prcparcs IIc
OpOOgyOIIccOncrcIc siIuaIiOns. Bcsidcs, nOncOIIcIcrms subsumcd
yiIIasanyIisIOricacxisIcnccIIcscarcpurccOnccpIsOrIIcIOmOgc-
nciIyOpaccs. !mpcriaismis aI casIdOubc (cassica, On IIc Amcrican
idc sOcia-impcriaisI, OnIIcRussian sidc)/hcvOrdprOcIariaIdOcsnOI
cxisIanymOrcIIan/hcdOminaIcd pcOpc, andsO On.
TIc sIrucIurc O IIc prOO O incOnsisIcncy Or IIc scI O a scIs-Or
absOuIcmuIipiciIy-OpcraIcs aI IIcuncIurc Oagcbra and IOpOOgy.
!IsmainspringicsindccdincsIabisIingIIaI OnccannOI bi-univOcay
OrrcaIc IIc scI O IIc jar/s O a scI and IIc scI O iIs clcmcn/s. TIc hrsI
uIipiciIyncccssariycxcccdsIIc sccOnd.
SuppOsc IIaI yOu Iavc , IIc scI O a scIs, aI Oncc yOu vi Iavc IO
cccIiI asabsOuIc, Orbcing csscrIIan IIc scI OiIsparIs.
WIaIamarvcOdiaccIicamaIcriaismisIIisamOusdiagOnarcasOn-
g rOm CanIOrbyvIicIIIaIvIicIiscIOvcrgrOundsIIaIvIicI Ias

Ic vaucOcxccss
Z1
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
Takc a uncIiOn O cOrrcspOndcncc vIicI IO cacI parI ! O IIc IOIaI
(imaginary) univcrsc makcs cOrrcspOnd an cIcmcnI u O IIis uni-
vcrsc, in sucI a vay IIaI IvO icrcnI parIs Iavc IvO dicrcnI cOrrc-
spOnding cIcmcnIs. ! IcII yOu IIaI Onc parI drOps OuI O IIis suppOscd
cOrrcspOndcncc.
!nOrdcrIOcsIabIisIIIis,iIsuhccsIOdisIinguisIIIOscparIsIIaIcOnIain
IIc cIcmcnIIIaI is assigncdIOIIcmrOm IIOsc IIaI dOnOIcOnIain iI.
Onc cOuId aIsO say IIaI IIc aIIcmpIcOnsisIs in disIincIIy namin cacI
parIOIIcunivcrscviIIan cIcmcnIrOmIIis univcrsc. !I isIIcaIIribu-
IiOnOaprOpcrnamcIOiIsparIs,aIIribuIiOnsuppOscdIObcimmancnIIO
IIcrcsOurccs O , IIaI IcrcprOvOkcsIIcimpOssibIc.
! caII auIOnymOus a parI vIOsc namc hgurcs, in IIc guisc O an
cIcmcnI, wi/hin IIc namcd parI, and IcIcrOnymOus IIaI parI vIOsc
namcis cxIcrnaIIOIIis parIiIscI.
LcIusinvcsIigaIcIIcscIOaIIIIc cOrrcIaIcs-OaIIIIcprOpcrnamcs
assigncdIO IIOscparIsvIicIdOnOIcOnIainIIis namc. OaII IIc prOpcr
namcs OIcIcrOnymOus parIs. Sincc iI is a scI O cIcmcnIs O , iI is nO
dOubI a qucsIiOn O a jar/O , vIicI IIcrcOrc Ias iIs disIincI prOpcr
namc. vcsuppOscindccdIIaI aIIcanIavc Onc.
!s IIis parI auIOnymOus? NO, bccausc by dchniIiOn iI cOnIains only
namcs O IcIcrOnymOus parIs, and IIcrcOrc iI cannOI cOnIain iIs Ovn
namc, vIicI asa rcsuII vOuIdbc a namc O an auIOnymOus Onc. !s IIis
parIIcIcrOnymOus?Evcry namc Oa IcIcrOnymOusparI bcIOngs IOiI, by
dchniIiOn aIvays. ua IcIcrOnymOus, iI vOuId IIus Iavc IO cOnIain iIs
Ovn namc, and IIus, bcauIOnymOus
WcmusIagrccIIaIIIcparIIIaIisIIuscOnsIrucd,nciIIcrauIOnymOus
nOrIcIcrOnymOus, purcIyandsimpIyisnciIIcrnamcdnOrnamcabIc. !I
insIiIuIcsiIscIincxccssOvcrIIcsuppOscdcOrrcIaIiOn.
Wc IOucI upOn IIc impOssibIc O IIc bi-univOcaI cOrrcspOndcncc
bcIvccn IIc parIs O and IIc cIcmcnIs O . TIc rcsOurcc O muIIi-
pIiciIy OIIc parIs OvcrIOvs IIccIcmcnIarymuIIipIiciIy invIicI iI is
rOOIcd. sIands in a virIuaIiIy O bcing, by iIs parIs, mOrc numcrOus
IIaniIscI.
AnycIcmcnIarymuIIipIiciIyinduccsanOvcrIaking OiIscI.
!IavcaIvaysIOOkcdupOnIIisaIgOriIIm,!addinpassing,asIIcrcuIa-
IiOnOIIcisOmOrpIismIIaIisprcsuppOscdinsOmanydOcIrincsbcIvccn
tIaI vIicI is OvaIuc IO IIc individuaI and IIaI vIicI is OvaIuc IO IIc
cOIIccIiviIics.TIcrcsOurccOIIccOIIccIivcsncccssariIysurpasscsIIcIypc
OsIrucIuraImuIIipIiciIyin vIicIIIcindividuaIsarc rcsOIvcd.
Z1b
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL MJLlLl bM
TIc pOinI O IIc impOssibIc O IIc cOrrcIaIiOn bcIvccn cIcmcnIs O
and parIs O marks IIc rcaIO vIaI? OIIc acI IIaI IIc pOvcr O
annOI gO sO ar as IO incIudc IIc immancnI nOminaIiOn O aII iIs parIs.
AI Icas IIaI is, iyOu scckIOdisIinguisIIvO dicrcnI parIs by dicrcnI
cIcmcnIary namcsnamcs.
EiIIcrIIcunivcrscis cIOscd, IOIaI, and IIcnIIcrcissOmcIIingsIricIIy
indisIinguisIabIc, sincc yOu dO nOI Iavc cnOugI prOpcr namcs aI yOur
ispOsaI in IIc univcrsc IO isIinguisI iIs parIs, Or cIsc Onc can aIvays
isIinguisI, buI IIcn IIc univcrsc dOcs nOI Orm a vIOIc, IIcrc is sOmc
cxccss by vIicI yOu givc risc IO a prOpcr namc bcyOnd IIc suppOscd
OIaIiIy.
TIc univcrsc aIvays cOnIains mOrc IIings IIan IIOsc iI can namc
accOrdingIOIIcscIIingsIIcmscIvcs.
WIcncc iIs incxisIcncc.
!rOIcIarianpOIiIics, vIcn iI cxisIs, vIicI is nOI sO cOmmOn, is Onc O
hcunnamcabIcs Oany cIOscd sIaIiI spacc. AccOrdingIO IIc Iav OIIc
ay, iI rcmainsviIIOuIaprOpcrnamc.
TIis Iack OciviI sIaIus is prcciscIy iIs pOIiIicaI sIaIus. !I indicaIcs cOm-
unismasnOn-SIaIc, asnOn-vIOIc.
3
nasmucIasIOpOIOgyprOcccdsbyvayOamiIicsOparIs andaIgcbra, by
ay OcOmbinaIiOns OcIcmcnIs, IIcimpOssibiIiIyOcan aIsO bc sIaIcd
as OIIOvs. cxccssOIOpOIOgy OvcraIgcbra.
Hcrc, Oncc a scI is hxcd, yOu Iavc IvO Iypcs O muIIipIiciIy. Onc is
cincd accOrding IObcIOnging, c e E IIcOIIcr, accOrding IO incIusiOn,
E.
!ncIusiOn, iI sIOuId bc carcuIIy nOIcd, dOcs nOI undcrminc IIc scI-
hcOrcIicaI uniIy O Ianguagc. WIaI is a parI? A subscI aII OvIOsc cIc-
cnIs aIsObcIOng IO IIc hxcd iniIiaIscI. ! L E mcans by dchniIiOnIIaI
c e ! c C E. HOvcvcr, IIc virIuaIiIy OIIc parIsOvcrIOvsIIc iniIiaI
uIIipIiciIy. TIcrc is a scissiOn O vIaI 'bcing-in mcans. TIc parI, usI
lic IIc cIcmcnI, is in E. !n anOIIcrscnsc, lhcparIs cxcccd E, vIcrcas
ccIcmcnIscOmpOsciI.
O nOI IOOk any urIIcr, asar as absIracI gcncraIiIy is cOnccrncd, Or
hcgrOundOyOurcOnvicIiOnasIOIIc'micrO-rcvOIuIiOns OIIcdcsiring
dividuaI.TIcysIayinIIcirpIacc.NOindividuaIIasIIcpOvcrIOcxcccd
Z1V
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
IIc cra and iIscOnsIrainIs, cxccpIbyIIcmcdiaIiOnOIIc parIs, and, cIs
sayiI, OparIics.
! vOudrccapiIuaIcIIisasOOvs.
m.rsiti..nrmr m.nrm.ictxtoo\
uniIyoIbcing (maIIcr) uniIyoIIanguagc (scts, rcIaIion )
principIcoIdctoIaIizaIion. nciIhcr principIcoIdcIoIaIizaIion. noscI oI
univcrsc, norhistory alIscIs
- rcIIccIionabsoIuIc knowIcdgc c r(cIcmcntarybcIonging)
- asymptoIc-rcIaIivcknowIcdgc PC r(parIitivc cxccss)
Ihc coIIccIivcsarca Iorcc supcriorto thcsctoIparIsoIascIhasa
Ihc sIructuraIIramcinwhichIhc cardinaIiIy grcatcr Ihan Ihat oIIhc
individuaIsarcpIaccd iniIiaIsct
lo]olojical]oinlo] aljcbraic]oinlo] lo]olojy aljcbra
vicw vicw
bccomingoIa ccmcnIs and IamiIicsoIparIs IawsoI
proccss rcsulIsoIa (ncighbourhoods) composiIion
proccss amongcIcmcnts
cxccss posiIion
Iorcc pIacc IopoIogicaI aIgcbraic
sIrucIurcs sIrucIurcs
(spaccs) (Iaws)
WIO vi ai IO scc, in IIc diaccIic O ccmIcnIary muIipiciIics and
parIiIivc muIipiciIics, IIc pOOracgOry O vIaI ! said abOvc rcgarding
IIcscissiOnOmaIcriaisI knOvcdgc? TIcagcbraiccOmpOsiIiOnOIcrms
rccrsIOIIc rcIccIiOn, IOIIcgrOundcdcOrrcaIiOnOIIccOnccpIandIIc
rca. WIaI is knOvn is cccIivcy sO, IIc pOvcr O nOminaIiOn is cOm-
pcIc, absOuIc. !Iis urIIcrmOrc rcaIivc, asympIOIic, iOnc rccrs IOIIc
OvcrIOving parIiIivc muIipiciIicsIIaI suppOrI iI and IIaIcOnsIiIuIc an
ObsIaccIOIIc hxiIy OIIcvIOc.
4
TIcmaIIcmaIicanOIiOnOncigIbOurIOOdcsIabisIcsaIink bcIvccn IIc
ccmcnIsOa scI, vIicIisIIc basis ObcOngingOraIgcbraicmaIcriaism,
ZZ
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL l MJLlLlbM
andIIcsurrOundingadIcrcnccbyvIicIIIcccmcnIsarcOcaIabIc,basis
OrIOpOOgica maIcriaism.
LcIuspracIiscIIc cxcgcsisO IIc Our axiOms IIaIgOvcrnIIc usagc O
IIisnOIiOn.
! . AnyncigIbOurIOOd Oa pOinI cOnIains IIis pOinI.
TIisisIO say IIaI IIc scI cOsc IO yOu incudcs yOu. Hcrc vc Iavc in an
cxcmparyasIiOna principc O adIcrcncc in IOpOOgicaIIinking IIcrc
cxisIs nO ncigIbOurIOOd in cxIcriOriIy. TIis maIcriaism is an incIusivc
OpcraIiOn, vIcrcinIIc inguarisapprOacIcdaccOrdingIOIIaI OvIicI
Iisa parI.TIc ccmcnIisIIcpOinIOigIIOra scricsOcOccIivcs.TIc
individua Ias nO OIIcr namc IIan iIs muIipc adIcrcnccs. By cOnIrasI,
yOu knOv IIaI agcbra, as scparaIing maIcriaism, arrangcs IIc cxIcrna
cOnnccIiOnsOIIcsinguarOnIOIIcsinguar.
2 . AnyparIIIaIcOnIainsa ncigIbOurIOOdOa pOinIisiIsca
ncigIbOurIOOdOIIispOinI.
TIcrcinicsIIccxIcnsivcvauc OIOpOOgicaIIinking. AprOximiIyIIaI
isOOscrIIananOIIcrisnOncIIccssaprOximiIy.TIcarIIcr,vIicIcan
cmcasurcd OnIybyIIc 'ncarcr, skcIcIcsOuIamOvcmcnIOcxpansiOn
OIIc Oca. Bycvcr-IazicrapprOximaIiOns,IIcccmcnIIOucIcs Icndcn-
IiaIyupOnIIcIOIaiIy,vIicIisIIcimiIncigIbOurIOOd, IIcncigIbOur
hOOd O any pOinI IIaI Ias a ncigIbOurIOOd. TIis axiOm is IIaI O IIc
invcrIcd asympIOIc. IO scizc IIc ccmcnI rcquircs IIc mOvcmcnI O iIs
dicrcnIIOrizOns, iIimpOscsIIcIrajccIOryOdisIancing.
YOuIavc a dOubcpacc aI vOrk inIIcanaysisOa cOncrcIc siIuaIiOn.
On IIc sOid grOund O an agcbraic ramcvOrk, prinipc O IIc disIin
guisIabcandOcgacOnnccIiOns, iIisa maIIcrOIOOkingOrIIcIigIIcsI
ncigIbOurIOOd, IIc cOscsIcOccIivc, in sum, IIcOncIIaIisjusI-IO-IIc-
Ody. !nOrdcrIO dO sO, vc musI pracIisc IIccxpansiOn, acccpIIIaIIIc
lOca bc diaccIicizcdby cvcrvasIcr surrOundings.
TIisIOpOOgicaavOcxpansiOn-cOnsIrcIiOngivcsiIsacIivcmcaningIO
IccassicapairOIIc univcrsaI andIIcparIicuar.TIcrcisIruII IOIIcsc
ixcdcaIcgOrics, IIc IruII Oagcbra. TIcir rca cccIuaIiOn spins OuIIIc
OpOOgicaincusiOn OadIcrcnccs, bOIIIIc ncarcsI andIIc arIIcsI.
ZZ1
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
3. TIcinIcrsccIiOnOIvO ncgIbOurIOOdsOapOinIis a
ncigIbOurIOOdOIIis pOinI.
TIcrc yOu Iavc sOmcIIing viII vIicI IO IigIIcn IIc apprOximaIiOn,
an asympIOIic insIrumcnI. ! yOu arc parI O IvO prOccsscs, yOu arc
parI OIcircrOssing, rOm IIc pacc skcIcIcd OuIby vIaIIIcyIavc in
cOmmOn. TIc vOrking cass may bc IIc hrsI ncigIbOurIOOd-arcady
vcryvasI-Oa acIOry rcvOI. YOu vil IIus ObIain, accOrding IO axiOm
2, vidcrncigIbOurIOOds, IIcbcOngingOcassIOIIcgcncraprOccssO!
IIccOnIradicIiOnprOcIarian rcvOuiOn/impcriaism. TIcinIcrsccIiOnO
IIcsc IvO ncigIbOurIOOds is nOIIing css IIan IIc Orm OinIcrnaIiOn-
aism immancnI IO IIc Icrm 'rcvOI. Ocs iI uniy IIc !rcncI and IIc
immigranIs? Or is iI cIauvinisIic? Ocs iI ahrm, viII IIc !C!. Madc
in !rancc Ony? !I is a ncv ncigIbOurIOOd, aI IIc inIcrsccIiOn O IIc
naIiOna and IIc vOrkcrs, vIicI dcmands a spccia IOpOOgica Iaking
Osidcs.
YOu ObviOusy Iavc OIIcrscrics in IIc pOiIica IOpOOgy. TIc rcvOI,
IIOugIOIIc workcrs, cads IOa OgiciniIsjojularsurrOunding (suppOrI,
bcIaviOur O vOmcn, cIc. ) . !I is an cxpansiOn (axiOm 2) and asO an
inIcrsccIiOn. AccOrding IO vIicI principcs arc IIc cadcrs assuming IIc
vOrkcrs adIcrcncc IO IIc pcOpc? Arc IIcy vOrkcrisI, Ockcd up in
IIc !acIOry? OIIcyIavcprOpOsasOa parIyIypc, cxpiciIprincipcsO!
IIcvOrkcrsimmancnccIOIIcpOiIicsOIIcpcOpc?
YOu mayasOask. vIicIdOminanIIisIOricamcmOrysaIuraIcsIIcm?
TIisisIIcIcmpOra cxpansiOncOnsIricIiOn. OIIcy acIaccOrdingIOIIc
drcam O unc I 36? TIc ccIO O May I 6? TIc scnsc O an isOaIiOn,
Oa bcginning?
O! cOursc, IIcsc qucsIiOns arc ancIOrcd in IIc cOnsisIcncy O IIc
MarxisI agcbra, vIicI arrangcs inIO a sIrucIurc IIc ccmcnIs O cass,
IIc pcOpc, impcriaism, IIc sIrOng mOmcnIs O idcOOgica IisIOry, and
sO On.
TIc cOncrcIc anaysis O IIc siIuaIiOnIravcrscs, viIIin IIc cOnccpIua
cgaiIyOanayIicaMarxism, IIccOccIivc adIcrcnccs, IIcirincusiOns,
IIcirinIcrsccIiOns.TIcpOiIicasubjccIis]ound-nOI-inIIcscmaIcri-
aisI crOssings OIIcrcccIiOnandIIcasympIOIc.
ZZZ
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL l MJLlLlbM
4. Givcna ncigIbOurIOOdOapOinI,IIcrccxisIsa subncigIbOurIOOd
OIIispOinIsucIIIaIIIchrsIncigIbOurIOOd
(IIc'biggcr Onc) is IIcncigIbOurIOOd OcacI OIIc
pOinIsO IIc sccOnd (IIc smacr Onc) .
TIis axiOm maIIcmaIicay IransaIcs IIc asympIOIic idca accOrding IO
vIicIvIaIisncara pOinIisncarcvcryIIing IIaI is ncarIIis pOinI. TIc
caIcgOryOncigIbOurIOOddOcsjusIicc IO IIcncigIbOurs ncigIbOurs.
Oncc againiI isa qucsIiOn O IrackingdOvn IIc cOccIivcadIcrcncc,
Iccxccss O anyOcaizaIiOn OvcrIIcsinguariIyO!IIc Icrm. TIc axiOm
sIaIcs.imaIcriaismdcIcrmincsIIcapprOximaIccnvirOnmcnIOapOinI,
OncknOvsIIaIIIiscnvirOnmcnIvi asObc IIaIOscvcraOIIcrpOinIs,
O a cOccIivc O! pOinIs, vIicI IIcmscvcs cOmpOsc a (IigIIcr) cnvirOn-
cnI OIIc hrsI pOinI, vIicI iIsc, mOrcOvcr (axiOm I ) , rcsidcs amOng
Icm.
OncsccsIOvIOpOOgyisdisidcnliininnaIurc.TIaIvIicIinIOpOOgy
appicsIOaIcrm, apOinI,anindividuabyvayOIIcdcIcrminaIiOnOiIs
siIc,iIsOcaadIcrcncc,musIasOavaysIOdIrucOrOIIcrs,Ora cOcc-
Iivc, IOvIicI IIis individuabcOngs.
Any IOpOOgica prcdicaIc is pura. TIc IOpOOgica nOminaIiOn is
cOmmOn, diaccIicizingIIcprOpcrnamcsOagcbra.
!I is Ic maIcriaisI dcsIiny O! IIc subjccIIO Iavc IO subvcrI iIs prOpcr
namcinIIcapprOximaIiOnO!iIscOmmOnnamcs.
OrIOIavcIOidcnIiyiIscOmmOnnamcsinIIcagcbraicsubsumpIiOn
OIIcprOpcr.
TO rcccI upOn IIis pOinI is vIaI in maIcriaismgrOunds IIc Orcc, as
vc asIIc crrancy, OIIc 'cuI OpcrsOnaiIy, vIicIinIruII is IIc cuI
Oa namc.
HavingIO cOnsIiIuIc IIc IOpOOgy OiIs adIcrcncc is vIaI cxpOscs IIc
pOiIica subjccIIIc parIyIO IIc anxicIy O disidcnIihcaIiOn, rOm
vIicIiIis cxccpIcdbyIIcIcrrOriingrcIurn Oanagcbra OIIcnamc.
ZZ
L00Sl SI60Cy

S6C000 0dO6 0 IM6 |6dl dI6| IM6
CduS6
l0DIU3I Z, V
sycIOanaysisandMarxismin 60andaIcr-SIainisIs?-TvO
cOnccpIs OIIc rcaMasscs, casscs, SIaIc, parIy. cIainsandknOIs
TIc dOubc rcaOIIc COmmuncWcakandsIrOng cOnsisIcncy-
Rhodus, hisalla
TIc cxIrcmc Orm O IIc subccIs agcbraiciaIiOn can bc Ound in IIc
IirsI Lacan, Or cxampc. AI IIcOuIscI, subccIiviIyIasnOrcaIiOnIOIIc
rca, buI raIIcr IO a synIax vIicI is cngcndcrcd by IIc signiying mark
IIcrc (E 3/ 50) .
TIcviIIOuI-rcaIiOnIOIIcrcaisIIcsanIcdvay, subOrdinaIcdIOIIc
agOriIImicruc,OrsavingmaIcriaisminIIcmidsIOIIcarcancmysIcr-
icsOiIssubccIivcbacksIccp. !yOudcIcrmincIIcprOccsssIarIingrOm
iIs sIrucIurc, yOuObIainaI casI IIcsIrucIuramaIcriaism. YOuavOidIIc
cOnsIiIuIiOn OIIcrcabyIIcsubccI, yOusIOrI-circuiIIIcpIcnOmcnO-
OgyOIIcdaIaOcOnsciOusncss.
HOvcvcr, dOcs a synIax amOunI IO a maIIcr? TIc cra ( 5 5 ) bcgins
IO bcicvc sOviIIOuIasycIknOvingiI. Wc arc nOI sO ccrIain. Tcn ycars
aIcr, IIc synIacIica mOdc O IIinking is rcIaincd, as ar as Marxism
is cOnccrncd, in AIIusscrs argumcnI IIaI IIc cass is IIc nOnsubccI
rcsuIingrOmIIcarIicuaIiOnOIIc dicrcnIinsIanccsinIIc OvcrdcIcr-
mncdsOcaIOIaiIy.TIcrcisIIcrcOrcanundccidabiiIybcIvccn,OnIIc
Onc Iand, IIc cOmbinaIOryand iIsmainspringas ack, vIicI IIrOvsIIc
ZZ9
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL MJLlLlbM
maIcriaisI IcnsiOn back IO IIc signiying inscripIiOn, and, On IIc OIIcr,
idcainguisIcry.
Lacans cmincnIOrcc cOnsisIs inanIicipaIing (by Icn ycars) , and cvcn
inanIicipaIingupOnIIc uIurcOIisanIicipaIiOn.
Hc ncvcr cOnOunds IIc agOriIIm O IIc cIain and IIc IaI cOmbina-
IiOn OIIcIcrms, sOIIaIIisagcbraismaxima, IOIIcpOinIOcccIivcy
bcingiIsOvnbOrdcr.

WIaIinIcrcsIsLacaniscssIIcavIIanIIcicga,
cIancc-ikc principc O dcIcrminaIiOn IIaI IIc av puIs inIO cccI. Hc
IOds sIcady viII rcgard IO IIc subccI cccI, vIcn a IIc OIIcrs vi
undcrsIand IIaI iI musI bc rccgaIcd IO IIc muscum O dying IumanisI
idcOOgy.
WIcn, arOund I 60, IIc CIincsc cOmmunisIs sIarIcd IIc idcOOgica
crisisviIIIIcSSR,IIcysubccIcdIIcmscvcsIO IIrccprincipcs.
TO rcsIOrcIIc scicnIihcandcOnccpIuarigOur OMarxism-Lcninism,
in vIicI scnsc IIcy vcrc agcbraic, againsI IIc band IOpOOgy O
pcaccucOcxisIcncc, inIcrpcncIraIiOn, rcaismviIIOuIbOrdcrs,and
gOuasIcOmmunism.
- TO mainIain IIaI IIc rcvOuIiOnary IIcmc rcmaincd acIivc ( Icncc,
agOriIImic,andnOIasIabccOmbinaIiOn) inIIchgurcOIIcvarsO
naIiOna ibcraIiOn. !n IIis scnsc, IIcy pusIcd IIc agcbra O vOrd-
vidccOnIradicIiOnsIOiIsIOpOOgicabOrdcr, undcrIIcsignOapOinI
OcOndcnsaIiOn ( Oa imiI-pOinI) OaIIcacIOrspuIinIOpay.
- NcvcrIOgivcup OnIIcprOcIariaIasunivcrsapOiIicasubccI.
COnscqucnIy, IIcymanicsIcdIIc currcnIOMrxisI scicnIihciIy-IIc
vOrdvidc mOvcmcnI O LcninisI OrIIOdOxy againsI IIc rcvisiOnisIs O
IIc rcmin-bcyOnd iIsc, a IIc vay IO iIs rcvcrsiOn in IIc CuIura
RcvOuIiOn. usI as Lacan, undcr IIc banncr O IIc rcIurn IO !rcud and
againsI IIc Amcrican cmpiricisIs, subvcrIcd bOIIIIc cOmmOnIIcmcO
anIiIumanism and IIc dcsubccIiviaIiOn advOcaIcd by IIc sIrucIura-
isIs, aIIc vay IOiIsrcvcrsainIOa IIcOry OanaysisinvIicIiI isIOiIs
caIIaI IIcsubccI cxpOscs iIscin IIc anguisIing risk OOsingbOIIiIs
imagc andiIs avin IIcprOccss.
EvcnmOrc vas aIrisk, IObc surc, inIIc CuIuraRcvOuIiOn.
AndycI, sOmcIIingisIinIcd aIby IIc minOracIIIaI IIc suicidc Oa
cv inIcccIuas is invOkcdas an argumcnI againsIbOII Lacan and MaO.
SOmcdayiI vi bc IIccasIOIIings IO abcLacananOIIcrSIain.WiII
IIings as IIcy sIand IOday, a SIainisI is vIOcvcr sccks, On sOmc maOr
pOinI OdOcIrinc OrcIIics, nOI IOgivc in.
ZZb
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
Hovcvcr, IIaI nciIIcr Lacan nor Mao arc SIaIinisIs is somcIIing you
knov, orIIcsccond,romIIcacIIIaIIcvasIIcBuddIaocommunisI
disordcr(IIcoIIcrbcingIIcsociaIisIcommandcrospcciaIcavymcIas)
and,orIIcIrsI,romIIcoIIovingIcxI, amongoIIcrs,invIicIIIcagc-
braicmcIaI mcnIioncdabovc, rcIurncdIo iIsagoriIIm, comcsIo mcIin
IIcurnaccoIIc IopoogisI.
You knov Iov, by mcans o axioms, !cano arIicuaIcsiI IIc scrics o
numbcrs . !I is IIc uncIion o IIc succcssor, o IIc n , IIaI Ic puIs
inIo rcIic as sIrucIuring IIc vIoc numbcr-vIicI ncvcrIIccss prc-
supposcs aIIIcouIscIa numbcr IIaIvoudnoIbcIIc succcssor oany
oIIcr, vIicI Ic dcsignaIcs asIIc zcro. AII IIaI IIcsc axioms producc,
in conormiIy viII IIc rcquircmcnIs o ariIImcIics, viII IIcrcorc bc
IomoogousIo IIcscricsovIocnumbcrs.
TIc knoI is somcIIing csc. Hcrc, indccd, IIc uncIion o IIc pus-
onc is spccihcd as sucI. OmiI IIc pIus-onc, and IIcrc no Iongcr is a
scrics-simpIy rom IIc sccIion o IIis onc-among-oIIcrs, IIc oIIcrs
arc IibcraIcd, cacIas onc. TIis couIdbc a vay, uymaIcriaI, Io makc
you graspIIaI Onc isnoIa numbcr, cvcnIIougIIIc scricsonumbcrs
ismadcup o oncs.
!ImusIbcadmiIIcdIIaIi nIIisscricsonumbcrsIIcrcissucIconsisI
cncyIIaIoncisIardpuInoIIoIakciIorbcingconsIiIuIivcoIIcrcaI.
AnyapproacIoIIcrcaIisorusvovcnouIonumbcr.BuIvIcrcrom
sIcms IIis consisIcncy IIaI Iics in numbcr? !I is noI naIuraI aI aII, and
IIisisprcciscIyvIaIbringsmcIoapproacIIIccaIcgoryoIIcrcaIinas-
mucIasiIisIicdIoIIaIIovIicI! amasoincincdIogivcconsisIcncy,
IIcimaginary and IIcsymboicaI.
!! hndsomcscrviccinIIcknoI,iIisbccauscinIIcscIIrccsomc/hins
vIicI ! originaIizc as IIc symboic, IIc imaginary, and IIc rca, iI is a
qucsIion o IIc samc consisIcncy. !I is on IIis accounI IIaI ! producc
IIc Borromcan knoI, and IIis, viII an cyc on doing jusIicc Io my
pracIicc.
ToisoIaIcconsisIcncyassucIissomcIIingIIaIIasncvcrbccndonc.
Mc,! isoaIciI,andbyvayoiIIusIraIion !givcyou-IIc cord.
HcrcIIcIopoogicaIinIcrvcnIionisspccihcd. !I ismadcrom IIc Onc,
asvasIobccxpccIcd.
TIc MaIIarmcan sidcoIIc rcapcrIainsIo IIcvanisIingobccI, causc
odcsirc-or o IIc IcxI-Icrc IIc zcro,romvIicIiIoIovsIIaIIIcrc
issucccssion.

MJLlLlbJ LVLbL MJLlLlbM

AsLacansayscxpiciIIy, 'IIcknoIs somcIIng cIsc. LcIus IransaIc.
IopoIogyisnoIIIcsamcasagcbra.
AbouI IIc Borromcan knoI, vc nccd noI knov morc Icrc IIan iIs
ccmcnIary propcrIy. IinkingIIrcccIoscdIoops in sucIa vayIIaIcacI is
Icd Io IIc oIIcrIvo, iI is noncIIcIcss sucI IIaI IIc cuI oany onc Ioop
undocsaII IIcinks and dispcrscsIIc vIoIc.
!, orcxampc, you IavcIIcoIoving
yousccIIaIIoop2 consIiIuIcsIIc Onc o IIc cIain. !Iisa cIainprccscy
insoar as onIy IIc cuI o IIc inIcrmcdiary Icrm 2 (IIc vcakcsI Iink)
dispcrscsIIcvIoIc. !youcuI3, IIcrc rcmainsIIcIinko1 and2, andi
you cuI I, IIcn2 and3 rcmainIinkcd.
ByconIrasI,iyouIavcciIIcroncoIIcoIIoving (IIcyarcIIcsamc ) ,
IIc cuIo anyo IIc IIrcc undocsIIc vIoIc.
TIc Onc o IIc Borromcan knoI is IIaI o a consisIcncy IIaI accIs
IIc vIoIc, iI isa Onc oadIcrcncc, IIc coccIivc propcrIy oIIc Icrms,
vIcrcas IIc Onc o IIc cIain prcscribcs IIc pIaccs o IIc connccIion,
vIicIIavca scparaIinguncIion.
WIaI s iI IIaImakcs IIc knoI inIo 'somcIIing csc? !I isbccausc IIc
Onc docsnoIIavcIIcsamc assignaIion IIcrcinasin IIc aIgcbraicordcr.
Ic Onc o numbcrs is susIaincd by IIc zcro in ordcr Io rcpcaI iIscI by
a diIion. TIc Onc oIIc knoIIoIdsIogcIIcrIIcIcrms oIIcscrics.
!nonccasc aIgoriIImicprincipIco IIciIcraIiono IIc Samc, ordcrcd
agcbra osucccssion. !nIIcoIIcr.IopoogicaIprincipIcoparIiIivc coIc
sion, oknoIIcdinIcrdcpcndcncc.
Wc mus//hcrc]orc advancc/ha/inLacan /hcrcarc, adcqua/c/o/hcdivision o]

1HLY l JHL bUbdLL1

lhc0nc,lwoconccjlso]lhcrcallhcrcalo]lhcvanishin, whichis inajosiliono]
causc]orlhcalcbrao]lhcsub)ccl,andlhcrcalo]lhcknol, which is in ajosilion
o]consislcnq]orilslojoloy.
!rOm IIc rca as causc IO IIc rca as cOnsisIcncy Onc can rcad a Iracc-
IOryOinIcgramaIcriaism. OnccIIcnumcricasucccssiOniscngcndcrcd
in IIc chcacy O IIc vanisIing Icrm, vc musI sIi knOv vIaI iI is IIaI
makcsaIIcscnumbcrs IOdIOgcIIcr.
Oncc iI is undcrsIOOd IIaI Onc succccds IIc OIIcr, in IIc causaiIy
markcdbyIIc zcrO, andIIaIIIcyabclonIOIIcdOmainOnumbcr,vc
musI knOv vIicI isIIc OncOnumbcrs, IIcgcncraadhcrcnccin vIicI
IIc succcssiOncOnsisIs.
TIc agcbraic inkagc O aIOms O IIc dcnumcrabc cannOI in and O
iIscgrOundIIccOnIinuiIyOIIcircOmmOnmainIcnancc.
TIcrc is IIc cIainandIIcnIIcrc is IIcknOI.
TIus, in IIc spacc O IIc IIcOry O IIc subjccI Lacan riscs up IO IIc
cIacngcOIIcsuprcmcprObcmOmaIcriaism, vIicIiscOrrccIyIOIic
IOgcIIcriIsOvn divisiOnaccOrdingIOagcbraandaccOrdingIOIOpOOgy.
TIc 'rca, Or Iaving IO suppOrI undcr a singc namc IIc acI Obcing
bOIIIIccauscasObccIandcOnsisIcncyasIIirdIcrm, cOmcsIOIIcpacc
IIaIsinccavaysisprcscribcdIOiI.IOcnsurcviIIrcgardIOanydiaccIica
prOccssIIaIIIcrc is IIcOncOIIc IvO, vIicIIIcrcOrc makcsIIrcc.
TIcdcsIrucIivccOunIcrprOOisccarcnOugI.!IIcrcaascauscais,i
IIcackcOmcsIOack,yOuIavcIIcanxicIyOIIcIOOmucIOIIcrca,
vIicI nO Ongcr makcs scnsc, i IIc rca as cOnsisIcncy ais, i IIc
BOrrOmcanknOIiscuI,yOuIavcIIcdispcrsiOnOIIcIOOiIIcOIIcrca,
vIicI unmOOrs IIc av, IcnccOrII IcrrOrizing, and IIc imaginary,
inaIcdIOIIcpOinI OIIc dcirium Ounivcrsa simiiIudc.
Scc 'IIc masscsvIicI,OrIIcMarxisIsIIaIvc aarc, ! IOpc, arcIIc
IisIOricanamc O IIc rca. ! Iavc arcady Iad IIc cIancc IO say IIaI by
'masscs vc ncvcrundcrsIanda subsIancc. WIaIIIcn?TIaIvIicIa Iis-
IOricacuIcOmcs upagainsIin ancncOunIcr.

!n gcncra, IIc masscsarcnciIIcrIIOugII nOr IIinkabc. TIc 'IIcrcis

OIIcmasscs is IIcvanisIing mOdcOIIcIisIOrica rca, vIicI canbc
pcrccivcd by IIcacIIIaIIIcrcis sOmc dcccI, sOmc cIink, in IIcsIaIcs
armOur-vIaIiscacd,viIILcnin,a rcvOuIiOnarysiIuaIiOn .
HOvcvcr,vcmusIasOrccOgnizcIIaIIIcmasscsarcIIcsOcprincipcO
pOiIicacOnsisIcncy. TIc SIaIc, asIIc cOnccnIraIcdguaranIccOancsIab-
isIcdpOiIicaagcbra,andIIc casscs, asIIcpOinIOassignaIiOnOsOcia
idcnIihcaIiOnandassucIimaginary (IIcpOinI OvicvOcass in iIs sIaIc
ZZb
MJLlLlb1 LVLbL MJLlLl bM
Orm, IIcinIcigibc Orm OIIc sOcia cgO) . aIIis IOds IOgcIIcr Ony
viIIinIIcmassivcrcguaIiOnOgcncrapubicacIiviIy.TIc SIaIcis unabc
IO guaranIcc iIsc rOm anyIIing OIIcr IIan IIc cOnscnI O IIc masscs,
vIcIIcrsnaIcIcdupOrpcaccu.AsOrIIccasscsasprincipcOdisIribu-
IiOn, asimaginarydisuncIiOn, IIcirimmcdiaIcsubccImaIIcris massivc.
TIc masscs arc IIcrcOrc IIc rca IO vIicI arc Iicd bOII IIc SIaIc
nd IIc casscs, IIcy arc IIc guaranIcc OcOnsisIcncyvIicI, i undOnc,
rcsIOrcs IIc SIaIc IO IIc dcad and cOscd bcing O iIs apparaIus, and IIc
casscs, IOIIcIisIOricaimaginary.
MaIcriaism indccd ahrms IIaI 'IIc masscs makc IisIOry, iI says sO
ccOrding IO IIc agcbra-as vanisIing rcvOuIiOnary causcand/Or
ccOrding IO IIc IOpOOgy-as gcncra cOnsisIcncy OIIc pOiIica pacc.
OrrOmcanknOIOIIc SIaIc, IIc casscs, and IIc masscsIIcmscvcs.
AsOrIIcpOiIicasubccI,iI isvIaIIics IIcknOImadcup OIIc SIaIc,
IIc casscs, and IIc masscs, in IIc hgurc inscribcd in IIc parIy, vIicI
dravs iIs OccasiOnrOm IIc rcvOuIiOnary rca, iIs duraIiOn rOm IIc ink
OIIc masscs, andiIsaimrOm IIc SIaIc.
WIaI rcmains IO bc sccn is IOv IIis inkagc, IIis inking, Iakcs iIs
rdcrrOm IIcsubccIivccOnsisIcncy dcIaincdby IIcarIicuaIiOn, in IIc
asscs, OIIc pOinI OvicvOcass upOn IIc SIaIc.
!OrpOiIicsis OnyIIc subccIcccIOIIisarIicuaIiOn.
TIus, IIcrc ccrIainy is a divisiOn O IIc cOnccpI O IIc rca (O IIc
asscs) .
TO scizc IIcmOmcnIisvIaI dchncs IIc agcbraic IacnI OIIc rcvOu-
IOnary. !I is a maIIcr OnOI missing IIc signihcr OIIaIvIicIvanisIcs
as rca

BuI IO IOd up IIc principc O cOnsisIcncy is vIaI dchncs IIc

OpOOgica gcnius O IIc cOmmunisI. !I is a maIIcr Obraiding IIc cOrd
yvIicIIIc SIaIccancOmc unIicd, insOaras IIc knOI IIaI IicsiI IOIIc
cass (IIcdicIaIOrsIipOIIcprOcIariaI)is,byIIcmcdiaIiOnOIIcmasscs,
OrrOmcan.
WIcnMaOsays.GcIyOurscmixcdupinIIcaairsOIIcSIaIc,and
vIcn Ic auncIcsIIc CuIuraRcvOuIiOn, Ic makcsIimscinIO a cOrd
vcavcr, cvcniIIcparIy-IIcsubccIcccIgraspcdiniIscauscandiniIs
cOnsisIcncymusIsucrdcaryinIIcprOccss.
cIussayIIaIbcingbOIIandaIIIc samcIimcrcvOuIiOnaryandcOm
unisI, IIis subccI in IIc IIrOcs OIIc rca isccipscd in IIc aIcrnaIcd
g cOIIcmOnumcnIa SIaIcand IIccass dcivcrcd upIOriOIing.
O cOnsisI in Oncs causc is nOI casy. SOmc, in IIc parIy, vi avays
pccrIIc bcnchIsOIIc SIaIc.
ZZV
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
TIcscprccrcnccs,vIcIundivdcIIcrcaorIIcbcncIiIoIIcagcbra,
arc vIaI dchnc IIc appcarancc oa spcciaIisIorica cnIiIy, IIcanIicom
munisIusionoIIcSIaIcandIIc masscs, undcraprocIariancassnamc
IIaI is Icncc!orII absouIcyimaginary.TIiscnIiIyIas a namc. IIc ncv
bourgcosic,bornromviIIinIIcparIyiIsc.
To bc onc o IIc ncv bourgcoisic, iI suhccs Io givc up in poiIics on
oncscommunisIdcsirc. WIicIis, by!ar, IIccasicsIIIingIo do.
ndcrIIcsccondiIions,IIcSIaIcaoncpromiscsaconsisIcncyovIicI
vcsayvcryiIIcivcsayIIaIIisIIcconsisIcncyoIIoscsoupsinvIicI
IIc adc rcmains sIanding.
TIc causcisosI. TIcossisosI.

2
To IIink IIconcoIIcIvo vIIouI aconnccIionIIaI voud bccxIcrna.
IIisccaryrcquircsancorIinIopoogy.
Topoogy is IIis poinI o maIcriaism vIcrc IIc diaccIic supporIs Is
dvision. 'On IIcbass j+ . . ] orings o sIrng, a vcdging [coinac] occurs,
sincc iI is IIc crossing o Ivo conIinuiIics IIaI sIops a IIird conIinuiIy.
ocsnIiIsccmIIaIIIsvcdgingcoudconsIiIuIcIIciniIiapIcnomcnon
oa Iopoogy? (S XX, I ! / I 3 I2) .
Wcdging, cossing:vc IavcsccnIIcscIcrms, vIicIarcconsIIuIivc o!
maIcriaismin IIc proccso knovcdgc.TIcrca, inaddIionIoiIsidcn-
IIyasa missng causa obccI, comcsIo IIc suracc in consisIcncy asIIc
sIoppcd crossng oIvoproccsscs.
TIissIovsIIc cxIcnIIovIicIIIc rcaisIIc uniIyoIIcagcbraicand
IIcIopoogica, uniIyoIIccauscandIIcconsisIcncy.
!I isobccI, buInolonly.
!nvIaI scnscdo vc sayIIaIIIc!ars Communcis rca? CcrIainynoI
in IIaIiI IasIakcn pacc, vIcI ismcrcyIIc indcx o iIs rcaiIy.
!I is rca, IrsI o a, in IIaI iI brcaks viII IIc ramcvork o! IIc SIaIc,
andcvcnmorcsoviIIIIcMarxisIIIcoryoIIcSIaIc.!IisbypuIIinginIo
cccI a poinI o IIc impossbc in IIis IIcory IIaI iI rcvcas Is sIaIus as
rca,soIIaIMarx,vIoogicaydisapprovcsoIIcIriggcringoIIcnsur
rccIion, canonycncounlcriniIIIcvanisIing!arisianmasscs.WIcnccIIc
obigaIon, Io vIicI Ic cmains aiIIu, o bcing vIoy on IIc sidc o!
IIaIovIicI Ic disapprovcsin IIcory, soasIo hndIIcncv and rcIroac
Iivc conccpI o! Iis pracIica approva.
Z
M1LlLlbJ LVLbL l M1LlLlbM
!Iisrca,inIIcsccondpacc, inIIaIIIcCommunccnIcrsinIoIIccon
sisIcncy o any proongcdprocIarianpoiIics, Io IIc poinI vIcrc !cnin
is brougII Io dancc n IIc snov vIcn IIc povcr IIaI rcsuIcd rom IIc
OcIobcrRcvouIion supasscs IIc duraIion o IIc poor !arsan SIaIc o
87 . To IIc ponI aso vIcrc IIc vorkcrs insurrccIion in SIangIai in
67 dccarcs IIc !ounding o! a Communc, and IIaI morcovcr, as cary
as 66, in IIc socmn dccaraIion IIaI Irics Io organic IIc CuIura
cvouIion, IIcMaoisIcadcrsa!hrm:'!IisncccssaryIoinsIIuIca sysIcm
gcncra cccIons, kc IIaIoIIc !aris Communc.
Wc IIus pass !rom IIc agcbrac puncIuaiIy, by vIicI a maIcraisI
domain opcns Isc!upIoknovcdgc,IoIIcIopoogicaadIcrcncc,vIicI
aIuraIcsIIc rccurrcncc o conIicI vII mcmory and ncigIbourIoods.
!or us a, IIc Communc is IIc rcIccIon o IIc rcvouIionary brcak
IiuminaIcs, vIic vc sIandin anasympIoIicrapporIIo iIscommunisI
vocaIion.
!I consisIs, or Iaving disappcarcd. TIis samc objccI vII iIs vanisIcd
rccision, vIicI is commcmoraIcd in IIc !rc LacIaisc ccmcIcry, isco
rcscnI, asncxIausIbcconccpI, ncarcsI Io ouracIion.
!IsIIc vcdgingoIIsdoubcmodc o!bcng IIaImakcs upIIcmaIc-
iasI rcao!IIc Communc.
TIisobviousyrcquircsIIccurrcnIpoiIicasubjccI.IIaIoIIcCuIura
cvouIion,IIaIoIIcMaoisIs.
3
ocs !acan pusI IIcdiaccIico IIcrcaIIisar?
HcrcvcarcnIIcviciniIyo!acgiIimaIcandnamcabcdivcrgcncc.WIy?
ccausc IIc !acanian conccpI o consisIcncy is Ioo rcsIrcIivc. By !aiing
I opposc and conjoin cxpiciIy IIc agcbra and IIc Iopoogy, Ic cxposcs
msc!IoIIcrsko!IInkingoconsisIcncyonyasanaIIribuIcoagcbra.
LikcIIoscvIoinpoiIicsvoudsccin IIc masscs, onccpasIIIcrcvoI
IaIisIIc causaIyo!ack, onyan aIIribuIc o! IIc cass SIaIc.
!orIisovnnccds, !acandocsnoIIavcIopusI IIcissucbcyondIIaI
IicI, aIIIc cvc o !ormaiaIion, cIs Isc! bc rccognicd as consisIcnI
omogcnciIyo!IIc symboic
TIc naIurc o IIc maIIcmaIica anguagc, oncc iI is su!hcicnIy iso-
atcd in Icrms o iIs rcquircmcnIs o purc dcmonsIraIion, s sucI IIaI
Z1
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
cvcryIIingIIaIis puIOrvardIIcrc-nOIsO mucIinIIc spOkcn cOm
mcnIaryas in IIc vcryIandIing O IcIIcrs-assumcs IIaI i Onc OIIc
IcIIcrs dOcsnI sIand up, aII IIc OIIcrs, duc IO IIcir arrangcmcnI, nOI
OnIycOnsIiIuIcnOIIingOanyvaIidiIybuIdispcrsc. !Iisin IIis rcspccI
IIaI IIc BOrrOmcan knOI is IIc bcsI mcIapIOr O IIc acI IIaI vc
prOcccd OnIyOn IIcbasisOIIc Onc. (S , I ! 6/ ! 28)
WIO aiIsI OsccIIaIcOnsisIcncy, i niIs BOrrOmcanhgurc, i s Icrc dan
gcrOusIycIOscIObcingasimpIcprincipIc OcxisIcnIiaIinIcrdcpcndcncc?
TIisisnOIbyaccidcnI.EngcIs-andSIaIin-madcIIisprincipIc, crrOnc-
OusIy, inIOIIckcyOdiaIccIicaI maIcriaIism.
TIc uniIaIcraI rccrcncc IO IIc Onc, viIIOuI IIc scissiOn vIicI cvcn
in HcgcI OppOscs IIc Oncs IO IIc Onc Onc, makcs vIaI is prOpcr IO IIc
IOpOIOgy disappcar, IIaI is, iIs rOOIcdncss in incIusiOn, IIc parIiIivc, IIc
ncigIbOurIOOd,IIcmuIIipIc.
TO say IIaI i IIc Onc isIacking, cvcryIIing dispcrscs, cOmcs dOvn IO
dcrivinconsislcnq]romlhccausc.
vcnIurc IIaI IIc primacy OaIgcbra Ias IIc cccIOrcducingIIchcId
OIOpOIOgyIOIIcsOIccOnsisIcncyOIIcaIgcbraicIOcaIiOn.
As did Or dicrcncc, Icrc ! pOsiI IIaI IIcrc arc IvO cOnccpIs O
cOnsisIcncy.
Wcak cOnsisIcncy is rcsOIvcd in sIrucIuraI cOIcsiOn. Ilmakcs a knolo]
whalis onlyachain.
AII Lacans Iracking O IIc rcaI is subOrdinaIc IO IIc sIudy O sIrings,
scricsOknOIs, BOrrOmcan cIains.
SIrOng cOnsisIcncy OvcrdcIcrmincs IIc aIgcbra, as cOnsisIcncy O
ncigIbOurIOOds.TIOugIancIOrcdinIIccausc,IIcObccI,IIcsIrucIurc,
iI namcs IIc principIc OIIc rcaI in IIc cOIIccIivc cxccss and IIc adIcr-
cncc, IcIIing iIscI bc summcd up nciIIcr in IIc Iack O a Icrm nOr in
bcIOnging.
TIc cOnsisIcncyOinIcrdcpcndcncc is IIc cIcmcnIary Orm, barcIy scI
aparIrOmIIc aIgcbra, OIIaI vIicI musIbc pusIcd aII IIc vay IO IIc
pOinI OcOnIicIuaI cOnsisIcncy, IcIcrOgcncOus cOnsisIcncy, IIc cOnsisI-
cncyIIaIis indcpcndcnIOaIIinIcrdcpcndcncc.
YOuknOvIIaIIIisrcquircsIIc cOnccpIOOrcc.
LcI us say IIaI IIc Lacanian rcIaIiOn O IIc causc IO IIc cOnsisIcncy,
vIicI makcs up IIc vIOIc dividcdnamc OIIc rcaI, vanIs IO rcmain in
iIs pIacc.
TIcIruII is IIaI dcsIrucIiOn isrcquircd,aIIIc IcarIOmaIcriaIism, in
ZZ
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL MJLlLlbM
OrdcrIO grOund in iI IIc rcaI uniIy O IIc IOgic O ncigIbOurIOOds and
IIaIOIack.
AsOrIIcsubccI, iI hnds in IIis uniIy IIaI vIicI in Lacan is Ony IIc
ccIipscOiIs inscripIiOn. IIcvIcrcviIIaIIOcarryOuIIIc cxccss OvcrIIc
lav, viIIOuInccdingIO surpassmaIcriaIism.
!OriIis maIcriaIism, divisibIcuniIyOaIgcbraandIOpOIOgy,IIaI undcr
IcprimacyOIIcsccOndsucIasiIisinduccdbyasubccIivizaIiOn, cnIcrs
nan cxccssOvcriIscI.
TIc IvO paIIs arc cIcar, aIcr aII. EiIIcr IIc maIcriaI IOcus OIIc sub-
ccIivc is madc up O an aIgcbraicizaIiOn O IIc IOpOIOgicaI (BOrrOmcan
cIains, cOnsisIcncyOinIcrdcpcndcncc) OriIis madc up Oa IOpOIOgiza-
tiOn OIIcaIgcbraic ( maIriccsOdcsIrucIiOn, cOnIcIuaIcOnsisIcncy) .
HicRhodus,hicsalla.
Z
b0 | | IIl 6 00I0l 0y
M3ICR , V
HcidcggcrTIc guaranIccing OcOmmunismbyIIc sOciaIisI SIaIc
is nOIvOrIImOrcIIanIIaIOcOnsisIcncybyIIc causc-TIcIIrcc
cOnsisIcncicsOIIcvOrking cIass-Bcingis saidinIIrccvays
TIcnOIiOnIIaIbcingissaidaccOrdingIOIIccauscandaccOrdingIOcOn
sisIcncyisacIuaIIyIIc OIdcsIIIcmcOpIiIOsOpIy.
As sucI, pIiIOsOpIy IOucIcs upOn IIc rcaI, andupOn maIcriaIism, by
IIcindirccIandurgcnIrccOgniIiOnOIIcpairaIgcbra/IOpOIOgy,nOmaIIcr
vIaIspccuIaIivccIOIIingiIcOmcs in.
! dO nOIapprOvc, rankIy spcaking, O IIc disdain viII vIicI !acans
sccIariansrcgardpIiIOsOpIy,vIicIIIcyinscribcunivOcaIIyinIIc rcgis-
IcrOIIc imaginary.
TIcy bOasI abOuI bcing daring anIipIiIOsOpIcrs. ! raIIcr scc IIcm
prOIccI IIc aIgcbraicindivisibiIiIyOIIc ObccI. Bcsidcs, Icrc IIcy arc aI
a IOss as sOOn as IIc OnIOIOgicaI Iracking pursuiI O IIc masIcr, cdging
On siIcncc andindicrcnIIO IIc subIIc and vain gamcs O mcIapIOr and
mcIOnymy, vanIs OnIyIO kccp On vcavingnO OIis Ovn crrancy
IIc rcaIcOrdOdcsIiny.
COnsisIcncy suppOrIs IIc qucsIiOn. vIaI abOuI IIc bcing O vIaI is?
CausaIiIy, IIc prObIcm O IIc suprcmcbcing, byvIicI IIc vOrId is IIc
OrmOvIaIis.
OnIOIOgicaIqucsIiOn,IIcOIOgicaI qucsIiOn.
Z9
M1LlLlbJ LVLbL M1LlLlbM
Hcidcggcr inIcnds IO dc cOnsIrucI mcIapIysics, prcviOusIy dchncd as
IIc cOnccaImcnI O IIc hrsI qucsIiOn by IIc sccOnd. ! say IIaI Ic sccks
IO dissipaIc IIc aIgcbraicprccisiOnO GOd, IOcaIizaIiOn OsimpIcbcIOng-
ing,pIaccdbcingrOmvIicIaIIbcingsIakcIIcirpIacc. !Iisa qucsIiOnO
Opcningup OnIO IIcIOpOIOgicaIunIimiIaIiOnObcing, OrvIicIiIisnOI
Or nOIIing IIaI Hcidcggcr cvOkcs ad nauscam IIc diaIccIic O IIc ncar
ndIIcar.
Hcidcggcr vOuId Iikc IO put an cnd IO IIc pIiOsOpIicaI idca O a
uaran/cco]consis/cnqby/hccausc.
YOuviIIbc abIc IO sIcd sOmc IigII On IIis pOinI iyOuknOv IIaIvIaI
vc cOnIcmpOrary MarxisIs vanI IO puI an cnd IO is IIc IIcmc Oauar-
an/cco]communismby/hcsocialt/S/a/c.
TIc SIaIc, as causaI rcsuII O IIc vanisIing O IIc masscs, csIabIisIcs
IIc aIgcbraicdispOsiIiOn OpOIiIics. Wc dccIarc IIaI, sOciaIisI Or nOI, and
IIOugIinvariabIynccdcdOrIIcinIcIIigibiIiIyOacIiOn,IIc SIaIcguaran-
IccsnOIIingviIIrcgard IOIIcsubccIivc cccIuaIiOn OcOmmunism.
!nOrdcrIObcIicvcIIc cOnIrary, OncmusIimagincIIissOciaIisISIaIcas
ancxccpIiOn-assIaIc OIIc cxccpIiOn, capabIcby iIscIOan aIgOriIIm
OriIsOvnviIIcringavay, vIcrcasLcninaIrcadykncvIIaIanymOdcrn
IaIc, incIuding IIc sOciaIisI Onc, is inIrinsicaIIy bOurgcOis and Icncc
pcrIains, viII rcgard IO IIc cOmmunisI IOpOIOgy, IO IIc caIcgOry O IIc
IrucIurcandIIcObsIacIc.
TIissIaIusOIIccxccpIiOncanbcdccipIcrcdinpIiIOsOpIyamOngIIc
cruciaI OpcraIOrsIIaIaIIOv OncIOcrusI cOnsisIcncy undcr IIc causc, Or
cing undcr GOd. Scc ArisIOIIc. aII naIurc Iics in mOvcmcnI, sucI is IIc
lav OIIc vOrId. TIc suprcmc mOvcr, vIO is bcing jarcxccllcncc, is ccr-
ainIyIIcObccI-causcOmOvcmcnIingcncraI,buIiIiscxccpIcdrOmiI,
cingiIscIimmObiIc.
TIcsOciaIisISIaIc,suppOscdcauscOcOmmunism,iscxacIIyIIisimmO-
iIcmOvcr.
TIcrcisnO mOrcimpcriOusdcmandIIanIOkccpIIc disIanccbcIvccn
causc andcOnsisIcncyas IIcdiaIccIicaIdivisiOnOIIc cccIs-O-IIc-rcaI.
IaIisIIcrcbyaIsIakcisIIcsubccI.
! a pIiIOsOpIyIas nOOIIcrdchniIiOn IIanIO prOvidcOrIIc cIOsing
p O IIis disIancc IIrOugI iIs immObiIc mOvcrs, iIs IransccndcnIaI sub
ccIs, iIsncgaIiOnsOIIc ncgaIiOn,iIsbcings-IIaIarc-nOIvIaI-IIcy-arc,
hcniI is IrucIIaIvc cannOIbcpIiIOsOpIcrs.
LcI ussayIIaIpIiIOsOpIyIicsOn IIissidc OIIcarIiIiccsviIIvIicIiI
aItcmpIsIO cnsurciIsgripOn IIc ncigIbOurIOOdsand IIc adIcrcnccsby
Zb
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
IIcsOIidiIyOIIcObjccI and IIc rcguIaIcd chcacy OIIccausaIiIyOIack.
!I is nciIIcriIsvirIucnOriIs csscnccIOvanIIOgrOundIIcuniIyObcing
in IIc Onc OIIc ObccI. Evcn in IIc mOsI subIIc O IIccOnccpIsOrgcd
Or IIc sakc OIIis cOnsOIing misIakc, vc can aIvays rcad IIc IabOriOus
rccOgniIiOn O IIc acI IIaI IIc rca, nOminaIIy spIiI, prOpOscs bOII IIc
ObccI-causc andIIc prOccss-cOnsisIcncy, andIIaI, OrIIcsubjccI Oany
knOvIcdgcvIaIsOcvcrIOaccupIOIIis,vIaIisnccdcdisIIccxpIOraIiOn
OacOnIIicIuaIcOmpaIibiIiIybcIvccnIIccIcmcnIaryncIvOrksOaIgcbra
andIIc inIricaIc parIiIiOnsOIOpOIOgy.
2
TO IIink IIc vOrking cIass.
!irsI, IIcaIgcbra.AvOrkcrisvIOcvcrscIIsIisOrIcrIabOurOrccIObc
incIudcdin a prOducIiOnprOccsscOnIrOIIcd by capiIaI. !cgiIimaIcIy, Onc
viIIannOunccIIaIIIc cIassisdchncdbyiIsjlaccinIIcmOdcOprOduc
IiOn. TIisis IIc inaIIibIc signOIIc rcIccIiOn, OIIc aIgcbraicizaIiOn. !n
addiIiOn, IIisis anObIigaIOrypassagcvay.
!s IIcrc cOnsisIcncyaI IIis sIagc? Ycs, i Onc rcIains IIc vcak cOnsisI-
cncy, IIaI O IIc aIgcbraicIOcaIiOn. !I is anObjccIivccOnsisIcncy, rcduc-
ibIc IO asimiIariIyObcIOnging, IO a Iav OIIc Samc. TIc nOun'vOrkcr
dcsignaIcsIIis.
OIIcsc vOrkcrsOrm a cIass? Ycs, IIc sOciOIOgisI viII bc pIcascd IO
hnd IIc spcciaI aIIribuIcs, IIc simiIariIics in cIOIIing, aIIiIudcs, IasIcs,
vOIing IabiIs, and sO On. TIc sOciOIOgisI, in Iis bOOkkccpcrs invcnIOry,
dOcs nOI Iavc IO knOv abOuI IIc cxcIusivcIy dicrcnIiaI naIurc O IIcsc
simiIariIics. !I is cIcar IIaIIIcy rcguIaIc IIcsamcbyvayOIIcOIIcr, by
vay O IIc bOurgcOis, IIc prOcssOr, IIc armcr. TIc cOnsisIcnI inIcriOr
iIy is missing. TIaI vIicI Iinks IIc vOrkcrs as cIass ObviOusIy cannOI bc
summcdupbyIIccccIsOIIcirpOsiIiOn. 'TIcyprccr1hclucDanubcIO
Wagncr? AsarcsuII,! cOnsidcrIIcmOnIyasObccI]orano/hcrob)cc/-c
Onc vIO IikcsWagncr, IIc pcIiIbOurgcOis; ! dOnOI cxcccdIIc aIgcbra.
RigOrOusIy spcaking, Onc sIOuId sayIIaI Icrc cOnsisIcncy isincOnsisI-
cnI. Or IIc sIrucIurc O bcIOnging O IIc vOrkcrs IO IIc IabOur markcI
puIsIIcmincOmpcIiIiOnviIIOncanOIIcr.!IdisjOinsIIcmmOrcsOIIan
iI brings IIcm IOgcIIcr. YOu knOv vIaI is oncvOrkcr, yOu ignOrc vIaI
arc IvO vOrkcrs, asOnc.
TIisis IIczcrOdcgrcc OIIcncigIbOurIOOd.
Z0
MJLlLlbJ LVLbL l MJLlLlbM
TIchrsIdcgrccisprOvidcdIOusbyIIccOnsisIcncyOdcmandsOrIradc
uniOnism. TIcacIIIaI adIcrcncc is nOI nuII and vOid in IIcmbccOmcs
manicsI viII IIc appcarancc O OrganizaIiOnaI pIcnOmcna. Hcrc IIc
tOpOIOgy inIrOduccs a disIanccinIOIIcaIgcbra OcOmpcIiIiOn.
TIaIvIicIauIIOrizcsIIisgapis,sIricIIyspcaking, IIcpOssibIcbargain-
ingabOuI IIc pricc OIIc IabOurOrcc. TIc saIary dispcrscs IIcvOrkcrs,
uIIIcacI IIaI iIisncgOIiabIcOrganizcs IIcm.
Hcrc yOu Iavc a Icndcncy: IIc acIuaI saIary IIucIuaIcs sIigIIIyarOund
tIcvaIucOIIcIabOurOrcc.TIcsurrOundingOIIisIIucIuaIiOn, IIOugI
rcsIricIcd, bringsOrIIa vIOIcIOpOIOgyOprOIcsIsand dcmands, vIicI
rcIaIcs /hcvOrkcrsOaacIOryOra sccIOrIOIIcsaIary, nO IOngcrasahxcd
cOnIracIbuIasanasympIOIc.WIaIIIc uniOnscaII'IIcairsaIary,vIicI
gOvcrns IIc 'IcgiIimaIcdcmand. IIcsc arcaII cOnccpIs vIOsc prOpcrIy is
IIaIIIcyknOvnOsuhcicnI saIisacIiOn, sinccIIcy hxOnIyanimaginary
limiIpOinI.
YOucanmcasurcIOvIaIcxIcnIIIiscOnsisIcncyrcmainssubscrvicnIIO
tIcaIgcbraOcxpIOiIaIiOn.!IisOnIyinIIcmarginOpcncdupbyIIccOmpc
tiIiOnamOngcapiIaIisIs, IIcindusIriaIrcsIrucIuring,IIcimpcriaIisIcxpan-
siOn, IIaI IIc Iradc uniOnisIdcmand cndOvsIIcvOrkcrsviIIa rcaIiIyO
parIiIivcincIusiOn,cIcvaIingIIcmabOvcIIcaIOmizaIiOnOIIcmarkcI.
As vaciIIaIiOn arOund a hxcdpOinI-IIc ObccIivc vaIuc O IIc IabOur
OrccIIaIIIcrcvOIIiIscIinIIccndcOmcsupagainsIasiIsabscnIcausc,
tIc cOnsisIcncyO dcmands knOvs OnIy IIc pOOrcsI O ncigIbOurIOOds,
tIcadIcrcnccsIIaIarcIIcIcasIdisIanccdrOm IIcbcIOngings, IIcmOsI
triviaIIOpOIOgics.
!IisnOIsurprisingIIaI IIc Iradc uniOn cnds up by bccOming rigidihcd
n IIc aIgcbra OIIc grcaI impcriaIisI SIaIcs. AI iIs pcak, as in IIc niIcd
SIaIcs, IIis subscrvicnI rOIc cOncrs upOn IIc uniOn IIc mOnOpOIy O
cmpIOymcnI. !nIIcsIricIscnsc, IIcuniOnisIadIcrcncc, sincciIisObIiga-
tOry simpIy in OrdcrIO IindaOb, uscsviIIIIc vOrkcrsbcIOnging.
TIc acI rcmains IIaI vIaI vc Iavc Icrc is IIc prcciOus acquisiIiOn
OIIcgap as sucI, aI IcasI in IIc IcrOicpIasc OIIc uniOnizaIiOn OIIc
vOrkcrs. TIc uniOnizcd cIass, viIIOuI bcing subccI, nO IOngcr sIands
ndcr IIc Iav O IIc ObccI. !I brings inIO bcing IIc absIracI cIcmcnI O
IIc subccIivc.
TIc pOIiIicaI anIagOnismgivcs risc IO a principIc OcOnsisIcncyIIaI is
adicaIIy IcIcrOgcncOus IO iIs undcrIying aIgcbra. As a rcsuII, bcIOnging
hcnccOrII is OnIy a vaguc criIcriOn. TIc IOpOIOgicaI) pOsiIiOn O cIass
ust bc disIinguisIcd rOm IIc aIgcbraic and sOciaI) bcing O cIass. TIc
Z
1HLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
pOIiIicaIIcadcrs OIIc vOrkcrs arc inIcIIccIuaIs. !ngcncraI, IIis prOvOkcs
IIcindignaIiOnOnIyOIIcbOurgcOis, OrOIIOscOrvIOmIIcmysIcrics
OIIc rcaIarcunaIIOmabIc.
!nIIcparIisanpOIiIicaIIOpOIOgy,IIcsIakcsI i cincxcccdingIIcaIgcbra
aII IIc vay IO iIs IimiI pOinI, vIcrc iI can brcak. TIc dcsIrucIiOn is
arIicuIaIcd upOn IIc mainIcnancc, IIcrc vIcrc IIc Iradc uniOn
pcrscvcrcd.
TIc parIy is IIc suppOrI O IIc cOmpIcIc subccI, by vIicI IIc prOIc-
IariaI, buiII On IIcvOrking cIass, aims aI IIc dissOIuIiOn OIIc aIgcbraic
ramc invIicIIIiscIassispIaccd.
!cOnsisIcncy1isincOnsisIcnI,accOrdingIOIIcvcryIavOIIcaIgcbra
OcOmpcIiIiOn, cOnsisIcncy3 dcsIrOysIIcprincipIc OcOnsisIcncyOIIc
pIacc.!IisIIuscquaIIyincOnsisIcnI,inIIaInOob)cc/, OnIIcsidcOcapiIaI,
canuncIiOnas causcOiIs cOnsisIcncy.
!nIIcprOIcIariaI, IIcvOrkingcIassIasdisappcarcd. RcaIizcdasvanisI-
ingcausc, iIcOnsisIsin IIcparIy, vIOsc cxisIcnccIasnOOIIcraimIIan
IOsupprcssIIaIvIicImadcpOssibIcIIc causaIiIy.
TIc Ob ccIivccxisIcnccOIIccIasscOIIccIsdispcrscdvOrkcrs. !IspOIiIi
caI cxisIcnccgaIIcrscOmmunisIs. !nbOII cascs, IIc scissiOn OIIc causc
andOcOnsisIcncyisasymmcIricaI.TIcrcaIOcIassisaspccihcimbaIancc
OaIgcbraandIOpOIOgy.
OnIyIradcuniOnismsccksa baIancc. TIisisbccausciIpurpOrIsIOmakc
cOnsisIcncyOuIOIIccapiIaIisI causc.
AI, IIc Icdium iI unIcasIcs BcIvccn IIc IardsIip O vOrk and IIc
IabOur OIIc rcvOIuIiOn, nciIIcr Onc nOrIIc OIIcr, and priding iIscIOn
iIs'rcaIism,iIisa IiddcnaIgcbraanda submissivcIOpOIOgy
3
TIcsc disIincIiOnsarcgcncraI.
Bcing-sO IiIIIc OnIOIOgy-is said in IvO vays, Icncc in IIrcc. ausc
and cOnsisIcncy arc IIc primiIivc cOnccpIs, vIOsc cOmbinaIOry, rccOg-
nizcdinIIcasymmcIry OdiaIccIicaIdivisiOns, givcsus.
Zb
I . TIc primacy O IIc causc Ovcr cOnsisIcncy (O IIc aIgcbra Ovcr IIc
IOpOIOgy) . bcing-pIaccd, in a pOsiIiOn O vanisIing as IO IIc ObccI,
andOdispcrsiOn-rcpcIiIiOnasIO IIcsubccI.
2. TIc cquiIibrium O IIc causc and O cOnsisIcncy. bcing-sIrucIurcd,
M1LlLlb1 LVLbL l M1LlLl bM
in a pOsiIiOn OvariaIiOn as IO IIc ObccI, and O simiIiIudc asIOIIc
subccI.
3. TIcprimacyOcOnsisIcncyOvcrIIccauscbcingOrccd,inapOsiIiOn
OdcsIrucIiOnasIOIIcObccI, OcxccssasIOIIc subccI.
Asancxcrcisc,!prOpOscIIaIyOucOnrOnIIIcIripIiciIyObcing,csIab
isIcdinIIisvay,viIIIIc!acaniannOminaIiOns
- insisIcncc,invIicIIIc cccIOIIcsymbOIicgOvcrnsIIc rcpcIiIiOn;
- cOnsisIcncy (in IIcvcakscnsc), inIOvIicIIIcimaginaryidcnIihca-
IiOnisrcsOIvcd;
- cx-sisIcncc, vIcrcinIisIIc rcaI.
AsOr mc, ! viII OnIy IcII yOu IIaI, sccing IOvpcOpIc Iivc andIIink,
onc may cOncIudc IIaI IIcrc arc indccd IIrcc visiOns O IIc vOrId. IIc
ordinary, IIc Iradc uniOnisI, and IIc pOIiIicaI. EacI gcsIurc, cacI vOrd,
pcrIainscIcarIyIO OncO IIcscIIrcc Iypcs. CIassiy yOurscIvcs Ona daiIy
basis, yOu viIIbcbcIIcrO.
!sIIcrcnOIa sOurccOIappincss, inIIcancicnIscnsc, inIIcOnIOIOgi-
caIgrOundbcIindIIcscmundanccvaIuaIiOns?
!rOmIIisOurncyIIrOugI maIcriaIism, ! incr IIaI aIrcadyIvO dchni
iOnsOIIcsubjccIOppOscOncanOIIcr.
IIc subccI is a cOnsisIcnI rcpcIiIiOn in vIicI IIc rcaI cx-sisIs;
(!acan)
- IIcsubccIisa dcsIrucIivccOnsisIcncy,invIicIIIcrcaIcx-cccds.
ZV
PAk1V
bu0j 6CI| V| ZdIl 00 d00 bu0j 6CI| V6 ||0C6SS
Z91
1M6 I0Q0| 0| Cd| 0QQ0S|I6 0 IM6 K00I |S 00I IM6
CuI0| SQ6|S| 00 0uI IM6 06SI|uCI| 00~|6C0OQ0S| Il 00
M3ICR , V
OubIc OccurrcnccOIIc subccI-CruciaIcOnccpIsA Lacanian
cmbarrassmcnI!npraisc OIIcparIy
Ic subjccI, i sucI an cccI cxsIs, is maIcriaI-Iikc cvcryIIing cIsc IIaI
xisIs.IOIIOvsIIaIiIcanbcgraspcdbOIIbyvayOrcIIccIiOnandbyvay
OIIc asympIOIc, IIrOugIaIgcbra and IIrOugIIOpOIOgy.
WIaI arc IIc dividcd spccihcaIiOns OIIc subccIprOccss IIaI circum-
cribc IIcIvO cOnccivabIc Ordcrs OiIsmaIcriaIIy?
LcI us rccaII IIaI IIc pOIiIcaI subjccI s IIc cIass parIy. TIc cmpiri-
caI sidc O I sIOvs us iIs inIcrmiIIcnI briIIiancc vIcn iI s a qucsIiOn O
surrccIiOn, andIsIasIingcOnsisIcncyvIcniIbcIOngsIOIIc SIaIc.
TIc acI OIyng IOgcIIcr-IIc BOrrOmcan cccI-is nOI IIc samc n
Icsc IvO circumsIanccs. ! viII arguc IIaI, hrsI, as IIc cuI IIaI ruins
IIc Iink IIaI Ics IIc OId cIass IO IIc OId SIaIc, iI avcrs IIc rcaI O IIc
masscs n IIc dspcrsivc vanisIing O iIs cccI. TIc SIaIc aIIs IO ruin,
Ic cIass scizcs IOId O IIc mass, IIc parIy is rcsOIvcd inIO IIc IIOv
tIaI carrics iI, pOIiIcs cOncidcs viII IisIOry. TIcn, IIc rc-Iyng causcs
Ic Onc O a dicrcnI kind, IIc ncv cIass SIaIc, Organizing a mass
onscnsus.
WIaIIicsIIcknOIdcpcndsciIIcr OniIscuIOrOn iIsIinkagc.
WIaIdOcs iI mcanIO cOmc IO knOva knOI? nIyingiI is nOI cnOugI,
ccausciI mgIIbc a maIIcrOcIancc. !I is aIsOncccssaryIO IiciI.
TIc subccIcrOsscsIIcscIvOOpcraIiOns.
TIc IimcOnsurrccIiOniscsscnIaIIyaIgcbraic, as! said. !Iisby dnIO
vIaI I causcs IO disappcar IIaI a rcvOIuIiOn dcscrvcs IO bc gaugcd. TIc
Z9
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
Iimc OdirccIiOn is IOpOIOgicaI. !I is in IIc namc O vIaI iI buiIds IIaI a
parIy appcars bcOrc IIcIribunaIOcOmmunisIcvaIuaIiOn.
BuIIIcsubjccIisnOIycInamcabIcinIIcscparaIcdabsIracIiOnOIIcsc
mOmcnIs.
!acan vas cIcarabOuIIIis, ascanbc sccnin a nOIcaddcdOn IIcOcca
siOn OIIc pubIicaIiOn O Iis Ecrils, in vIicIIc Icmpcrcd IIc dOminanI
aIgcbraism OIis hrsIpcriOd. TIcIcxIisrOm I 5 5, IIcnOIc rOm ! 66.
!ni I !acan cOmmcnIs On IIc inIrOducIOry cxcrciscs OIIc ' Scminar On
TIc !urIOincd !cIIcr,vIcrcvccanhndIIc dcnscsIOrmuIaIiOnOIIc
agcbra OIIc subjccI.
TIc inIrOducIiOn Oa sIrucIuraI apprOacIIO IIc hcId inpsycIOanaIyIic
IIcOryIIrOugIsucIcxcrciscsvas, inacI, OIIOvcdbyimpOrIanIdcvcI
OpmcnIsinmyIcacIing.COnccpIsrcIaIcdIOsubjccIivizaIiOnprOgrcsscd
Iand-in-Iand viII a rccrcncc IO IIc analysis si/us in vIicI ! cIaim IO
maIcriaIizcIIc subjccIivcprOccss. (E48 n. 2/ 57)
TIcsc cOnccpIs O'subccIivizaIiOn and ' subccIivc prOccss arc cruciaI
IO mc insOar as IO IIc hrsI vc can aIIacI IIc aIgOriIImic cxpIOraIiOns
O IIc cIain, and IO IIc sccOnd, IIc analysis si/us, IIc IOcaIizaIiOn by
ncigIbOurIOOds.
! aIsOIOIdIIaIviIIOuI dcsIrucIiOn-andiIsObvcrsc, rccOmpOsiIiOn
yOu cannOIIIinkIIc subccIivc maIcriaIiIy O IIcircOupIing aIIIIcvay
IOIIccnd.
TIisisvIy!acanIassIudicdIIcmOncaIcrIIcOIIcrsubccIivizaIiOn,
unIiIIIc mid- ! 60s, and, subscqucnIIy, IIcsubccIivc prOccss, cspcciaIIy
aIcr ! 68.
SubccIivizaIiOn raiscs IIc qucsIiOn O iIs causc, IO vIicI !acan
rcspOnds viII IIc rcaI as ObjccI subccIivc prOccss, IIaI O iIs cOnsisI
cncy,IOvIicI!acanIcnccOrIIsIiIIrcspOndsviIIIIcrcaI,buIinvIaI
guisc? TIis is vIcrc Ic Icavcs us bcIind, bccausc IIc BOrrOmcan knOI
sucI as Ic cOnccivcs O iI rcmains IaunIcd by IIc IOgic O IOss and O
dispcrsiOn.
!acanscmbarrassmcnIviII rcgard IO cOnsisIcncysIcms rOm IIc acI
IIaIIcIOIdsIIccuIIing(OIIcknOI) IObcIIcprOOOiIsIruII.NOvIIc
OppOsiIcOIying IIc knOI is nOIIOcuIiIbuIIO dcsIrOyiI. TIccuIisOnIy
IIc aIgcbraicabsIracIiOnOIIc dcsIrucIiOn. usIas IIc rcvOIuIiOnisOnIy
anabsIracImOmcnIOcOmmunism.
TIis cmbarrassmcnI is IransparcnI in !acans IcxIs. COnsidcr IIc
OIIOving.
Z99
bUbdLLJlVlJlN N bUbdLLJlVL PLLbb
TIc rcaI is IIaIIIcrcissOmcIIingcOmmOnIOaII IIrcc in cOnsisIcncy.
NOv, IIis cOnsisIcncy Iics OnIy in IIc capaciIy OOrming a knOI. !s a
mcnIaIknOI rcaI? TIcrcin IicsIIcqucsIiOn. j. . .
WcarcOrccdnOIIOpuI IIc rcaIinIO cOnsisIcncy. COnsisIcncy, IO caII
iIbyiIsnamc, !mcanbyiIscOrrcspOndcncc, isOIIc Ordcr OIIcimagi
nary. SOmcIIingvIicIisIargcIydcmOnsIraIcdinaIIOIumanIisIOry,
andvIicIsIOuIdinspircasinguIarIypcOprudcnccinus,isIIcacIIIaI
aIIcOnsisIcncyIIaIviIIsIOOdIIcIcsIOIimcispurc imaginaIiOn. . . .
! vc can cnsurc IIaI IIc imaginarycx-sisIs, iI is bccausc iI is a qucs-
IiOnOanOIIcr rcaI. ! sayIIaIIIccccI Omcaningcx-sisIs, andIIaIin
IIisscnsc, it is rcaI. !I is nOI a maIIcrO apOIOgcIics, buI OcOnsisIcncy,
imaginarycOnsisIcncy,nOdOubI,buIIIcrcccrIainIydOcscxisI, iIsccms,a
vIOIc usuaI dOmain OIIcimaginaryuncIiOn IIaI IasIs andIOIds up.
COnsisIcncy, inasmucI as iIi srcaI, is Icrc rcduccd IO cx-sisIcncc, and
IIus IO vIaIcvcrviIIdravs iIscIrOm vIaI is inscribcd, IO IIc abscncc
OIIaIvIicIvIaIcvcrcOnsisIs makcsinIOiIs prcscncc. AsIOcOnsisIcncy
prOpcrIy spcaking, Icrc iI is rcascribcd IO IIc rcgisIcr O IIc imaginary,
vIOscIicIO IIc rcaIcOnsisIsincx-sisIing.
TIisragmcnIcOnIainsan csscnIiaIcquivOcaIiOn,vIOscsympIOmsarc
cIcarcnOugI.
- IIcrcaIisaIIIcsamcIimcprcscnIinIIc BOrrOmcanknOI, asOncO
IIcIIrccIOOps,andcx-sisIcnIviIIrcgardIOIIaIsamcknOI,bccausc
'cvcni! dOnOIIraccIIchgurcOmyBOrrOmcanknOIOnIIcbIack-
bOard, iI cx-sisIs, sincc nO sOOncr is iI Iraccd IIan anybOdy can scc
cIcarIy IIaI iI is impOssibIc Or iI nOI IO rcmain vIaI iI is in IIc rcaI,
namcIy, a knOI

TIc rcaI is IIus IIisvanisIcd cIcmcnIrcprcscnIcd

in IIc Onc IIaI iI causcs IO cxisI. !I is ObccI-causc, IIc Onc-O-IIc
knOI,vIcrcin any OncvIaIsOcvcrOIIcIIrccIOOpsmarksiIsIack.
WcvOuIdbcrcduccdIOMaIIarmc,cxccpIIIaI
- cOnsisIcncy, IIcIOpOIOgicaIOrmOIIcOnc, isaIIIcsamcIimc'IIaI
vIicIiscOmmOnIO IIc IIrcc and IIaIvIicIcan bc hgurcdin IIc
Onc-O-IIrcc, IIc imaginary, vIicI is IIc IisIOricaI kcy IO aII IOIaI-
iIy and IO aII simiIiIudc. TIus, IIc Onc-OIIc-knOI vOuId hnd IIc
guaranIccOiIs cOnsisIcncyin IIcimaginary raIIcrIIanin IIc rcaI,
cxccpIIIaI
- IIc rcaI causcs IIc imaginary cOnsisIcncy IO cx-sisI, vIcrcby iI
IOucIcsupOnIIcscissiOnOIIcvcrybcingOcOnsisIcncyinIOObccI
causc (ObjccI-knOI) , OnOnc Iand, and cx-sisIcncc, On IIcOIIcr.
Z9b
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
YOu musInOI IIink Ora mOmcnI IIaI IIis incOnccivabIc circIc is purc
sOpIisIry. TO IcII IIc IruII, I is vIaI vc viIncss cvcry day. EvcrybOdy
cIaims IIaIi in a rcvOIuIiOn IIcrcisIIsrcaIOIIccuI IIaIcanbc Ound
in IIc impuIsc O IIc masscs, IIc imaginary Iakcs iIs rcvcngc by bcing
IIc OnIy IIing IIaI guaranIccs, inIIc guisc OsOmc cOmmunisI OrcgaIi-
Iarian uIOpia, IIc IcrrOrisI cOnsisIcncy O sOcicIy. SucI is in csscncc IIc
anI-MarxisIvarmacIinc OIIcsc rcccnI Iimcs. WIaI dOcsIIis mcan,
nOt IIaI IIc rcaI is IcId OuI IO bc OnIy a vanisIing causc-sOmc vOuId
caIIiIviIIIIc badnamcOIIc 'pIcbs-and IIaIIIcOnIycOnsisIcncyO
cOmmunisI pOIiIics makcs Or an imaginaryrccOIIccIiOn vagcrcd by cx-
sisIcnImasscs, IIaIis, masscs vIOarc OuIOpIay, cvcn IIOugIIIcyarc
cOnsIanIIyinvOkcdasanabsIracIiOnOIIc SIaIc?
MissingrOmIIis argumcnI arcIIcIIOugIIOancccIvc dcsIrucIiOn
O IIc OId Iav and IIc ObscrvaIiOn IIaI vIaI rccOmpOscs iIscI can nO
IOngcrin anyvaybc /hcsamc. !nIIisvay, IIcrcaIOIIc subjccIguaran
IccscOnsisIcncywi/hou//hcmcdia/iono]/hcimainaj.
Evcn IIc mpassc O IIc pOIiIicaI subjccIdOcs nOI rcsIOrc IIc OId ruIc.
TIisisvIaIIIc MaOisIdcbaIcisaIIabOuI. !n IIc SSR, vc Iavc nciIIcr
an 'inIcrrupIcdrcvOIuIiOnnOr !-dOn I-knOv-vIaIIOIaIiIarianrcndiIOn
OIIc bOurgcOisvOrId, undcr IIc univcrsaI andrcpcIiIivccOnccpI OIIc
mOdcrn SIaIc. WcIavc a ncwbOurgcOisic.
BuI IO Iay IIc grOundvOrkOr a ncv vay OIIinkingO IIis nOvcIIy,
vc musImakcsurcIIaIIIc rcaIisancIOrcdincOnsisIcncyasmucI asin
causaIiIy, vc musIdcIcrminc IIc subjccI inIIcsubjccIivizingdicrcnIiaI
andin IIc bcng OIIcsubjccIivcprOccss.
AI sIakc Icrc s nOIIing Icss IIan IIc IIinkabIc and pracIcabIc cxisI
cncc, IIOugIcmpiricaIIyunapparcnI,Oa cOmmunisIrcvOIuIiOn.
A rcvOIuIiOn, ! say, 'unnIcrrupIcdby-sIagcs, vIcrcbysIagcs sIOuId
makc yOu IIink O subjccIivizaIOn; 'uninIcrrupIcd, O IIc subjccIivc
prOccss; andIIc dasIcs, OIIc pOIiIicaI subjccI.
TIccOmpIcIccOnccpIOIIcscdasIcsis missingrOm!acan,ducIOIIc
acI IIaI, undcr IIc idca O cxisIcncc, Ic IcIs cOnsisIcncy drOp nIO IIc
imaginary, cOmmunism inIO uIOpia, and rcvOIuIiOn inIO IIc sIrucIuraI
vacuOusncssOanaIgcbraOIIc Samc.
!mpIciIIy, !acan sIaIcs IIaIIIc parIy is IIcMasIcr.NOv, ! viIIarguc
IIaI, nsOarasiIcxisIs,vIicIisrarc, IIccOmmunsIparIy IIcOppOsiIc,
IIcrcOrc,OIIc !C!) isccrIainIyIIcdiscOurscOIIcMasIcr, OIIcSIaIc,
buI iI is aIsO IIaI OIIc IysIcrc, in rcaIiIy insurrccIiOnary and OIIOving
IIcpirOucIIcs OIIcmOmcnI, asmucIasIIaIOIIcunivcrsIy MaOOnIy
Z90
bUbdLLJlVlJlN NU bUbdLLJlVL PLLbb
a cIaim IO IIc IIIc O IcacIcr), and O IIc anaIysI, bccausc in IcIIing
pOIs
.
.Icr
.
bysIagcs, IIccOmmunisImasscs musIcOmcIOdcspiscIIc
parIy. qdaIOn OIIcIranscrcncc.
!
.
IOvc IIc idca O IIc pOIiIicaI parIy, jusI as Onc IOvcs vIaI cOnssIs as
sub-cI, (OrIavngbccn, bccauscOnccIOsI, IIc IcadcrIO-cOmcOiIsOvn
tcrmaIn.
Z9
bu0j 6CI| V| Z| 0 d0I| C| QdI| 00, |6I|0dCI| 00 0 IM6
Su0j 6CI| V6 Q|0C6SS
| , V
TIc prisOncrs apOIOguc-TIc scansiOnOIIcsubccIivcprOccss
SubccIivizing uncIiOn OIasIcAIOgiciansrcuIaIiOn-TIc nOnsaid
Hcrc, Or IIc sakc O IIc IcxIs scI-suhcicncy, ! musI rccOunI IO yOu
IIc anccdOIc vIOsc cxcgcsis viII hxaIc OurirrcducibcdisIancc rOm iIs
invcnIOr, Lacan.
TIc OIIOving sIOud bc Iakcn as IIc incrcncc O IIc inhmOus gap
IIrOugIvIicI IIc samc passcs OvcrinIOIIc OIIcr.
AII IIc vIiIc Irying IO kccp a rcspccIuI scnsc O prOpOrIiOns, ! admiI
IIaI IIc uncIiOn O IIc rcading puI IO vOrk Icrc is cOmparabIc IO IIc
Onc IIaI Marx, in OrdcrIO idcnIiy Iis uIurc, appIicd in I 84IO HcgcIs
pIiIOsOpIyOrigII.
AI issuc is IIc IcxI LOgicaI Timc and IIc AsscrIiOn O AnIicipaIcd
CcrIainIy, vIicI yOu viII hnd in !acans Ecri/s bcIvccn pagcs I 6 I and
I 75.
Hcrc yOu Iavc IIrccprisOncrsI OvIOma vardcn, OIIc sadisIic kind
prOmOIcdby 'cnIigIIcncd dcspOIisms, prOmiscsIIaIIcviIIIibcraIcOnIy
Onc OIIcm, prOvidcdIIaIIc is IIc Onc vIO cmcrgcsvicIOriOusIy rOm
a mcnIaI IcsI in vIicI nOIIing buI IIc purc rcsOurcc OIIc subccI is aI
sIakc.
TIc maIcriaI Or IIis IcsI cOmpriscs IIrcc vIiIc disks and IvO bIack
disks. OncdiskisasIcncdIOIIcbackOcacIprisOncrin sucIa vayIIaI
Z9b
bUbdLL1lVlJlN NU bUbdLLJlVL PLLbb
Ic can sccvIaIsignmarks IIc IvO OIIcrsbuIignOrcsIis Ovn. TIc Iask
cOnsisIsprcciscIyindcducingIisOvnrOmIIcOIIcrIvO,viIIcacIcOm-
pcIiIOrbcinginOrmcdIIaIIIcrcarca IOIaIOhvc disks,IIrccvIiIcOncs
andIvObIackOncs. AprisOncrviIsignaIIaIIcIasOundIIcansvcrby
mOvingIOvardIIc cxiIdOOr. OcOursc,IcviIbcinIcrrOgaIcdaIcrvard
asIOIIcsIriIIy IOgica naIurc OIisdcducIiOn.
Wccan sccIIaIIIisIcsIamOunIsOranindividuaIIOcOmpIcIcIIcdi-
crcnIiaIIraiI backOrvIiIc) IIaImarksIim,andIIusIOacIicvc,byIIc
symbOIicacIOcxiIing, IIc sIaIusOrcc subjccI.
!IisimpOrIanIIIaIIIis sOIuIiOnOccursrOmIIcpOinIOIIcOIIcr (IIc
IvO OIIcrs) , vIOaIOncisinpOsscssiOn Ocvcryprcmisc.
TIispucriIcgamc isascinaIing. !siI nOI undamcnIaI, in OrdcrOr IIc
vOrking cIassIOmakc iIscIinIOIIc subccIO cOmmunisI pOIiIics, IIaIiI
knOvs IOv IO dcducc rOm iIs cxpcricncc aOnc IIc IraiI O univcrsaiIy
IIaIcOmcsIOmarkiIsmiscry?And musIvcnOI,aIcvcrydccisivc sIcpin
OurIivcs,IakciIupOnOurscIvcsIOvagcrOnanamc,anacI,agIOryvIOsc
cOchcicnI O cxisIcncc vc can ObIain Ony rOm IIc OIIcrs TIcn is IIc
IimcvIcn vc musI OuIsIrip IIcm sIarIingrOm IIc cOnvicIiOn IIaI IIcy
arc/hcsamcanddravingOurincrcnccOvIaImarksusbascdOnIIcvay
n vIicIIIcscsamcOncsviIIpracIiscanidcnIicaIincrcncc.
As IIOugI IO undcrscOrc IIaI iI is rOm IIc Samc IIaI IIc cvcnIua
supcriOriIyOOnc-amOng-OIIcrsmusIprOcccd,IIcprisOnvardcnasIcns
a vIiIc diskbcIvccnIIc sIOuIdcrs OaIIIIrccprisOncrs.
acIOncIIussccsIvO vIiIc disks.
TIc ccnIraI rcasOningis IIcn IIc OIIOving. !scc IvO vIiIc disks. !!
Iada bIack disk, IIc OIIcrs vOuIdncccssariIysccavIiIc Onc andabIack
Onc. TIcy vOuId IIcn sayIO IIcmscIvcs. ! scc a back Onc and a vIiIc
Onc. !! IadabIackOnc, IIcOncvIObcarsIIcvIiIcOncvOudsccIvO
bIack Oncs. Sincc Ic knOvs IIaI IIcrc arc OnIy IvO in IOIa, Ic vOuId
cOncIudc aI Oncc IIaI Ic Ias a vIiIc Onc. Hc IIus vOuId arcadyIavc
sIarIcdvaIkingIOvardIIcdOOr.BuInObOdyIasmOvcd,IIcrcOrc!Iavc
avIiIcdisk. AndIIcyvOuIdIavcsIarIcdvaIkingIOvardIIcdOOr. BuI
IcydidnImOvc. TIcrcOrc, ! IavcavIiIcdisk
MOvcpasIIIcpOIcnIiaIObsIacIcOyOurcOnusiOn.AIIIIisviIIbccOmc
cIcarsIcpbysIcp.
!cIusrcIainIIaIIIisrcasOning,bascdOn IIcprcmisc '!sccIvO vIiIc
disks, is IIc samc Or aI IIrcc prisOncrs, aI O vIOm scc IvO vIiIcs.
Ius, IIcysIarIIOvaIkaIIIcsamcIimc.
WIaI dOcs !acan IIcn IcII us TIaI IIis bcginning vaIk annuIs IIcir
Z9V
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
cOncIusiOn.WIy?!A,aIIIcIimcOpuIIingOncOOIaIcadOIIcOIIcr,
sccs IIaI B and C dO IIc samc, Ic can nO IOngcrcOncIudc, sincc Iis rca-
sOningincIudcdIIcimmObiIiIyOIIcOIIcrIvO ascOncIusivc argumcnI.
AII OIIcm viII IIus sIOp in IIcirIracks, viII IIc samc rcsIIcssncss O
IavingjumpcdaIcadOIIc cOncIusiOn.
BuIcacIOnc,sccingIIaIIIcOIIcrIvOsIOp,viIIimmcdiaIcIyannuIIIc
suppOscdannuImcnIOIisIypOIIcsis. !OriIIcyIadsccnabIackanda
vIiIc disk, IIc IvO OIIcrs vOuId Iavc nO rcasOn IO sIOp. !IIcy dO, iI is
OrIIc samc rcasOnas!. IIcy Iavc sccn IvOvIiIcs, and IIcy arcrcsIIcss
bccauscOIIcpOssibIcanIicipaIiOnOIIcirccrIainIy.
AII OIIcmIIussIarIvaIkingagain.
HcrcyOuhnaIIyObIain-accOrdingIOLacanhvccOnsIiIuIivcIimcsin
IIc cngcndcring OccrIainIy, vIicI pcriOdizc IIaIvIicI uIIy dcscrvcs
IIcnamc Osub)cclivcjroccss, vIicI,ascxpccIcd, isinIcrsubccIivc.
I . TIc immObiIcvaiI duringIIc Iapsc OIimc ncccssaryOrIIc dcduc-
IiOn, andvIicI ! aIsOsuppOscIO bc rcquircdOrIIcOIIcrIO Ormu-
IaIcIIcrcasOningaIIIccndOvIicI, i! IadabIackdisk,IcvOuId
aimOrIIc dOOr.TIisis IIc IimcIOundcrsIand.
2. TIc sIcp Orvardby vIicI! dccidc as IO my Ovn mark. TIis is IIc
IimcIOcOncIudc.
. TIcrcprcscnIaIiOnOapOssibIcIasIc,givcnIIaIIIcOIIcrsIavcaIsO
sIarIcd IO mOvc. RcIrOacIivc discOvcry O a pOssibiIiIy IO anIicipaIc
ccrIainIy.
4. TIcscansiOn suspcndcdmOmcnIaIvIicIaIIsIOpagain.TIcaIIiIudc
OsIOpping OIIcOIIcrsObjccIicsIIcprcmiscOIIcirrcasOning.
. TIc rciniIiaIingOIIcvaIk, gOvcrncdbya ccrIainIy IIaI IIis Iimcis
uIIygrOundcd.
YOu can scc cIcarIy IIaI IIc subccIivizaIiOn invOIvcd in IIis prOccss
Iics Iiddcn in IIc mOmcnI IO cOncIudc, vIicI rcIrOacIivcIy Iurns OuI IO
bcmarkcdbya pOssibIcIasIincss.TIisisvIcrcIIcacIsuraccsincxccss
OvcrIIcaIgcbra.!canOnIyvagcrOnIIcIimcOIIcOIIcr (OnIisIimcIO
undcrsIand) , Iurricdas!ambyIIcrcaIOIIcsiIuaIiOn,vIicIviIIscIrcc
OnIy IIc hrsI Onc IO cxiI. 'TIc in qucsIiOn Icrc dcncs iIscI IIrOugI
a subccIihcaIiOn O comjclilion viII IIc OIIcr, in IIc uncIiOn O IOgicaI
Iimc. AssucI, iIsccmsIOmcIOprOvidcIIccsscnIiaIIOgicaI Orm (raIIcr
IIanIIc sO-caIIcdcxisIcnIiaIOrm) OIIcpsycIOIOgicaI " (E I 70/208) .
AccOrdingI OIIcIOgicaIcOnsIrainI,vIicIdcIncsIIcspIaccIOrdcdOvcr
byIIcprisOnvardcn, IIc OuIpIacc Icrc is an OuIIimc, a Iimc OpOssibIc
Zb
bUbdLLJlVlJlN NU bUbdLLJlVL PLLbb
advancc, by vIicI IIc acI, IIc sIcp Orvard, anIicipaIcs-pcrIaps -IIc
vcII-Oundcd ccrIainIy. !I is prcciscIy IIis 'uncIiOn O IasIc IIaI disIin
guisIcs IIc subjccIivizaIiOn rOm IIc subccIivc prOccss, aII IIc vIiIc
cIainingiI IO IIc IaIIcr undcr IIc IavOIIc OIIcr.
COnsidcrII acIIIaIviIIOuIcxccpIiOn, a pOpuIarinsurrccIiOn, cvcn
OncIIaIishnaIIyvicIOriOus,isaIvaysprcmaIurcviIIrcgardIOIIcpOIiIi-
caIprOccssIIaIprcparcsiI.
TIcrc is nO subjccIivizaIiOn viIIOuI anIicipaIiOn, vIicI in Iurn can
bc mcasurcd by IIc subccIivc prOccss. !I is absOIuIcIy rigII IIaI 'vIaI
makcs IIis acI jO cOncIuding sO rcmarkabIc in IIc subccIivc asscr-
IiOn dcmOnsIraIcd by IIcsOpIismis IIaI iIanIicipaIcs iIs OvnccrIainIy
Oving IO IIc IcmpOraI IcnsiOn viII vIicI iI is subjccIivcIy cIargcd ( E
I 7 ! 20) .
COnsidcr aIsO IIaI IIc subjccIivc prOccss amOunIs I O IIc rcIrOacIivc
grOunding O IIc subccIivizaIiOn in an cIcmcnI O ccrIainIy IIaI IIc
subjccIivizaIiOn aIOnc Ias madc pOssibIc. !OraIIIc Iimc OIIc scansiOn,
vIcnaIIIIrccIaII,iIisIIcIasIcOIIcOIIcrsIIaI!puIinIOqucsIiOnand
IIaIscndsIIciridcnIiIybackIOmc.
NOvaIIIIisisvcryIruc.MarxjudgcsIIcCOmmuncIObcprccipiIaIcd
subjccIivizing in iIs pOIiIicaI IasIcand bIamcs iI Or nOI marcIing OnIO
crsaiIIcs. BuI IIis is in Ordcr IO indicaIc rcIrOacIivcIy IIc naIurc O IIc
ccrIainIy (OvicIOry) OvIicIIIisIasIciIscIcOuIdbcIIcbcarcr, insOar
asiIcanbc dccipIcrcdin IIcOIIcr inIIc iniIiaIdisOrdcrandsurpriscO
tIcinIabiIanIsOcrsaiIIcs,andinIIcpOssibiIiIyOcIangingIIcIackinIO
casOn by a sccOndIasIc, IIaIOIIc miIiIaryOcnsivcagainsI crsaiIIcs.
TIc IaIIcrvOuIdII

n hnaIIybc caugII up in IIc subccIivcprOccss, IIaI

isIOsay,inacOnscqucnIpOIiIicaIdirccIiOn,vIicIisIIcOnIyvaIidaIiOnO
tIcvanisIingaIgcbraOIIc!arisianmasscsinIOa cOnsisIcnIsubjccI.
!nsubccIivizaIiOn, ccrIainIyisanIicipaIcd.
!n IIcsubccIivcprOccss, cOnsisIcncyisrcIrOacIivc.
1o julinloconsislcnqlhchaslco]lhccausc. IIcrcin IicsIIcvIOIccnigma
OIIcsubjccI.
2
Ovcvcr,IIcacaniancxcgcsis cannOI suiI us. !IsIIavcOnsisIsinprcsup-
pOsing IIaI vIicI rcndcrs iI impOssibIc. an absOIuIc rcciprOciIy, a sIricI
OgicaI idcnIiIybcIvccnIIc IIrccprisOncrs.
Zb1
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
! cIaim IIaI i aII IIrcc arc idcnIicaI IOgicaI macIincs, IIings cannOI
IappcnIIcvay!acansays.ByIIusOrcingOnIIcsidcOIIcaIgcbra,vc
annuI IIc IOpOIOgy. TIcrc canbc IIcn nciIIcr IasIc nOr rcIrOacIiOn nOr
suspcndcdIimc.
TIcIiIIcLOgicaITimcisamarvcIinIIaIiIsccksIOcrOssIIcasympIOIic
cccIs O Iimc, anIicipaIiOn, suspcnsiOn, rcIrOacIiOn, and IIc rcIIccIiOn-
cccIsOpurcIOgic.
!n Ordcr IO IcgiIimizc IIis IiIIc in IIc cOursc O a scI O IIcscs On IIc
subjccI, sOmcIIing cIsc vOuId acIuaIIy bc nccdcd IIan IIc axiOms viII
vIicI !acan rcguIaIcsIisgamc.
! viIIdcmOnsIraIcIIis.
!cI usdisIinguisIIIrcc rcasOnings, R , R2, R3, accOrdingIO IIc IIrcc
prcmiscsIIaIarcvirIuaIIypOssibIcaccOrdingIOIIcruIcOIIcgamc ( !scc
IvObIackdisks, ! sccOncbIackandOncvIiIc, ! sccIvOvIiIcs ) .
R . ! scc IvO bIack disks. NOv IIcrc arc OnIy IvO bIacks. TIcrcOrc !
amvIiIc.
TIis is IIc rcasOning IIaI vc cOuId caII immcdiaIc. TIc Iimc O IIc
gIancc.
R2 ! sccOncbIackandOncvIiIc. !! ambIack, IIcvIiIcOncsccsIvO
bIacks.TIcrcOrc, Ic rcasOns rOm IIc sIarI accOrdingIO R . !n IIc Iimc
O IIc gIancc, Ic sIOuId Iavc Iakcn O. !Ic did nOI, ! am nOI bIack, !
amvIiIc.
NOIicc IIaI aI IIis sIagc R is cnIircIy cOnIaincd viIIin R2. !I is by
assuming IIaI IIc OIIcr viII accOmpIisI R vIOsc inIuiIivc briIIiancc !
amabIc IOinvOkc, IIaI ! incr IIaI IcsIOuIdIavcIcIIIcrOOm.
R3. !sccIvOvIiIcs.!!ambIack,IIcIvOOIIcrssccOncbIackandOc
vIiIc.TIcyIIusrcasOnrOmIIcsIarIaccOrdingIO R2.TIcysIOuIdIavc
cOncIudcd. !IIcyIavcnOIIcI, ! amvIiIc.
OnccmOrc, R2iscOnIaincdviIIin R3, vIicI is arIicuIaIcd arOund IIc
acIIIaI R2, ibcgunaIIIc samc Iimc, vOuIdcndbcOrc R3 canrcacIa
cOncIusiOn,bygivingasignaIduc IOIIcacIOIIc OIIcr (IIccOmpcIiIOrs
vIOsIarIIOmOvc) .
AsyOucanscc,IIcIIrccrcasOningsarcbynOmcansidcnIicaIi nIcrmsO
IIcirdcmOnsIraIivc 'cxpansc.!nacI, IIcycOnsIiIuIcacIainOincIusiOn.
R R2 R3
!, asisIIccascinOuranccdOIc, cvcryOncrcasOnsaccOrdingIOR3, iIis
cIcarIIaIIIc'duraIiOnOR2IasrunOuIvIcnR3 iscOmpIcIcd, sinccR2
is aninIcrnaIpicccOR3.
ZbZ
bUbdLLJlVlJlN NU bUbdLLJlVL PLLbb
AIIcasI, IIaI is, iIIc 'spccd OrcasOning OIIcIIrccprisOncrs is IIc
samc.NOvLacancxpIiciIIyprcsuppOscsIIisIOgicaIidcnIiIy.cacIOIIcm
j. . . j is A insOaras Ic is rcaIIIaI is, insOar as Ic rcsOIvcs OraiIs IO
rcsOIvcIOcOncIudc abOuIIimscIcacIcncOunIcrsIIcsamcdOubIaIIIc
samcmOmcnIasIim ( I 64/20020 .
BuI undcr IIis prcsuppOsiIiOn, IIc rcasOning R3 is cnIircIy cOncIusivc,
givcn IIc acI IIaI i IIc OIIcr rcasOncd accOrding IO R2 hc wouldhavc
s/ar/cdmovinbc]orcIcould]nishRJ, vIicI cOnIainsR2 as Onc OiIsparIs,
andIcvOuIdIIusIavcgivcnmcanabundanIignaIbuIIOOIaIcIIaI
! amindccd bIack.
By cOnIrasI, IIc acI IIaI IIc OIIcr dOcs nOI mOvc cxccpI vIcn ! dO
cannOIIcadmcIOdOubI.!IiscvcnIIccxacIOppOsiIc.!OriIOnIyindicaIcs
IaIIcrcasOns,Iikcmc,accOrdingIOR3. AsarcsuIImycOncIusiOn,vIicI
vasaIrcadyccrIain,ispurcIyandsimpIycOnhrmcd. surpIusccrIainIy, and
nOI suspcndcd dOubI.
ndcrIIcIypOIIcsisIIaI IIc subccIivc caIcuIaIiOns arc isOmOrpIOus
andIIaIvc arc dcaIingviIIaIgOriIImicaIIyidcnIicaIsubccIs, IIcrccan
OnIybcasingIcsimuIIancOusmOIiOnOrvardOaIIIIrccIOvardIIcdOOr,
OvcrdcIcrminingIIcccrIainIyIIaIcacIOIIcm dravsrOmIIccOmpIc-
IiOn, viIIOuIanykindOsignaI, OrcasOningR3.
!rOm IIcn On yOu Iavc OnIy Onc Iimc, IIaI O IIc unOIding O R3,
IransiIivc IOIIcacIOcOncIuding
BOIIIIcpcriOdizaIiOnOIIcsubjccIivcprOccssandIIcsubccIivizaIiOn
IIuscOmcOinIIy undOnc.
!OrIasIcIIcrcisnOnc.
O cOursc, IIc pcriOdizaIiOn is cxacI and IIc subccIivizaIiOn is
cxisIcnI.
TIcrcOrc, IIcrcmusIbcsOmcIIing/ha/Lacandocsno/say. TIissiIcnccd
suppIcmcnI is prcciscIy IIc pOinI vIcrc, in Ordcr IO crOss IIc IcmpOraI
IOpOIOgyand IIc aIgcbraOcaIcuIaIiOn, inOrdcrIOaccOunIOrIIcIasIc,
iIisncccssaryIOpOsiIIIaIIIcIcIcrOgcnciIyOOrcccxcccdsIIccOnncc-
IiOnOIIc pIaccs.
BygranIingIOOmucIIOIIcaIgcbra,IIcrccndsupbcingnOmOrcpIacc
OrIIc OuIpIaccnOranyIimcOrIIcOuIIimc.
Zb
` Hu||y| Hu| |y| W0|0 0 M6 L| V| 0|

I , V
uaIiIaIivcuncIiOnOIIcsuppOscdknuckIcIcad-!Orcc rcIurnsIOIIc
sccncNcigIbOurIOOds and subccIivizinginIcrrupIiOn-!OurcOnccpIs,
IvO Iimcs, IvO mOdcs
WcnOvknOvIIcOIIOving.ci/hcrIIcsubccIivccaIcuIaIiOnOIIOvsIIcaIgc-
braic ruIc IIrOugI and IIrOugI, in vIicI cascIIcrcisnciIIcr anIicipaIiOn
nOrrcIrOacIiOn, orIIcrc is aIasIy subccIivizaIiOnOccrIainIy,buIIIcnvc
musIprcsuppOscsOmccIcmcnIOOriginarynOnidcnIiIy. WIicIOncisiI?
!, vIcn IIc OIIcr bcgins IO mOvc, ! sIOp, avarc as ! am O pcrIaps
Iaving umpcdaIcad,iIisbccausc!suppOscIIaIvIiIc! rcasOncd accOrd
ing IO R, IIc OIIcrmaynOI Iavc bccn abIc IO cOmpIcIc mOrc IIan IIc
rcasOningR2, cvcnIIOugIR2 isparIOR.
TIc cxpcricnIiaIhcIdIIusincIudcsIIcacIIIaIcacIsubccIrccOgnizcs
IIc pOssibIc nOnidcnIiIy OIIc OIIcr. !n IIis casc, IIc acI IIaIIIcrc arc
dicrcnI spccds OrcasOning.
My avarcncss O IasIc is Icrc dcpcndcnI On IIc pOssibiIiIy IIaI IIc
OIIcrispcrIapsa knuckIcIcad.
YO scc tIaI vIaI is aI sIakc, vIiIc mcasurabIc by IIc aIgOriIIm (iIs
spccd), cannOIbcrcduccdIO iI.
MyIasIcandIIusIIc cnIircpcriOdizaIiOnOIIcprOccsssIcmrOmIIc
pcrccpIiOn, vIicI is inscparabIc rOm IIc acI, IIaI IIcrc is a quaIiIaIivc
cIcmcnIin cvcrysubccIivc dcIcrminaIiOn.
Zb9
bUbdLLJlVlJlN NU bUbdLL1lVL PLLbb
My IasIc, my IaIIing. !yOu cIiminaIc IIc cIcmcnI O dOubI as IO IIc
dicrcnIiaI IcIcrOgcnciIy O IIc OIIcr, IIcn yOuII Iavc nO cOnccivabIc
IasIc vIaIsOcvcr.
!IisIcrc, OcOursc, IIaIgraIcdOnIOIIcaIgOriIIm, IIcrcariscssOmc
IIingvIOscprincipIcs cannOIbc rcduccd IO IIc IaIIcr ruIcs. IIc qucs-
IiOnOmyjroximiq IO IIc OIIcr, IcrcassigncdIO IIc dicrcncc R- R2,
in vIicI IIc pOssibIc incriOriIy Omy cOIIcagucs inIcIIccIin maIIcrs O
dcducIivc vcIOciIy varns mc abOuIIIc nccd IO bc varyvIcnIc sIarIs
IOvaIk.
TIus, ! musI hIIcr IIc cxpcricncc O Iis sIarIing IO vaIk, ccrIainIy
IIrOugI IIc aIgcbra, vIicI rcIaIcs iI IO myrcasOning, buI aIsO IIrOugI
IIc IOpOIOgy, vIicI arOundIIis rcasOningdcIcrmincs a scI OsubccIivc
ncigIbOurIOOds ( O spccd, IasIc, sIupidiIy . . . ) IIrOugIvIicI! prOcccd
IOcvaIuaIcIIc OIIcr.
Wc musI Obscrvc IOv IIc cOmpcIiIiOn mcnIiOncd by !acan impOscs
OnIIcsubccI,inaddiIiOnIOIIcIcsIOIIcaIgOriIIm,aquaIiIaIivcaIIcn-
IiOnIObcpaidIOIIcpIayOdicrcnIiaIcdIIaIsuIurcsiIscIOnIOIIc
rcasOningassOOnasiIis a maIIcrOanacIprOpcrIyspcaking.
BcIIcr ycI, ! musI cOnccivc O IIc subccI-vc Iavc bccn saying IIis
rOm IIc sIarI-as IIc rcsuII O a purihcaIiOn O Orcc in IIc IcnsiOn IO
rcsOIvcIIc aIgOriIIm.
SubccIiviaIiOnOpcraIcsaccOrdingIOIIccIcmcnIOOrccbyvIicIIIc
pIacc (IIc cOncIusiOn ! drav rOmR) hnds iIscIaIIcrcd.
TIcsIOryunOIdsin IIcvayLacansaysOnIyundcrIIcIypOIIcsisOa
hcId OpOssibIc ncigIbOurIOOds IIaI, bydiing a quaIiIaIivc ccrIainIy
IIrOugIOuI IIc aIgOriIIm, Orccs IIc pcriOdizaIiOn O IIc subccIivc
prOccss-IIc suspcndcdIimc.
WIcncc ariscs IIis immancnI IOpOIOgy, vIicI cOmcs IO inIcrrupI an
aIgOriIImIIaIviIIOuIiIvOuIduncrringIyIcadIOiIsmccIanicaIandIruc
cOnscqucncc? !rOmIIcacIIIaIIIc spIacc isaIvaysalrcadyIIcIOcus O
IIcsubjccIivc.
BysuppOsingIIaIIIcOIIcrsIandsinapOsiIiOnOapOssibIc dicrcncc
OOrcc, ! subOrdinaIcmy cxpcricncc IO IIc nOIiOn IIaI cvcryOccupaIiOn
OapIaccrcsIOrcsIIcIavOnIIcbasisOIIc OuIpIacc.
TIc mark O IIis dicrcnccOinIcIIccIuaIOrccvOuIdbc my saIvaIiOn
i IIc prisOn vard rccd mc aI IIc cnd O my vicIOriOus and rcasOnabIc
cxiI. BuIIIisdicrcnccmusIsIrucIurcIIccnIirchcId]rom/hcs/ar/, asIIc
ncccssary cOnccpI OIIc subjccI, in Ordcr Or my rivaIs sIcps IO Iakc On
tIcvaIucOanaIarm.
Zbb
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
TIc subccIivc, inIIcdicrcnIiaIOOrccs, aIvays prc-cxisIsiIscI.
TIaI subccI IIaI ! cOmc IO bc in ccrIainIy is sOmcIIing ! cOuIdOnIy
anIicipaIc,bascdOniIssuppOscdIybcingaIrcadyIIcrc,IIrOugIIIccvaIu-
aIiOnOIIcOIIcr.And!cangrOundIIaIsubccIrcIrOacIivcIyOnIyinsOar
as, IIrOugIIIccccIsOIasIc,iIgainsmasIcry, iniIsvcrypIacc, OvcrIIc
cOnIradicIiOnOOrccs.
2
!nIIc cnd, ! rcad IasIc asIIcinIcrcrcnccOaIOpOIOgyinanaIgcbra.TIc
subccIiscOnsisIcnIOrIavingsiIuaIcdiIscauscinIIccIcmcnI OdisOrdcr
asmucIasinIIaIOOrdcr.
!Ora knuckIcIcadisa disOrdcrinrcasOning, nO?
AsMaO says. isIurbanccs arc ancxccIIcnIIIing Wc sIOuId undcr-
sIandIIaIIIcrcinIicsIIcsccrcIOcOnsisIcncy.
HOvcvcr, iIasIccannOIbcincrrcd rOmIIcaIgOriIIm; iIIcrc cxisIs
nOpurcIyIOgicaIuncIiOnOIasIc, asLacancIaims, ducIOIIcacIIIaIiIs
uncIiOnisIOpOIOgicaI IIcnvIcrc sIOuIdvc siIuaIciIspOssibiIiIy?
!iIisIIcOIIcrssIcpIIaIurgcsmcIObcdisIrusIuIandIIaIrcmindsmc
OIIcacIIIaIIcpOsscsscspcrIapsadi]crcnl ]orccrOmminc,IIcniIisacIu
aIIybccausc!didnOIIIinkOIIisbcOrc,bccausc!cOuIdnOIIIinkOIIis.
HOv cOuId ! Iavc, sincc IIc cxIcnI O my dicrcncc rOm IIc OIIcr,
IOpOIOgicaIIycOnsIiIuIcd, dOcsnOIaII undcranysIabIcIcmpOraImcasurc
and aIvays Icavcs mc gucssing vIcn iI cOmcs IO knOvingvIcIIcr IIc
suppOscd knuckIcIcadmaynOIbc abOuI IO gcIIOsIin IIc mOsI sIraigII-
Orvardprcmiscs?
uring IIc hrsI mOmcnI O my rcasOning suspcnsc, nO cOnvicIiOn
rcgarding IIc dicrcnI Orccs invOIvcd scrvcs any purpOsc, Or Iack O
aIIingundcrsOmcrcasOnabIccaIcuIaIiOnOiIsinscripIiOninduraIiOn.
!IisIIushIIingIOIakcOassOOnas!IavccOmpIcIcdR, solhallhcloic
o]lhcncihbourhoodsis aclivconlyaccordin lo lhcslcjso]lhcolhcr.
Wc viII pOsiI IIaI IIc IOgic OIIc ncigIbOurIOOds is inscparabIc rOm
IIc rcaI. HasIc, vIicI cannOI bc incrrcdrOm IIc symbOIic, isIIc mOdc
invIicIIIcsubccIcxcccdsIIcIaIIcrbycxpOsingiIscIIOIIc rcaI.
!irsIOaII, IIc rcaI O IIc OIIcrsmOIiOn, raIIcrIIanacccIcraIing mc,
makcsmc sIOp.
BuI, mOrccruciaIIy,IIc rcaI dchncs IIc sIakc, IIaIis, IIcsubccIiIscI
quarccsubccI.
Zb0
bUbdLLJlVlJlN NU bUbdLLJlVL PLLbb
! IurryOrIIcsimpIcrcasOn IIaIbcingIIc hrsIIO cxiIisIIc OnIyrcaI
IIaImaIIcrs.TIcacIIakcsprcccdcnccOvcrIIcrcasOning.
YOu scc. inIIisprimacyIicsIIcvIOIcsccrcIOsubccIivizaIiOn. WIcn
IIc pOpuIar insurrccIiOn brcaks OuI, iI is ncvcr bccausc IIc caIcuIabc
mOmcnIOIIisinsurrccIiOnIasarrivcd.!IisbccausciIisnOOngcrvOrII
dOing anyIIing cIsc cxccpI IO insurrccI. TIis is vIaI Lcnin said. IIcrc is
rcvOIuIiOn vIcn IIOsc rOm bcIOv dO nOI vanI IO cOnIinuc as bcOrc,
andvIcniIiscvcryvIcrcimpOsingIycvidcnIIIaIiIisvOrII mOrcIOdic
sIandingIIanIOIivcIying dOvn.
OuranccdOIcrcvcaIsIIaIiIisIIcinIcrrupIiOnOanaIgOriIIm, and nOI
iIs cxccuIiOn, IIaI Ias a subccIivizingcccI.
As Or IIc subccIivc prOccss, iI cxisIs OnIy in IIc rccOmpOsiIiOn O
cOnscqucnccs in IigII O IIc inIcrrupIiOn. !I is ncvcr IIc pursuiI O IIc
aIgOriIIm, sincc IIccnIrancc OOrccOnIO IIc sIagc brcaks viII IIc Iav
IOvIicIiIOvcsIIcacIIIaIiIcxisIsiniIspIacc.
SOiIisviIIIIcparIy,vIOscpOIiIicaIcOnsisIcncy, puIIOIIcIcsIOIIc
massuprising,ismOdihcdOrcvcr.

HasIcisdivisibIc.
! can cxiI, viIIOuI giving any IIOugII IO IIc quaIiIaIivc dicrcncc O
IIc OIIcr, bccausc IIc rcaI subccIs mc IO an inIOIcrabIc prcssurc and
bccausc IIc spacc O IOpOIOgicaI masIcry is nuII. My passiOn IO bc rcc
Icads mc IO IrusI OnIy IIc sIOrIcsI aIgOriIIm, viIIOuI IOIcraIing any
inIcrrupIiOn.
Hcrc is IOv iI IOOks: bccausc IIc rcaI OvcrvIcIms mc, in IIc guisc O
IIcviIaIimpOrIanccOIIcsIakcsinvOIvcd,!cxcIusivcIycaIIupOnIIcIav,
vIicIaiIs IOsusIainmcIO IIc cnd.
! ! sIOrI-circuiI IIc ambiguOus mcssagc O IIc OIIcrs dcparIurc, in
OrdcrIOrunviIIaIcavingcIcsIIOvardIIcdOOr,viIIOuIcvaIuaIingIIis
mcssagcsdivisibIcsignihcancc,!nOdOubIsubccIivizcbuIpurcIyaccOrd-
ng IO IIc cccIOa sIicncd and IicIcss aIgcbra. ! cIing IO R, viIIOuI
cOnidcringIIcIOgicOIIcncigIbOurIOOds.
!rOm a dicrcnIpcrspccIivc, vIaI vc ObIain Icrc is anxicIy, vIOsc
maOrcOnccpIvc aIrcadyIavc inIrOduccd.
TIc cOrrcIaIcd subccIivc prOccss rcprcscnIs IIc prisOn vardcn as IIc
kcy IO myvcrybcing. !IisIOvardIimIIaI! run rcckIcssyIObcgOrmy
Zb
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
rcIcasc. ! IIc knuckIcIcad rcasOncd accOrding IO R2, IIcrc vOuId bc a
sOmbrc IruII IO iIiIc vcrc IOpuI mcbackinIIc IOIc.
AnxicIy-subccIivizaIiOn-caIIs upOn IIc supcrcgO-IIc subccIivc
prOccss.
TIcrcisanOIIcrsidcIO IasIc, vIicIhndssuppOrIin a sIraIcgicanIici
paIiOnviIIOuIIavingmanagcdIOrcacIa vcII-grOundcd ccrIainIy.!Iakc
a mOmcnIsadvancc,bya vagcrOn IIcrcaI.
! Or cxampIc, ! IIink as a gOOd IOpOIOgisI IIaI my cOmpcIiIOrs arc
mOrc OrIcss mypccrs, IIc OnIyvay IO gcI avay is by no/wai/in OrIIc
cndOIIcrcasOning,vIicIIIcyvOuIdOIIcrviscaccOmpIisIaIIIcsamc
Iimc as !. TIc pOssibIc undccidabiIiIy O IIc OuIcOmc is vIaI ! caIcuIaIc
musIbcbrOkcn,IIrOugIancsscnIiaIsubccIivccOnhdcnccinIIcacIIIaI
! viIIcOmpIcIcIIcrcasOningin rOnI OIIcprisOndirccIOr.
AIcraII, IIaIsIIc OnIyIIing IIaI cOunIs.
VicIOry bcIOngs IO IIc Onc vIO gains IIc uppcr Iand by IIinking On
IIc gO.
Wc Iavc aIrcady cncOunIcrcd IIis suddcn baIancing mOvcmcnI by
vIicI ! cxpOscmyscIIOIIcrcaIviIIOuIrcsOrIingIOIIcimmObiIcIcm-
pOraIiIyOIIc Iav. iIsnamciscOuragc.
TIcIvOgcncricOrmsOsubccIivizaIiOn arcanxicIyandcOuragc.
NOIiccIIaIIIcacIisIIcsamc. asIcisIIcOrmOIIcOncOrIIcscis
siOn cOuragc/anxicIy. BuI IIc subccIivc mOdcs arc OppOscd, insOar as
OncbIOcks a rigidIavundcrIIc cccI OIOOmucI-O-IIc-rcaI, vIcrcas
IIc OIIcrbcIsOnIIcrcaIundcrIIccccIOananIicipaIcdcaIcuIaIiOn.
AsOrIIcprisOnvardcn,inIIccascOcOuragcOussubccIivizaIiOn,iIisnOI
rOmIimIIaI!cxpccIanysaIvaIiOn.!prOpOsc,raIIcr,IIaImycxccssOvcraII
caIcuIaIiOn,vagcrcdbybcIOnIIcrcaI,subccIsIIcIavIOiIscI.Onhdcncc
aIIOvsmc IOrcIaIcIOmyscIin IIccOnvicIiOnIIaI, inIIcIOngrun, IIc sub
ccIivcprOccssviIIrccOmpOscavOrIdinvIicIIIcIavmusIviIIcr.
Ouragc appcaIs IOusIicc.
TIus,IIcdOubIcsubccIivizingOccurrcnccrcccivcsiIsnamcs, asvcIIas
iIscOnnccIiOnIOIIcdOubIcidcnIiIyOIIcsubccIivcprOccss.
TIcrcarc OurundamcnIaIcOnccpIs anxicIy, cOuragc,usIicc, supcr-
cgO) , IvO IcmpOraIiIics subccIivizaIiOn, subccIivc prOccss), and IvO
mOdaIiIics. IIc mOdc , vIicI Iinks anxicIy IO IIc supcrcgO, and IIc
mOdc, vIicIIinkscOuragcIOusIicc.
AsIIcIOpOIOgicaIupIcavaIOanaIgcbra,IIcsubccIaccOmpIisIcsiIscI
inIIcacIOdividingIIcmOdc andIIcmOdc.
Zbb
1M6 l 06Xl SI60I
M3 , V
umuIaIivc dchniIiOnsOIIcsubccICanIOrsIIcOrcmandIIc
rcguIaIiOnOnaIiOnaIiIics!rcscripIiOn OIIccmpIypIacc
A subccI is sucI IIaI, subscrvicnI IO IIc ruIc IIaI dcIcrmincs a pIacc, iI
ncvcrIIcIcsspuncIuaIcsIIcIaIIcrviII IIcinIcrrupIiOnOiIscccI.
!Is subccIivizing csscncc Iics in IIis vcry inIcrrupIiOn, by vIicI IIc
pIacc,vIcrcIIcruIcisdcrcguIaIcd, cOnsisIsin dcsIrucIiOn.
A subccI is cquaIIy IIc prOccss OrccOmpOsing, rOm IIc pOinI OIIc
inIcrrupIiOn,anOIIcrpIaccandOIIcrruIcs.
TIcsubccIissubccIcd,insOarasnOIIingisIIinkabIcundcrIIisnamc
cxccpIarcguIaIcdpIaccaspIacc.AndaIsOinasmucIasvIaIIIcsubccI
dcsIrOys is aIIIc samcIimcIIaIvIicI dcIcrmincs iI in iIsbcngpIaccd.
TIc acIIIaI IIc subccIivcprOccss OccursrOm IIc pOinI OIIc inIcr-
rupIiOn indicaIcs IIc Iav O IIc subccI as IIc diaIccIicaI divisiOn O
dcsIrucIiOnandrccOmpOsiIiOn.
TIis is vIaI guaranIccs IIaI IIc subccIivc prOccss in parI cscapcs
rcpcIiIiOn. TIccccIOIIc Samcis dcsIrOycd, andvIaIIIisdcsIrucIiOn
insIiIuIcsis an o/hcrSamc.
TIcIOpOIOgyaIOnciscapabIcOmcasuringIIcacIIIaIOnccOnsisIcncy
cOmcs aIcranOIIcr, inIIc causaIOrdcringOIIcinIcrrupIiOn.
TIcsubccImaIcriaIizcsIIcdivisiOnOmaIcriaIism, insOarasiIcannOI
bc cOnccivcd viIIOuI IIc suppOrI O an aIgOriIIm OvcrdcIcrmincd and
ZbV
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
cOnOundcdbyIIc subccIvizinganIcpaIiOnsandIIcrcIrOacIiOnsOIIc
subccIvc prOccss.
2
A subccI isIIaIcIcmcnIOanaIgcbra rOmvIcIIIcIavOcOmpOsIOn
IIaIdcIcrmincsiIbccOmcsOpcnIO cIancc.
As IIc pOvcr O IIc rabbIc aIvays asscrIs. Wc can ncvcr knOv vIaI
IIcscpcOpIcarcIIinking.
!knOvsOmccx-cOIOniaIisIsvIOvcrcIaunIcdbyIIc rcguIaIcd caIm-
ncssOIIcirscrvanI,IspcrccIandsmOOIIbcIOngngIOIIcracsIsysIcm
OscrviIudc.TIcycOuId nOIsIOpandrgIIIysO-bcingcOnvnccdIIaI,
aI IIc hrsI sgnaI, IIaI s aI IIc hrsI cccI O vicinIy IIis aabIc man,
IIis cxccIIcnI cOOk, IIis cIiIdIOvcr, vOuId unIOad rgII On IIcr cIcsI
IIc scrap mcIaIOanOIdgun usuaIIy rcscrvcdOrMsIcrsmOrnng IunI
(bcsidcs, IIc IIIIc dcvI vas diIgcnI cnOugI IO brng IIc gamc and IIc
snackIOIIcOccasiOn) .
TIsi s IIc OId cOIOniaI subjccIivc IIcOrcmO IIc mpassvcncss O IIc
CIncsc.
TIc IOpOIOgicaI disIurbancc OanaIgcbras IIcprccscnamc OrIIcsc
carsvIOscrOOIsIicnIIccxIrcmcaIgcbraiczaIiOnOIIcspIacc.
AII IIis sIII gvcs yOu OnIy IIc causalIOcaIiOn. TIc subccI cxsIs OnIy
insOar as IIaI vIcIpcrIurbs cOmcs IO puI Is Ovn Ordcr On anOIIcr
pIacc.
'GrcaI disOrdcr undcr Icavcn crcaIcs grcaI Ordcr undcr Icavcn. MaO
vas vcry Ond O IIs prOvcrb. TIc suppOrI O IIs cngcndcrng is IIc
subccI-cccI as sucI. A subccI s cngcndcrcd vIcn IIc uprisng gans
acccss IO IIc cOnsisIcncy OIIc var OIibcraIOn, andIIc aIcaIOry O IIc
pIaccbccOmcsarIicuIaIcdupOnIIc dcrcnIiaI OOrcc.
Z0
YOu IavcOurIcmmas.
! . A subccI sIands inIIcaIgcbraicpOsIiOn OnIcrnaI cxcIusOn. Evcn
IIOugI I can bc assgncd IO IIc Iav, iIOcaIzcsIIc nIcrrupIiOn O
IIcIaIIcrcccI.
2. A subccI sIands in a piIOn O IOpOIOgcaI cxccss Ovcr IIc pIacc.
EvcnIIOugIiIbcIOngs,asasnguIarIcrm,IOIIcspIacc,IcO-adIcrcs,
as a cOIIccIvzingIcrm, IO a scrcs O ncigIbOurIOOds IIaI bIur IIc
pIaccs.
bUbdLLJlVlJlN NU bUbdLLJlVL PLLbb
. AsubccIisdcsIrucIOn/rccOmpOsiIiOn, OrIIcrcsncvcranOnpIacc.

TIc cxccss Ovcr IIc pIacc dcIaIcsa rc-pIaccmcnI.

4. SubccIvzaIOn dcsgnaIcs IIc subccI n IIc princpaI dimcnsiOn
O IIc inIcrrupIiOn; IIc subccIivc prOccss, in tIc dimcnsOn O IIc
rccOmpOsIOn.

TIc cruciaI pOnI s IO undcrsIand IIc IOpOIOgicaI cOnccpI O cxccss. As

ar asIIc (aIgcbraic) nIcrnaI cxcIusiOn scOnccrncd, vc Ovc Is cOnccpI
IO Lacan.
BOII cOnccpIs prcscnI IIcmscIvcs aI IIc samc spOI. TIcrcn Ics prc-
cscIyIIcdhcuIIy.
TIc IIcOry O IIc subccI s cOmpIcIc vIcn I managcs IO IIink IIc
sIrucIuraIIavOIIccmpIypIaccasIIcpuncIuaIancIOring OIIccxccss
OvcrIIcpIacc.
TIc sccrcIOIIisancIOrngIicsnIIcmaIcriaIisI-daIccIcaIdivsOnO
IIcvcryncxsIcnIvIOscprOducIsIIccxsIcnccOa vIOIc.
TvO cOnccpIs, and nOI Onc. IIs makcs aII IIc dcrcncc bcIvccn IIc
diaIccIcaIIOgcandIIcIOgcOIIcsgnihcr.
LcI us rcIurn, i yOu pIcasc, IO IIc ccnIraI cxampIc O IIc disjuncIiOn
bcIvccn aIgcbra and IOpOIOgy. IIc cxccss OparIs Ovcr cIcmcnIs, IIaI is,
CanIOrs IIcOrcm.
A scIE,cOnsdcrcdasavIOIc,bcIOngsIO aIypcOmuIIipIcIyIIaIIIc
OpcraIiOnsOscIIIcOryaIIOvusIOspccyandIIaIIIcycaIIIIccardnaI
iIy OIIs samc scI, Card ( E) . GrOssO mOdO, 'ascI Ias mOrc cIcmcnIs
IIana scIE svrIIcnasOIIOvs. Card ( E) ~ Card ( !) .
CanIOrsIIcOrcmcOmcsdOvnI OIIs.TIccardnaIIyO IIcscIO parIs
OE s aIvays supcriOrIO IIccardinaIIy OE IscI.
LcI us cOnsidcr IIc Iypc OmuIIpIcIy O E, Card ( E) , as a Iav O IIc
muIIipIc. LcIussay Or nsIancc IIaII s Orbddcn IIaI a muIIpIcIy bc
grcaIcrIIanIIcOncIIaI rcsuIIs rOm bcIOngingIOE.
~ (3) jCard ( E) ~ Card ( !)
ByIIc cccIs O purc IOgc, ( 3 !) Card ( E) ~ Card ( ) can aIsO bc
vrIIcn as OIIOvs. (V ) Card ( !) Card ( E) , vIcI is IIcnscrpIOn O
IIc acIIIaIaIIcardnaIiIyis ImIcdby IIaIOE.
WIaI yOu Iavc Icrc s IIc diaIccIicaI divsiOnO IIc vIOIc, dcjcndin
Z01
JHLKY JHL bUbdLLJ
on whclhcryou linkilonlo lhc univcrsal (V !) oronlo lhc incxislcnlial (- 3
!) ) .
!, in OrmaIIOgic, ( Vx) ( ! x) ) , aIIx is P.and ( 3x) ! x) , nOxi s nOI
!, arccquivaIcnI, IIcnIIcIOgicOIIcsignihcrcsIabIisIcsiIscIinIIcgap
in vriIing IIis cquivacncc, vIicI is vIcrc IIc diaIccIicaIIOgicOIIOvs iI
mOsIviIIingy.
!acan dravs rOm IIis dOubIc Iinkagc IIc OrmaI IOgic O IIc scxcs.
Man On IIc sidc O 'OraII x, IIis, vOmcn On IIc sidc O 'IIcrc cxisIsnO
x sucI IIaI nOIIIis.WIicIimpIicsIIaI 'IIcvOman, indccd, incxisIsin
IIc vIOIc.
cgcI aIrcadydccIarcdIIis. WOmanisIIcirOny OIIccOmmuniIy.
On aII IIis, rcadLacans 'LcIOurdiI ( Sciliccl4) andIIc cruciaI cxcgcsis
by can-CIaudcMiIncr (L'Amourdclalanuc, Lc ScuiI ) .
NOIicc,a s isOnIyhIIing,IIaIIIcunivcrsaIiIyOIIcprOIcIariaIpOsIuIaIcs
bOIIandaIIIcsamcIimcIIaIaccrIainOrmOpOIiIicsisvaIid]orallIIc
cmancipaIiOnrOmcIassviIIbcIIccmancipaIiOnOaIIOIumaniIy) and
IIaIIIispOIiIics,vIicIiscOmmunisI,isIIcincxisIcnIIIaIisprOpcrIOIIc
pOIiIicaI Wholc, vIicIIasmcaningOnIy rOmIIcpOinIOIIc SIaIc.
'TIccOmmunisIpOIiIicsdOcsnOI cxisI.TIcrcviIIOnIycvcrcxisIcOm-
munisIparIics.
TIcrc vas sOmcIIing irrcducibIy mascuIinc abOuI IIc TIird
!nIcrnaIiOnaI.
BypOsiIingIIaI ( V!) jCard !) Card E) , vc makcE inIOa spIacc.
COnsidcr IIaI IIis is vIaI a SIaIc dccidcs IIrOugI iIs rcguIaIiOns
rcgarding naIiOnaIiIy. TIc acI ObcIOnging IO IIc naIiOn-sIaIc, vIicI is
aIgcbraicaIIy cOdihcd by IIcsc rcguIaIiOns, hxcs IIc Iypc O muIIipIiciIy
O IIc !rcncI. prOIibiIcd IO dcsignaIc as '!rcncI any supcriOrmuIIipIic
iIy. TIc immigranI vOrkcrs, Or cxampIc, IIOugI cmpiricaIIy inIcrnaI IO
IIis csscnIiaI cOmpOncnIOIIc vIOIc IIaIis IIcprOducIivccIass, rcmain
IIOsc viIIOuI-rigIIs in IIc naIiOnaI muIIipIc. By IOIding IIcm IO bc
pOIiIicaIIy inIcrnaI IO IIis mIIipIc, IIrOugI IIc cOnccpI O 'IIc inIcrna
IiOnaI prOIcIariaIO!rancc,
Z0Z
- yOuinIcrrupIIIcnaIiOnaIIav,
- yOu dcsIrOy a sIrOngIOId in IIc impcriaIisI cOnscnsus, vIicI knOvs
OnIyimmigranIs,
- yOu rccOmpOsc a dicrcnI ruIc Or IIc muIIipIiciIy, Or insIancc,
vIOcvcr vOrks, Or vIOcvcr pracIiscs IIc pOIiIics O rcvOIuIiOn, Ias
IIcrigIIsIIaIarc aIIacIcdIObcing a mcmbcrOIIc naIiOn.
bUbdLLJVlJlN NU bUbdLLJlVL PKLLbb
!rOm IIis iI OIIOvs IIaI IIc immigraIcd vOrkcrs arc aI IIc ccnIrc O
IIc currcnI prOccss O pOIiIicaI subjccIiviIy, and IIaI IIc pOIiIicaI uniIy
OIIc!rcncIand IIcimmigranIs,iniIscnacImcnI, is iIscruciaIpOinIO
subccIivizaIiOn.
TIc immigranI prOIcIarians arc IIc incxisIcnI prOpcr IO IIc naIiOnaI
IOIaIiIy.
Our absIracI spIacc E aIsO Ias iIs incxisIcnI. IIc Iypc O muIIipIiciIy
IIaIis immcdiaIcIy supcriOr, IIc scI! vIicI vOuId cOnIain E andvIicI
vOuId ncvcrIIcIcssbc iIssucccssorinIIc asccnding Ordcr OcardinaIiIics.
TIis supcriOrIimiI is prOpcrIy spcaking IIaI OvIicI IIc Iav Orbids IIc
cxisIcncc. iIis IIcimmcdiaIcnuIIObjccI OIIcIav.
AmOng us, IIis is Iakcn carc Oby IIc Iavs and pracIiccs OcxpIsiOn
againsIimmigranIs, vIicIrcmindIIcIaIIcraIaIIIimcsOIIcprOIibiIiOn
OinIcriOriIyviIIin IIc naIiOnaI muIIipIc, and IIus OIIc impOssibiIiIy,
viII rcgardsIO IIc vIOIc, Oa muIIinaIiOnaI cOmpOsiIiOnOIIcnaIiOn.
HOvsIOuId vc cOnccivc OIIc IcgaIincxisIcnIIIaI IimiIsIIc vIOIc?
!Iis, inIIchrsIpIacc, IIcpIaccOIIc cmpIycardinaIiIyprcscribcdbyIIc
IavIIaIdisIribuIcsand cIOscsIIcpIaccsOpOssibIc cardinaIiIics. BcyOnd
Card E) , IIc ruIc sIaIcs, IIcrc is nolhin. TIis nOIIing is pIaccd by Ic
spIacc as IIc cIausc O iIs cIOsurc. !I is IIc cOnccpIIcss IimiI pOinI IIaI
guaranIccsIIcspIacciIshrmncssinIcrmsOIIcmIIipIc.
Lacan and MiIncr arc vcry cIcar abOuI IIis. AII IOIaIiIy rcquircs IIaI
IIcrc incxisIs aI IcasI Onc Icrm vIicI is nOI O IIc WIOIc, vIicI dOcs
nOIbcIOng IO iI. TIis impOssibIcbcIOnging scIs IIc cmpIy rOnIicr OIIc
WIOIc. !I incxisIs viII rcgard IO IIc WIOIc, buI iI aIsO cxsisIs, in IIc
cxIcnIIIaIiIis dcsignaIcdas IIc impOssibiIiIyrOmvIicIIIcpOssibiIiIy
Ocvcrybcing OIIc WIOIcdcrivcs iIs ruIc.
OursOcicIy-impcriaIisIsOcicIy-i dchncd as a vIOIc by IIc dccIara-
tiOn IIaI immigranI vOrkcrs arc nOI O IIis sOcicIy, IIaI iI is impOssibIc
IIaIIIcycvcrbc.
TIis cxisIcnIiaI markng O IIc bOundary by vay O IIc cmpIy pIacc
Organizcs IIcaIgcbraicpIaccOIIcOuI-pIacc.
TIc rcbcIIiOus dcmand O IIc immigranIs, aI IIis sIagc, Ias a namc.
EquaIrigIIs.
!IisamaIIcrOOccupyinglhcunOccupyabIcpIacc.
HcrcvcIavcIIchrsIcOnccpIOIIcincxisIcnIasIIcsubccIivcpOIariIy
OrIIcinIcrrupIiOnOIIcIavandIIc dcsIrucIiOn OIIc vIOIc. !Iis IIc
]orccdOccupaIiOnOIIcunOccupyabIcpIacc.
A prOIcsIsIruggIcinvIicIIIc immigranIs, rcprcscnIcdasa parIicuIar
Z0
1HLY l JHL bUbdLL1
sOciaI Orcc, dcmand IIc samc pOIiIicaI rigIIs as IIc rcncI, Orccs IIc
incxisIcnIvIOsc naIiOnaI muIIipIiciIy dcIcrmincs iIs cIOsurc as impcriaI-
isI, IIaIis, iIOrccsIIc immancnIpOpuIarinIcrnaIiOnaIism.
SimiIarIy, i ! pOsiI IIaI IIcrc cxisIs a cardnaI immcdiaIcIy supcriOrIO
Card ( E) , ! dcIOIaIizc, by Occupying IIc cmpIy pIacc, IIc cardinaIiIy OE
spIaccdasIIcmaximumcardinaIiIy.HcnccOrII, iIis OnIyOnc cardinaIiIy
amOng OIIcrs in IIc ncv cIOsurc markcd by Card ( E , IIc cardinaIiIy
IIaIsuccccds Card E) .
WIaIcvcrIIc (3O IIc IavcrcaIcdi nIcrmsO IIcvOid nOv hnds
iIscIhIIcd.
!n aII cascs, IIc subccI prOcccds rOm a subjccIivizaIiOn by Orcing
IIc cmpIy pIacc, vIicI a ncv Ordcr grOunds rcIrOacIivcIy qua pIacc, by
Iaving Occupicd iI. MuIIinaIiOnaI pcOpIc and cardinaI succcssOr arc IIc
prOccss anIicipaIcd byIIcOrccd cxisIcncc OIIcincxisIcnI.
Any spIacc is IIus IIc aIcr-cccI Or ajrs-couj O IIc dcsIrucIiOn O
anOIIcr.
SubjccIivizaIiOn isIIcanIicipaIiOnvIOsc sIrucIurc isIIc cmpIypIacc
IIcsubjccIivcprOccss, IIcrcIrOacIiOn IIaIpIaccsIIcOrcing.
TIcsubccIisIIcspIacc,asIIaIvIicIIasbccOmc,IIrOugIIIcincxisI
cnI, rOmvIaIIasbccn dcsIrOycd.
Z09
L0| C 0 IM6 6XC6SS
M3 b, V
TIaIIIcimmigranIs, asidcrOmIIccmpIypIacc, inducc
ncigIbOurIOOds cvcryvIcrc-CanIOrOnccmOrcTIc cOnIinuum
IypOIIcsisasdcsircOraIgcbraTIccOnsIrucIibIc ( GdcI) and IIc
gcncric ( COIcn)TIcincaIcuIabIcimpacIOIIc gcsIurc OIIc dicc
IIrOvcr
!sIIisaII?!nmaIIcrsOIIcsubccI,is IIcincxisIcnIaIIIIaIcxisIs?
WIaIvc Iavc ncgIccIcdiscOnsidcrabIc. Arc IIOscimmigranIvOrkcrs
dcIcrmincdinIIcirbcingbyIIcrccOurscIOIIccmpIypIacc aIOnc? !vc
vanI IO dchnc IIc angIc byvIicIIIcy IOucI upOn IIcpOIiIicaI subccI,
dOcs iI suhcc IO say IIaI IIcy sIand in inIcrnaI cxcIusiOn IO rcncI
sOcicIy? OnIIaI accOunI, IIc uniIyOIIc rcncI and immigranIs vOuId
bc IimiIcd IO IIc sIOv O sOIidariIy granIcd by a cv rcasOnabIc Iavc-
rigIIs IO IIc rcbcIIiOus viIIOuI-rigIIs. !I is IIc ccbIc uniOnisI pOIiIics O
suppOrIOra sOciaIOrcc.
rOm IIc pOinI O IIcir pracIicaI immancncc viIIin IIc cass
sIruggc, IIcrc is mOrc, mucI mOrc. TIc IOpOIOgy O IIc rcvOII O
immigranI vOrkcrs quaIiIaIivcIy disrupIs aII IIc pOIiIicaI ncigIbOur-
IOOds. TIOsc vIO undcrgO IIc mOsIimpOrIanImOdihcaIiOn arc nOI sO
mucI IIc immigranI vOrkcrs IIcmscIvcs, cvcn i IIcy snaIcI up IIc
rigII IO vOIc, sO mucI as IIc rcncI IIc rcncI vOrkcrs Or vIOm
IIc subvcrsiOn O IIcir naIiOnaI idcnIiIy, prOvidcd IIcy arc svcpI up
Z0b
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
in IIc prOccss, subccIivizcs anOIIcr visiOn and anOIIcr pracIicc O!
pOIiIics.
TIcpOIiIicaIcOnsIrucIiOnOIamuIIinaIiOnaIcIassuniIydchncsa IOpOI-
OgyIIaIcxcccds!rOmviIIinIIcIavOIimpcriaIisIsOcicIyandIIaIbynO
mcans canbc rcduccdIO IIc IOrcing OIIIccmpIypIacc, OrIO prOvOking
IIcIaiIurcOIIIcIavsOIprOIibiIiOnandIIcpracIiccsOIcxpuIsiOnIIaIarc
parIOIIIcnaIiOnsrcguIaIiOnscOnccrningciIizcnsIip,cvcniIIIisIOrcing
andIIis!aiIurcmarkanObIigaIOryIacIicaIscansiOn.
TIcrc cxisIsa rccOursc OIcxccssvIicIisimmancnIIO IIc vIOIc, and
O!vIicIIIc OccupaIiOn OIIIc unOccupyabIc pIacc is OnIyIIc sIrucIuraI
cOnsIrainI, OrIIcprcscribcdOccasiOn.
ScIIIcOrygivcsusIIcabsIracIscIcmcO!IIisscissiOnOIIOrcc.
!IyOupOsiIIIaICard ( E) isIIcmaximumcardinaIiIy,yOuviIIccrIainIy
ObIain IIc sIrucIuraI rcsOurccs IO pinpOinI IIc cmpIy pIacc O!iIs succcs
sOr.BuIaIrcadyEIOIdsviIIiniIscIIIIccxccssOvcrIIisprOIibiIiOn,sincc
CanIOrdcmOnsIraIcsIIaIIIc scIOIIIc parIsOIE Iasa cardinaIiIyIIaIis
supcriOrIOIIaIOIE.
COnccivcd IOpOIOgicaIIy, by IIc incIusiOn OI iIs parIs, E dcsIrOys IIc
IOIaIizingIavOIIIcmaximumOImuIIipIiciIyIIaIiIissuppOscdIObc.
NOviI sOIappcnsIIaIIIcdcsirc OIIIcmaIIcmaIician-and CanIOrs
dcsircIObcginviII-canguidcusIOvardIIcrccOgniIiOnO!IIcdiaIccIi-
caI sIakcsIIaIarcinvOIvcdin IIis.
TIOscvIOvanIIO limi/IIcrcvOIIOIIIc immigranIs IO IIc subccIivc
cIcmcnI OIIradc uniOnism dccIarc IIaI IIc cquaIiIy O!rigIIs, IIaIis, IIc
OccupaIiOnOIIIcunOccupyabIcpIacc, isaIIIIaIIIcacIiOnisabOuI.TIcy
ncgIccI IIc rcaI O! IIc ncigIbOurIOOds IIcy rcsIricI IIc aIIcriIy O! IIc
SamcIOiIsaIgcbraichIiaIiOns.
MaIIcmaIicians, IIOugI OIIcn mad, IccI IIc prcssurc OIIIc svOrd OI
OrdcragainsIIIcirback. TIcyvOuIdIikcIObcabIcIOpOsiIIIaIIIcimma-
ncnI cxccss OImuIIipIiciIy,vIicI is IIaI OIIIc scI OIparIs OIa scI, IaIIs
squarcIyin IIc cmpIypIaccOIiIsuppcrIimiI. !nsIOrI, IIcyvOuIdIikcIO
pOsiIIIaIIIc cardinaIiIy O!IIc parIiIiOncdiscxacIIyIIc succcssOrO!IIc
cIcmcnIary cardinaIiIy. TIaIis, iI!( E) indicaIcs IIc scI O!IIcparIsOIE,
andCard ( E) , IIc hrsIIypcOImuIIipIiciIysupcriOrIOE, IIcyvOuIdIikc
IO pOsiIIIcIOIIOving: Card!( E) Card ( E) .
TIis i s IIc IamOus gcncraIizcd cOnIinuum IypOIIcsis, IIc primOrdiaI
cOnccrn OI spcciaIisIs in scI IIcOry, IOr vIOsc impOssibIc dcmOnsIraIiOn
CanIOruscdup IishnaIycars.
WIaI is aI issuc is nOIIing Icss IIan IIc IusiOn OI aIgcbra (Ordcrcd

bUbdLLJlVlJlN NU bUbdLLJlVL PLLbb

succcssiOn OI cardinaIs) and IOpOIOgy (cxccss OI IIc parIiaI Ovcr IIc
cIcmcnIary) . TIc IruII OI IIc cOnIinuum IypOIIcsis vOuId makc iI a
Iav IIaI IIc cxccssviIIin IIcmIIipIc Iavc nO aIIOcaIiOn OIIcr IIan IIc
OccupaIiOn OIIIc cmpIy pIacc, Or IIc cxisIcncc OIIIc incxisIcnI prOpcr
IO IIciniIiaI mIIipIc. TIis vOuIdmainIainIIchIiaIiOns OIcOIcrcncc, in
IIc scnscIIaIvIaI cxcccds IIc vIOIc IrOmviIIingOcsnO IurIIcrIIan
IOnamcIIcIimiIpOinIOIIIis vIOIc.
BuIIIccOnIinuumIypOIIcsiscannOIbcdcmOnsIraIcd.
MaIIcmaIicaIIriumpIOIpOIiIicsOvcrIIcuniOnisIIOgicOIrcaIism.
2
WIcrc dOvc sIand?
!n ! 3, GdcI dcmOnsIraIcs IIaI IIc cOnIinuum IypOIIcsis is cOn-
sisIcnIviII IIc axiOms OIscI IIcOry. !Ivc vanI, vc can addiI IO IIcsc
axiOms.
!OrIIc sakc OIIIis rcassuringdcmOnsIraIiOn, GdcIuscs a mOdcIIIaI
isinIcrnaIIOscIIIcOry,IIccIassOIcons/ruc/iblcscIs.TIissignihcriscxcm-
pIary.!IindicaIcsIOvIaIpOinIIIcaimisIOObIainanOpcraIiOnaImasIcry
OvcrIIc rcsOurccs O!muIIipIiciIy, IO inIcrIIrOugIprOccdurcs OIOrdcrcd
cxpansiOnIIcsIagc-by-sIagccOnsIrucIiOnOIcvcrmOrccOmpIcxscIs. TIc
pOIcnIiaIanarcIy OIIIc cxccssOIIIc parIs isIIus subducd, aIIIccOsI, iI
is Iruc, OIan cxIrcmc IimiIaIiOn OIIIc scI-IIcOrcIicaI rcsOurccs. GdcIs
mOdcIis cIaracIcrizcdbyancxIrcmcnarrOvncss OIIIc muIIipIc.
LOgicians sIOv grcaI IucidiIy abOuI IIis. COnsidcr . . cvIin (in
Handbooko]Ma/hcma/icalIoic) .
( . . . ) IIc nOIiOn O! IIc pOvcr scI O! an inhniIc scI is IOO vaguc, vc
knOv IIaI !( x) , IIc pOvcr scI OI x, cOnsisIs OI all subscIs OI x-buI
vIaI dOcs all mcan Icrc? TIc axiOms OI ! jcrmcIO!racnkcI and
!C jcrmcIO-!racnkcIpIus IIc axiOm OIcIOicc dOnOIIcIpusmucI.
TIc cons/ruc/iblc univcrsc is ObIaincdvIcnIIisIOOscncssisrcmOvcdby
IakingIIcpOvcrscIOIanyscIassmaIIaspOssibIc, viIIOuIcOnIradicI
ingIIc! axiOms. MOrcprcciscIy, vcnOIiccIIaIanysubscIOIagivcn
scIvIicIishrsI-OrdcrdchnabIc (. . . ) IrOmOIIcrgivcnscIsmusI'cxisI
(inany 'univcrsc) iIIIcgivcnscIs 'cxisI and dchncIIc cOnsIrucIibIc
IicrarcIy (viIIIIccOnsIrucIibIcunivcrscasiIsIimiI) byIaking,aIsIagc
o, nOI all ( ?) subscIs OI vIaI vc Iavc sO Iar, buI OnIy IIOsc subscIs

JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ

vIicIarc hrsI-OrdcrdcIinabIcrOmvIaIvcIavc sOar. TIisminimal-
iq O IIc cOnsIrucIibIc univcrsc Ias IIc rcsuII IIaI Or any cardnaI k,
2 IIccardinaIIy O IIc scI O parIsO k s as smaII as pOssibIc (Icnc
c
IIc GCH GcncraIizcd COnIinuum HypOIIcsis IOIds in IIc cOnsIrucI
bIc univcrsc) . HM! 454, vcrsiOn adapIcdinaccOrdanccviIIBadiOus
IransIaIiOn
TIis IcxI cIcarIy prOpOscs IO puI sOmc Ordcr n IIc parIiIOning O IIc
muIIipIc. TIc acI IIaI Or cvIin, IIc nOIiOn O 'aII IIc subscIs O E s
'IOOvaguc dcnOIcsIspcrpIcxiIyinIIcaccOIIc unassignabIc rcsOurccs
O cxccss. TIc prOpOscd paII cOnsisIs in kccping in cxisIcncc OnIy IIaI
vIOsc dchnIiOn, rOm viIIin IIc vIOIc, is cxpIiciI accOrding IO IIs
vIOIciIscI.
TIc acI IIaI Onc cnds up inminmaIiIy sIOvs vIaI iI sIIaIIcIurns
avay rOm.
LOng bcOrc IIc ccOIOgisIs viII IIcir IIOurisIing bcads, IIc IOgcians
pOsIIIaI, nIIcacc OIIc 'vaguc spIIagcsOIOpOIOgy, iI isapprOpriaIc
IO prOcIaim. 'Smallisbcauli]ul.
SmaIIncss is IicrarcIy. IIc cOnsIrucIibIc univcrsc s buiII in sIraIa n
sucI a vay IIaI cacI sIraIum cOnIans OnIy ObccIs IIaI can bc dchncd
canOnicaIIy On IIc basis O IIc prcccdngsIraIa. OcOursc, IIc ObccI IO
vaIcIOvcrisIIcOncinvIicIIIccxccssisrOOIcd,IIaIis, IIcparIcarvcd
OuIinIIcvIOIc. GdcIs cOnsIrucIOncnIaiIsavcrIabIc dOmcsIicaIiOn O
admssibIc parIs-Or OadmissibIcparIics. . . . Onc prOcccdsbyvayOan
aIgcbraicrarcacIOnOvIaIisIOIcraIcdn Icrms OIIcsubscIsOa givcn
muIIipIicIy.
!cIussimpIiy, sOasIOpcncIraIcIIc anIdiaIccIicaIcsscnccOIIcprOO
nqucsIiOn.
Givcn a scI OscIs, M, a parI O M, say, is dccIarcd dchnabIc in M i
IIcrc cxisIs a sIaIcmcnI vII a singIcvarabIc, x, a, b, c . . ) , vIcrc a,
b, c . . . arc scIs OM IIaI arc aIrcady dchncd, a sIaIcmcnI sucI IIaI IIc
cIcmcnIsOarcIIc OnIyOncsIO saIisy, inM, IIissIaIcmcnI.
!uI dicrcnIIy, s IIaI subscI O M sucI IIaI an cxpIiciI sIaIcmcnI,
buIIaccOrdingIOIIcparamcIcrsIIaIbcIOngOnIyIO M,dcscribcsaprOp-
crIy cOmmOn IO aII iIs cIcmcnIs and IO IIcsc aIOnc. SucI a sIaIcmcnI
cIaracIcrizcs . M, sOIOspcak, cOnIrOIsIinguisIicaIIyiIs parI . !IdcIains
iIs]ormula.
rOm IIcrc, yOu viII pass rOm Onc scIIIcOrcIicaI sIraIum IO anOIIcr
IIrOugIanOrdinaI cnumcraIiOn ina rccurrcnIsIrucIurc.
Z0b
bUbdLLJlVlJlN NU bUbdLLJlVL PLLbb
BrOadIyspcaking, cacIsIraIumvIIaIIOvaIIIIcparIsrOmIIcprcccd-
ing sIraIum IIaI arc dchnabIc accOrdng IO IIc IaIIcr 'dchnabIc in IIc
rigOrOus scnsc uscd bcOrc . Wc can pIrasc IIis pOnI in a dchniIOn O
IranshniIcrccurrcnccvIOschrsIIcrm is IIccmpIyOrnuII scI.
SubscqucnIIy, yOu vIIacccpIOnIyIIOsc scIsIIaI bcIOngIOa dcIcrmi
naIc sIraIum.
TIc cOnsIrucIibIc univcrsc IIaI is buiII n IIis vay prOcccds by sIagcs
i nimpOsingIIcscI-ImiIaIiOnOimmancnImuIIipIiciIics,vIOscOrmuIa
musIbc abIcIObcgivcnaccOrdngIOIIcparamcIcrsOIIcvIOIc.
OnccOuIdOrcxampIcdcmandIIaIanypOIIicaIOrganizaIiOnbc dchn-
abIc bascd On IIc cxcIusivc paramcIcrs O parIiamcnIarism (parIicipaIiOn
in cIccIiOns, cIcar cIassihcaIiOn 'On IIc rigII and OnIIc IcI, and sO On
andIIaIanyvOrkcrsgrOupbcabIcIOnscribcIscIinaunOnsIOrmuIa.
Bcsidcs, IIisiscxacIIyvIaIIcndsIObc dOnc. TIcnOIiOnsOIIc cxIrapar
IiamcnIaryandOauIOnOmyarcquickIycriinaIizcd.TIcdOminanIpOIiIi-
caI univcrscIIaIis OurOvn, nO dOubI, sccksIOrcmaincOnsIrucIibIc.
!n IIs unvcrsc, IIc cxccss O IIc muIIipIc is uIImaIcIy rcduccd IO
vIaIcvcr IIc aIgcbra O iI IOIcraIcs. I hIs)usl undcr IIc cOnccpI O IIc
ncxisIcnI IIaI dcIimIs IIcvIOIc. !nIIisvay, IIc cOnIinuumIypOIIcsis
issaIishcd.
TIcpriccIObcpaidOrIIisisancxIraOrdinarypOvcrIyOIIcmuIIipIc,
as sIOvn in IIc dismaI spccIacIc OparIiamcnIary cIccIiOns andOasII-
maIic crOvds IIaI bIcss us vII IIc giI O IIcir pcrsOnaIiIy during IIc
'mccIings OIIcmaOruniOns.
!ndccd, IIc aIgcbraic cncOding O IIc cxccss, vIicI submIs iI IO an
OrdcrcdcnumcraIiOn, rcduccsvIaIis subccIvcIy IOO-mucI IOvIaIOr
tIisOrdcrisIOO-IiIIIc.
WIaIcvcra pIaccIOIds virIuaIIynIcrmsOsubccIivizaIiOn, OncciIis
rcaIigncd cxcIusvcIy OnIO IIc cmpIy pOinIOiIs bOundary, aIIsbackOn
IIc cquiIibriumbcIvccnpIaccand cxccss, vIicIdOcsnOIIngmOrcIIan
rcpcaIIIcacIIIaIa pIaccIasIIcpOvcrObcingIIcpIaccOIIcsubcc-
Iivc, viIIOuIIIcquaIiIaIivcbrcakbyvIicIIIcsubccI-cccIina IOrsiOn
cscapcsIIc IOcaI mcasurc.
A IruIyasIOnsIingIIcOrcm ROvbOIIOm sIagcs IIcOrcc O inIcrdc
tiOnbyvIicIcOnsIrucIibiIiIy muIiIaIcsIIc mIIipIc.
!n Ordcr IO grasp iIs ignhcancc, vc musI undcrsIand IIaI GdcIs
OuIcOmcdOcsnOIaIaIIsaIisyIIcrcguIarmaIIcmaIician.WIaIIIcIaIIcr
vanIs is Or IIc dOcIrinc O muIIipIicIics IO prcscribc IIc cOnIinuum
IypOIIcsis as a ncccssary rcsuII, and nOI as an aIIOvabIc suppIcmcnI.
Z0V
JHLY 1HL bUbdLLJ
His Or Icr gOaI is nOI IIc IOIIOv rccdOm IO add Or nOI IIc cOnIinuum
IypOIIcsisIOIIcaxiOmsOscI IIcOry.
TIc undcrIying idca is IIaI iI is nOI pOssibIc IO makc an axiOm O IIc
idcnIiIybcIvccnIIccxccssandIIcOccupaIiOnOIIccmpIypIacc. WIaI
is nccdcdisOrIIcrcaIIOimpOscOn us/hcimjossibiliq]ori//obco/hcrwisc.
!nOI, IIc inIcgraIdiaIccIicprcvaiIs. IIcrcis sOmc IcIcrOgcnciIybcIvccn
IIc IOgic OsucccssiOnamOngIIccmpIy pIaccsandIIcinIcriOrcxccssO
IIc muIIipIc.
SimiIarIy, IIc Iradc uniOnisIs vIO dccnd IIc idca O 'suppOrIing IIc
sOciaI Orcc O immigranIs, in Ordcr sOmcIOv IO rcguIarizc IIc IaIIcr
sIaIus viIIin impcriaIisI sOcicIy, vanI IisIOry IO impOsc IIcir sOIuIiOn
as IIc OnIypOIiIicaIsOIuIiOn imaginabIc. OrIIcmvIaI is aIsIakc is IIc
simpIc, mcIapIysicaI, andaIcmpOraI naIurcOcIass, vIOsc sIaIus dchncs
IIciridcOIOgyObcIOnging.
OncIIcrcOrcscarcIcsOra vay IOcurbIIc cOnIinuumIypOIIcsisby
rcsIuIingIIc axiOms. !Or cxampIc, byOrmuIaIingIypOIIcscs rcgard-
ing IIc pIausibIc cxisIcncc O giganIic cardinaIiIics. !I is a qucsIiOn O
sOmcIOvbringingIIccxccssinIinc,nOIOngcrrOmbcIOv,IIrOugIinc
riOrsIraIa as in IIc cOnsIrucIibIcunivcrsc, buI rOmabOvc, by admiIIing
sIraigIIavayccrIain prc-cmincnI mIIipIiciIics IIaIarccxpccIcd IOOrdcr
cvcryIIing IIaIprcccdcsIIcm.
AIOngIIispaII, cOmparabIc IO IIc naIiOnaIisI,var-mOngcring, impcri
aIisIgranddcsignsbyvIicIIIcbOurgcOisicsscckIOIigIIIIcbackhrcO
criscsandpOpuIarupsurgcs, nOIIingvOrIIvIiIcIasbccnOund.
RaIIcr, iIbccamcpOssibIc IO mcasurc in vIaI scnsc IIc cOnIrOI 'rOm
bcIOv, IIc GdcIiancOnsIrucIibiIiIy, suppOrIcdnOnc OIIcvasIcxisIcn-
IiaI IypOIIcscs, duc IO IIc inIrinsicpOvcrIy O iIs rcsOurccs in Icrms O
muIIipIiciIics.
!IIcrc cxisI 'vcryIargccardinaIiIics (IIcIccInicaIdchniIiOnOvIicI
! cannOI gcI inIO Icrc) , IIcrc ncccssariIy cxisI innumcrabIc scIs IIaI arc
nOIcOnsIrucIibIc.
TIc prcssurc rOm abOvc and IIaI rOm bcIOv arc incOmpaIibIc. YOu
cannOI bOII and aI IIc samc Iimc sIOv O IIc syndicaIisI cupIOria Or
ncgOIiaIing IIc impcriaIisI cxpansiOn in Iimcs Opcacc and indOcIrinaIc
IIc pcOpIcinIIc risk OvarandIIc sIadyappcaIOcOnqucsIs.
ROvbOIIOmdcmOnsIraIcsIIaI iIIcrc cxisIs a ccrIainspccicsOcardi-
naIiIy-a'vcryIargcIypcOmuIIipIiciIy-IIcnIIcrcarc,amOngIIcparIs
OIIc mOdcsIscIOvIOIc numbcrs (IIcsmaIIcsIinhniIcscI) manymOrc
IIaIarcnOncOnsIrucIibIcIIancOnsIrucIibIc.

Z7
bUbdLLJlVlJlN NU bUbdLLJlVL PLLbb
TIis gOcs IO sIOv IIc cxIcnI IO vIicI IO pOsiI any scI as cOnsIrucI-
ibIc,vIicI is GdcIs paII IO csIabIisI IIc cOnsisIcncyOIIc cOnIinuum
IypOIIcsis, mcans IO casIraIc IIc immancnI pOvcr O IIc mIIipIc and
IO sIrikc IIOsc muIIipIiciIics IIaI arc IOO ambiIiOus viII IIc sIamp O
inIcrdicIiOn.

!n ! 6, COIcndcmOnsIraIcsIIaIIIcncgaIiOnOIIccOnIinuumIypOII-
csisisascOnsisIcnIviIIIIcaxiOmsOscIIIcOryasiIsahrmaIiOn.
TIc 'disOrdcrOncarII insIaIIsiIscIbyvayOdcmOnsIraIiOn.
MOsIamazingIy,inOrdcrIObuiIdIismOdcIinvIicIIIcaIgcbraicrcgu
IaIiOnOcxccsscOmcsIOaIIcr, COIcnuscsaIccIniqucIOvIicIIcgivcs
IIc namc O 'Orcing. bIind inIuiIiOn OIIc acI IIaI, aI IIc pOinI vIcrc
IIc ruIc O succcssiOn nO IOngcr appIics, vIaI is aI issuc is IIc subccIiv-
izingOrcc.
COIcns mOdcI is buiII aIOng paIIs IIaI arc diamcIricaIIy OppOscd IO
IIOscOGdcI. Wc canIardIyprOvidcan idca OiI, iOrnOOIIcrrcasOn
IIan IIaI nOinIuiIiOn maIcIcs IIis mOdcI. TIis is a sympIOm OIIc acI
IIaIiIbcspcaksIIccxccss.
!n Ordcr IO cxpIOrciIs dcIOurs, IIc rcadcrviIIrccrIO IIc cIapIcrby
. !. BurgcssOn]orcininHandbooko]Ma/hcma/icalLoic(404

52) .
! I i s by IIc 'imaginary cxIcnsiOn O a sIabIc primiIivc mOdcI (round
modcl) IIaI vc ObIain IIc vIcrcvIIaI IO unIimiI IIc parIiIivc rcsOurccs
OIIcmuIIipIc.
TIcuncIiOnOIIc cxccss O IIis addcd imaginary scI asan inducIOr
canbcgIanccdrOmiIs namc. gcncricscI.
And,ccrIainIy,anysubjccIbringsabOuIIIcdividcduniIyOIIcgcncric
andIIc cOnsIrucIibIc.
TIc gcncric suppIcmcnI is OnIy minimally dcscribcd. TIis is kcy. IIc
vcakcsI pOssibIc masIcryOIIc Ianguagc OIIcvIOIcOvcrIIaIvIicIis
cxpccIcdIOmakciIprOIicraIc.AsCOIcnIimscIsays.'!nIIcprcscnIcasc
vcarc sIarIingviII a singIcsymbOIOrIIc scIa andvisI, insOmc scnsc,
IOgivc IIc IcasI pOssibIcinOrmaIiOnabOuI iI
GdcI, by cOnIrasI, rcquircs aI cacI sIagc IIc maximum dcscripIivc
capaciIy, sincc Ic rcIains OnIy IIOsc parIs O vIicI an cxpIiciI OrmuIa
prOvidcsa singuIarprOpcrIy.
!n Ordcr IO kccp IIc inOrmaIiOn as scarcc as pOssibIc, COIcn rcpIaccs
Z7I
1HLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
IIcprOpcrIics OimpIicaIiOn (ip,IIcnq) viIIIIcmOrccvasivcprOpcrIy
O]orcin. i IIcrc is sucI Or sucI a cOndiIiOn, IIcn IIc sIaIcmcnI q is
' Orccd IO bc IIc casc.
A cOndiIiOn is in acI OnIyan cIcmcnIO IIcgcncricscI. TIc inOrma
IiOn IIaI aIIOvs us IO siIuaIc IIc cxIcnsiOn as IIc IIcOrys mOdcI can
bc summcd up by saying IIaI IIc bcIOnging O an cIcmcnI IO IIc addcd
'imaginary scIOrccssucIOrsucIa prOpcrIy OIIiscxIcnsiOn.
A IypicaI cxampIc O IIis cvasivc IOgic, Or O IIc sysIcmaIic undcr-
inOrmaIiOnsOugIIaIcrbyOIcn, canbcOundinIIcprccrcnIiaIIrcaI
mcnIgivcn IO IIcunivcrsaIquanIihcrOvcrIIc cxisIcnIiaIOnc.
WIy? Bccausc i ! Iavc a sIaIcmcnI O IIcIypc (3 x) (! ( x) ) , iIs IruII
accOrdingIOIIcmOdcIrcquircsIIaI!dcsignaIcaprccisccIcmcnIaOIIis
mOdcI sucI IIaI !( a) is saIishcd in iI. TIis prccisiOn runs cOunIcr IO IIc
gcncric inspiraIiOn, vIicI aims IO disIinguisI as IiIIIc as pOssibIc viIIin
IIc rcsOurccsOIIccxccss.
!nIIisrcgardIIcgcncriccsscnIiaIIyrcscmbIcsIIcIOpOIOgicaI,vIicI,as
vc csIabIisIcd, disidcnIihcsIIccIcmcnIin avOurOiIsncigIbOurIOOds.
!IOIIOvsIIaI 'vIcnaccd viII 3 x B ( x) , vc sIOuId cIOOsc IO IavciI
aIsc, unIcssvcIavc aIrcadya symbOIx OrvIicIvcIavcsIrOngrcasOn
IO insisIIIaI B( x) bc Iruc .

SarIrc Ias many Iimcs Ovcr asscrIcdIIaI IIc rcIaIiOnOIIcinIcIIccIuaI

IOIIcrcvOIuIiOnIicsinIisOrIcrunivcrsaIizinguncIiOnHcisrigIIabOuI
IIis.TIccxccss,vIicIisIIcIOpOIOgicaIIavOsubccIivizaIiOn, induccsa
primacy O IIc univcrsaI Ovcr IIaI vIicI, rOm IIc cxisIcnIiaI, prOduccd
vIaIcvcrvasdisIinguisIabIcin IIcOIdvOrId.
!OIiIicaI Orcc, Oncc iI is IcI IOOsc, nO IOngcr disIinguisIcs as bc]orc.
TIcrcin Iics iIs cOmmuniIarianvirIuc-iIs gcncric virIuc.
Likcvisc, i InOIOngcrprcscribcs IIc samcncgaIivcspacc. !IIransmuIcs
IIc OId Iav O OppOsiIiOns (parIiamcnIary Oncs, Or cxampIc) . !I IcacIcs
usIOsay 'nO dicrcnIIy.
AI IIis pOinI vc sIiII Iavc IO brcak viII IIc dcIcrminisIic cccIs O
impIicaIiOn.
TIaI p impIics nOn-q mcanspurcIyand simpIy, in IIc cIassicaI IOgicO
prOpOsiIiOns,IIaIpandqcannOIbcIrucaIIIcsamcIimc.!pisIruc,IIcn
q musIbcaIsc.TIcimpIicaIiOnOa ncgaIiOndcnOIcsIIc incOmpaIibiIiIy
OIvO sIaIcmcnIs. !n IIis scnsc, IIc IruII Op sIricIIy dcIcrmincs IIaI q
nOI bc Iruc.
By cOnIrasI, inIIcIOgicOOrcing,IIaIpOrccsnOn-qmcansIIaIIIcrc
cxisIsnO cOndiIiOn IIaIissIrOngcrIIanp andIIaIOrccs q. !IisrOm IIc
ZZ
bUbdLL1lVl1lN N bUbdLL1lVL PLLbb
pOinIOanincxisIcnIrcIaIivcIOIIcsIaIcmcnIpIIaIIIc OrcingOnOn-q
is dcIcrmincd.
WIaIisa 'sIrOngcrcOndiIiOn?vcniOIcndchncsiIsIricIIyinIcrms
O a rcIaIiOn O Ordcr, vc can inIcrprcIiI as a cOndiIiOnIIaIgivcs 'mOrc
inOrmaIiOnIIanIIciniIiaIOnc,Oragain,acOndiIiOnIIaIismOrcrcsIric-
tivcasIOIIccIaracIcrisIics OIIcgcncricmOdcI.
WcviIIIIusIOId IIaIp Orccs IIc ncgaIiOn Oq iIIcrcis nO cOndi-
tiOn,knOvnIOcOnIainmOrcinOrmaIiOnIIanp, vIicIOrccsqiIscI.TIc
sIaIcmcnI q hnds iIscI, sO IO spcak, rccd viII rcgard IO IIc cOndiIiOns
IIaI arc sIrOngcrIIan p.
TIus, IIcOrcing OIIcncgaIivcOnOn-q-as OppOscdIO IIc incOm-
paIibiIiIyinduccdbyiIsimpIicaIiOn,isIIcrcsuIIOIIcacIIIaInOIIingin
IIaIvIicIIOcaIcsand cncOmpasscsIIccOndiIiOnpOrccsIIcIruIIOq.
Onccivcd O as a brcak, subccIivizaIiOn ccrIainIy OpcraIcs viIIin a
IOgic O Orcing. TIc ' NO O IIc rcvOII is nOI impIicd by IIc IOcaI cOndi-
IiOns. !I isOrccdbyIIcincxisIcnccOan absOIuIc cOnsIrainI IIaI vOuId
OrccsubmissiOnIOIIcimmcdiaIccOndiIiOnsina IransccndcnIvay.
BcIvccn OrmaI impIicaIiOn andOrcing IIcrc Iics aII IIc ambivaIcncc
IIaI IIc diaIccIicinIrOduccsinIIcOIdprObIcmOdcIcrminism.
TIc subccIs surrccIiOnis IIc cccI OOrccviIIin IIc pIacc. 1his docs
nol mcan lhallhcjlacc imjlicsil.
TIc gcncriccxIcnsiOn ObIaincdby vay OOrcing, IO vIicI IIc addcd
imaginary scI subccIs cvcryIIing IIaI can bc sIaIcd abOuIiI aIIOvsIIc
prOducIiOn Oan imprcssivcquanIiIyOncvscIs.
!n acI, vc can prOduccas manyscIs as vc Iikc. TIc rcsOurccs OIIc
IOpOIOgicaIIurnOuIIObcunIimiIcd.
Wc IIus dcmOnsIraIc IIaI IIc cardinaIiIy O IIc scI OparIs Oa scI is
IiIcraIIy rccIIOaIing. !I surpasscs IIc cardinaIiIy OIIc iniIiaI scI viII an
arbiIrary quanIiIy. !I can bc IIc succcssOr ( as GdcI sIOvs) , IIc succcs-
sOrO IIc succcssOr, OriI can hndiIscIurIIcrdOvn sIiII in IIc scrics O
cardinaIiIics, andhnaIIy (IIisisIIcIIcOrcmOasIOn),mOrcOrIcssasar
dOvn asOncvanIs.
TIus, IIcinncr rcsOurcc O a scI, Iakcn in iIs parIs, is nOI rcguIaIcd by
any numcricaI IcgiIimacy. !I cangO pasI cvcryIIing IIaI Onc purpOrIs IO
assign IOiI asiIs bOundary. TIc IOgic O IIc cxccss is rcal, insOar as iI is
impOssibIc IO IimiIiI.
TIis is IIc rcasOn vIy a minOr naIiOn, prOvidcd iI cOunIs On iIs Ovn
Orccs, can vanquisI a grcaI pOvcr (MaO) . xccpI IIaI iI sIiII nccds IIc
pOIiIicaI cOnccnIraIiOn OiIs sOciaI parIs, IIaI is, a parIy.
Z
1HLY 1HL bUbdLL1
O sucI a parIy, IIc cardnaIIy-IIc Orcc. maIIcmaIcans Iavc Iad
tIc OrcsgII IO namc 'pOvcr IIc cardnaIIy O a scI-surpasscs cvcry
IIng IIaIOncIInksmgIIbc cxpccIcdrOm I.
NOIcc IIaI COIcn, brcakng vII IIc OId OrdnaI cIan O IIc maII
cmaIcans dcsrc, cnds up cOnvcrIng IO IIc supcrpOvcr O mmanc
nI
cxccss.
A pOnI O vcv vIcI IIc auIIOr ccIs may cvcnIuaIIy cOmc IO bc
acccpIcd s IIaI CH IIc cOnInuum IypOIIcss s obviously aIsc. j. , .
NOv
j
sIIc scI OcOunIabIcOrdnaIs and IIs s mcrcIy a spccaIand
IIc smpIcsI vay O gcncratng a IgIcrcardnaI. TIc scI C IIc cOn-
tnuum s, ncOntrasI,gcncraIcdby a IOIaIIy ncvand mOrcpOvcruI
prncpIc,namcIyIIc!OvcrScIAxOm. . . . TIspOnIOvcvrcgards
C IIc cOnInuum asanncrcdbIyrcIscIgvcnIOusbyOncbOIdncv
axOm, vIcI can ncvcr bc apprOacIcd by any pcccmcaI prOccss O
cOnsIrucIOn.
WIaICOIcnIcrcrccOgnzcssIIaIbcIvccnIIcIOgcOpIaccsandIIaI
Ocxccss, IIcrcsa daIccIcaIbrcak.
TIus, IIc cxccsshndsIscIrcmOvcdrOmanynumcraIaIIcgancc.TIc
subjccInIsdOubIcrcgsIcrOaIgOrIImandncgIbOurIOOd, cccIuaIcs
anrrccOncIabIcscssOnOIsOvnprOccss. WcvcIcOmcIIOsc 'vcnIcs
OIIc vaguc n vIcI IIc parIIvc muIIpIcIys dssOIvcd, cOnsdcrng
IIcmIO bc IIc prOO admnsIcrcd byIIOsc vIO vOuId dcsrc IIc cxacI
OppOsIc, IIaI IIcrc s a vagcr On IIc rcaI. !, n IIs vagcr, IIc numbcr
nscrbcdOnIIc dcc sIIc rcsuII Oa cOnsccuIOn, I cannOIInkup nIO
a cIan IIaIvIcI, nIIc IIrOvcrs gcsIurc, prOduccsIIcncaIcuIabIIy
OIs rcacI.
Z9
PAk1V|
10Q| CS 0 LIM| CS
Zb
WM6|6.
N3ICR
TcnIIcscsOn IIcsubccI-OnaIiOn andIimiIaIiOn-HysIcria, rOI
WIcrcisIIc prOIcIaraI?-WIcrcsIIc uncOnsciOus?MaIIcmcsO!
Marxism-TOvardIIcIOpcs
! ! cOnccnIraIc IIc prcscnI sIagc O Our IraccIOry in Icn IIcscs On my
subccI-IIc subccI-! musIcnumcraIcIIcmas!OIIOvs.
I . TIc subccI-c!!ccI is IIc spIiI arIicuIaIiOn O a sIrucIuraI vaciIIaIOn
arOund ancmpIypIacc anda Orccd cxccssOvcrIIispIacc.
2. !rOmamaIcraIisIpOinIOvicvIIcsubccI-c!ccIO!crsupIOknOvI-
cdgcbOIIIIcaIgcbraOIspIaccmcnIandIIcIOpOIOgyOiIs!Orcing.
!InsisIsOnbcng causcd byIIaIvIicI disappcarsrOmIspIacc and
cOnsisIsinIIc ncgIbOurIOOds OIscausc.
. !caIIsubccIivzaIiOnIIcinIcrrupIiOnOIIcvaciIIaIOnbyIIccxccss.
!Iisa dcsIrucIiOn.
4. ! caII subccIivc prOccssIIcpuIIing back inIO pIacc O!IIc cxccssnIO
a spIaccccnIrcdOn IIccxccssiIscI. !Iis a rccOmpOsiIiOn.
5. TIcsubccI-cccIisOnIyIIcdivisbIcuniIyOsubccIvizaIOnandIIc
subccIivcprOccss.EacIO!IIcscmOmcnIssabsIracI.!IisnOIacccpI-
abIcIOspcakOIIcsubccIcxccpIinIgIIOaprOccssOdcsIrucIiOn
rc cOmpOsiIiOn,vIicIin Iurn srccrrcd, in a sccOnd arIcuIaIiOn, IO
IIcdiaIccIcO!Iackandcxccss.
Z
1HLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
6. !rOmIIc crOssing OIIcIvOdividcd arIicuIaIiOnsiIOIIOvsIIaIsub
ccIivizaIiOn isspIiInIOanxicIyandcOuragc.
7. !rOmIIcsamcprincipIciIOIIOvsIIaIIIcsubccIvcprOccssOvcsiIs
uniIyIO IIcIvOncssO usIicc andIIcsupcrcgO.
8. TIc subccIcccI isinIcgraIIydcsignaIcd in IIc IOpOIOgy OIIc Our
cOnccpIs. anxcIy, cOuragc,usIicc, and supcrcgO.
. TIc IOpOIOgy makcs a knOI OuI O IvO pairs. anxicIy-supcrcgO dcs-
ignaIcs IIc cccI-; cOuragc-usIicc, IIc cccI-. !I is inapprOpriaIc
IO spcak O IIc subccI cxccpI in IgII O a prOccss vIOsc divisiOn
prOduccsIIc Oncncss O and .
0. AsubccIsnOvIcrcgivcn (IOknOvIcdgc) . !ImusIbcOund.
2
! vOuId IikcIO dravaIIcnIiOnIOIIc IcnII IIcsis, vIicI cOnccnIraIcsIIc
pOsI-CarIcsiannaIurcOOurcndcavOur.
TIrOugIOuIIIcgrcaIcIassicaIIradiIiOnOidcaIsm,IIcsubccIdcsignaIcs
IIaI IransparcnI pOinIObcing, in a pOsiIOn OmmcdiaIc scI-dOnaIiOn,
IIrOugIvIcIaIIacccssIOcxsIcnccassucImusIpass.AIIcvidcncc, cvcn
iIurnsOuIIObcvOid, isdcIcrmincdbascdupOnIIcsubccI.HcrcyOuviII
rccOgnizc IIc OrmaIuncIOn OIIc cOgIO. !n anIs OpIic, invIcI IIc
subccIcOnsIIuIcsIIccOndIOnOpOssibiIiIyOcxpcrcnccviIIOuIiIscI
bcngcxpcrcnccd,IIcrcrcmainsIIccvdcnccOmOraIiIy,vIcrcvcIind
IIc signihcanccOIIcsubccIsOnIOIOgcaIIransparcncy.
TIc cIassicaI subccI is IIus an OpcraIOr cndOvcd viII a dOubIc unc-
IiOn On Onc Iand, iI assignaIcs an irrcducibIc bcing O IIc cxisIcnI On
IIc OIIcr, iIIimiIsIIaIvIicI, rOm IIc 'rcmaindcrObcing, isacccssibIc
IO knOvIcdgc. !IparIiIiOns IIaIvIicIisimmcdialclygivcn andIIaIvIicI
is mcdialcly rcuscdIO cxpcricncc.
BrOugII H IIcir pcak, IIcsc IvO uncIiOns appcar IO bc invcrIcd. TIc
bcing OIIc subccIivc cxisIcnI prOvcs IO bc a bcing OnOnbcing. TIis is
SarIrcs IIcss. TIc IimiI OknOvIcdgc prOvcsIObc an unImiIaIiOn. TIis
is HcgcIsIIcsis.
TIs invcrsiOn, IOvcvcr, is nOI rcaI. TIc nOnbcing O SarIrcs rcc
cOnsciOusncss is in rcaIiIy IIc namc O iIs Iransparcncy. Wc vOuId sIiII
bc saying IOO mucI i vc pOsIcd IIaI vIaI givcs iIscI in Iransparcncy
is. COnsciOusncss is Iransparcncy O iIs Iransparcncy, cOnsciOusncss (O)
Zb
JPlLb l LJHlLb
scI, 'nOnpOsiIiOnaI in iIscI. TIaI sucI a bcing snOIIingindicaIcsrOm
vIcncc an OnIOIOgy is pOssibIc, namcIy, rOm IIc cOgiIO aIOnc, vIicI
givcs uslhcnolhin,IIaIs, cxisIcnccinIscsscncc.
TIc unIimIaIiOn O HcgcIian knOvIcdgc (absOIuIc knOvIcdgc) musI
incIudc a prncipIc O IOIaIiIy, IIc ' circIc O crcIcs O iIs cxIausIiOn, by
vIicIiIIimiIsIIc unIimIcd, cOncrrng upOniIIIaIcncycIOpacdicOrm
IIaIOncbOOk canvriIciniIs cnIircIy. NOv, OrusCanIOrians, IIcnOIiOn
IIaIIIcrc is a vIOIc OknOvIcdgcaIIssIOrI OIrucunIimIaIiOn, vIicI
is IIc immancnI mOvcmcnI OIIc cxccss Ovcr aII cOnccivabIc IOIaIiIy.
TIcdOubIc-cxisIcnIiaIandIimiInguncIiOn IIusmarksIIccIassicaI
cOnccpIOIIcsubccIIIrOugIOuI.!IsIIcgrOundOnvIicIsucIasubccI
canbcIIcpOinI Odcjarlurc.
! IOIdIIaIinrcaIIyvccanOnIyarrivcaIIIcsubccI.TIsisvIaImarks
IIc Iimc OMarx and O !rcud, namcIy, IIaI IIc subccIs nOI gvcn buI
musI bcOund.
TIcmpOrIanccOIIccOnhguraIOnskcIcIcdOuIbyMarxisminpOIiIics
andby!rcudianism in pIIOsOpIyncvcrIIcIcss cOnsisIs in nOIgiving up
OnIIc subccIivc cIcmcnI. EvcnIIOugIIIc subccI isnciIIcra Iranspar
cncy, nOr a ccnIrc, nOr IinaIIy a subsIancc, and cvcn IIOugI nOIIng
aIIcsIs IO iIs ncccssiIy Or IIc OrganizaIiOn O cxpcricncc, iI ncvcrIIcIcss
rcmainsIIc cascIIaIIisIIckcycOnccpIrOmvIicIIIurnsOuIIIaIvc
can IIink IIc dccisiOn, cIIics, and pOIiIics.
!OrcacI sIagc OMarxism (IIcrcarc IIrcc) and O!rcudanism (IIcrc
arcIvO , vcIavcIOsOIvcIIc spccihcprObIcmOIIcnvcsIgaIivcOpcra-
IOrsIIaIpuIinIOcccI IIcdiscOvcryandgraspingOIIcsubccI.
WIcnMarxIakcsiI upOnIimscIIO IsIcnIOIIcrcvOIuIiOnaryacIiviIy
OIisIimc, IO IIc pOpuIar IisIOricaIdsOrdcr, I is a maIIcrOpinpOinIng
nIIcIaIIcr, pursuanIIOIarsIIIcOrcIicaIandpracIcaIvOrk, IIcdiaIccIi-
caIOrmOIIcpOIiIicaIsubccIassucI.TIcdcduclionOIsgcncraIacIiviIy
prcsuppOscs OnIy IIc riOIs O IIc nncIccnII ccnIury. !rOm Icrc, I viI
IIcnbcncccssaryIOunOIdIIccOmpIcIcIOpOIOgyOanOrdcr(IIccapIaI-
isI Ordcr) , IO dcvcIOp IIc IOgcOiIs gaps, and IO Iakc IIc IcIcrOgcncOus
aIIIIcvayIOIIc cnd, in OrdcrIOnamc'prOIcIariaIIIaIsubccIvIcIis
aImOsInOIIObc OundOn IIcanarcIcsuracc OIIc cvcnIs.
!rcud IisIcns IO IIc IysIcricsprOsc and bOdy Ianguagc, rOmvIicII
cmcrgcsIIaIin IIccndvIaIisaI issuc isIIcsubccI O ncurOsis as sucI,
ad nOI vIO s subccI IO ncurOsis. 'ncOnsciOus is IIc namc O sucI a
subccI, Icrc IOO Irappcd ina IOpOIOgy, namcIy, IIaI OpsycIic Iic.
EvcnIIOugIpsycIOanaIysisandMarxismIavcnOIIngIO dOviIIOnc
ZV
1HLY 1HL bUbdLL1
anOIIcrIIcIOIaIiIyIIcyvOuIdOrmisincOnsisIcnI-iI isbcyOnddOubI
IIaI !rcuds uncOnsciOus and Marxs prOcIariaI Iavc IIc samc cpisIc-
mOIOgicaI sIaIusviIIrcgard IO IIc brcakIIcyinIrOducc in IIc dOminanI
cOnccpIiOn OIIc subccI.
'WIcrcisIIcuncOnsciOus?'WIcrcisIIcprOIcIariaI?TIcscqucsIiOns
Iavc nOcIancc ObcingsOIvcd ciIIcrby an cmpiricaI dcsignaIiOnOrby
IIc Iransparcncy O a rcIIccIiOn. TIcy rcquirc IIc dry and cnIigIIcncd
IabOurOanaIysisandOpOIiIics.
EnIigIIcncd and aIsO Organizcd, inIO cOnccpIs as mucI as inIO
insIiIuIiOns.
TIcOnIysuracccccIIIaIbcginsIOpuIusOnIIcIracksOIIcsubccI
(Onc sccsIIis cIcarIy inpOIiIicaIriOIsasmucIinIIc IysIcrics IIcaIrc) is
IIc cxisIcncc, aIrcady undcrIIc prcsuppOsiIiOn Oa cIarihcdmaIcriaIism,
OOnc/rucs/a/cmcn/vIOscdispOsiIiOnpcrIurbsIIc aIgcbra OIruII.
TIcsubccIisnciIIcrcauscnOrgrOund. !IIOIdsOuIinvIaIiIpOIarizcs,
andsuppOrIsIIccccIOprcccdingiIscIinIIcspIacc.aIvaysinvisibIcin
IIccxccssOiIsvisibiIiIy.

Wc can ncvcr rcpcaI cnOugI IIaI IIc IcxIsOMarxismarc hrsI and Orc
mOsI IIOsc OmiIiIanI pOIiIi. TIc sign O IIis csscnIiaIiIy is an urgcnI,
pIOspIOrcsccnI vriIing, aI IIc uncIurc O inscripIiOn and subccIivc
IasIc. !I is IIcrc, upOn cxiIing IIc aIIcgOry O IIc prisOncrs, IIaI Onc
IIinksOnIIcgO. !amOIIcsamcOpiniOnasuIicnGracq (inparcnIIcsis,
IOgcIIcr viII SamucI BcckcII, IIc cxIrcmc cnd-pOinI O cOnIcmpOrary
prOsc, iiIisnOI IIc cascIIaIIIcOrmcrbrings CIaIcaubriandIOa cIOsc,
andIIcIaIIcr, !ascaI ) .
! rcrcad 1hc ClassS/rulcsin Franccand 1hcLih/ccn/hrumaircviIIan
admiraIiOnandcvcna OyviIIOuIanyadmixIurcs.NOIIingcOmcscIOsc
IO IIcIigI IOncandIIcsIarpncssOIIcIraiI-IIaIrOm bcginningIO
cnd and aImOsIcOrIIcssIy Iravcrscs IIcsc IcxIs-IO IIc crOciOus and
buOyanI cIccruIncss O Marx IIc OurnaIisI . . . IIis rcvOIuIiOnary
ubiaIiOn IIaIIascxcIusivcIybcaIIcnOnIyIIcvcrygrcaIcsI-a kindO
sIaIc Ogracc, aayascicnza OIIcapOcaIypsc j. . . .
And IIc rcsI? TIc cIcpIanI IIaIi s capiIaI? TIis i s IIc Iard suracc O
cOncrcIc On vIicI IIc rcaI maIcI is pIaycd. OnOI misIakc IIc aspIaII
Zb
1PlLb l L1HlLb
OrBOrgsgamc.TIaIIIcsamcman,Marx,canbcIIc cnginccrOaspIaII
and IIc cIampiOn aI IIc ncI IcraIds IIc Iimcs IIaI arc IO cOmc Or
IIc pOIyvaIcnI vOrkcr.
!I is viII grcaI sviIncss IIaI yOu can hnd IIc dccipIcrmcnI O IIc
pOIiIicaI subccI vIcn Marx, !cnin Or MaO, cxpOsing IIcmscIvcs IO IIc
dcsIrucIivc rcaI O IIc sympIOms O IisIOry, OIIOv a cIain unIiI IIcy
ObIainIIc inbcIvccnOIvOIinks.
By IIc IirsI, rcad 1hc Class S/rulcs in Francc, by IIc sccOnd, 'TIc
Crisis Has MaIurcd, and by IIc IIird, Rcjor/ on an Invcs/ia/ion o] /hc
Pcasan/Movcmcn/in Hunan, Or IIc sIrangc dirccIivcs during IIc CuIIuraI
RcvOIuIiOn. TypicaIcxampIc. 'AccOrdingIO my OvnObscrvaIiOn! vOuId
sayIIaI,nOIinaIIacIOrics,nOrinanOvcrvIcImingmaOriIyOacIOrics,
buIinquiIc a IargcmaOriIyOcascs IIcIcadcrsIipisnOIin IIc IandsO
Iruc MarxisIs, nOrycI in IIc Iands OIIc masscs OIIcvOrkcrs, sOIIaI
'iI sccms csscnIiaI IIaI IIc GrcaI !rOIcIarian CuIIuraI RcvOIuIiOn sIOuId
sIII bc carricd OuI ( ApriI ! 6) . Or again, cnigmaIic and csscnIiaI, in
IIc ycar O Iis dcaII ( I 76) . 'YOu makc IIc sOciaIisI rcvOIuIiOn, and
ycI yOu dO nOI knOvvIcrc IIcbOurgcisicis. !I siIs aI IIc IcarI O IIc
COmmunisI!arIy.
AqucsIiOnOIOpOIOgy.WIcrcisIIcbOurgcOisic?BuI, mOrcdccisivcIy.
WIcrc is IIc prOIcIariaI? WIcrc is iI, sincc in IIc pIacc vIcrc iI is aIgc-
braicaIIy prcscribcd (IIc parIySIaIc) , iI is IIc (ncv) bOurgcOisic IIaI is
makingiIscIcOmOrIabIc?
TIcrc is nOIa singIcmaOrIcxIOMarxismIIaIdOcsnOIhndiIsmain-
spring in IIc qucsIiOn. WIcrc is IIc prOIcIariaI? !I OIIOvs IIaI pOIiIics
is IIc uniIy O OppOsiIcs Oa IOpics (IIc currcnI siIuaIiOn) and an cIIics
(Our Iasks ) .
! n 1hc Class S/rulcs in Francc, IIc mOvcmcnI I O discOvcr IIc subccI
vOrks vOndcrs as iI is caugII bcIvccn IIc crOciOusncss O IIc pOIcmic
andIIcurgcncyOIIcinIcrvcnIiOn.Rcad, Or cxampIc.
. . . vIiIcIIcsIruggIcOIIcdicrcnIsOciaIisIIcadcrsamOngIIcmscIvcs
scIs OrII cacI O IIc sO-caIIcd sysIcms as a prcIcnIiOus adIcrcncc IO
OncOIIcIransiIpOinIsOIIcsOciaIrcvOIuIiOnasagainsI anOIIcr-IIc
jrolc/aria/ raIIics mOrc and mOrc rOund rcvolu/ionaj Socialism, rOund
Communism, Or vIicI IIc bOurgcOisic Ias iIscIinvcnIcd IIc namc O
lanqui.TIisSOciaIismisIIcdcclara/iono]/hcjcrmancncco]/hcrcvolu/ion,
IIcclassdic/a/orshijOIIcprOIcIariaIasIIcncccssaryIransiIpOinIIOIIc
aboli/iono] classdis/inc/ionscncrally, IOIIcabOIiIiOnOaII IIcrcIaIiOnsO
Zb1
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
prOducIiOnOnvIcIIIcyrcsI,IOIIcabOIiIiOnOaIIIIcsOcaIrcIaIiOns
IIaIcOrrcspOndIOIIcsc rcIaIiOns OprOducIiOn, IOIIc rcvOIuIiOnising
OaIIIIcidcasIIaI rcsuIIrOm IIcscsOcaI rcIaIOns. (SW !, 282)
Hcrc IIc pOsiIiOnaI cxIracIiOn O IIc Our !undamcnIaI cOnccpIs O
MarxismscOmbincdviII IIc IabOurO!IIcrIisIOricaIIOpOIOgy.
TIc OurcOnccpIsarc.
- IIcparIy ( raIIyngOIIcprOIcIariaI asadvcnIOIIcIsIOricaI Onc-
Onc;
- tIccIasssIruggIc (pcrmancnI dccIaraIiOn O!IIc rcvOIuIiOn as pIacc
OIIc subjccIivc;
- IIc dicIaIOrsIip OIIcprOIcIariaIascxcrcisc Ocuscd On dcsIrucIOn;
- cOmmunism, nOI as a cIOscd uIOpia buI as IIc IIrcc!OId prOccss O!
ccOnOmicaI, sOciaI, andcuIIuraIdcsIrucIiOnrccOmpOsiIiOn.
NaIuraIIy, yOu cOnsidcr IIaI IIc (prOIcIarian subccI s spccihcd by
iIs rcgisIcring OcOmmunism undcr IIcIavO!Is dicIaIOrsIip and in IIc
guisc OIIc cIass sIruggIc, yOu ObIain IIis IIaIvc anIicipaIcdIvOycars
agO.
dccIaringIhcpcrmancncc dictaIorship
oIrcvoIuIion

oIIhcproIcIariaI

#
aroundcommunism IhcproIctariaIraIIics
YOuIavcIOadmIIIaI,puIaIIIccrOssinIIisvay, IIcscnIcnccbcgins
tO css up.
Wc arc in a pOsiIiOn IO makc iI say cvcn mOrc, i vc undcrsIand IIaI
IIcdicIaIOrsIipOcIassisIIcsupcrcgOmOdaIIyOIIcsubccIivcprOccss,
vIOsc acc O!usIicc is cOmmunism. TIc vOrd 'IransIOn Ias OnIy an
indicaIivc vaIuc. As MaO rcpcaIs, viIIOuI cOmmunisIprOccssus, IIcrcis
nO cOmmunism. And vIcrc is IIis prOccssus cOnccnIraIcd i nOI in IIc
'IransiIiOn'suppOscdIOIcadIOiI, andvIOscdicIaIOriaIIcrrOrsuppOrIsIIc
ObvcrscOIIcrcsIOraIiOnisIIav?icIaIOrsIipO!IIcprOIcIariaIandcOm-
munismarclhcsamclhin (IIcsubccI-prOccssOcIasspOIiIics graspcdin
IIc scissiOn OIs idcnIiIy inIO IIc supcrcgO andusIicc.
ZbZ
JPlLb LJHlLb
As OrIIc 'pcrmancnI dccIaraIOn O! IIc rcvOIuIiOn, iI s nOI diIicuII
tO scc IOv, IO IIc uprising (unc I 848. siIcnI anxcIy O IIc cOrncrcd
vOrkcrs), iI adds IIc pcrmancnI cOuragc O IIc rcvOIuIiOn. TIc IaIIcr
mcanssubccIivizaIiOn in IIcpIacc OIIc cIass sIruggIc. WIOcvcrrcIains
OiI OnIy cOuragc OrgcIs IIaIIis sIuaIcd aIIIc samc pOinI asIisIOricaI
anxicIy.
AI IcasI, IIaI is, i IIcrc is a rcvOIuIiOn, vIicI is vIaI any pOpuIar
csIivaI-OIIc surgng, cIcganI, sprng-IikckindsnOI, arrOm iI.
!cIussayIIaI, indchanccOIisIOry, IO dccIarcIIcpcrmancncc OIIc
rcvOIuIOn mcans IO Icar OncscI avay, aI IIc IcarI O!IIc rcaI, rOm IIc
mcrcprOvOcaIiOnO!IsIOO-uIIncss.
!IisvIcnIcbcviIdcrngriOIIiIsIIcban O!IIc Iav IIaIIOIraccIIc
dirccIiOn O a cOmmiImcnI in IIc midsI O iIs ObIusc viOIcncc makcs Or
tIc cOuragc O!a cOmpIcIcdsubccIivizaIiOn.
!I OIIOvs IIaI IIc Our apparcnI cOnccpIs (parIy, cIass sIruggIc, dcIa-
IOrsIpO IIcprOIcIaraI, cOmmunism arc Organizcd inIO Our dicrcnI
Oncs,jlusonc,IIcparIy, IIcsubjccIivcgrOuping,vIicIisOnIyIIcgcncric
namc!OrvIaIcvcr IIc knOIOIIc OIIcr Ourgivcs usIO IIink.
PARTY
movcmcnI-rioI (anxicty)
subccIivizaIion _
_
(cIass
sIruggIc)
insur
rccIio
n-war (cour
agc)

_
dicIaIorshipoIthcproIcIariaI (spcrcgo)
sccIvcproccss
communism (usIicc)
YOucanaIsOcIassiyIIcOurcOnccpIs in IIc!OIIOvingmanncr.
PARTY
proccssus
proccssusO
movcmcnI-rioI (anxicIy)

diori oIhpI crco)

irrccio-wr (o
communism (usticc)
Zbd
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
TIc passagc rOm Onc O IIcsc diagrams IO IIc OIIcr dchncsIIcvIOIc
qucsIiOn OIIcdiscovcjOIIcsubccI.
TIis rcquircs IIc supcrpOsiIiOn O IvO grids-IIc hrsI Onc aIIcnIivc
IO IIc diaIccIic O subccIivizaIiOn/subjccIivc prOccss, vIicI sOmcIOv
OIIOvs IIc Iav O cmcrgcncc O IIc subccI-c!ccI; IIc sccOnd, IO IIc
quaIiIaIivc asymmcIry viIIin IIc subccI, vIicI cnIaccs IIc puIsiOnaI
aIgcbraO-vanisIingccIipscOIIcSamc-andIIcrccOmpOsingIOpOI-
Ogy O-dcsIrucIiOn-rccOmpOsiIiOn.
!nIIc acIuaI invcsIigaIiOn, aII OIIis dcrivcsrOm a mOvcmcnIamOng
IOpOIOgics.
Wc knOvIIaI!rcudacccpIsiIs ruIc. WIcnIc mOvcsrOm IIcsysIcm
uncOnsciOus-prccOnsciOus-cOnsciOus IO IIc IOpOgrapIyid-cgO-supcrcgO,
vc ignOrc whcrcIO hndIIc ObccI IIaIis idcnIicaIIOIIc IvO IabIcs. TIis
is bccausc iI is a maIIcr O inducing, rOm Onc IO IIc OIIcr, IIc cOrrccI
pOsiIiOn O!IIc pIus-Onc-IIc cOrrccI vay O askingIIc qucsIiOn 'WIcrc
is IIc subjccI?
!ikcvisc,!OrMarx,vIcnvcmOvcrOmparIy-cIasssIruggIc-dicIaIOrsIip
O IIc prOIcIariaI-cOmmunism IO IIings sucI as mOdc O prOducIiOn-
rcIaIiOnsOprOducIiOn-idcOIOgics.
WIcrcis IIcprOIcIariaI?
TIc sccrcI OIIcsubjccIis nOI cOnIaincd]rs/in Onc IOpOIOgyand /hcn
in anOIIcr. !I Iics in IIc mOvcmcnI by vIicI Onc bIurs IIc OIIcrIIus
rc-prOducingIIcacI IIaI a subjccI is IIcdisIurbancc OanaIgcbra.
Zb9
1M6 Su0j 6Cl V6 W| S. d00
M3 9, VV
OnIIc subjccIasundccidabIc-IdcrIin, IaI-vay andscIIing
IIc sccOndIaIOnhrcSIaIicO!IIc/ojoscbOdy, IIcparIy
!IcnOmcnOIOgy OIIcOurcOnccpIs
TIc subccI-cccI, in iIs OrmaI principIc, can in nO vay bc rcduccd IO a
simpIc cOnIradicIiOn. Bcsidcs, IIis is IIc Iiddcn rcasOn bcIind IIc nccd
Or a IOpOIOgy in Ordcr IO pusI Or iIs IIcOry. YOu musI Iavc aI yOur
dispOsaIa ncIvOrkO cOnccpIs, O! vIicI'subccI aIvays dcsignaIcs IIc
arIicuIaIiOn, viIIOuI bcing abIc IO siIuaIc wi/hin IIis ncIvOrk IIc pOinI
subsumcdundcrIIisIcrm.
WIcIIcr iI is a maIIcr O IIc subjccI in IIc hcId O pOIiIics Or O IIc
subccI OpsycIOanaIysis, Or IIcsc IvO Ordcrs-arc IIcrc any OIIcrs?
arcIIOscinvIicIIIcqucsIiOnisIIcmOsIdcvcIOpcd, anddcspiIcIIcacI
IaIapparcnIIyIIcypuIaIOurdispOsaIIvOspccihcdIcrms!OrIIcsubjcc-
Iivc-cIassinOnccasc,IIcuncOnsciOusinIIcOIIcrvc aIvaysprOcccd
ina vayIIaIis askcv,byaIIcOryOIIcspIacc ( capiIaI, IIcsymbOIic) in
vIicIvcinvcsIigaIc,inarcIrOacIivcinIcrcrcncc, IIc sympIOms ( rcvOII,
ncurOsis) IO vIicInOusIicccanbcdOncviIIOuIsiIuaIing IIcOuIpIacc.
Wc musI IIcrcOrc rcdOubIc IIc IOgic O IIc pIacc viII a IOgic O iIs
inIcrrupIiOn, a diaIccIic O aiIurc, by Icaning On IIc IvO sIOpcs OmaIc-
riaIism and Iaving IIc vIcrcviIIaI IO IIink IIc dividcdrcgimc O! IIc
OccupaIiOn OpIaccs.
Zbb
1hLY l 1hL bUbdLL1
TIss IIc manrcasonvIy Lacan, n a hrsImomcnI, IadIo pn dovn
IIcsubccIundcrIIcIrpIc nsIancc oIIc symboIc (Iav oIIcpIacc),IIc
magnary (scI!dcnIIyo!IIc pIacc) andIIcrcaI (dspcrson) . TIcn, n a
sccond momcnI, Ic Iad Io saIuraIc IIs ordcr vIIa IopoIogcaIapprox-
maIon, n ccrIan rcgards vIIouI cscapc sncc IIc cuIIng (oIIc knoI)
aIcd rcaIIyIo daIccIczc IIcIack (oIIc obccI) .
Marxsm approacIcs IIc subccI-supporI o! aII poIIcs (IIc parIy) on
IIc basis o Is IIrcc maor conccpIs (cIass sIruggIc, dcIaIorsIp o IIc
proIcIaraI, communsm) vIosc nIrcaIc arIcuIaIon dchncs, n Marxs
ovnopnon (scc IsamousIcIIcrIo Wcydcmcycr oMarcI ! 852) , IIc
vcryorgnaIIy oIs conIrbuIon.
Asaras! amconccrncd, vorrcdabouIcnsurngIIcInkocauscand
conssIcncybcyondIIc!acananscIup,!posIIIaIIIcsubccI-proccsssa
conIradcIonoconIradcIons,IIcIvsIng o!Ivoproccsscso!vIcIonc
(j subordnaIcs IIc cxccss Io IIc pIaccmcnI, and IIc oIIcr ( o, nvcrIs
IIs ordcr.
TIcmpossbIIyIodccidcIIcdomnanIIcrm,snccIIcdoubIcdomna-
IonmbrcaIcsIvoproccsscs,skcy Io IIcIIcoryo!IIc subccI.
TIc cIasscaI poIIcaI dcbaIc comcs dovn Io askng IIc qucsIon. s
I IIc linc IIaI s !undamcnIaI or IIc organzaIon? TIs dcbaIc s n
csscncc nhnIc, pIacng IIc 'corrccI Inc nIIc mrror oIIc dca IIaI
'IIc parIy s aIvays rgII. TIc corc oIIc MaosI conccpIon o!poIIcs
posIsIIaIIIcconsIrucIonoIIcparIyrcqurcsIIcmassIncnmaIIcrs
o!organzaIon, IIaI s. bcyond IIc mass Inc o]IIc parIy, IposIs IIc
mass Inc ovcrIIc parIy. n dong so, I dccIarcs cxpIcIIy IIaI IIc oId
dcbaIc s undccdabIc. !n IIs rcgard, I puIs nIovork IIc IIcory o
IIcsubccI.
WIIouI gvng n anyIIng aI aII Io ndcIcrmnacy, vc posI IIaIIIc
subccIproccss s rcsoIvcd n IIc undccdabIc. TIc undccdabIc s IIc
conccpI oIsconsIIuIon.
Wc knov sncc GdcIs amous IIcorcm IIaI Io posI 'TIcrc s somc
undccdabIccan bc IIc rcsuIIoadcmonsIraIon.TIsgocsIosIovIIaI
IIcrc s a conccpt o IIc undccdabIc, and IIus IIaI vc hrmy Ic IIc
docIrncoIIcsubccIIoIIc possbIIyoa caIcuIaIon. Wc dcmonsIraIc
IIc subccI.TIc undccdabIc docs noImcanrccdom. !IsIIcmmancnI
pontoIgIIo!anyordcrvIoscncccssIyvcdcIcrmncaIIIccrossovcr
bcIvccnIvo proccsscs, ando.
!!IbcrIys oundaIonaI, IIcundccdabIcby conIrasIsncrrcd.
I s cquaIIy !orbddcn Io IInk IIaI bcIvccn IIc Ivo proccsscs
Zb0
JPlLb l L1hlLb
and o IIcrc cxsIs an obccIvc IcrarcIy. NcIIcr cxccss nor Iack Ias
any nIrnsc prvIcgc, any morc IIan subccIvaIon or IIc subjccIvc
proccss. ! Iavc poIcmczcd agansI IIc rcducIon o IIc rcaI Io IIc soIc
hgurcoIIc causaI obccI bccausc I sccmcd Io mc IIaI IIs MaIIarmcan
acqusIon, and IIc magnhccnI consIrucIon Ic drans around IIc van
sIng Icrm, Iook Ioo mucIprcccdcncc ovcrIIc daIccIco conssIcncy.
!rom IIs vc sIouId noI drav IIc concIuson IIaI IIc IIcory o IIc
subccIsIIusrc-ccnIrcd (onIIccxccss) . TIcrcsnoccnIrcnIIcsubcc-
IvcIvsI.WIIouIIIcancIoragco!Iack,IIccxccssvouIdbcnoIIngbuI
aIc!IsIcImcra,quckIyrcvcrscdnIoIsopposIc.apIIosopIyo!naIurc,
asvc sccnIIccasc o!cIcuzc.
EIIcs, ! vII arguc, s ccrIanIy noI nd!crcnI Io IIc conIraran sIruc-
Iurco!IIcIvsI. !IdsIngusIcsbcIvccnIIcsIrands. BuIIauIIorzcsIo
dccdconIyIIc!oIIovng.IIcrcssomc undccdabIc.
EIIcs amounIs Io IIc maxm. 'ccdc conscqucnIIy orm IIc ponI o
IIcundccdabIc.
WcvouId bc IaIkng vIIouI sayng anyIIng, !IIc undccdabIc dd
noIgurcna IopoIogy.
2
HIdcrIn s IIc sccond grcaI hgurc o IIc Gcrman daIccIcan. TIcrc
vIcrc HcgcI makcsa crcIc, Icproduccsa Iorson.
cgcI dcduccs !russa asa conccpIuaIIcrmromIIc SIaIc. !I couId bc
NapoIcon, and HcgcI Ioys vII Is cqunc dca (IIc man vII IIc Ivo-
IorncdIaIvaspassng undcrncaIIIsvndovs) .
or HIdcrIn, Gcrmany sIands opposcd I o Grcccc. !Is aII-anIan
modcrnIy conssIs n makng somcIIng n!ormaI ouI o IIc ormaI,
vIcrcasIIcorgnaIonysansIurncdIIcr'AsaIcurynIoIIcunsur-
passcd !orm o! IIcTcmpIc. Gcrmany s a nosIaIga dvsbIc nIo Grcccc
andIscI, raIIcrIIana sngIcconccpI.
HIdcrInknovsIIcIopoIogyoIIc subccI.
TIc boIdcsI momcnI n a days coursc or n a vork o arI s vIcn IIc
sprIoImc andnaIurc, vIcnIIc IcavcnIyvIcIIakcs IoIdoman
andIIcobccInvIcIIcsnIcrcsIcd, opposconcanoIIcrmosIcro-
cousIy,bccauscIIcscnsuousobccIcxIcndsonIyIaI!oIIcvayvIIc
IIcsprI avakcnsmosIpovcruIIyvIcrc IIcsccondIaIarcs up. AI
Zb
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
IIis mOmcnI, man Ias IO sus/ain himscl]/hcmos/, Icncc, Ic aIsO is IIc
mOsI cxpOscd in IiscIaracIcr. ( E!T ! I 0)
TIis admirabc IcxI is IIc mcIapIOrica cOndcnsaIiOn O IIc Our
cOnccpIs.
HIdcrin is cOmmcnIing upOna qucsIiOnIIaI CrcOnasks OAnIigOnc.
vIcncc dcrivcs Icr cncrgy, Icr audaciIy, IO susIain Icrsc! in IIc divi-
siOnOIIcav?HOvcansIcbcarIIcassumpIiOnOusIiccaIIIcprccisc
pOinIvIcrc, in IIcguiscOCrcOn-! mcaninIIcguiscOIIaIvIicI, in
AnIigOnc,isIIc ObigaIOry cxisIcncc O!IIc CrcOn-c!ccI-IIc viOcnccO
IIc supcrcgO dcmandsrcpcIiIiOn?
!n Ordcr IO cucidaIc IIis prObcm, HdcrIin gOcs sIraigII IO IIc dia-
ccIicaI csscncc O sub ccIivizaIiOn. TIc vIOIc IcxI bcars iIs unbcarabIc
IOrsiOn.
WIaIisIIccOnIradicIiOngivcninIIcrisk, inIIc'bOIdcsImOmcnI? On
OncIand,IIc' spiriIOIimc,IIaIvIicI 'IakcsIOdOman,OnIIcOIIcr,
'IIc ObccI in vIicIIcisinIcrcsIcd .
!I is paIcnI IIaI Icrc icsIIc OnIOOgica discOrd bcIvccn IIccOnsisI
cncy IIaI 'Iakcs IOd and IIc causc (IIc ObccI) . Hdcrin pOsiIs On
Onc Iand IIc cxccss, and, On IIc OIIcr, IIc pacc. TIaI vIicI 'Iakcs
IOds-andvIOscsiIc,bccausc iI is OuI Opacc,iscacd'Icavcny-is
IIc samc IIing rOm vIicI OOvs IIc nccd IO Icar Oncsc avay rOm
IIc pacc prcscribcdbyIIc ack, in IIc guisc O!IIc ObccI O Oncs inIcr
csI. !I is nOIa sOurcc, a Ocus, Ora causc. !Iis IIcvcryprOccss OOrcc as
dis-pacing. HdcrIinsayssOIimscaIcrOn. IIc spiriI OIimc 'avakcns
mOsIowcuy.
TIcpaccd dchniIiOn OIIc Iuman bcing, Iicd IO IIc scnsuOus causa
ObccI, gOcs Ony 'Ia O IIc vay. WIaI a rcmarkabc cxprcssiOn 1hc
alcbra is only hal]-o]-/hc-way o]/hc sub)cc/. TIc OvcrcOming O IIis Ia
vaydravs a IOpOOgicapicIurcIIaIdOcsnOIcOmc upbyaccidcnI. !IIc
cOnIradicIiOn appcars 'mOsI crOciOusy, iI is bccausc IIc pacc musI bc
OvcrcOmcsOIIaI 'IIc OIIcrIaIIarcsup. AsIOnisIingmcIapIOrica cOn-
cisiOn TIc 'OIIcrIaisIIc OIIcrdimcnsiOn, IIcIOpOIOgica cOrrcaIcO
anypaccmcnI.TIcagcbraisIiIcraIyscIOnhrcbyIIc cxccss.
WIaIappcarsncxI?OncmusI'susIainOncscI,vIcrcinyOuviIimmc-
diaIcyrcad IIc cOnsIiIucnIrcquisiIcO!cOuragc,againsIIIc backgrOund
Oa '!crOciOusanxicIy. COuragcisIIcnamcO!IIcIOpOIOgicaburningup
OpIaccsandO inIcrcsIs, inasmucI asiIis subOrdinaIcdIOIIcgcsIurc O
Opcning Oncsc upIObccOming 'IIcmOsIcxpOscd, vIicIisvIaIaOvs
Zbb
JPlLb LJHlLb
Onc IO 'susIain OncscI. TO susIain Oncsc, IIcrcOrc, in IIc Opcning
O IIc ncv, IIc apparcnI unIimiIaIiOn vIOsc diaccIica idcnIiIy is IIc
imiIaIiOn, IIc cIaracIcr. TIis isbccausc cOuragc, IIc burnIprccipiIaIiOn
(Onc Ias 'hrcd Oncs IasI rOunds ) in IIc cxccss OvcrIIc pIacc, prOmpIy
rccOmpOscs-bcyOnd IIc dcsIrucIiOn IIaI iI is-IIc subccIivc prOccss O
usIicc.TIcsIrandOIIcsubccIivcIOrsiOncxpainsvIyIObc 'IIcmOsI
cxpOscd andIO 'susIain OncscIarc OncandIIc samcIIing.
AndiIis asOOncandIIc samcIIingIO OOv'IIcObccIinvIicIOnc
is inIcrcsIcd-vIicI iIappcarssIOud!uIhIIc dcsirc-andIIc!acIIIaI
IIisObccI isavaysIaI-vay.
!OrIIissccOndidcnIiIyisIIcsIrand, vIOscinIcracingviIIIIcOIIcr
cxpIains vIy, rOm IIc pOinI O IIc subccI, yOu Iavc IIc risk and IIc
day, IIc !crOciOus and IIc cxpOscd, IIc Ia-vay and IIc cIaracIcr,IIaI
is, anxicIy, IIcsupcrcgO, cOuragc, andusIicc.
TIcrcisnO'virIucinIIis.TIcscvOrdsrOmHdcrindOnOIdcsignaIc
anyabiiIyand,inaccrIainscnsc, CrcOnviObIainnOansvcrIOIisqucs
IiOn.!IisaqucsIiOnOapassingmOmcnI,Oapass,invIicIIa!-vayand
hrc!OrcvcrpOcIicizcIIcsubccI-c!ccI.

TIc IOpic is in IurndividcdinIO a sIaIic and a dynamic.

TIcbasicsquarcOnyIcndsIOcOmbincIIcIvOdivisiOnsOIIcsubccI-
prOccss:
- accOrdingIOIIcpairsubccIivizaIiOn/subccIivcprOccss, vIicIrccrs
usOn,byvayOIIccauscandcOnsisIcncy, IOIIcOgicOdcsIrucIiOn
andOrccOmpOsiIiOn,
- accOrding IO IIcpair/, vIicI rc!crs IO IIc aIcrnaIingprimacy O!
Iackandcxccss.
TIc Our cOnccpIs bccOmc IIc pcaks O a ncIvOrk O vIicI 'subccI
namcs IIc dOubIc arIicuIaIiOn, Or IO bc mOrc prccisc, IIc dOubc
IraccIOry.
! yOu IIink O! subccIivizaIiOn/subccIivc prOccss, vIicI is IIc ana
ly/icalvicv O!IIc subccI, yOu ObIain IIc IvO pairs anxicIy/cOuragc and
supcrcgO/usIicc.
!yOuIIinkO/,vIicIisIIcsyn/hc/icundcrsIanding,yOuObIainIIc
IvOpairs anxicIy/supcrcgO andcOuragc/usIicc.
ZbV
1HLY l JHL bUbdLL1
TO knOv IIc subccI rcquircs IIc unOding O IvO IraccIOrics. Any
anaysisOncurOsisOrOamassrcvOI,OpcraIcdrOmIIcpOinIOIIcOry-
pracIicc, ccarysIOvs IIis.
!naIcascs,IIcsuppOrIOIIccrOssingisanamcabcIcrmOmaIcriaiIy.
TIis Icrm is IIcOnc OIIc dOubcprOccssus.
!OrpsycIOanaIysis, iIisIIcscxuaIcdbOdy.
!Or Marxism, iI is IIc parIy. COnccivcd Oin IIc spiriI O Marx, asIIc
raying OIIcprOcIariaI. !IisIIcparIyiniIspIysics.
TIcparIyisIIcbOdyOpOiIics, inIIcsIricIscnsc. TIcacIIIaIIIcrcis
abOdybynOmcansguaranIccsIIaIIIcrcis a subccI, nciIIcrinIIccasc
OIIcanimabOdynOrinIIaIOIIcinsIiIuIiOnabOdy.BuIOrIIcrcIObc
a subccI, Ora subccIIObc]ound,IIcrcmusIbc IIc suppOrIOabOdy.
TIc sIaIicO IIc subccI-IIc rcsuI O a cIain O cOnccpIs ascOmpcx
as arc a IIOsc O IIc sIrucIura diaccIic (spIacc, OuIpacc, vanisIing
Icrm, causaiIyOack, ackOack. . . ) andaIIOscOIIcOgicOcxccss
(Orcing, dcsIrucIiOn, divisiOnOIIcav. . . ): andIIcrcpriscOIIcvIOc
scIIIrOugIIIcundamcnIacaIcgOricsOmaIcriaism (agcbraandIOpO-
Ogy) , and sOOrII-givcs usIIc OOving.
subccIivizaIiOn
SBECT
subccIivc
bOdy
anxicIy cOuragc

supcrcgO usIicc

"
O
SBECT
TIc ccmcnIaryMarxisIIransaIiOnOIIis Orma arrangcmcnIis cOn
sIrucIibc.TIisrcquircsa vIOIcrcpcrIOirc OmcdiaIingcOnccpIs ( IisIOry
and pOiIics, rcvOuIiOn, prOgrammc, divisiOn O IIc bOurgcOisics, IIc
pcOpc, aianccs, mOdcs OprOducIiOn, dOminancc, SIaIc, masscs, andsO
On) . SccIIcdiagrambcOv.
!n IIcscscIcmas, IIcObigaIOryusagcOincssIOudnOIIidcIIcacI
IIaI anxicIy and cOuragc OpcraIc rOm IIc samc pOinI, as dO usIicc and
IIcsupcrcgO.TIispOinIisIIaIOIIcdcsIrucIiOnandIIcrccOmpOsiIiOn.
HcrcIIcsIaIicinvcrIsiIscinIOIIcdynamic.
Z9
JPlLb l LJHlLb
CLASS
insurrccIiO-var
dOIip O hp cOmmunism

parIy CLASS
TIc unscIcmaIizabc aspccI O IIc subccI cOnsisIs in making a pOinI
OuIOa inc.
4
! said IIaI IIc Our cOnccpIs arc nciIIcr virIucs nOr abiiIics. BcIIcr ycI.
IIcy arc nOI cvcn cxpcricnccs. TvO ycars agO, ! prOpOscd IIcir absIracI
Ormuas. TIcrc yOu can scc ccary IIaIIIcy arc Ony namcs Or ccrIain
prOccsscs, andnOIIingcsc.
NciIIcranxicIynOr IIc supcrcgO nOr cOuragc nOrusIicc arc sIaIcs O
cOnsciOusncss. TIcy arc caIcgOrics O IIc subccI-cccI. WIaI IIcsc caI-
cgOrics givc us IO IIink is a spccihc maIcria zOnc, vIicI is IIc Opcning
principIcOranydcsIrucIiOn OIIaIvIicI suppOrIsiI.
! . AnxicIyisIIaIOrmOIIcinIcrrupIiOnIIaI,invadcdbyIIcrcaasIOO
mucIncss,cIsIIisOrdcrbcasdcadOrdcr.HcrcIIcIOO-mucI-O-IIc-rca
inIcrrupIs IIc vaciaIiOn arOund IIc cmpIypaccby vay Oan ObsIruc-
IiOn, vIcrcascOuragc, OriIsparI, OpcraIcsbyvayOdcrcguaIiOn.
Wc migII say IIaI anxicIy dcsignaIcsIIc mOmcnI vIcn IIc rca kills
IIc symbOica, raIIcrIIanspiIIingiI.
Hcncc, subccIivizaIiOn bOcks IIc ruc viIIOuI annuing iIs spacc.
TIisparayscdspaccIurnsIIcdisOrdcrinIOIIcdcaIIOOrdcr, undcrIIc
cOnccpI OIIisOrdcriIsc.
HisIOricay, anxicIy cxisIs as IIc nOminaIiOn OIIc 'pOvcrvOid, IIaI
ObscssiOn vIicI IaunIsIIcpOiIicians. OcOursc, IIaIvIicIgOvcrnsIIc
pOsiIiOn O IIis vOid-as i suddcny IIc unOccupyabcpaccvcrc cvcry-
vIcrc-isIIcinIOcrancc IOvard disOrdcr, bccausc IIcaIIcris rcIaincd,
undcrIIcOrma mainIcnanccOIIcav, inIIc ( dcad) hgurc O Ordcr.
Z9I
1HLY JHL bUbdLL1
WIcn IOvard IIc cnd O May 68, IIc ncvspapcr LcMondc madc a
cOmpIcIc IurnarOund IIaI IIrcv iI back IO IIc sidc OIIc cOunIcrrcvO-
uIiOn ( EnOugI Bcuvc-Mcry puI in IIc Icadinc) , iI argucd rOm IIc
pOinIOcIaOsandIransmiIIcdanxicIyasIIcviOIcnIappcaIOIIcGauIisI
supcrcgO.
AnxicIy cccIuaIcs IIc dcsIrucIiOn Omcaning as cIaOs in sucI a vay
IIaIIIcav,avaysundividcd,sIincsinIIcdisIanccinsOarasiInOOngcr
ruIcs. AnxicIymainIains IIc cxccss viIIin IOpOOgicaI adIcrcncc. OIIis
parayscd Ordcr, IIc Iav cOmmands IIaI ! carry IIc vIOc cOrpsc. TIc
inIcrrupIiOn issluckOnIOIIc spacc viII IIc cmbcms Oa uncra. AIIIc
OriginO anxicIyIIcrcIicsIIc prOducIiOn, byvayOIIc cxccss, Oa qucs-
IiOnviIIOuIanansvcr (cOuragc,OriIsparI, isanansvcrviIIOuIa qucs-
IiOn) . 'WIaIdOcsOncvanIrOmmc? BuI, IIOugIaIayIiI, IIcpaccin
vIicIIIis qucsIiOnissOundcdrcmainsIIcOIdOrdcrOIIcpacc.
AnxicIy, as vc scc in IIc muIc and suicidaI riOIs (unc I 848, Or
cxampIc) , impIicsin iIscccIIIc dcaII OdcsIrucIiOniIscI, IIcdcsIruc-
IiOn O dcsIrucIiOn. !I is IIc mOsI rcIcxivc O IIc subjccIs cOnccpIs. !I
invOvcsIIaIOrmOIIc cxccssbyvIicIIIcpIacc imjlodcs.
2. Hcncc anxicIy caIs upOn IIc sujcrco. AnxicIy is IIaI incviIabc sidc
OsubjccIivizaIiOnvIicI, caugIIinIIc vcbOIIc dcadOrdcr, makcs an
appcaI IO IIc rcinOrccd susIcnancc O IIc av. Hcrc IIc !rcudians vi
mcnIiOnIIcanxiOuspracIiccOscI-punisImcnI.TIccxccssisIIaIvIicI
anxicIy isin IIc inIOIcrancc OiIs bcing. !I is IIc cxccss Iindcrcd by iIs
vcry Ovn principIc. IOpOOgicaI adIcrcncc. TIc sacrihcc O IIc cxccss IO
IIc rcsIOraIiOn O IIc pacc is vIaI subOrdinaIcs subjccIivizaIiOn IO IIc
cOnscrvaIivc subjccIivcprOccss. IIc supcrcgO.TIiscOrrcaIiOndchncsIIc
sIrand OIIcsubjccIivc IOrsiOn.
WIaI is IIcprOccss O IIc supcrcgOIypc? As a hgurc O cOnsisIcncy, iI
puIs IIc cxccss back inIO pacc bydislribulin ilcvcjwhcrc accordin lolhc
availablcjlaccs.TIcsupcrcgOisIIcsIrucIuraIaspccIOIIc cxccss.TIrOugI
iI IIcagcbraicizaIiOn OIIc IOpOOgica Occurs, asi uI OsubjccIivizing
anxicIy,IIcpIacc rccOmpOscd iIscOniIsOvninIIcIcrrOrizingprcscrip-
IiOnOIIcpIaccmcnI.
!n acI, IIc supcrcgOis IIc subjccIivc prOccss OIcrrOr. HcgcIsdcscrip
IiOn,rccrringimpIiciIIyIOIIcIcrrOrundcrRObcspicrrc,mayIcrcsuhcc.
TIisdcscripIiOnbringsIOgcIIcr.
- IIc ' dcsIrucIiOnOIIc acIuaOrganizaIiOn,
- IIcindicrcnIOrdcrOdcaII,
ZVZ
JPlLb LJHlLb
IIc univcrsaIiIy O IIc cxccss, vIicI makcscvcryOnc, in Iis Or Icr
pacc,suspiciOus.
Hcrcvc sccIOvinIIcsupcrcgOcccI, IIccrOciOushgurcOIIc Iav,
iIs csscncc OnOnav, is scIrcc and bccOmcs OmniprcscnI.
NOv IIaI junivcrsaiIy Ias cOmpcIcd IIc dcsIrucIiOn O IIc acIua
OrganizaIiOn O IIc vOrd, andcxisIs nOvjusI OriIsc, IIis is iIs sOc
ObjccI, an ObjccI IIaInOOngcrIasany cOnIcnI, pOsscssiOn, cxisIcncc,
OrOuIcrcxIcnsiOn, buIis mcrcIyIIisknOvIcdgc iIscasan absOuIcIy
purcandrcc individuaIsc. j. . .
TIc sOIc vOrk and dccd O univcrsa rccdOm is IIcrcOrc dcalh, a
dcaII IOO vIicI Ias nOinncr signihcanccOr hIIing, OrvIaIisncgaIcd
is IIc cmpIy pOinI OIIc absOuIcy rcc scI. !I is IIus IIc cOIdcsI and
mcancsIOadcaIIs,viIInOmOrcsignihcanccIIancuIIingOaIcad
Ocabbagc OrsvaIIOvingamOuIIuIOvaIcr.
!n IIis aI, cOmmOnpacc mOnOsyabIc is cOnIaincd IIc visdOm O
IIc gOvcrnmcnI, IIc absIracI inIcigcncc O IIc univcrsa vi, in IIc
uhingOiIscI. j. . .
WIcn IIc univcrsaI viI mainIains IIaI vIaI IIc gOvcrnmcnI Ias
acIuaIIy dOnc is a crimc cOmmiIIcd againsI iI, IIc gOvcrnmcnI, Or iIs
parI, IasnOIIingspccihcandOuIvardIyapparcnIbyvIicIIIcgiIO
IIcviIIOppOscdIOiIcOudbcdcmOnsIraIcd,OrvIaIsIandsOppOscdIO
iIasIIcaclualunivcrsaviisOnyanunrcapurcviI,inlcnlion.cin
susjccd, IIcrcOrc, Iakcs IIc pacc, Or Ias IIc signihcancc and cccI,
O bcinilq, and IIc cxIcrna rcacIiOn againsI IIis rcaIiIy IIaI ics in
IIc simpc invardncss OinIcnIiOn, cOnsisIs in IIc cOd, maIIcr-O-acI
anniIiaIiOnOIIis cxisIcnIscI, rOmvIicInOIIingcsc canbcIakcn
avaybuIiIsmcrcbcing. (!I 35-60)
TIcjlaccdcrOciOusncsscxIcrminaIcsIIcinIcnIiOnsviIIOuIrcgardOr
IIc acIs. !I suhccs IO bc in Ordcr IO bc judgcd supcruOus. Hcncc iI is
uIiIc IO sIudy IcrrOrbascd On IIc divisibIcObjccIiviIyOacIs. TOIIc cOn-
trary, vc musIsIarIrOm anxicIysincapaciIyIO cccIuaIcIIc divisiOn.
!rOmHcgcIsimpcccabcIcxI (vIicI,mOrcOvcr,rcuscsIOjudgc. IcrrOr
is an ObigaIOry mOmcnI in IIc bccOming O scI-cOnsciOusncss) , cI us
rcIain IIaI IcrrOris a pIcnOmcnOn IIaIbcOngs IO IIc subjccI, and nOI
IO IIc SIaIc. TIc 'gOvcrnmcnI isOnyIIc mOdc Obcing OIIcunivcrsa
(IIaI is, Or us, O IIc univcrsaiIy O IIc cxccss disIribuIcd IIrOugIOuI
IIc cnIirc dcad cmpirc Opaccs) . TIis mcans IIaI IcrrOris a mOdaiIy O
ZV
JHLY r JHL bUbdLLJ
pOIiIics, and nOI IIc mccIanicaI rcsuII O IIc mOdcrn SIaIc. ! yOu scck
IO undcrsIandandOrbidIIc GuIag, IakcasyOurIargcI SIaIinspOIiIicsin
iIsraIiOnaI subccIivc dcIcrminaIiOn. TIc OppOsiIc idca, vIicI sccks IO
dcIcrmincSIaIinspOIiIics, OrcvcnMarxisIpOIiIicsingcncraI,OnIIcbasis
OIIcGuIag,Icads OnIyIOvuIgarmOraIism.
NOv IIc undamcnIaI incOnvcnicncc O vuIgar mOraIism Iics in iIs
impOIcncc. WIOcvcrsccksIOpuIancndIO IcrrOr andIOIIc GuIagmusI
OIIOv IIc MarxisI rOad O IIc pOIiIicaI subccI, O vIicI IcrrOr is a dia
IccIicaIcOndiIiOn,a prOpcrIy rcsIOraIiOnisIhgurc. MOraIprOIcsIin rcaIiIy
prcparcsIIc vay OrIIc rcjc/i/ion OIcrrOr.
TIc csscncc OIcrrOrispOIiIicaI. WcmusIundcrsIandIIcIcrrOrisI SIaIc
On IIc basis O IIc subccIivc cOnsisIcncy O a mOdc O pOIiIics, rccrrcd
backIOiIsrOOI.IIcsubccIiviaIiOn,IIcSOvicIanxicIy,IIcanxicIyOciviI
varand OIIc NE!. Wc musI IIink IIc SIaIc On IIc basis OIcrrOr, and
nOIIcrrOrOnIIcbasisOIIc SIaIc.
TIc dcnunciaIiOnO IIc rcprcssivc and bIOOdycIaracIcrO a mOdc O
pOIiIicsdOcsno/amOunIIOIIcrcaIcriIicismOIIispOIiIics,nOrdOcsiIcvcr
cnabIcOncIObcdOncviIIiI.
WcMarxisIsarcIIcOnIycOnsisIcnIandcccIivcanIi -SIaIinisIs,bccausc
vcarcIIcOnIyOncsvIOuIIygrasp-inOrdcrIOrccasI-SIaIinspOIiIics.
Wc drcadIIc vuIgaranIi-SIaIinisIs nOIbccausc IIcyscrcamagainsIIIc
camps andagainsIIOrIurc-IIcyarcrigIIIOdOsO-buIbccausc, IIrOugI
IIc inOpcraIivc IIcmcs O IIc sIaIcs ObccIiviIy Or O IOIaIiIarian idcOI
Ogy, IIcy Organic IIc prcscnI vcakncss in IIc acc O IIc subccIivc
IOgic O IcrrOr. Ycs, vc drcad IIcir pOIiIicaI vcakncss, IIcir invOIunIary
acquicsccncc, cvcnvIcn invcrIcd inIO rcsIOraIiOnisIanxicIy, IO IIc cOr-
rcIaIiOn , viIIOuI dcsignaIing IIc IaIIcr in iIs subccIivc inIcrcncc, iIs
prOOundpOIiIicaIOrcc.
3. Courac is siIuaIcd aI IIc samc pOinI asanxicIy. !I is IIaIvIicIIiIIs
Ovcr inIO IIc cxccss. BuI iI hnds suppOrI in IIc divisiOn O IIc Iav, in a
vagcr On IIc rcaI in sucI a vay IIaI iI cccIuaIcs IIc disOrdcr as IIc
Ordcr Omcaning. TIc cmpirc OcOuragc is IIc Iic Ocxccss. !Is rcacIivc
cOrrcIaIc is IIc dcad OrdcrOvIicIanxicIyIakcs cIargc.
Ouragc cccIuaIcs IIc inIcrrupIiOn O IIc dcad Iav in avOur O IIc
cxccss, IIus dividing IIc prcscripIiOn O IIc pIacc by comjlc/cly invcsIing
iIs ncigIbOurIOOds. AIIcOuragcamOunIsIOpassingIIrOugIIIcrcvIcrc
prcviOusIyiI vas nOIvisibIcIIaIanyOnccOuIdinda passagc.
TO gO pasI IIc IIrcaIO dcaII, vIicIOnIy cvcrmcans IIaIvIicInO
ZV9
JPlLb LJHlLb
IOngcrisiniIspIacc,bccOmcsIIcncvIav,vIicImakcsIicOuIOdcaII
iIscI.
AnxicIy is dcscnsc, bascd upOn IIc subsisIing spIacc Or a bIOckcd
Iav.
Ouragcis in-dc-scnsc, bascdupOnIIc cxccssundcra spIiI Iav.
OyOuvanIasimpIcruIcOrvIcnanxicIyiscaIingavayaIyOu?LOOk
OrIIc cOuragcOus acIbcOrc vIicI yOu sIOv rcIucIancc, IIc rcaI IIaI
yOubcIicvc IObc impOssibIc, andvIicI isrcaIOrIIisvcry rcasOn. !OOk
Or yOurcurrcnIindcccncy. !IsprccisiOn viII surprisc yOu, and anxicIy is
IcrcIIaIvIicI guidcs yOu IOvard IIc IruII.
AII IIis is supcrbIy puI in SIcpIcn rancs nOvcI 1hc Rcd adc o]
Courac. AIruc manuaIOanOnymOussubccIivizaIiOninvIicIIIcuniIy
OOppOsiIcsbcIvccnanxicIyandcOuragcIiIcraIIyprOduccsIIcsubccI,in
IIcdOubIcscnscOIIcbOOksIcrOandiIssubccI maIIcr.
Hc Ound IIaI Ic cOuId IOOk back upOn IIc brass and bOmbasI O Iis
carIicr gOspcIs and scc IIcm IruIy. Hc vas gIccuIvIcn Ic discOvcrcd
IIaIIc nOvdcspiscdIIcm.
WiII IIis cOnvicIiOn camc a sIOrc O assurancc. Hc cII a quicI
manIOOd, nOnasscrIivc buI O sIurdy and sIrOng bIOOd. Hc kncv IIaI
IcvOuIdnOmOrcquaiIbcOrc IisguidcsvIcrcvcrIIcysIOuIdpOinI.
HcIadbccn IO IOucI IIc grcaI dcaII, and Ound IIaI, aIcraII, iI vas
buIIIcgrcaIdcaII. Hcvasa man. j. . .
cI IIc yOuII smiIcd, OrIc savIIaI IIc vOrId vas a vOrId Or Iim,
IIOugI many discOvcrcdiI IO bc madc O OaIIs and vaIking sIicks. Hc
Iad rid IimscIO IIc rcd sickncss ObaIIIc. TIc suIIry nigIImarc vas
in IIc pasI. Hc Iad bccn ananimaI bIisIcrcd and svcaIing in IIc IcaI
andpainOvar. HcIurncdnOvviIIa IOvcrsIIirsIIOimagcs OIran-
quiIskics,rcsImcadOvs, cOOIbrOOks-ancxisIcnccOsOIandcIcrna
pcacc.
OvcrIIc rivcra gOIdcnrayOsun camcIIrOugIIIc IOsIs OIcadcn
raincIOuds.

!mpOssibIcIOgivcabcIIcrcxprcssiOnIOIIcvayinvIicI, cOupIcdOnIO
anxicIy, cOuragc-a pracIicaI brcacI in vIaIcvc is unapparcnI-Opcns
OuIIOIIc scrcnc dissipaIiOn OIIc IavinIOusIicc.
Ouragc namcs IIc abscnI causc, ObsIrucIcd by IIc rcaI, by cnabIing
a divisiOn O IIc pIacc. TIis divisiOn puIs IIc Iav IO IIc IcsI, insIcad O
caIIingOriIs rcsIOraIiOn.
ZVb
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
4.1uslicc, Ihc cOnsisIcncy !OrIhc hasIc O!Ihc causc, amOunIsIOrcaIiv-
izingIhca, hcrcasIhcsupcrcgOmakcsiIabsOuIc. ThisIimcIhcc!!ccI
O!rccOmpOsiIiOn Obcys Ihc maxim. AIays mOrc O!Ihc rca, and Icss O!
IhcIa.!!, inIhcsupcrcgO,Ihc nOnaisOnyIhcunivcrsabarbarism O!
Ihca, IhcninjusIicciIisIhccOrrOsiOnO!IhcIaiIscI!.!IisIhcsubjcc
Iivc principIc O!IhciIhcringaayO!righI.
Thc acIivc sOurcc O!j usIicc, invcrscy IO IhaI O! Ihc supcrcgO, is Ihc
IOpOIOgizaIiOn O! agcbra. Hcrc Ihc ncighbOurhOOd subOrdinaIcs Ihc cc
mcnIaryIOiIscI!.usIiccisIhcblurrino]lhcjlaccs, IhcOppOsiIc,Ihcrc!Orc,
O!Ihc righIpacc.
usIiccis rcIrOacIivc-cOrrcaIiOn-by ayO!IhcajjroximalivcIcgiIi-
mizaIiOn O! cOuragc, hcrcas Ihc supcrcgO-cOrrcaIiOn -dcsignaIcs
Ihc rioursO!anxicIy.
ThcdivisiOnO!IhcsubjccIivcprOccsshappcnsaccOrdingIOIhcdisIribu-
IiOn O!Ihc cxccss, ciIhcrOnIhcsidc O!OrdcriIhincachpacc OrOnIhc
sidcO!iIsiIhcring aayasanOngOingprOccss.
Thc undccidabc ics in Ihc !acI IhaI Ihis ciIhcr . . . Or . . . !Orms an
inIcracing, andnOIan aIcrnaIiOnOra simpccOcxisIcncc.
ThcsupcrcgOisIhcrcsIOraIiOnisI!accO!rccOmpOsiIiOn(hichdOcsnOI
mcanrcpcIiIivc.SIainisnOIIhcTsar,nOrisRObcspicrrc!Ouis!) . usIicc
is iIsinsIiIuIing!acc.
BuIcvcryinsIiIuIiOnrcsIOrcs.
AdmiI IhaI hcrc yOu havc a pIcasing phcnOmcnOIOgica digrcssiOn.
OmbinciI, ! bcgyOu,iIhIhccOdmaIhcmcsIhaIgivcyOuiIsIhcOry.
ThOughaIaysbind,adccisiOnaIaysaIOsOnca!IcrIhc!acIOrajrs
couj IO sIaIcIhccsscncc O! iIs undccidabiiIy.
ZV0
Ul d00d| S 0 IM6 | Od| 0d|y
M3 , VV
HOrizOnIas, vcrIicas. diagOnas?-Thcimaginary as saIuraIiOn O!
IhcsIaIicO!IhcsubjccI-Exampcs O!diagOnaIOgmaIismand
sccpIicism-McagrcncssO!Ihc imaginary-RccOccIiOn, rccOccIiOn
WhaIdOyOuanI!rOmmc?
LcIusspcndsOmcmOrcIimcgOingOvcrIhcsIaIicO!IhcsubjccI.
Wc havc csIabishcd Ihc horizonlal cOrrcaIiOns. anxicIy-cOuragc is Ihc
subjccIivizing scissiOn,andsupcrcgO-jusIicc, IhccOnIradicIiOnO!Ihc sub-
jccIivcprOccss.
Wc havc asO csIabishcd Ihc vcrlical cOrrcIaIiOns. anxicIy-supcrcgO
dchncsIhc sIrand- O!IhcIOrsiOn;cOuragcjusIicc,iIs sIrand-.
WchavcpOsiIcdIhcbOcking-inIcrrupIiOnO!IhcscIOinks. IhcbOdy,
gcncrahyjokcimcnon O!IhcsubjccI-c!!ccI andbcarcrO!IhcundccidabIc.
Arc Ihcrc diaonal cOrrcaIiOns? WhaI is Ihc mcaning O! Ihc pairs
cOuragc-supcrcgOand anxicIy-jusIicc?
A sIaIiccOmpriscd O!aIhc sysIcmsO!inkagciI bccaIIcd saIuraIcd.
!s IhisIhccascO!IhcschcmaO!IhcsubjccI?
! immcdiaIcIyanscr. Ycs. Whalsaluralcslhcslalico]lhcsub)cclisnolhin
bullhc imainaj.
Thc diagOnaIs givc shapc IO IhcIO grcaI imaginary !uncIiOns-hich
aIsO cOnsIiIuIc Ihc !Orma cOnccpIs O! idcOOgy. Ihc dOgmaIic and Ihc
sccpIic.
ZV
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
TIc idca IIaIIIcdiagOnasaIuraIiOnisIIcvcrydciniIiOnOIIcimagi
naryisuyinkccpingviII!acansIcacIing, usIasiIisparIOIIccgiIi
maIcincOdcsccnIrOmIIc MarxisIIIcOryOidcOOgy.
WIcn TIOmas MnIzcr hrcs up IIc Gcrman cOunIrysidcviII a cOm
munisI cgaiIarian discOursc, Ic cOuragcOusy subccIivizcs, againsI IIc
backdrOpOdcaII, andappcasIO usIicc.
WIcn Ic namcs Iis cOuragc bascd On IIc absOuIc cOnvicIiOn IIaI
IrisI sccks IIc uhmcnI O IIis dcsign, Ic prOpOscs IIc imaginary
arIicuaIiOnOIIcbravcryOrcvOIbascd OnIIc supcrcgOvIOscacgOry
is 'IIc ingdOm OGOd.
WIcn IIc Rcd Guards in Bciing aIIack IIc ncv burcaucraIic bOur-
gcOisic in Ordcr IO puI inIO cccI a cOmmunisI prOgrammc, IIcy arc
cOnsIiIuIcd bytIc sIrand-, cxccpIIIaIbyinvOkingIIc guaranIcc OIIc
'absOuIc auIIOriIy O MaO cdOng IIOugII, IIcy bccOmc idcOIOgicay
suIurcdIO.
WIcnIIcinsIiIuIiOnOmassdcmOcracy, asIIcimmcdiaIcacIuaiIyO
pOiIica cOmmunism, is accOmpanicd by IcrrOrisI prOsOpOpcias againsI
IIc 'spics and 'IraiIOrs, IIisisbccauscIIcavsprccariOusncss, sucIas
IIcprOccss OIIcusIicc-IypcinsIiIuIcsiI,immcdiaIcycnIaisIIccxpO-
surc O anxicIy, IIc rcmcdy OrvIicI is an imaginary inIaIiOn O risk,
asIIc hxaIiOn Oa rca vIOsc burrcd paccs prOvOkc IIc cxpcricncc O
IOO-pIcnIy.
WIcnIIcuIOpiancOmmunisIs,idcahgurcsOIIcnOnav,arc accOm-
panicd, asvc scc in IIc casc O!Ouricr, byan inhniIc dcIai Oprcscrip-
IiOns andduIics, scIIing up a cOmbinaIOy O rucs Or IIc IOIaIiIy OIIc
passiOns and in acI caving nO rOOm Or cisurc Or any ncigIbOurIOOd,
IIisisbccausciIiscOnvcnicnIIOsIOpIIcbrcacI, suppOscdIObcgcncra
izcd, OIIcruIcviaIIcsIricIdcducIiOnOallo]/hcrcal.
TIcimaginaryisIIus vIaIprOvidcsIIccOnnccIiOnbc/wccnIIcsIrands
andy,namingasiIdOcs,inIIcrcgisIcrOIIcidca,IIccndcsspracIicaI
invcrsiOn OIIcirrcspccIivc dOminancc. TIc imaginaryisvIaI prOduccs
simiiIudc andscmbanccbcIvccnIIcackandIIccxccss.
ByvayOIIcimaginary,cOuragccvokcsIIcsupcrcgOvIicaIIIcsamc
Iimc convokin usIicc. TIc imaginary vards O anxicIy rOm IIc pOinI
rOm vIicI usIicc canbc incrrcd andcOuragc isinduccd.
Bccausc iI cnabcs IIc diagOna suIuring O IIc IvO sIrands O IIc
subccI, IIcimaginaryrcckOnsviIIIIcincxisIcnIIIaIisIIcidcnIicancss
IOOncsc. GObackIOmycxampcs,andincacIcascyOuvisccIIaIIIc
sIrOngIOd OIIc imaginaryIics ingivingcOmOrItO cOuragc (byvay O
ZVb
JPlLb l LJHlLb
IIc supcrcgO) OrIOusIicc (byvay O anxicIy) IIrOugI a hxcdprincipc
O idcnIiIy-vIcIIcr iI is a qucsIiOn O GOds av, IIc cuI O MaO, Or
uIOpianmania.
TIc diagOnas prOducc IIc uncIiOn O IIc 'cgO, IIcy prOducc IIc
simiar, IIc crIic hcIiOn O a uniOn O q and , by vIicI IIc subccI
sIrinks rOmIIc divisiOn IIaIbringsiIinIObcing.
!acanrigIIycOngraIuaIcsIimscOr'IIcvcdgcIIaI!drivcinIcrcby
puIIingbackiniIspIaccIIcdcccpIivcIruismIIaIidcnIicancssIOOncsc,
vIicIis prcsumcd IO cxisIin IIc cgOs usua scnsc jOiIsc , Ias sOmc-
IIingIOdOviIIa suppOscdinsIanccOrcaiIy [rclj (E 6/54) .
TIis'vcdgci snOIIingcscIIanIIcsIaIicdisIincIiOnbcIvccnIIcIOri
zOnIa (cOnccpIuaI) cOnnccIiOnandIIcvcrIica (rca) cOnnccIiOn,OnOnc
Iand, andIIc diagOna (imaginary) cOnnccIiOn, On IIc OIIcr.
TIcimaginary, induccdbyIIcsviIcIingOIIcdOminanIbcIvccnack
andcxccssinIIc subccIivc IvisI, aaciOusyrcprcscnIsIIc undccidabc
asavaysarcadyIavingbccndccidcd.
EiIIcr (dOgmaIism) bccausc IIcrc is an unbrcacIcdcga cOnIrO Ovcr
cOuragc, Or (sccpIicism) bccauscIIcnOnavOusIiccrcprcscnIsOnyIIc
cIcrna undccidabiiIy OIIcav.
TIc imaginary cOmpriscs IvO maxims. 'GuaranIccd by IIc OIIcr, !
can and ! musI cvcryIIing and ' Sincc IIcrc is nO OIIcr, ! can and ! musI
nOIIing
!ncvcrycasc,IIismcansIIcrcignOmOraiIy,vIicIisIIccxacIOppO-
siIcOcIIics.
Aas, vc arcacxIrcmcymOra. NObOdycancscapc saIuraIiOn.
2
OuragcinIIcrcgisIcrOIIc imaginarysuppOrIs iIscI viII a hxcdpOinI
by vIicI IIc rccOmpOsiIiOn (inIO usIicc) umps aIcad IOiIs OppOsiIc in
IIcsupcrcgO.TIcasscmbyOIIcinsurrccIiOnrcaizcsancvasivcscissiOn
OIIcav, buIimmcdiaIcyIIcrcarcOnyIraiIOrsIObc cxccuIcd.
SarIrcIassccnIIisvcryvcinIis Cri/iquco]Dialcc/icalRcason,vIcnOn
IIc basis O IIc grOupinusiOn ( anOIiOnvIicI mOrcOvcrvOuId raIIcr
Iavc IO bc rcgisIcrcdOn IIc sidc OIIc anxiOus subccIivizaIiOn in yj Ic
gcncraIcsIIcpcdgcdgrOup, vIcrc raIcrniIy-IcrrOrrcigns suprcmc.His
dravbackics in Iaving prcscnIcd as IvO succcssivc hgurcs O IIc samc
pIcnOmcnOn vIaI in acI is IIc cOcxisIcncc O iIs vcrIica and diagOnal
ZVV
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
nkagcs and IIusnIavng msscd IIc pOnI vIcrc IIc magnarys ds-
OncdrOmIIcrca.TIssbccauscSarIrcIOIdsOnIOasimjlccOnccpIOn
OIIcsubccI.Hc cnumcraIcsIssIrands, vIIOuIbcngabcIOIInkIIcr
nIcracng.
AcIuaIy, IIc pIcnOmcna rOIc O IcrrOr aI vOrk n mass dcmOcracy
s vIaI aOvs IIc magnary absOuIcncss O cOnvcIOn IO agcbracc
cOuragc, vIOsc csscncc s IOpOOgca. Evcn IIOugI yOu dramaIcaIy
cIangcd accOrdng IO ObccIvc buI unknOvn ncgIbOurIOOds and O
OvcdIIc mmancnIrcsOurccsOcxccss, yOupOsI, n CIna, IIaIcvcry
IIng rcsuIs rOmcIarman MaOs aIcsI drccIvc, IOvIcI Obcdcncc
s mmcdaIcy duc; Or, yOu, n !ran, IIaI GOd prOcccds by vay O yOur
mOdcsInIcrvcnIOnIOcxpc SaIanIIc SIaI.
TIs ncvIabc dagOnaI dOgmaIcs cOuragc. TIc cOrrcIaIc O anxcIy
IIcrcbyhndsIscmcdaIcdby IIcsIOvydspIayOa supcrcgOcanIc-
paIOn, vIcI n any casc s vIaI I avays cas upOn. AnxcIy rcqurcs
IIc cxccssinlhcsamcjlacc OIcrrOr, and IIs rcqurcmcnI s IIc pOnI O
IIc rca n IIc cOrrcaIOn. COuragc argucs rOm an dca dOgmaIcIy,
IIcmagnarydagOnavIcI, aIIIcsamcpOnI, guaranIccsIIaIcOuragc
cxpOscsIscIOIIc rcaIvIIOuIdcsIrOyngIIcdcsIrucIOn.
SymmcIrcaIIy, IIc prOccss O usIcc, vIcI mcans IIc vcakcnng O
IIc av IOIIcbcnchIOIIcrca, gcncraIcsancsscnIaIunccrIanIyvII
rcgard IO IIc subccIvc pIaccmcnI. !rccarOus hdcIy IO cOuragcOus
subccIvaIOn, usIccsprOpcrIyIIaIvIcIprOvOkcsanxcIyasIOIIc
ruIcssIrcngIIIOvard OIIc rcaI. usIccby nOmcanss IIcprOccdurc
OscrcnIy. RaIIcr, I nduccs EccIcsasIcs nOIOn IIaI a IIc rvcrs run
nIOIIc sca,IIccIaOIcmagnary Odc-scnsc.
usIccs cscOrIcd by a vacaIOn OccrIanIcs, n vIcI IIc burrng
OIIc paccs sbuIIrcsscdnIIc magnarybyIsOvncIcrnIy. TIcrc Ias
ncvcr bccn any ruc. sucI s IIc anIagOnng dagOna hcIOn by vIcI
usIcc vards OIIcrcsIOraIOnsI drvcs IIaI arc pOarcdbyanxcIy.
EvcryOnc agrccs IO OvcrcOdc usIcc vII dcaIs, IO subccI IIc uIurc
nOnIavIOsOmcruIc, IOnamcndchnIcy,rOmImcsmmcmOra,vIaI
vIbc IIccascvIcn a IIcknOvn pIaccsOnOmnaIOnvIavcbccn
runcd Onc aIcr anOIIcr. TIs s bccausc cvcryOnc csscnlially dOubIs IIc
rcaauIOnOmyO usIcc.EvcryOnccOmbncsIIcdOgmaIcdagOnaIOIIc
hxcdpOnI,guaranIccIOcOmcrOmIIcuIurc,vIIIIcsccpIcadagOnaI
OdsOrdcr, guaranIccIandcddOvnrOmIIcpasI.
Wc nccd a IIc cOnssIcnI bravcry O a Marx and a MaO n Ordcr IO
rcusc IO cgsIaIc cOmmunsm OIIcrvsc IIan rOm IIc rca pOnI O

JPlLb LJHlLb
pOIca subccIvIy. Wc nccd aI IIc rgOur O Lacan n Ordcr ncvcr IO
argucOnIIc bassOa cascOIcang
3
Arrvcd aI IIs pOnI, ! cOncss IO Iavng IIc Or nO dcsrc IO cOnInuc.
!n spIc O Is cgcnd, IIcrc s nOIIng mOrc sIrucIuraI and, n IIc asI
nsIancc,nOIIngmOrcmpOvcrsIcdIIanIIcmagnary.!IsIruc,IIcrc
s asO nOIIng mOrc ObvOusIy ncccssary. ! undcrsIand IIc IcmpIaIOn
IO cxIausI IIc cOmpcIc IraccIOry O Is arcIcIypcs, vIcI arc IIOsc O
gOOd and bad OrIunc, adOrncdvIIIIcmcIapIOrsOnaIurc. OnIIc Onc
Iand, IIcrcgsIcrOIsmmancnIspIcndOur,vIcI scrvcs IOcOnhrmIIaI
IIcrcs (buIIIcrc snI) sOmcAmgIIy.OnIIcOIIcr,IIaIOIsanarcIc
ndcrcncc,nOrdcrIOcsIabIsIIIaIvcarcpuIOncarIIvIIOuIaIOmc
and vIIOuI a IcarII (buI IIcrc s aIvays a !acc, and, Hdcrn says, a
!rc) .
!asca Ias cxIausIcd IIs qucsIOn, vII Is mscry and Is grandcur.
GOOddaIccIcan IIaI Ic s, Ic IOOks Or IIc dvsbcpOnI rOm vIcrc
IIs aIIcrnaIng rcprcscnIaIOn dsappcars navOurOIIcpurcrcaOIIc
subccI ( CIrsIan s IIc namc O sucI a subccI ) . TIs pOnI Iurns OuI IO
incxislinCod(OrIObccOnIcnI,kccscarIcs,vII GOds cxsIcnccsOny
dOaIry) and locxcccd ilscl]in lhc1cxl (Or I s Ony IIrOugI a IOpOIOgca
rcadngOIIcTcsIamcnIs, dssOIvngIIccIIcrOIIc IcxI nIO IIchgurcs
IIaIOvcrIOvI, IIaIOnccandscOvcrIIaIIIcsc ScrpIurcsarc an cxccp-
IOnIO IIcvOrd) .
TIc HOyBbc s IIccxccssvc Iracc OrIIcGOdvIO s Iackng.
!I s parIcuIary casy IO csIabIsI, Or !ascas CIrsIan, IIc knOI O
anxcIy ( IInk O 1hcMyslcjo]1csus. Hc sucrs IIs aIIicIOn and IIs
abandOnmcnIn IIc IOrrOrOIIcngII ), OIIcsupcrcgO ( GOdunqucs-
IOnabysIcrrOr), OusIcc (IIc duIy OLOvcdssOvcsnIOgraccaIIIc
vOrdyrucs OIIcpacc) andOcOuragc (vc musIvagcr,agansImcrc
dvcrsOn).
Mscry and grandcurarcIIc dagOnas nvIcI !ascaI rccOgncs prc
cscyIIcsccpIcaImagnaryandIIc sIOcnIIaIOn. Hcncc, I shIIngIO
cOnvcrscvIIMOnscurdc SacabOuIEpcIcIusandMOnIagnc.TOdss-
paIcIIc magnaryOnc-sdcdncssOmOraIysIIcncgaIvcnIrOducIOn
IOIIc daccIcOIIc subccI.
TIcMarxsIIIcOryOdcOOgysucrsrOmIIcunsIOppabcmcagrcncss
1
JHLY l 1HL bUbdLLJ
O IIc diagOnas. WIaI mOrc is IIcrc IO add, cxccpI IIc cvidcnI viscOsiIy
OIIcircnIvning, IOIIc scparaIc OrmuaIiOnsOIIc 'Iuman cOndiIiOn',
dOgmaIicaycxaIcd in iIspOvcrasabsOuIc (arI and rcIgiOn) OrsccpIi
caIIy rcduccdIO iIs dchcicncyand IOIIcincxOrabiiIyOdcaII?TOsIOv
IIaI a IIis sIicks IO Our skin in IIc Orm Oa IransccndcnI dcnia OIIc
casssIruggc gOcs nOurIIcrIIanIIc ccrIhcd rcpOrIOsOmcmaIcriaisI
baii.
TIc vOrd 'Iurncd upsidc dOvn Onyccds inIO my passiOn Or scIIng
iI sIragII.
AIIIc samcIimc, ! cOncssIIaIIIcprcssurcOIIcimaginary, Oncc vc
rccOgnzciIsprncipc,bynOmcansdcmandsIIaIvcbccOmcscandaizcd.
Evcn IIc amOus 'cuII O pcrsOnaIIy', in iIs manicsI cOrrcIaIiOn IO IIc
ObiqucanxicIicsOusIbravcry,sccmsIO mc IOsIcmrOmIIcincvIabIc
prcsumpIiOnOIIc OncmucImOrcsOIIanrOmIIcdicIaIOriainamics
vIicI pass Or rcaI and vIicI i nccdcd arc cOmpaIibc viII IIc mOsI
mcdiOcrcOimagcs. NObOdyIascvcrnccdcdIIccuIOGuyMOIcIs pcr-
sOnaiIy n Ordcr IO givc IIcr massivc cOnscnI, during IIc Agcrian var,
IOIIcmassacrcOamiiOnAgcrians, incudingIOrIurcandIIccamps.As
OppOscd IO IIc SIainisI cndcavOur, rOmvIicIaIcasI a giganIic Russia
cmcrgcd, IIcsc IOrrOrsarc a IIc mOrc IransparcnI insOarasIIcy Ony
scrvcd IO dcay IIc ncviIabc ndcpcndcncc by six Or scvcn ycars and,
IIus, pcOpcvcrc massacrcd, rigOrOusIyspcaking, OrnOIIing.
! ccrIainyparIicipaIcdin IIc 'cuI O MaO', by mcans OvIicI !, ikc
miiOns mOrc, hgurcd IIc hxcd pOinI viII vIicI IO gaugc IIc radcaI
IurnabOuI OcOuragc andIIccOmpcIc IransOrmaIOn ObOII mypracIi-
ca cxisIcnccandmycOnvcIiOns duringIIcsccOndIaOIIc I 60sand
IIccary 70s-ycars O grandcur i cvcrIIcrcvcrc any. !n rcIrOspccI, !
Iavc cOmc IOknOviIsridicuOusaspccIs, IIcunrcaiIicsOIIc subccIvc
IraccIOry by vIicI IIis cuI Iraccd an imagnary diagOnaI and vIicI,
cxpOscd IO IIc rca, ! can nOv dcsignaIc viII cariIy. BuI ! cOncss IIaI
! cc nO rcmOrsc vIaIsOcvcr Or Iaving Iravcrscd IIis cxpcricncc, nOI
cvcn Or nOurisIing an uncOnIrOabc nOsIagia vIcn ! rcmcmbcrIIOsc
ycars. AIcraI, sOcacdcIisIinIcccIuaIsvcrcOIIcrvscvigOrOusand
innOvaIivc undcrSIainIIanIIcyarcIOdayinIIcprOvinciadcbascmcnI
OIIcirpcIIyscnIimcnIsandIIcirbanaIIabiIs. !buynciIIcrIIcpOsIIu-
mOusrcvcngcOCamusOvcr SarIrcnOrIIccxccssivcpraiscOrRaymOnd
ArOn, bccauscIc vOudIavcbccn 'IcssmisIakcn',vIicIis casycnOugI
IO accOmpisI vIcn Onc dOcs nOI Iakc any risks OIIcr IIan IO OOv
IIcpcdagOgy OIIc vOrd as iI is. As Or IIc cIsIs OIIc pOsI'68 cra, !
Z
JPlLb l LJHlLb
cOnsidcrIIcm css IIc vcIims O a dcvasIaIng iIIusiOn, as IIcy prcIcnd
IOday, IIan carricd avay bcyOnd IIcmscvcs by IsIOry, rOm vIcncc
IIcydrcvccrIanmagcs, uniyngcOnscqucnccsandnOIOnIyIIciusOry
causcOIIcirdcIcrminaIiOn. TIc maginaryIIuscOmcsinIO cOnsOidaIc
IIc rcaand nOI inOrdcrIOinsIaIIIcscmbIanI.

!s IIis IO say IIaI vc sIOudsing IIc praisc OIIc pOcIry OIIc imagi-
nary? O cOursc nOI. !I is casy IO scc IIaI ! IOnOur iI, as IIc scnsccss
diagOnaOdcscnscOrasIIcdcrcicIiOnOabscnscinIIcpaccOndc-
scnsc, Ony On IIcgrOundsOvIaIsuppOrIs I in IIc subccIascccIivc
prOccss.
Evcn pOcIry, cOnIraryIO vIaIcvcr acadcmic cxpanaIOns Irai bcIind
iI, ccdsOnIIcIOpOIOgicadimcnsiOn Oanguagc, and nOIOnIIcmagi-
nary. TIissOncOMaarmc's dirccIivcs.
WcdvcIinIIOscIrucgrOvcs, vIcrc, Iavng markcdOurvay,
WiIIargcandIumbcgcsIurcIIcpurcpOcI musI
SIandguardagainsIIIcdrcamascncmyIO Is IrusI.
l l
LcIus nOI sIandguardOr prOIibI buI sum up.
anxicIy

supcrcgo
subciviti
C _
.
.
J
^
_,_

u
ubcctivcccss
couragc

O
usIicc
NOv IIaI iIissaIuraIcd, IIc subccs sIaIic avaiIs Ony iIsmOmcnIum.
TIisisGOd'samOusngcrIickIOpuIIIcmccIansminmOIiOn. GOd,
IIaIs mc. As mOdcrn as anyOnc can cvcr bc, ! vi cOnIcnImyscviII
IIcvOrd Oan cnginccr.

bCM6Od
M3 , VV
ncasibc-TIc Orma subccIivc-!uncIuaiIy-AxisOabOiIiOn
TraccIOrics-AcIiOn, rcacIiOn, sIabiiaIiOn-TIc cscargOI
Any aIIcmpI IO hgurc IIc subccI as undccidabIc musI acc IIc impOs-
sibiiIy O iIs scIcma. TIc Iask bcOrc us is IIcrcOrc impOssibc. TIc
draving IIaI ! am abOuI IO skcIcI OuI musI bc inIcrprcIcd in igII O
iIs prOccIiOns and iIs imiI pOinIs. !I sIrucIurcs a cv sympIOms Or IIc
unscIcmaIizabc.
NciIIcrIIcquaiIaIivcbrcak, vIOscOpcraIiOn iscnIircIypracIicanOr
IIc cOnIradicIiOn, vIOsc Icrms dO nOI sIarc a unihcd panc, can bc puI
inIO animagc.
TIcrc cxisIs nO gcOmcIry OIIcdiaIccIic.
Lacan inisIcs Iis discOursc asIIc draIsman Oan impOssibc scIcma.
Hc sIOvs, viIIOuI spcaking, IIc pOinI vIcrc IIc rca cannOI makc a
pOinI.
2
!irsI, IIcn, IIc spacc, asIIc pIacc OIIc subccIsbccOmingOuI-O-pacc.
TIcimIIOIIcdisIribuIiOnOpaccsisIixcdIIcrcinbyIIccmpIypacc,IIc
unOccupyabcpacc, vIicIisIIc sIrucIuraI ancIOragc OIIcOuIpacc.
9
JPlLb l L1HlLb
HOv sIOud vc hgurc IIc unOccupyabc pacc? WcviII sIOv iI in an
ObIiqucvaybya IOc.
WcIIusIakcasOurpOinIOdcparIurcapancsIOIIIrOugIviIIaIOIc,
vIcrcby aI Onccvc missOuIOnIIccsscnIiaacIIIaIIIcIOcisa pIacc,
an cmpIy pacc, and IIus a pOinI ikc IIc OIIcrs, disappcarcdamOng IIc
OIIcrs, iiI is nOI acking-in-iIs-pIacc.
BuIIOvsIOud vc rcprcscnI IIcacIIIaIIIc subccI in apOsiIiOnO
inIcrnacxcusiOn,vaciIaIcs'arOundIIccmpIypaccIIaIiIun-Occupics?
TIis vi Ony givc us a vugar apprOximaIiOn. !n Ordcr IO indicaIc IIaI
IIc OccupaIiOnOIIccmpIypIaccisa sIrucIuraImOvcmcnI, namcy, IIc
vaciaIing Or IIc ccipsing, vc nccd IO Iavc a vay IO scIcmaIizc IIaI
'sOmcIIingOIIc spaccOccupicsanddOcsnOIOccupy, hIsanddOcsnOI
hI IIcIOIcin IIc panc.
!dccidcOnIIcsOuIiOnOavccIOr, viIIOuIOrigin,OricnIcdIOvardIIc
cmpIy pIacc. TIis pOarizaIiOn O IIc vccIOr, Iakcn aI iIs cxIrcmc imiI,
makcsIIc OccupaIiOn (iIisIIcIOcIIaIcOnIrOIsIIc OricnIaIiOn) andIIc
inOccupaIiOn (IIcvccIOr dOcsnOIhIIc vOid) inIO Onc.
OursccOndIask cOnsisIs in cnIcring IIc IOpOOgy by scIcmaIizing IIc
cxccss,by visuaizingIIcOuIpacc.Hcrcvc nccd sOmcIIingIIaInciIIcr
purcybcOngs IO IIc spaccnOrsimpy Occupics IIc vOidbuI IIaIbrings
OuIIIcviciniIybcIvccnIIc IvO andIIusasIcns iIscIOnIOIIcsubjccIs
sIrucIuraaspccI.
! sccurc IIis viII an anguar rcprcscnIaIiOn IIaI, by inIrOducing
nOI Ony IIc pIanc buI asO IIc spacc, symbOIizcs vIaIcvcr IIc cxccss
IOdsinIcrms Oa dcsIrucIivcIcaring-avayrOmIIcuniIyOIIcpanc
vIic aI IIc samc Iimc, sIanding as iI dOcs dirccIIy abOvc IIc vccIOr,
iI rcmains sIrucIurcd by IIc OsciaIiOn vIOsc vaciaIing IaIncss iI
inIcrrupIs.
TIisramingdcviccdcscrvcsIIc namcO]ormalsub)cc/ivc.
hoIc
spIacc
b
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
TIc Orma subccIivc cOmbincs inIO a uniqucprOccss bOII IIcvccIOrs
pOarizcdmOvcmcnIIOvardIIcvOidandIIcanguarrcprcscnIaIOnIIaI
subIracIs iIrOmIIcspacc.
Asub)cclivcjosilionisapOinIS

vIicIincquamcasurciscaugIInIIc
vccIOraizaIOn (paccd, cOnscqucnIIy, aIIIc samc Imc as iI s cxcudcd,
duc IO IIc !acI IIaI iI is viII rcgard IO IIc cmpIy pacc IIaI I mOvcs)
andsuppOrIsa di!crcnIia gap nangc, inspaIiavciniIyIO S

(andIIus,
sIanding in IIc cxccss O!inIcrrupIiOn Ovcr IIc OsciaIiOn IIaI carrics iI
IOvardIIcinOccupaIiOnOIIc IOc) .
TIispOnI S
l
is subccIvizing in naIurc, bcng IIc minma uniIyO! IIc
OsciIIaIiOn and IIc inIcrrupIOn, O aIgcbrac bcIOnging and IIc gap O
IOpOOgicaIadIcrcncc.
TIcacIOIssIrucIuraaIIracIiOnis dcsignaIcdasanxicIy, A, vIcrcby
IIaIvIicI in IIccxccssrisksdcjrivinilo]ilslackcxpIainsvIyiIappcas
IOIIcspacc.TIcacIIIaIncccIiIisbOIIcxccssivcrcpusOnandprva
IiOnOIIcpOarIyOacksnscrbcdascOuragc, C.
S

cOnsidcrcdi nIIc dOubc cOnsIrainI O IIc vccIOr and IIc angc, aI

Onc andIIc samcpOinIisspIIinIOA and C, Onc sOmcIOvIOvard IIc
bOIIOm, andIIcOIIcrIOvardIIc IOp.
3
HOv sIOud vc hgurc IIc subccIivc prOccss? TIc idca s smpy IO
prOducc IIc IrajccIOry OaninIcgraI Or cxampIc, bypusIngrOm S

a
IIcvay up IO IIcanguIarinc IIaI issuppOscd IO markIIcbOundaryO!
IIcOrmaIsubccIvc (in Icrms OIIccxccss) . LcIuscaIIIIs pOnI S
l
. TIc
subccIivc prOccss vOuId bc IIcOurncyrOm S

IO S

TIc grOss simpihcaIiOnO!IIis ncccssaryIypOIIcsscOnsisIsnIIc acI

tIaI nciIIcr IIc dcsIrucIiOn nOr, abOvc a, IIc rccOmpOsIOn appcars
ccary.
HOv sIOud vc makc up !Or IIis daccIica sIOrIcOming?
RccOmpOsIiOn mcans a ncv spIacc. TO makc an imagc OuI O IIc !acI
IIaI IIc rccOmpOsIiOn prOcccds rOm IIc subccIivc prOccss, vc viII
pOsIiOn an axis O rccOmpOsiIiOn, cOmpcIc vII iIs Ovn cmpIy pacc
dirccIy abOvc IIc prcviOus Onc, as IIc IraccIOrys Orma uIurc and,
IIus,bascdOn IIccycIcscOmpcIiOn. TIcaxsO!IIc hrsIangc, IcdIO
markIIcmaxmumcxccss,viIIcnbcprcscnIcdasIIcaxisO!dcsIruc-
IiOn. TIc duaIiIy O!IIcsc axcs, unihcd by IIcir cOmmOn ancIOragc in
J
JPlLb l LJHlLb
IIc hrsI vccIOriaizaIiOn, symbOIzcs aI IIc cvc O Orma raming IIaI
IIcsubjccI is a prOccss OdcsIrucIOn-rccOmpOsIiOn.
!n OrdcrIO pacc IIc supcrcgOandusIicc, vcgivcOurscvcsa vcrIical
axs asa rccrcncc pOinI H mark IIc ImiI O! a cOnccvabc dcsIrucIiOn.
TIisaxis, apIynamcdaxisOabOiIiOn,ncudcsIIcinhnIcpusIingback
O! IIc cmpIy pIacc. !I s IIc axis accOrding IO vIicI IIcrc vOuId bc nO
mOrcavandOnyIIcrcavOudcxisI,IIcaxisOsupcrIumancOuragc,
OinIOcrabcanxicIy, OinIcgrausIicc, andOIIcdcad supcrcgO.
spIacc
, Pr( )
Sc
acIion rcacIion sIabiIizaIion
TIc cOnccpIua mapping OIIc subjccIivc prOccss, bcginning !rOm IIc
cmpIypacc, viprOcccdby vay OprOccIinga subjccIivc pOsiIiOnOnIO
IIcaxisOabOiIiOn.TIcpOinIOprOccIiOnsOmcIOvgivcs us amcasurc
rcaIivc IOIIc IraccIOy. Hcrc, again, iI is dOuby dcIincd. byIIc spaccd
OrginOIIcprOccIiOn,vIcIsiIssupcrcgOicdimcnsiOn,andbyIIcaxis
OabOIIiOniIsc,vIicIsuppOrIsiIsdimcnsiOnOusIicc.
4
WIaI sa subccIprOccss? LcIus OOv iIssccIiOns.
TIcdcsIrucIvcimpusc gvcn inIIc dicrcnIia A/C carricsIIc cxccss
OS

aIIcvayIO S

andacIuaIybcyOnd, inIIc!ragmcnI O!IIccurvc

lIaIvc vi calhccxccssovcrlhccxccss, bcIvccn S

and S

TIc aIIcrin
J7
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
sOmc vay is IIc incviIabIc c!IsI insIancc O any subccIivc inIcracing,
IIc mOmcnI vIcn dcsIrucIiOn raiscs IIc bd and gOcs bcyOnd Is Ovn
sIrucIuraOrm, bcyOndiIsanguIarassignaIiOnIOIIcspIacc, as!caugIIin
a vcrIgO OabOiIiOn-vIOsc anxOus IIcmaIicdcmands IIaI Onc IIrOv
Oncsc!Icad hrsIinIOIIcvOrdsn!crnO.
AIIIcpOnI,vIicIisIIccxIrcmcImiIOvIaIcOuragcisabcIObcar
OIIc cxpOsurcIOIIcrcaI,andIIcmaximumIcgIIOrIIcprOccIiOn/
Sc, IIcrc bcgins a 'dcsccnI IIaI can bc mappcd in S
I
, bascd On IIcacI
IIaI anxicIy Icrc gains prcccdcncc Ovcr cOuragc, aIIracIiOn Ovcr rcpuI
sOn. TIs is vIaI vc can ca IIc mOmcnI Orcgrcssvc subccIvizaIiOn.
!n sIricI cOrrcaIiOn, IIcprOccIiOnsprOvidc usviIIa mcasurc OIIc acI
IIaI IIc supcrcgOic nsIancc gains prcccdcncc OvcrIIc 'rsc OusIcc IO
rigIIIIcvrOngs.
!nS

hnay,IIcrcsasIOppngpOinIOnarccOmpOsingvccIOriazaIOn,
dcIcrmincdbyIack
!! rOm S

vc Iracc IIaI vIcI cOnnccIs iI IO , IIc pOinI O maxma

cxccss,andIOS

IIcsIOppngpOinInvIicIIIcrcadissOvcsiIscinIIc
mmancncc O!parIs, IIcnvc can carvc OuIIIrcczOncsinIIc rgIIangc
OabOiIiOnand cOnscrvaIiOn OnIIc cI, IIc zOnc Oac/ion, gOvcrncdby
IIcprmacyO!cOuragcandIIcgrOvingvccIOraizaIOnOIIcprOccIOn
/Sc !n IIc middc, cOrrcaIcd IO IIc rcgrcssivc subccIvizaIOn, IIcrc is
rcac/ion, invIicI AgainsIIcuppcrIandOvcrC, andvIcrcIIcpOnI/
ScdccncsOnccagain.OnIIcrigII,s/abiliza/ion.YOuviundcrsIandIIaI
IIcscarcIIrccsmuIancOusmOmcnIsgvcnnanysubccI-prOccssSpacc,
n IssupcrOriIyOvcrImc, sIcingvIIrcgardIOIIscOcxsIcncc
WccOuIdObviOusIycOnInuc
TIcrc yOu Iavc, rcady Or disasscmbIy, IIc cOmpcIc cscargOI O!
pcrOdzaIOn.
b
LIM| CS dS IM6 0| SS| QdI| 00 0 IM6 Qd|d00X6S 0
Qd|I| Sd0SMl Q
M3 Zb, VV
AnIigOncOncc mOrc-EIIics sIIc rcmaindcr O!pOIiIics-OgcOIIc
ncacuIabcdccisiOn-TO givcinOrIObc-TIc MOscOvIraIs-TIc
parIsanmindscI
!rOmHcgcIO Lacan, IIcrc!crcnccpOinI!OrcIIicsisSOpIOcIcan.WIOis
AnIigOnc?TIaIsIIcqucsIiOn.
YOu can imagnc IIaI ! am nOI gOng IO IcII yOu IIaI !Or us
MarxisIs, AnIgOnc s IIc cxprcssOn O!arcIac sOcaI rcaIOns AgansI
IIc rgII O!IIc ciIy vIOsc dcspOIsm s sccuIar, IIcsc Orccs ca upOn
IIc OId unvriIIcn rgII O! bOOd and amy Ov IIaI vOud dO yOu
a OI O gOOd YOu vOud ObIain IIc kind O MarxisIs IruIIs-bccausc
I isIruc-IIanks IO vIcI vc Iavc !aIcn bcIind IIc IsIOrca nIc-
igcnccO!IIcbOurgcOsc, viIIOuImOvnganncIIOvardancncrgcIic
brcak.
AnOIIcrvay IOOrmuaIcIIs samcpOnIs IIcOOvng. IIcrccxisIs
nO MarxisI cIIics. AI bcsI IIcrc s an cIIics o]Marxsm, vIicI vc can
dcsignaIc rcIrOacIivcIy as IIc pracIicaprncipIc bcInd IIc raIOnaI ca-
cuIaIiOnsO!pOIIics.
EIIics as On IIc sdc O!IIaIvIicI, n IIcprimacyO!pracIicc, unc-
IiOns as a rcmaindcr Or IIc mpOssbc cxIausIiOn O IIcOry. Takc IIc
advanccs and sIOrIcOmings O IIc prOIagOnisIs O! IIc COmmunc Or O
IIc Rcd Guards. Oncc IIcy Iavc passcd IIrOugI IIcOrcIica rcccIiOn n
V
1HLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
vicv O IIc ncxI sIagc, vIaI rcmains is IIc acI IIaI IIcy incarnaIc IIc
uncOndiIiOnaI virIuc O any IisIOricaI accOunI, IIaI is, IIc unOrgcIIabIc
dccisiOn.
WccanhndsuppOrI OrIIis in IvO axiOmsrOm HcgcI.
- j . . . IIccIIicaIOrdcrcsscnIiaIIycOnsisIsinIIisimmcdiaIchrmncss
O dccisiOn (!I280)
- 'COnscqucnIIy, IIcabsOIuIc rigII OIIccIIicaI cOnsciOusncss isIIaI
IIc dccd, IIcshajci nvIicI iI aclualizcs iIscI, sIaIIbc nOIIing cIscbuI
vIaIiI knows (!I28 )
EIIics cOnccrnsIIc dccisiOnin iIspracIicaI absOIuIcncss, vIicI cannOI
bcincrrcdrOmanyIIingcIscbuIrOmiIscOnIcmpOranciIyIOIIcknOvI-
cdgcavaiIabIcaIIIcIimc.EIIicsmakcsa discOurscOuIOIIaIvIicI can
nciIIcr vaiI nOrbcpOsIpOncd. !I makcs dOviII vIaI isgivcn.
Hcrc, vc rc-cncOunIcrIIcsubccIivcuncIiOnOIasIc asOrmaIIcdin
HcgcIsIcxI.
EIIicscsscnIiaIIyIOucIcsupOnIIcundccidabiIiIyOIIcsub ccI. TIisis
IruccvcnvIcn, asaIIOrmsOvisdOmaimIOdO,iIargucsrOmIIcpOinI
OvicvIIaI IIis undccidabiIiIycOmcsdOvn IOa purcacccpIancc OacI.
TIc nOIiOn IIaI cIIics (Silllichkcil) is IIc IOgic O IIc incaIcuIabIc dcci-
siOn cxpIains vIy Or HcgcI iI is incriOr IO mOraIiIy (Mcnlnat, vIOsc
rcaImbcIOngs IO rcIIccIiOn.
!n IIis rcgard, vc viII rcvcrsc HcgcI. MOraIiIy is indccd caIcuIabIc,
sincc iI is caugII in IIaI vIicI, rOm IIc spIacc, gOvcrns IIc dsappcar-
ing OIIc subccIivc prOccss, iIs rcducIiOnIOIIcsIaIcOa Iracc. WiIIOuI
arguingOra supcriOriIy, Our inIcrcsIviII bc in cIIics. !Orvc knOvIIc
cOsI OvIaIbrings ViIIicrsdc I!sIc-Adamand Rimbaud, IIOugIIIcyarc
prOOundIy apOIiIicaI, IO bc On IIc sidc OIIc COmmunc, Or vIaI brings
IIisOrIIaIrcacIiOnarypcasanIrOmBOurgOgncIOscIupanundcrgrOund
rcsisIancc mOvcmcnI, purcIy On IIc grOunds IIaI, as Ic says, 'vc musI
dOsOmcIIing.
WiIIOuI sucI dccisiOns, IIcrc vOuId nOI cvcn bc any maIIcr Or
pOIiIi.
TIOscvIOinIIcsccircumsIanccsvaiIOrIIc 'absOIuIc rcIccIiOnIavc
alIIIcIimcin IIcvOrId,bcIIcy!IaubcrIOrGidc, IOgivc a scrcnccvaIu
aIiOnOIIcvrOngs cOmmiIIcdbybOIIparIics andIOIcIIIIcmscIvcsIIaI
MisIcr TIicrs Or !cIain, IIOugI in dispuIabIc vays, ObccIivcIy prOIccI
ccrIain nccds, vIcrcas IIc OIIcrs, drcamcrs nO dOubI, rcaIIy cxaggcraIc
vIcn IIcy cxccuIc a nicc bisIOp Or vIcn IIcy sIamcIcssIy sIaugIIcr
1
JPlLb LJHlLb
an Ohccr O IIc Occupying Orccs prOIccIcd by ancicnI cOnvcnIiOns and
rcccnI capiIuIaIiOns.
EIIicsisOnIIcagcndavIcncvcrIIcsubccIivcIcnsiOnObIainsunivcr-
saIiIyOnIyin IIcparIicuIarOrsakingOanyviIIsIOvIyIOinvcsIigaIcIIc
cOmpIcIc sIaIcOaairs.
!acan is ccrIainIy rigII in rcducing cIIics IO IIc qucsIiOn. Has IIc
subccIgivcn in? WIyIIcvcrb IOgivc in? Bccausc vIaI is aIsIakcin a
dccisiOnisnOIIIcquaIiIyOIIc subccI buIpurcIyand simpIy iIsbcing.
TO givc in mcans IO disappcar. NOIIing viII IIcn Iavc IakcnpIacc buI
IIcpIacc.
TIcvIOIcqucsIiOnOcOnIcmpOrarypOIiIicscOmcsdOvnIOIIis.isIIc
inIcrnaIiOnaI prOIcIariaI O !rancc gOing IO cxisI? A raIiOnaI pOIiIics Ias
nO OIIcrgOaIbuI IO usc IIc cxisIingsubccIivizaIiOns in OrdcrIO susIain
ina IOpOIOgyIIccOmmunisIprOccssOIIis cxisIcncc-IIccOnsisIcncyO
IIaIvIicIcx-sisIs.
!vc makccIIicsinIOIIcrcmaindcrOpOIiIics,vc can aIsOOrmuIaIc
IIcprObIcmasOIIOvs.isiIncccssaryIOcOnIinucgivinginIOIIcundcni
abIcadvanIagcsOIIcuniOnisI-parIiamcnIaryspIacing?
TIc cxisIcnccOIIcsubccIgcIsdissipaIcdinIOIIcnOnscnsc OIIcIav
assOOnasIIc maximisIOgivcin.!acansaysIIis OrccuIIy. csirc, vIaI
is caIIcd dcsirc, suhccs IO makc Iic mcaningIcss i iI Iurns sOmcOnc inIO
a cOvard (E 782/660) .
By invcrsiOn, IIis amOunIs I O dchning cOuragc as IIc cOrc O IIc
qucsIiOn.
Onc aIvays givcs in Or IIc sakc O sOmc gOOd, Oncs Ovn Or IIaI O
OIIcrs. !acan caIIs IIis IIc scrvicc OgOOds. NOIicc IIaI IOgivcinOrIIc
sakcOOIIcrsisnOIvOrIImucImOrcIIanIOgivcinOrOncsOvnsakc.

TIcOppOsiIc OIIc cIIicaI dccisiOnisnOIIIc scIhsI dccisiOn, arrOm iI.

TIc prOpcr OppOsiIc O cIIics is bcIrayaI, IIc csscncc OvIicI cOnsisIs in
bcIrayingOncscI, in incxisIinginIIcscrviccOgOOds.
! prOpOscOurIIcOrcms.
I . Onc givcs up On subccIivizaIiOn in IIc namc O IIc OId subccIivc
prOccss.
2. TIc grOund Or IIc cOnccpIuaI ramcvOrk OcIIics is IIc subccIivc
inIcrIacing O and .
3. !IisncccssaryIOgivcin,OranysubjccIincIudcsIIcprOccss.EIIics
ispOssibIc, OranysubccIincIudcsIIcprOccss-.
4. TIcundamcnIaIcOnccpIOIIccIIicsOMarxismiscOnhdcncc.
11
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
2
!IIcpOIIica subccI is vIaIIIcparIy asbOdyis abc IO bcar n Icrms O
IIcundccdabIc,andibcIrayaIsIIcprOpcrOppOsIcOcIIcs,canvcnOI
cquaIc cIIics and parIisansIp? TIc rccOgnizabc hgurc O IIc Onc vIO
gvcs n vOud IIcn bc IIc rcncadc. TIs is sOmcIIing IIaI, sincc udas,
sanOdIcmpIaIOnOanyapparaIusinvIcIpOIiIicasubccIshndIIcir
hyjokcimcnon.
!n IIis Ogc, in vIicI IIc SIaIc aIcnIy dchncs IIc adcquaIc Orm O
IIaIvIicInO Ongcr cxisIs asparIy-subccIcxccpI as iIs scmbancc, I s
absOuIcy ncccssaryIIaIIIc pOIca cncmy, Or cvcnusIIIc unvcrsaI
suspccI, bcvOcnIIykcpI nIIcunnamcabcandnupIacc OIIcIraiIOr
andIIc spy.
Wc can hnd IcsIimOny OIIc acIIIaI IIis pacc s unnamcabc inIIc
incrcdibIcmixOmcIapIOrsbyvIicIIIc 'sOcasI prOsccuIOrVysIinsky
vanIs IOpassiIOasapurc nOIIngncss.
OurvIOIccOunIry, rOmyOungIOOd, savaInganddcmandingOnc
IIng. IIcIraiIOrsandspicsvIOvcrc scingOurcOunIryIOIIccncmy
musIbc sIOIkcdirIydOgs
OurpcOpcarc dcmandngOncIIing. crusIIIc accurscdrcpIc
Timcvipass. TIc gravcs OIIcIaIcu IraiIOrs vi grOv Ovcr viII
vccds and IIisIIc, IIcy vII bc cOvcrcd viII IIc cIcrna cOnIcmpI O
IOncsI SOvicIcIzcns, OIIccnIirc SOvicI pcOpc.BuIOvcr us, OvcrOur
Iappy cOunIry, OursunvsIincviIIiIsuminOus rays asbrigIIand
asOyOusasbcOrc. OvcrIIcrOadccarcd OIIcIasIscum andhIIO
IIcpasI, vc, OurpcOpc,viIIOurbcIOvcdcadcrandIcacIcr,IIcgrcaI
SIan,aIOurIcadvIImarcIasbcOrcOnvardsandOnvards,IOvards
COmmunism

!n IIc MOscOv Irias, vIcI arc IIc IIcaIrcaI sIagng O IIc parIy as
IIc cOnInuOusprOccssOpurgngandbOOdysc-dcvOuring, IIc SIaIc is
IIc Lav carng nciIIcr GOd nOr man IIaI prOcIams IO bc IIc sOar and
nIcgra rcazaIOn O cOmmunsI usIcc and, casIing IIc IraiIOr OuI O
pacc nIOIIcanOnymiIyOa vanisIcdIOmb, dssOvcscIIics purcyand
simpIyinIOIcrrOr.
WIcnOncOIIcdcsgnaIcdrcncgadcs,BukIarin,IrcsIOsIOpIIcvOrsI
by sIrayng rOm Iis ObigaIOry scripI, OOk IOv Ic rcpIaccs IIc cIIica
principc, vIcIaOnc is capabIc OusIyng IIcIcrrOrisI supcrcgO, viII
IIc spaccdprincpc OcacuaIOn, crrOr, and, IIus, pOIics.
1Z
JPlLb LJHlLb
VysIinsky vanIsabsOuIcyIIaI BukIarin dccarcImsc a BrIsI Or
Gcrman spy, OrIIaIvOud cxcudc IIc accuscd rOm any pIacc vIaI-
sOcvcr n IIc spacc O IIc SIaIc, vIicI is IIc Ony IIng IIaI s inIOcr-
abIc rOm IIc pOinI O vcv O cIIics and cgImizcs IIc dcaII pcnaIy.
BukIarin, subccI IO aI knds O viOcncc anddcprivcd Oan ahrmaIvc
subccIiviIy as pOIca rcssIanI, dccnds Iimsc On IIis prccisc pOinI
vII a rarc sIubbOrnncss, gOing sO ar sO as IO IrcaI Is dcnOunccrs as
prOvOcaIcurs.
VysIinsky. ! amaskngyOuabOuIcOnnccIiOnsviIIsOmcpOIicc
auIIOrIy
BukIarin. ! IadnOcOnnccIOnsvII anypOccauIIOrIcs
vIaIsOcvcr.
VysIinsky.TIcn vIyvasI sOcasyOryOuIOOn a bIOcvIcIvas
cngagcdncspOnagcvOrk?
BukIarn. COnccrnng cspiOnagc! knOv absOuIcy nOIIing.
VysInsky. WIaIdOyOumcan, yOu dOnIkOv?
BukIarn.usIIIaI.
VysInsky. AndvIaIvas IIcbOccngagcdin?
BukIarn. TvOpcOpcIcsIhcdIcrcabOuIcspiOnagc, SIarangOvicI
and!vanOv, IIaIs IOsay, IvO agcnIs-prOvO

caIcurs. ( 383)
WIcn a ccaraIOn cxIOrIcd rOm IOdaycv mcnIiOns a cOnvcrsa-
IiOn abOuIacIsOcspiOnagc, BukIarnsccks suppOrI inIisdcnIIyasan
nIcIccIuain OrdcrnOIIOgivcnusIasIcinavayvidOinIishna
dccaraIOnvIIIIcamOusIIcOryOdOubccOnscOusncss,vIcIaOvs
IimIOsurrcndcrpOIicayvIIOuIannuingIimscquasubccI.
VysIinsky dyOucarryOn a cOnvcrsaIiOn jviIIIOdaycvaIIs
cOunIrypacc ?
BukIarn. ! carricd Ona cOnvcrsaIiOn and kcpI myIcadOnmy
sIOudcrs aI IIc Iimc, buII dOcs nOIOIIOvrOmIIis IIaI ! dcaII
viIIIIc IIings OvIicIIOdaycvusIspOkc IIsvas IIchrsI
cOnvcrsaIOn. . . .
VysIinsky. !I is OnO cOnscqucnccvIcIIcrIvas IIchrsIOrnOIIIc
hrsI. O yOu cOnhrmIIaIIIcrc vas sucIa cOnvcrsaIOn?
BukIarin NOI sucIa cOnvcrsaIiOn, buIa dicrcnIOnc, and asO
sccrcI.
VysIinsky. ! amnOIaskingyOuabOuIcOnvcrsaIiOnsingcncra, buI
abOuIIIiscOnvcrsaIOn.
1
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
BukIarin. !nHcgcs LOgicIIcvOrd IIis iscOnsidcrcdIObc IIc
mOsIdihcuIvOrd. . . .
VysIinsky. ! askIIc COurIIOcxpainIOIIcaccuscdBukIarinIIaI
Ic is Icrc nOIinIIccapaciIyOapIiOsOpIcrbuIa crimina, and
Ic vOud dObcIIcrIOrcrain rOm Iaking Icrc abOuIHcgcs
pIiOsOpIy, iIvOudbcbcIIcrhrsIOaOrHcgcspIiOsOpIy. . . .
BukIarin. ApIiOsOpIcrmaybca crimina.
VysIinsky. Ycs, IIaI is IOsay, IIOscvIO imagincIIcmscvcsIObc
pIiOsOpIcrs IurnOuIIObc spics. !IiOsOpIyisOuIOpaccIcrc.
! amaskingyOuabOuIIIaI cOnvcrsaIiOn OvIicIIOdaycvusI
spOkc dOyOu cOnhrm iI OrdOyOu dcny iI?
BukIarin. ! dOnOIundcrsIandIIcvOrdIIaI. Wc Iad a cOnvcrsaIiOn
aI IIccOunIry IOusc. (42 )
TIc sympIOmaIic impOrIancc OIIis pOinI, vIcrc cIIics andpOiIics in
IIcicOnIradicIOryarIicuaIiOndcIcrmincIIc abccI sIaIusOIIc subccI,
is scI IIaI VysIinsky cndsup cxpiciIy OppOsingIIcIvO Icrms.
VysIinsky.! vibc cOmpccdIO cuIIIc inIcrrOgaIiOn sIOrIbccausc
yapparcnIyarcOOvingdchniIcIacIicsanddOnOIvanIIO
IcIIcIruII,IidingbcIind a OOdOvOrds, pcIIiOgging, making
digrcssiOnsinIOIIc spIcrcOpOiIics, OpIiOsOpIy, IIcOryand
sOOrII-vIicIyOumigIIasvcOrgcIabOuIOnccandOra,
bccauscyOuarccIargcdviIIcspiOnagcand,accOrdingIOa
IIcmaIcriaOIIcinvcsIigaIiOn, yOuarcObviOusya spyOan
inIcigcncc scrvicc. ( 423)
TIus, in Ordcr IO disquaiy BukIarin in Iis capaciIy as subccI, iI is
absOuIcykcyIOmakcIim]orcljolilics.
TIc priOriIizing O Ohcia adccIivcs aIIacIcd IO Liu SIaOqis namc as
IIccmbcmaIicIargcI duringIIcsIOrmOIIcCuIurarcvOuIiOn,accOrd-
ing IO vIicI Ic, IIc O. ! !arIy pcrsOn in pOvcr Iaking IIc capiIaisI
rOad, isa rcncgadc, IiddcnIraiIOrandscab vIO IascOnccacdIimscin
IIc !arIyand is a crimc-sIccpcd ackcy Oimpcriaism, mOdcrnrcvisiOn-
ismandIIcuOminIangrcacIiOnarics(G!CR! 83-! 84), vcavcsIOgcIIcr
viIIprccisiOnIIaIvIicIpcrIainsIOpOiIicsinIIcIIinkabcramcOIIc
sIruggcbcIvccn IvOpaIIs (mOdcrn rcvisiOnism,IIccapiIaisIrOad, uIi-
maIcy bcIraya OIIc vOrking cass) and IIaI vIicI dravs vigOurrOm
IIc purcycIIica rcmaindcr (sccrcI agcnI, impcriaism, spy Or !OrmOsa,
crimina) .
19
JPlLb l L1HlLb
!naIIcsccascs,iIdOcsnOIsuhccIOOvcrpOvcrIIcadvcrsaryOnIIc
sOcgrOundIIaIIc vas IIc ObjccI IO bc cOmbaIcd. BuI undcrncaII IIc
divisiOn O IIc parIy, bcIraya O IIaI vIicI sIands Or iIs sOu, iI is asO
ncccssaryIOcvOkcIIcunnamcabccIIicaaiurc.AndiiIdOcsnOIcxisI,
IIcnIIcrc is causcIOinvcnIiI.
WIaIIIcscaIand-asIIciruIurcIassIOvn-cnIircycmpIyIOrOrs
varn usabOuIis IIaIIIcOrma rccOgniIiOn OcIIics asIIcOnypOssibc
prinipc O sc-cOndcmnaIiOn (Icncc IIc sinisIcr IIcaIrc in MOscOv
rcquircsIIccOncssiOn andIIc abccIiOn) cIangcsinIOiIsOppOsiIc iIIc
pOiIicacOnIcnI,OvIicIcIIicsissuppOscdIObcIIcrcmaindcr,Iappcns
IObc rcduccdIOIIc ObccIiviIy OIIcparIy-SIaIc.
!nOrdcrIruyIO arrivcaIcIIics, vcmusIaIcasInOIgivcupOnpOiIics
as a subjccIivc prOccss, On cOmmunisI pOiIis. TIis is impOssibc i Onc
cIOOscslhcwronjarq, inaIIcscnscsOIIc cxprcssiOn.
TIc parIisan mindscI can ccrIainy invOvc abncgaIiOn and Obcdicncc
Or, as SIain says, cOnsciOus submissiOn and uniIy O vi . EIIica
cOuragcamOunIsIOIIcOccIOIravcrscanxicIy,sinccIIismcansnOIIing
csc buI IIc capaciIy IO cOnsidcr Oncsc nu. WIO vi say vIcIIcr vc
cancOnIinuOusydOviIIOuI IIis kind OannuingsubccIivizaIiOn?
BuI IIc parIisan spiriI is asO IIc rcvcrsc. WIcn iI is subOrdinaIcd IO
pOiIics, andnOI IOOrganizaIiOn,iI dcmandsabsOuIcparIicipaIiOn inIIc
mOvcmcnI OIIcrca, IIcdcIccIiOnOIIc brcacI rOmvIcrcIOIip Ovcr
inIO avanI-gardisIic dcsIrucIiOn. LOOk aI IIc dirccIivcs O IIc CuIura
RcvOuIiOnviIIrcgardIOIIccadrcs.
!I is IIcrcOrc impcraIivc IOpcrscvcrc in IIc inc O rOm IIc masscs,
IOIIc masscs. Bcpupis OIIcmasscsbcOrcbccOmingIIcirIcacIcrs.
arc IO makc rcvOuIiOn and bc gOOd aI makingrcvOuIiOn. OnI bc
araid O disIurbanccs. OppOsc IIc Iaking O IIc bOurgcOis sIand, IIc
sIicing O RigIIisIs, aIIacks On IIc LcI and rcprcssiOn O IIc grcaI
!rOcIarian CuIura RcvOuIiOn. OppOsc IIccrcaIiOn Oa OI O rcsIric-
IiOnsIO Iic IIc Iands OIIc masscs. OnI bc OvcrOrds OrsIand abOvc
IIc masscs, bindy Ordcring IIcm abOuI.
! nsucIcircumsIanccs,nOcOrpOrcaIicrarcIycancxcmpIyOurOmIIc
IcsI O cOuragc. ! IIc parIy prcIcnds IO prOIccI yOu rOm iI, yOu sIOud
bccOmcIIcparIyabyyOursc.YOumusIinIurnknOvIOvIOcOnsidcr
IIcparIyasnu,sOcysOIIaIiIcOnIinucsIOcxisIasIIcbOdyOasubccI.
Iis capIrcs IIc cOmpcIc mcaning O IIc maxim. arc IO gO againsI
Ihc Iidc, abOuI vIicI Wang HOngvcn (IOday in prisOn . . . ) aI IIc 0II
1b
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
OngrcssOIIcIincscOmmunisI!arIy, inIIcpurcsIsIycOAnIigOnc,
indicaIcs IO vIaI cxIcnI vc musI scc in iI IIc cOmpcIc OppOsiIc O IIc
'scrviccOgOOds
WIcncOnrOnIcdviIIissucsIIaIcOnccrnIIccOrrccIpOiIicaincand
IIc OvcraI siIuaIiOn, a Iruc OmmunisI musI acI viIIOuI any schsI
cOnsidcraIiOns and darc IO gO againsI IIc Iidc, viIIOuI car O bcing
rcmOvcdrOmIis pOsI, cxcudcdrOmIIc!arIy, IIrOvn inai, Orccd
IOdivOrcc, OrpuI inrOnIOIIchring squad.
!I is ccarIIaIIcrc iI is IIc vcrycxisIcncc O IIcparIyiIscIIaI is aI
issuc,sinccbygivingin,OncvOudgainOnIyiIssIaIisIdcsubccIivizaIiOn,
iIs cOunIcrrcvOuIiOnaryIcrminaIiOn.
TIc cIIics O Marxism cOnsisIs in rcsOving IIc paradOxcs O parIisan
sIip On IIcsOidIcrrainOIIcIIcOryOIIcsubccI.
TIis sOuIiOn is accOmpIisIcd in IIc divisiOn O Onc cOnccpI, cOnh-
dcncc,vIicIdcpcndingOniIspOinIOappicaIiOn, cOnIainsIIc nccdOr
discipinc andIIc incviIabiIiIyOrcbciOn.
10
L| dSSl Cd| 06I0u|
dUP0
NciIIcrIIcsunnOrdcaII-ApOgccsanddccadcnccs-TIc Ourkinds
OcIIics-WIaIIappcncd nOIsOOngag iscOurscs-OnhdcnIOr
bcicving?
YOu can ncaIIydisIinguisI, sinccavays, IvOgcnrcsOcIIics. EiIIcr yOu
incr an cIIics rOm IIc Ordcr O IIc vOrd, IO vIicI IIc subccI musI
cOrrcspOnd, viIIOuI cxcIuding IIc nccd Or IIc cOnIOrIiOns O IIc cOn-
vcrIcd OryOuincriIrOmIIc subjccIsviII,bynO mcansdcpcndcnIOn
IIcvOrdspOssibiiIics, viIIOuIcxcudingIIaIIIcvOrdmay OrdcrIIc
rcpcIiIiOnOIIisviIIing.
TIis says as mucI as IIaI IIc qucsIiOn is brOacIcd accOrding IO IIc
spacc Or accOrding IO IIc OuIpacc, accOrding IO subccIivizaIiOn Or
accOrdingIOIIcsubccIivcprOccss,accOrdingIOIIcpOssibIcOraccOrding
IOIIc impOssibc.
LcImc addinpassingIIaI a maximIIaIis vcry mucIinvOgucamOng
pariamcnIarypOiIicians,cspcciaIy'rOmIIcIcI,isIIcOncIIaIdccarcs.
'!OIiIicsisIIcarIOIIcpOssibIc. NOvIcrcdOcsIIccIassnaIurcOIruII
appcarviIIsucInakcdncss.TIismaximOrsurcisIruc, andiImaycvcn
bccxcccnI,]orlhcm.Asaras!amcOnccrncd,!pOsiIcxpiciIIyIIaIjolilics
is lhc arlo]lhc imjossiblc.
TIc OuIcr bOrdcr O IIc irsI cIIica Icndcncy ahrms IIaI an inIcgra
masIcry O IIc knOvcdgc O IIc vOrd is acccssibIc sO IIaI IIc rigII
1
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
pacc OIIcsubjccIisrcprcscnIabc IIcrcinasiIs OOd. !rOm an absOuIc
knOvcdgc !OIOvs a cOmpcIc rccOnciIiaIiOn. Oncc pasI IIc cOgniIivc
cOnvcrsiOn, IIc subccIivc prOccss O! visdOm is cIcrna. Hcrcin vc can
rccOgnizc IIc scriOusncss O IIc axis O vcrIicaizaIiOn, in vIicI IIc rca
and IIc avarc rcciprOcaIabc viIIOuI rcmaindcr.
CcrIainvarianIsOIIccOmmunisIidca rcscmbIcIIisIIcmcOIarmOny,
byvIicIusIicc, unmOOrcd rOmIIcsubccI bccOmcsacaIcgOryO!bcing.
! any rcscrvc O IIc cxccss drics up, iI is acIuayiIs sIrucIura ancIOr-
ng IIaI is sIruck by annuImcnI. Or IIc csscncc O a Orms O visdOm
ics in pOsiIing IIaI Onc can ciminaIc IIc ack. TIcirdOcIrinc is Onc O!a
u spacc.
AIIIcOIIcrcxIrcmcOIIccIIicahcd,vchndIIcIIcsisIIaInOIIing
is IObc cxpccIcdrOmbcinginIcrms OIIc subccIsvi.TIc vOrd Ony
cvcrO!crsyOu IIcIcmpIaIiOnIO givc in. TIis is IIc sIOryIOd in a IIc
nincIccnII-ccnIury nOvcs O !OrmaIiOn. IIc inhniIc, cIIica Or amOrOus
subccIiviIy O IIc yOung man musI carn iIs radica inadapIaIiOn IO a
ObccIiviIy. !n Ordcr IO bccOmc a vcI-paccd and rcspccIabc cIaracIcr,
IcmusIIakc iIdOvna nOIcI. TIcnOvcisIisIIcirOnicIisIOriOgrapIcr O
IIcbcIrayaOOncsc.
TIis hgurc can IIus upIOd IIc cIIica prOccss Ony in IIc Iragcdy O
rcnOuncingIIc vOrId, in IIc unaIcrcd prOccss O purc subccIivizaIiOn.
TIisIimcvccanrccOgnizcIIcinIrinsicvaIOrizaIiOnOIIc cxccssOvcrIIc
cxccss,vIcrciniIisamaIIcrOmainIainingOncsc (mOsIO!IcnindcaII)
viIIOuIcvcrIcIIingOncscsidcbackinIOrcgrcssivc subjccIivizaIiOnand
rccOmpOsiIiOn.
Typicay,IIcmcIapIOrsOIIcIIrsIkindOcIIicsarcdiurnaandsOar,
asvc scc in !aIO. pOn cxIIing IIc cavc O sIadOvs, Onc isbindcd, IIc
day appcars in cxccss Ovcr iIs Ovn igII. TIc mcIapIOrs O IIc sccOnd
kindarc nOcIurnaandunar. COnsidcrWagncr,IIcsccOndacIO1ris/an,
vIcrc Onc is cOnvcrsing On IIc bcncI O! dcsirc abOuI IIc mcIapIysica
advanIagcs O dcaII and IIc nigII aI casI, IIaI is, as Ong as IIc nObc
cuckOd dOcs nOI cOmc and inIcrrupI IIis Obsccnc pIiOsOpIica rcuniOn
byinIrOducingIIc symbOIicprincipcOIIc cmbarrassingIIird, IOvIicI
in IIc Opcra, bcIvccn IIc guiIy IcnOr and sOpranO, sO many cxccIcnI
basscsdcvOIcIIcmscvcs.
TIc acI IIaI inIIis nigII aI cOvs arc back, asHcgcI ObccIcd againsI
ScIcing, is prcciscy a virIuc Or IIOsc vIO, in Iransgrcssing IIc prc-
scribcd pacc and in dc!crring OnIy IO iIs Oca dicrcnIia vanI IO Iavc
nOIIingIOdOviIIan cxacIdiscriminaIiOnObOvincs.
1b
JPlLb l LJHlLb
'NciIIcrIIcsunnOrdcaIIcanbcOOkcdaIsIcadiyLaROcIcOucaud
Obscrvcd, IIcrcby dismiing bOII cxIrcmc !Orms O! cIIics. TIis is
bccausc Ic OpIcd !Or IIc niIiisI vcrsiOn, !rOmvIOscvanIagc pOinIIIc
OIIcrIIrcc canbc Obscrvcd viII a parIicuIarsIarpncss.
Bcsidcs, a ROcIc!Oucaud is rigII in sIOrI-circuiIing IIc IvO mcIa-
pIOrs.ayandnigIIbcOngIOIIcsamc cras.A!OrmsO!visdOm,jusIas
acxisIcnIiadissidcnccs,rccrIOIimcsOIcigIIandIOIimcsOcrisis.Or
iavigOrOusasccndingcassisabcIOmOdcIisIOryandIIccOnccpIsOiIs
spccuaIiOnupOn iIsOrcc, IIisObviOusyisducIOIIcacIIIaIiIIypOsIa-
Iizcs iIsvi inIOIIcinIcgra ahrmaIiOnOIIc visdOmOIIc vOrd, and
IO disscnIcrs iI cavcs Ony IIc pacc O!IIcgcncradcnia OradicaI dis-
cOrdancc.AndiinvcrscIy, vcarcina ruinOusandIIOugIIcsscpOcI,in
IIcpuIrcacIiOn OIIc scsamc pacc vIcrc vc rcmain andrOmvIicI
nOncvpOiIica subjccIisIIcinIcrnacxcudcdOrIIcpIaccd cxccss, IIcn
IIc OppOsiIc IcmpIaIiOns-rcsigning Oncsc! IO IIc cOursc O IIc vOrd,
suppOscd IO bc ncccssary, OrviIIdraving !rOm iI cOmpcIcIy-bcgin IO
cOmmunicaIc!rOma sidcs. WIcnIIc rcckciIycinruins, IOIIcsOc
bcncIiIOIIcmiiIary, hrsIIIcMaccdOniansandIIcnIIcROmans,IIisis
vIaIIIcOppOsiIcandycIsimiarscIOOsOEpicurusandIIcSIOicsbusicd
IIcmscvcsviII.
TIcrc rcmains IIc casc vIcn, csscnIiaIy nciIIcr gOOd nOr bad, IIc
vOrd is vIaI IIc subccI rccOmpOscs !rOm a pOinI vIcrc IIc subjccIivc
undccidabc dOcs nOI dcmand IIaI Onc givc up. TIc acI O discOrdancc
IIcn is rccOgnizcd as IIc OuI-O-pacc cOndiIiOn OsubccIivizaIiOn: IIaI
discOrdancc is asO Iakcn up in a prOccss OapprOpriaIiOn dcsignaIcs IIc
subccIivcprOccss OrccOmpOsiIiOn and IIaI IIcrc is discOrdancc in IIis
prOccss cOnnOIcs IIc rcgrcssivc subccIivizaIiOn insOar and vIaIcvcr iI
induccs inIcrms OrcpcIiIiOninIIcsubccIivcprOccss.
BcIvccn dayandnigII,IIcmcIapIOrvOudbc IIaIO!/hccarricro]]rc,
vIicIMaIarmcssIarhxcsviIIOuIcxccss.AcscIyusmadcaIragcdyOuI
O!iI. Promclhcus.
2
TIcrc arc Our kinds OcIIics.
I . TIc cIIics O praisc, vIcrc Onc Ias a pacc O Oncs Ovn viIIin a
vOrd Opcn IO cvauaIiOn.
1V
1HLKY l 1HL bUbdLL1
2. TIccIIicsOrcsignaIiOn,vIcrcOnckccpsIOOncspaccina dcvau
aIcdvOrd.
3. TIccIIicsOdiscOrdancc, vIcrcOncsIandsnIIcOuIpaccOapacc
IIaIisinIrinsicaydcvauaIcd.
4. TIc !rOmcIIcan cIIics, vIcrc Onc pOsiIs IIaI IIc pacc is ycI IO
cOmc in a vOrd Opcn IO rc-cvauaIiOn, vIicIIIc hrc O usI cxccss
rccOmpOscs.
TIc hrsIIvOkindsOcIIcsrccrIOIIcvIOc,IIcasIIvO, IO IIc nOI-
a.TIisisa diaccIicadivisiOnOIIcrccIangc.
AnOIIcr Onc immcdiaIcy umps O IIc pagc. IIc cIIics O praisc s
OpIimisIic (accOrding IO bcing), as is IIc !rOmcIIcan ( accOrding IO IIc
prOccss) . RcsgnaIiOnanddiscOrdanccarcpcssimisIic.
!Iis ccarIIaIIIcsc IvO aIIiIudcs rccr IO IIcprimiIivcarIicuaIiOns O
IIcsubccI,viIIna IisIOricascIIingIIaIpuIsIIcmIOIIc IcsI.
OuviIavcnOdihcuIyarguingIIcOOving.
- prasc cOnnOIcsusIicc, insOarasiIOOvs IIc axis OIc avs rca
dissipaIiOn,buIiIsmaginaryimiIisIIcIIcmcOanabsOuIcpacc, O
a rcaspacc, a imiIvIicImOrcOvcrissaIuraIcdviII anxicIy-OOk
aIIIc diagOnas.
- rcsignaIiOnsingcsOuIIIc supcrcgO,IIcIcrrOrizingOrdcrIIaIIasnO
nccdOrdisguising iIscasvauc inOrdcrIOascribcIIc subccIIOIIc
avquanOnav.
- discOrdanccIOucIcsupOnanxicIy,vIicIknOvsIIaIiIIOucIcsupOn
IIcrcaOnyIIrOugIIIc incOnsOabcOssOIIc dcadvOrd.
- !rOmcIIcus is IIc cIaracIcr vIO, in dchancc OIIc gOds, kccps IIc
bccOmingOcOuragcrunningOn cmpIy.
On IIis basis vc vipOsiIIIaIIIc hrsI IvO kinds suIurc cIIics IO IIc
subccIivcprOccss,andIIcOIIcrIvO, IOsubccIvizaIiOn,andIIaIIIcdis
IincIiOnbcIvccnOpIimism andpcssimismgOcsnOurIIcr IIanIOrcpcaI
IIc inIcrIvining OIIc sIrand andIIcsIrand-.
TIc Ony inIcrcsI O IIis apprOacI vOud bc IO cOnhrm IIaI cIIics
givcs us a namc Or IIc subccI as IsIOricay rcaizcd in IIc Orm O
discOursc.
!IvOudbc a aacyIO cOncudc IIaIIIcrc cxsIs ancIIics OcOuragc,
anOIIcrOIIcsupcrcgO, and sO On. !I is miscading IOOOvIIcsOpc O
IIcsIrucIurc.
A subccI cxisIs Ony IIrOugI a IsIOricizcd inkagc O IIc Our
Z
JPlLb LJHlLb
cOnccpIs. EIIics isa pOsiIiOninIIccOmpcIcIicdOiIsOurpOcs(praisc,
discOrdancc, rcsignaIiOn, !rOmcIIcus) , vIcrcby Onc O IIcm is ncvcr
anyIIingcscIIanIIcvayIOgainacccssIOIIcOIIcrIIrcc.
TIus, IIc Giscardian cOnjuncIurc-cIIis bc IIc namc Or IIc pOiIi-
ca dsarray IIaI OOvcd IIc disarray O IIc inIcccIuas aIcr I 76 aI
IIc aIcsI-viIncsscs IOv IIc cIIca dcbaIc O Iimcs O crisis makcs a
cOmcback. Ocs IIis mcan IIaI rcsgnaIiOnsuddcnyimpOscsiIsc a by
iIsc? NO. !irsI vc musI rcaizc IIaI, as IIc rcsuI OIIc ycars I 66-73,
IIcrcrcmainsa !rOmcIIcanrccrcnccvIOscdcnaiscOnsIIuIivc OIIc
cOnjuncIurc in qucsIiOn. TIc 'criIiquc O miiIanIism, IIc rcuIaIiOns O
Marxism, and IIc aIIack agansI IIc 'masIcr discOurscs, arc IIc ncccs-
sarypassagcvays, andOIcnIIc OnysubsIancc,OrIIcrc-csIabisIingO
mOrasandrigIIs.SccOndy,vcObscrvcIIaIIIcpIiOsOpIicsOdcsirc,by
rcying OnIIccIcap cuIsOIIcprcviOusupIcava-IIaIis, IIcbOurgcOis
bcraIiOn OmOrcsIavc sprcad a discOrdanI niIism IIaI iIs cOrrOsivc
pOvcrdcsignaIcdasIIcincviIabccriIicaayOrcsgnaIiOnsOnIIc risc.
!inay, iI appcars IIaI IIc inIcccIuas cOnscnI Or !rcncI impcraisI
sOcicIy (pariamcnIary ibcrIcs, Iuman rgIIs, uniOnism, cOnIcmpI Or
IIcTIrdWOrd,andsOOn), cvcnIIOugIiIisimiIcdaIhrsIIOancIIcsO
pcrsOnabcIaviOur, cannOIdOviIIOuIIIccOccIivcpraisc IIaIis aIcnI
n IIis kind O vOrd Ordcr, praisc IIaI v Iavc cxpOdcd (IIis uIurc
anIcriOr is addcd n uy I 8 ! ) during IIc csIiviIics in IOnOur O IIc
rOsc, vIcrc IIc inIcccIuapcbs raicdcnmassc IO IIc SIaIc, as sOOn as
iIrcccivcdIIcdccOraIiOnOIIcprOvinca cmbcms OcamOrcc.
An cIIica ramcvOrk IIus avays ariscs vIIin a cOmpcx saIuraIcd
IOIaIy. TIc cIIicadcbaIc subsumcs any parIicuar cIIics. !Or, icIIics
is IIaIvIicI a subccImakcs inIO IIc ruc n Icrms O iIs cOnsisIcncy, I
canObIainIIissynIIcIcpOsiIiOnOnybyIIcncccssarynOminaIiOnOIIc
OIIcrpOssibiiIics.
BcyOndIIc dcscripIivccaIcgOrcsIIaI! Iavc uscd, IIcrcOrc,vc musI
indicaIc IIc sub)cc/ivc]orma/ions OcIIics, vIicIdOnOIcOincidcviII IIc
subccIscOnccpIs.
TIcsc OrmaIiOns cOnsIiIuIc discOurscs. TIcrcin ics IIcir dicrcncc
rOm IIc subccIs prOccsscs. An cIIics dcsignaIcs cxpciIy a gcncra
arIicuaIiOnOIIcsubjccI,vIicIcnIcrsinIOiIscOnsisIcncyanduncIiOns
accOrdingIOIIcrcgmc OIcaIcrmaIIOrajrcs-couj.
!IisnOIparIOIIcOrdcrOIIcimaginary ciIIcr, sincciIIraccsnOdiagO-
nabcIvccnIIcsIrandsOand. SIi,iIisOcOurscIrucIIaIdOgmaIism
andsccpIicsmin]cc/cIIcs asmucI asIIcy saIuraIcIIcsubccI.
Z1
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
An cIIics is IIc surnamc Oan cxisIing subccI-cccI.
TO urcyOu, ! givcyOu IvO OiIssurnamcs.
clic] is IIc discOursc O IIc cIIics O praisc: con]dcncc, IIaI O
!rOmcIIcans.
BuI IIc aar bccOmcs mOrc cOmpicaIcd vIcn any idOI can rcac
IIaI bcic mcans cOnhdcncc in IIc spacc, vIcrcas cOnhdcncc is bcic
inIIcOuIpacc.
BcIvccn !rOmcIIcus andpraisc, iI sccmsIIc dicrcncc is Ony IIaIO
IIc dirccIiOnOa vccIOr.
! iI is rOm IIc pOinI O cOnhdcncc IIaI Marxism IOucIcs upOn
cIIics, as ! . . . bccvc is IIc casc, IIcn iI sIOud nOI surprisc us IIaI
iI Iurns back inIO bcic. COnhdcncc is IIis prcpOIica arrangcmcnI,
IIis rcmaindcr O cacuabc acIiOn, viIIOuI vIicI Marxism Ias ncvcr
bcgun Orrcbcgun.
TO a mcans nOIIing, and iI avays Iappcns. TO ai is a caIcgOry O
pOiIics.!IisOnyIOgivcinIIaIbcOngsIOcIIics.CcrIainyIIOscvIOgivc
inargucOnIIcbasisOaurcs.BuIIIOscarcOnydiscOurscs.TIcIruIIs
IIaIvIaI cOnsIiIuIcs aiurcas causc isIIc acIOIavinggvcnin.
!n pOIcs, iIsIO cOnssIcncyIIaIIIcaurcincOrpOraIcsiIsc.
! aIcr 73 Onc viIncsscd IIc 'aiurc O IIc rcbciOus mass mOvc-
mcnI O May-unc ! 68, iI vas Ony rOm IIc pOinI Oa pOIca prOc-
cssIIc parIy IO cOmcascOnsisIcncyOIIccasssubccI-IIaI iIbccamc
pOssibcIOmcasurcIIccxIcnIIOvIicIIIcmassmOvcmcnI, rcquircdOr
anysubccIiviaIiOn, isa causc OnyinsOarasiI disappcars.
TOargucbascdOnIIisdisappcaranccinOrdcrIOscIIcdOvnOraicO
OrdcracIuaymcansIOabdicaIcIIcsubjccIiIsc. !arrOm bcng abcIO
cvOkcIIc'mOvcmcnIsaiurc asIIc causcOrIIisabdicaIiOn, vc musI
bcIOncsIandrigOrOuscnOugIIOadmiIIIaIOncIasaicdoncscl]IOIOd
sIcady in o and IIaI IIus unIingcd, IIc IOrsiOn-purcy by mcans O
isOaIng-nOOngcrIas a subccIivc vacncc and puIs yOu purcy and
simpybackinloyourjlacc.
!nmaIIcrs O MarxsIpOiIics and IIc subccI Ocass, IIcrc is Ony Onc
vayOgivng in,vIcIisbyOsingcOnhdcncc.
!rOm 76 Onvard, Our inIcccIuas Iavc OsI cOnhdcncc cn massc,
arguing insIcad-viIIOuI bcing IOIay vrOng abOuI IIis-IIaI IIcy Iad
ncvcrbccnmOrcIIanbccvcrs.OcsOncavaysIavcIObccvcnOrdcr
IO Iavc cOnhdcncc? As ar as ! am cOnccrncd, ! Iavc cOnhdcncc n IIc
pcOpc and in IIcvOrkingcass in dirccIprOpOrIiOnIOmy ack Obcic
inIIcm. !nsOaras!bccvcinIIcm,vIicIavaysinduccsIIc cxjcclalion
ZZ
1PlLb l LJHlLb
Oa sicabcpOpuarmOvcmcnI,mycOnhdcnccbcginsIOvaciaIc. ! ncv-
crIIccss dOnOI ccasc IObcicvcin IIcm, knOvingu vcIIaIIOvaci-
aIc dchncs IIc sIrucIurc O IIc subccI. TIis cavcs us iIs IisIOry, vIicI
cOrrcspOndsIO vIaI! Iavc cOnhdcnccin.
Z
L0V6 WMdI y0u Wl | | 06V6| 06l l 6V6 IW| C6
dUP0
BcicandcOnhdcncc-HOvYukOngmOvcdIIc mOunIains-!rOm
ycsIcrdayIOIOdayNiIiism andaIaism-TIc divisiOnOcOnhdcncc
AndycI, IIis isIIc cvc
!!bcicisvIaI cnabcs IIc pOssibiiIyO! savaIiOn, and cOnscqucnIy IIc
subjccIs pOIcnIia cIcrniIy in a spaccmcnI vIicI is hnay rca, cOnh-
dcncc is cOnccnIraIcd in IIc hdciIy IO cOuragc, cOnccivcd as IIc dicr-
cnIia O a rccOmpOsiIiOn vIicI is mOrc pOrOus IO IIc rca, css cxpOscd
IOIIc av.
AIIIcIvO cxIrcmiIicsOMarxism, yOuvi hnd IIc OOvingIIcscs
!Iis nOIIIccOnsciOusncssOmcnIIaIdcIcrmincsIIcirbcing,buI, On
IIc cOnIrary, IIcir sOcia bcing IIaI dcIcrmincs IIcir cOnsciOusncss
(Marx,!rcaccIOContributiontothCritiquo]PoliticalEconomy) .
Marxism impics maniOd principcs, buI, in IIc hna anaysis, IIcy can
abcrcduccdIOasingcscnIcncc. !IisrigIIIOrcvOIagainsIIIcrcacIiOn-
arics (MaO, ubiquiIOus quOIaIiOnduringIIc CuIura cvOuIiOn) .
l
TIc hrsI IIcsis may susIain yOu in IIc bcic IIaI cOmmunisI cOn-
sciOusncss vi ncccssariy cmcrgc sincc IIc succcssiOn rcguatcd by IIc
cOnIradicIOrybccOmingOa mOdcOprOducIiOn makcs iIsOIIaI,bcyOnd
capiIaism, IIcrc is Ony IIc assOciaIiOn O rcc vOrkcrs and IIc rcign O
Z9
JPlLb l LJHlLb
IIcprincipc IOcacIaccOrdingIOIIcirnccds. SIrippcdIOiIsbarcbOncs,
IIis ccrIainIy cnIais IIaI aI IIc cnd O IIc dcvcOpmcnI O prOducIivc
Orccsvc cncOunIcrIIcviIIcringavayOIIcSIaIc.AndsucIaccrIainIy
is a IIc mOrc acccpIabc vIcn Onc cOnsidcrs IIaI an cnIirc scicntihc
apparaIuscOncrsupOniIIIcdigniIyOa mOdcrnbcic!.
BuI IIc avs O agcbra arc imprcscripIibc, and iI is indccd a MarxisI
agcbra IIaI is aI vOrk inpOiIica ccOnOmy. !rOm IIc sIandpOinI O! IIc
subjccI, iiI cxisIs, IIc scicnIihc scrcniIyOccOnOmism ncccssariy issucs
inIOIIcOOvingkindOyricadccaraIiOns
OIOuraIIcrand YOuarcOurpOvcruancIOr.
!nOrdcrIOdccndyOurdigniIy,vc asI.
WIcnc arcgrippcdbyIungcr,
WcIIinkOyOu
And aOurpainvanisIcs.
OI!rcsidcnIMaO YOuarc IIcrcdsunIIaIigIIsup OurIcarIs.
!OOvingyOurIcacIings,vc hgIIa!rOnIabaIIcagainsIIIccncmy.
WIcnvc sucrIcrribcIOrIurc,
WcIIinkOyOu
AndOurbOdysIOps acIing
WIy?BccauscI OcOnhdcIIcbccOmingO jusIiccI Obcingmcansi nIurn
IIaIIIcusIis onman. OnyIIcsupcrcgOicIumbingO!Oncsc!canpuI
a sIOpIOIIcimmincnIccrIiIudcO!IIcObccIivc cndOIIc av.
TIc bcic in prOducIivc !aIaism and IIc cuI OpcrsOnaiIy arc IvO
sidcs O! IIc samc IisIOrica cIIics. SIain givcs us iIs usiOna vcrsiOn.
hvc-ycar pans andIIc !iIIc !aIIcr O IIc pcOpc makc IIc samc hxcd
pOinI O bcic and Organizc IIc Onc and Ony pancIary praisc. TIc
CuIura RcvOuIiOn is IIis cIIics in iIs disOincd sIaIc. !n IIc namc O!
MaO, OncIIundcrsagainsI!iu SIaOqis IIcOryOprOducIivcOrccs . YcI,
nOIIing css IIan IIc absOuIcncss O a IIOugII vas nccdcd in Ordcr IO
igIIIIcabsOuIcncssOprOducIivc capiIas. BcicagainsIbcic. !Ivas
cvcn rcquircdIO scckOuIIIc advcrsary On Iis Ovn Icrrain, by sIOving
IOva cOmpcIc submissiOn IO MaOs IIOugII muIipicd IIc prOducIiOn
O IOmaIOs, as in a maIcriaisI rcncva O IIc miracuOus caIcI O hsI,
Or madc iI pOssibc IO buid a Icn IIOusand IOn !rcigIIcr, barcIandcd,
in a sIipyard Iardy cquippcd Or IIc asscmbing O simpc bOaIs. Scc
Or insIancc Slctd Philosojhical Essays by Workrs, Farmrs andSoldirs
(Bciing, ! 72) .
Zb
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
AbOvc aII, dOnOIbcIicvc IIcrc is anyIinIOirOnyinvIaI! amsaying.
CaugII in IIc rcaI mOvcmcnI vIcrcby IIc cOmmunisI rccOmpOsiIiOn
uriOusIygrOpcsiIsvay, IIcscIcxIscarryadiaIccIicaIandmOraIgrandcur
againsIvIicItIccOnIcnImcnIOOurmiscricscannOIraiscanyObccIiOn.
Ic acI is IIat subccIivizaIiOn OIIOvs IIc dicIaIcs O IIc discOursc O
bcIicin OrdcrIO sIaIIcrIIc ObsIacIc.
Ic rcIaIiOn IO IIc ObsIacIc is IIc criIcriOn O dcIimiIaIiOn bcIvccn
cOnhdcncc and bcIic, !rOmcIIcan cIIics and IIc cIIics O praisc. 'HOv
YukOng MOvcd IIc MOuntains, a abIc MaO OIcn madc usc O, Ocuscs
prcciscIy On IIis dcIimiIaIiOn. By aIIcmpIing IO mOvc IIc mOuntain
viII a pickaxc, OId YukOng Iurns iI inIO IIc prcIcxI Or an impOssibIc
cOnhdcncc. Hc cOuragcOusIy subccIivizcs in discOursc sOmcpOinI OIIc
rcaI-cOnccivcd as impOssibiIiIy viII rcspccI IO IIc ruIc-and Iakcs iI
upOn IimscI IO dividc IIis ruIc, IIaI is, IO a//ack IIc rca, aI IIc pricc O
cOunIIcssibcs. !IIc gOOdgcnicIIcnmOvcsIIc mOunIain-IIc rcIayO
bcIic, nOv subOrdinaIcd IO cOnhdcncc-Onc sIOuId nOI aI aII scc in iI
IIc muIIinaIiOnaI visdOmvIcrcby Hcavcn IcIpsIIOsc vIO IcIp IIcm-
scIvcs, buIIIc cOnvicIiOnIIaIIaving cOnhdcnccinOncscI, inIIcmOdc
O IIc dcsIrucIivc scissiOn O IOcaI cOnsIrainIs, gcncraIizcs IIc prOccss O
IIc subccI.Ic gcnicisvIaIcvcryOncviIIdO, IIOusandsOmcnarmcd
viII pickaxcs, as IOng as, againsI IIcir rcsignaIiOn, yOu Iavc bccn IIc
!rOmcIIcusOa parIicuIardcsIrucIiOn.
TIcrcisnOIIingIcrcIIaIisrcdOIcnIOaIOgicO cxampIcs. TIcimpOr-
IanI IIing is IO IOucI upOn IIc rcaI. NO Onc viII imiIaIc yOu. YOu viII
simpIy Iavc dcsIrOycd IIc bcIicin IIc ObsIacIc, yOu viII Iavc dispIaccd
IIc pIaccOIIc impOssibIc.
TIccsscncc OcOnIidcnccIicsinIaving cOnhdcnccincOnhdcncc.Iis
isvIyiIisrigIIIOrcvOII.!nOIIcrvOrds,IIcrcisnOuscIcsscOuragc.Ic
idca O uscIcss cOuragc, Iikc iIs anxiOus rcvcrsc, IIc !rancOisIs \iva la
mucr/c, is nOtIingbuIIIc rcacIiOnaryparOdyOcIIics.
BcIic dcnics IIc ObsIacIc prcciscIybccausc iI bcIicvcsin iI. ! IIcgOOd
gcnicdOcsnOIrcmOvcIIcmOunIain,iIisbccauscIIcrcisarcasOnOrIIc
mOunIainIO bcvIcrciI is. CIcarIy, ! cancircIc arOundiI IOIIcsOundO
IrumpcIs.rumpcIOrpickaxc, IIaI is IIc vIOIc qucsIiOn. BcIicadOrns
IIcObsIacIcviIIiIsaIIcgOricdiscOursc. COnhdcncc, siIuaIcdatIIc samc
pOinI, digs dccpcr viIIOuI vaiIing, and pays aIIcnIiOn IO IIc holcs O
vIicI IIc ruIc prcscribcs IIc inOccupaIiOn viIIOuI cOnIrOIIing aII IIcir
ncigIbOurIOOds.
IOscvIOgavcupOnrcvOIuIiOn,vIcIIcrIIcyIaIkabOuItIcGuIagOr
dZ0
1PlLb l LJHlLb
IIc rcIrcaIOIIc masscs, sIOvIIaI, i IIcy vcrc parI O IIc mOvcmcnI,
O 68 and iIs cOnscqucnccs, IIcy ncvcr scriOusIy parIOOk in IIc subccI
vIOsc cvancsccnI causc IIcy bcIcId in IIOsc Occurrcnccs. Icsc pcOpIc
bcIOng IO IIc sIrucIurc. Icy Iivcd undcr tIc rcgimc O scI-idcnIiIy, aII
IIc vayIO aIIaining IIc mOsI cOmpIcIc disidcntihcaIiOn. Icy OnIybcn-
chIcdrOmanOrnamcnIaIbcIic.NOvIIcyIcIIusIIaIIIcyIadIakcn'IIc
masscsasamasIcr-signihcr.IaIiscOrrccI.BuIIIcysIOuIdacknOvIcdgc
IIaIIIccvcnIdidnOIcaIIOrIIis.OIcIIIIcIruII, IIcrcvasnOIIingbuI
a minOr crack in IIc impcriaIisI spIacc, OvIicI tIc mOvcmcnI, vIicI
aIvayscOmcsIOa cIOsc, vas IIc aIgcbraic causc. IOsc vIO, Iikcvc did,
sav in IIc hrsI pIacc a Iack (IIc subccIivc and pOIiIicaI prccariOusncss,
tIcabscnccOaparIy) andnOIauIIncss (rcvOII,IIcmasscsinIIcstrccIs,
tIc IibcraIiOn O spcccI) Iad sOmcIIing OnvIicI IO nOurisI IIcir cOn-
hdcncc, vIiIc IIc OIIcrs IadnOIIingIcIbuIIIc pOssibiIiIy ObcIraying
IIcirbcIic.
2
IOsc cIIics IIaI Iic bcIvccn cOnhdcnccandbcIic-nciIIcr!rOmcIIcus
nOrIIc sagc-Iavc sOmcIIingin cOmmOn. IIcyaIIcIaimIIaI nO paII is
cvcrOpcncdIOhIIIIcgapbcIvccnsubccIivc cvaIuaIiOnandIIcnOrmO
IIcvOrId.IcscarccIIics OIIcimpassc. TIcy cxisIncccssariIy, sincciI
is IrucIIaIcvcryruIcis anim-passcOIIcrcaI.
TIc dicrcnccbcIvccnIIcmIics in IIc acI IIaIrcsignaIiOn Iakcs IIc
issuc in Icrms O IIc vIOIc-IIc kingdOm O ncccssiIy-vIiIc discOrd-
ancc,bcingrcIIcxivc, mainIainscvaIuaIiOnIOIIcpOinIOriskingdcaII
IIcnOcIurnaIkingdOmOrccdOm.
TIc discOursc OrcsignaIiOnis]a/alism. TIc discOursc O discOrdancc is
nihilism.
YOusIOuIdarrangcIIcOurdiscOurscsOctIics, cncIOscdinIIcsubjcc-
IivccrOssing,asinIIcdiagrambcIOv.
LcIuscxpIainIIcarrOvs.
!aIaIismpIcadsrOmIIcpOinIOIIcsupcrcgO (Iav nOnIav) inOrdcr
tO IOId IIaI IIc OppOsiIiOn bcIvccn gOOd and cviI is incsscnIiaI viII
rcgard IO ncccssiIy. Likc aII discOurscs OIransiIiOn, iI is unsIabIc. !n IIc
midsI O a grcaI sIOrm, inIIcxibiIiIy migII Icad IIc aIaIisI, vIO cOnhdcs
incvcryIIingraIIcrIIan inIimscI, IO sidc viII IIc subccI O cOuragc.
uring a pcriOd O gIamOur and Ordcr, Ic IcansIOvards bcIic, sincc Ic
dZ
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:ub )cclivc]roccss
bclicI
conIidcncc
sub)clivizulion
Ias nO hrm mOOring OrIIcimpasscandmaccraIiOn.TIis Iimc bcOngsIO
IIc bcauIics OIIcsupcrcgOand, sccn rOm aarandviII IIccycsOIIc
aIaisI, iIvagucy rcscmbcsusIicc. !Iis nOIrigII IO dcspair OIIcaIaisI
discOursc. !I is ncccssary IO hgII againsI iI, IargcIing iIs vcak pOinI. IIc
OsciIaIiOnbcIvccnbcicandcOnhdcncc.
!n IIcacIOrics,IIcaIaisIicdiscOurscisvcryvcIimpanIcd. WOrkcrs
viI bc vOrkcrs, Wc vi aIvays bc uckcd Ovcr, Hcrc nObOdy vanIs
IO dO anyIIing, and sO On. ccaIism is IIc spOnIancOus pIiIOsOpIy
O prOIcIarians. AIIOugI IIc cOarscncss and sIupidiIy O IIis discOursc
arc discOuraging, Or IIOsc vIO arc cnIigIIcncd by IIc IIcOry O IIc
subccIiI is ncvcrIIccss a divisibcandprccariOus IisIOrica prOducIiOn.
An Organizcd micrO-cOnhdcncc (a cOmmunisI vOrkcrs grOup) Ocay
disrupIs iIs ruc.
TIc qucsIiOn IIaI vc musI bc abc IO anIicipaIc cOnccrns raIIcr IIc
suddcnIcmpIaIiOnObcic.!IiscssimpOrIanIIOmisIrusIIIcgOOmydis
cOurscOrcsignaIiOnIIaniIsimmOdcraIcuIurcOpraisc.TIcparIy, IIaI
vIicI is cacd IIc parIy, cannOI rcsI cOnIcnI viII IIc acI iIis bcicvcd
in.WcdOnOIprOmiscanyIIing,IcnccIIccisnOrcasOnIOOIOvus.Wc
dcmand andOrganizcIIcparIiIiOningOa cOnhdcncc.TIc aIaisIisIIus
anacccpIabcandriskyinIcrOcuIOr.
As OrniIiism, iIknOvsIvO mOdcs Ocmcrgcncc.
AsahgurcOcrisisandcriIicadissOuIiOn,iIispassivciiIdOcsnOIIing
buI arrangc inIO a discOursc IIc ca O anxicIy IO IIc supcrcgO. Wc aI
knOvIIcscinIrOvcrIcdandravagcdsIanccsIIaIimmcdiaIcygivcinand
Zb
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yicdIIcvayIO IIc ascinaIiOn OIcrrOr.TIcIransiIivcacIiOnOpassivc
niIiism rcsuIIs rOm IIc acI IIaI iI is aIvays a dccaIcd bcic, a bcIic
IIaI Ias cOmc undOnc. Aas, IIc IraccIOryvIicI, bcginningviII bcic,
cads IO aIaism by vay O passivc niIiism Ias bccn IIc IraccIOry O a
cOnsidcrabcparIOmygcncraIiOn.TIc hna maximOIIis prOccss isWc
arcrigIIIObcsaIishcdviIIiIIIc -OrinsIancc,viIIranOisMiIIcrrand.
TIis mcans IIaI, iniIiay, IIc '!IisrigIIIOrcvOIvas upIcd cxcusivcy
IIrOugIIIchcIiOn Oapraisc.TIcpassivcniIiisIismOrcaicnIOusIIan
IIcaIaisI, sincc Ic IasaIaismahcado]him.
COnvcrscy, acIivcniIiismis,aIIIcmOsIObscurcpOinIOiIs argumcn-
IaIiOn, pOaricd by aninappicabIccOnhdcncc. OncviIsayIIaIIIisisa
crisisOcOnhdcncc IIaIprcccdcsiIsObccI, vIicIIccrisisObcicviIIin
passivc niIiIism OOvsiI.
TOday, IIc yOung arc gadIy niIiisI. BuI passivc niIiisIs can cnisI
IIcmOnIybymcansOaIcmpOrarymisundcrsIanding. !nvain, IIcyvisI
IO cOnvcy IO IIc yOung IIc idca IIaI IIc csscncc OdiscOrdancc cOnsisIs
inIIc dccaI ObcIics, IIc crisis OidcOOgics, IIc crasI O Marxism. !Or
vigOrOusacIivc niIiismisin scarcI OaOrmOcOnhdcnccand, ivcarc
nOmOrcabIcIOcOnvcyOncIOiIdirccIIyIIanIIcpassivcniIiisIs,vccan
vaiIviII . . . cOnhdcncc.
AcIivc niIiism vaOrizcs Ony iIscI. TIis is avays bcIIcr IIan IO cnd
up IOcraIing IIc vOrd. TIc passivcniIiIisI is arcady a rcaisI, packing
Iis bags Or IIc pOsIs and paccs OsOcia aIc. TIc acIivc niIiisI inIcriIs
nOIIing. Hcncvcrbclicvcd, andIIcrcinIicsaIIIis sIrcngII. ncss IcOins
rcigiOus sccIs, IIrOugIvIicI Ic viI Icap IO IIc mOsI rancid prOducIs
ObcIic Ic isa IravccrviIIOuIIuggagc, vIOsc OnyuIurcis cOuragc,
andiIis IOvard IIis cOuragc IIaIIis anxicIyguidcs IimbyIIc surcncss
OIIcrca.
TIc acIivc niIiisI is parIicuarIy OdiOus and parIicuIary prOmising.
Evcry day, Ic squandcrs IIc cxisIcnIia capaciIy O vIicI Ic Oudy
dccarcs IimscI IIc bcarcr. Taking IO Iim Ias IOO many cOnscqucnccs
Or Iim IO asscnI IO iI casiy. Hc is indicrcnI IO IIc rccOmpOsiIiOn O
IIc vOrId, as IOng as iI Ias nOI bccn scizcd by a cOIccIivcrcckOning Or
IOucIcdbyIIcrcsIricIcdacIiOnOIIc avanI-gardc.
TIcpaindrOmcIIaIscrvcsasaIiIcinGuycbOrdssiIuaIiOnisIhIm
a cincmaIicbaancc-sIccIOIIcacIicvcmcnIsOIvcnIyycars ( 55-75)
O acIivc niIiism- spcaks abOuI IIc acIivc niIiIisI. 'Inirum imus noclc
clconsumimurini, WIiring vc vak aI nigII and vc arc cOnsumcdby
hrc
ZV
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WcpIacc a OurIOpcs inIIcacIIIaIIIishrcmaycOnsumc IIcvOrd,
Iaving Oncc again bccOmc rOmcIIcus hrc IIrOugI IIc mcdiaIiOn
OcrcdbypOIiIica cOnhdcncc.
Arc vc nOI in a cOndiIiOn-and Icrc ics IIc pacc O IIc sIrucIurc O
IIc subccI-IO say viII SamucBcckcII. '!n any casc vc Iavc Our bcing
inusIicc, ! IavcncvcrIcardanyIIingIOIIc cOnIrary?
3
LcIussiIuaIccOnhdcncc viIIinIIc cIIicaI dcbaIc.!IscOricnIcdIOvards
bcIic, iI Opcns a vay OuI Or acIivc niIiIism, vIiIc aIaism is iIs IaIing
pOinI.
COnhdcncc Organizcs IIc cnIirc cIIica hcd. Likc IIc OIIcr IIrcc dis-
cOurscs, iIprcscribcssOmcuncIiOnsIOiIs pOIcs.
MaOdividcscOnhdcncc, Ic dividcsIIccIIicsOMarxisIpOiIics.
Wc musIIavc cOnhdcnccin IIc masscs andvc musIIavc cOnhdcncc
inIIc arIy.TIcscarcIvOcardinaIprincipcs.!vcdOubIIIcscprinci-
pcs, vcsIaaccOmpIisInOIIing.
TIc 'cardinacIaracIcrOIIcscIvOprincipcs isbOundIOIIcir cIIica
signihcaIiOn. WiIIOuIIIcm, MarxisIpOIiIicsIasnOIcvcnbcgun. Wc can
dO prcciscIy nOIIing, sinccIIc subccI OIIc vcrb dOing rcmains incOn
sisIcnI. COnhdcncc is IIaI rOm vIicI cIass pOiIics dravs iIs causc (as
rcmaindcr) andiIscOnsisIcncy (asdiscOurscOIIcsubccI ) .
COnhdcncci s IvOOd. WIaI dOcs 'cOnhdcncci nIIc masscs mcan? !I
mcansIIaIIIcvanisIingOIIc masscscauscsIIc Causc OcOmmunism:
IIaI IIc pOiIicaI subccI vcavcs iIsc rOm buI aIsO rOm IIaI IIc
imaginary supcrcgOicdiagOnamaybc sIOrI-circuiIcd.
COnhdcnccin IIcmasscscOmcsdOvn IOIIcacIIIaIiIispOssibc, and
Icncc rcquircd, IO discOnnccI cOuragc, in IasIcs, rOm IIc imaginary
diagOnaIIIaIappcasIO IIcsupcrcgO,bygaining a OOIIOdinIIcanIici-
paIiOnO usIicc. SucI an anIicipaIcdcccIuaIiOn cOnhdcs IIc Iask OIIc
subccIIOIIcacIivcmasscs-IIc rcacuIviIIinIisIOrys ruc.
COnvcrscy, cOnhdcncc in IIc parIy cOmcs dOvn IO parIicuIarizing
IIc supcrcgO-cccI ( spccia discipIinc, inIcrna rucs, sacrihccs . . . ) . !I
mcans rccOgnizing IIaI rccOmpOsiIiOn is nOI IIc advcnI Oan absOIuIc
spacc. !I mcans cnding O IIc anxicIy induccd by usIicc, and IO dO
sO IIrOugI IIc prccisiOn O IIc subccIivc prOccss, IIc rccOmpOsing
dd
JPlLb l LJHlLb
cxacIiIudcOIIcdicIaIOrsIipOIIcprOcIariaI. !Imcans sccingIIaIIIc
subccI is asO vOvcn rOm . COnhdcncc in IIc parIy susIains usIicc
viII rcgard IO anxicIy IIrOugI IIc dcimiIaIiOn OIIc supcrcgO. !nIIis
vay, iI discOnnccIs IIc imaginary diagOna IIaI rccrs usIicc dirccIy IO
anxicIy.
AnIicipaIiOn (OusIicc) anddcimiIaIiOn (OIIcsupcrcgO)cOmpOscIIc
divisibIcmOvcmcnIOIIc discOurscOcOnhdcncc.
TIcanIicipaIOrysidc-IIaIOIIc masscs-vccOmcsacIivcniIilism. !I
isaIvaysuIOpian-dcmOcraIic, a gcsIurcOabandOnmcnI, and iIs IisIOri-
caI vuIncrabiiIycasiyuscsiI IOIIaIaspccIOniIiismvIicI carrics IIc
biIIcrsOvcrcignIyOIIc sub ccI.A cOnhdcncc IIaIissOakcd inIIisbiIIcr-
ncssOrIOOlOngisadrunkcncOnhdcncc.BysIOrI-circuiIingbcic, iIrisks
turninginIOpassivcniIiism.
TIc dcimiIing sidc-IIaI O IIc parIy-is OricnIcd IOvards bcIic. !I
is gady miIiIary and absOuIisI, cxaIIing and gOriying iIs cadcrs. !I is
IIc bcarcrO IIc ainIcnancc and IcnaciIy O IIc pOiIica subccI. TIc
impOrIancc O iIs uncIiOn-bcing IIc guardian O IIc disIancc rOm IIc
vanisIing OIIc masscs, an cccI Okccping On IIc cdgc viIIin iIs Ovn
avsIOud nOI makc Onc OrgcI IIaI, vIcn cOnhdcncc is cOscd O
rOm acIivc niIiIism, iI muIaIcs and Ossihcs. An undividcd cOnhdcncc
in IIc parIy Ony givcs birII IO a mcdiOcrc bcic. ! IisIOry, in iIs IarsI
passcs, dcmands O us sOmc cxccss O idOaIry, sOmc subsIanIia IOvc O
OurapparaIus-abOdyacnprcyIOIIcOurcOnccpIsOIIcsubccIvc
sIOud nOncIIcIcss rcmain alcrI and rcIurn rOm iI by vay O IIc IOnic
rcqucnIaIiOnOniIiismandIIcsOurIasIcOuprising.
LOvcvIaIyOuvi ncvcrbcicvcIvicc
A cOnhdcnccisabandOnmcnIanddiscipinc.TIis isvIaI scIsiI OuIin
IIccircuiI IIaI gOcs rOmniIiismIObcIic.TIcOurII hgurc avays pays
IIc dummy. !aIaIismis IIcdummyOrIIccircuiIsOcOnhdcncc.
COnhdcncc dispcs IIc paradOxcs O parIisansIip, sincc iI is OnIy rOm
cOmmunism, asan immancnIrcsOurccOIIccxccssrcgisIcrcdinIIcIis
IOric cuI OpOpuIar sIOrms, IIaIsIcm--cOnhdcncc in
IIc parIy and IIc acccpIanccOiIs IarsI rulc.
WcIavccOnhdcncc in dicIaIOrsIip inprOpOrIiOn IO Our cOncrcIc cOn-
hdcncc, vIicI can bc mcasurcd in sIcp viII pOiIics, in IIc cxisIcncc
amOng IIc pcOpc O IIis subccI IIrOugI IIc cccI O vIicI IIc SIaIc
sIaIbc OrcclOscd
EacI and cvcry day, in IIc Ordcrcd abOur tIaI vagcrs On iIs ccc
IuaIiOn, varding OIIcOinI cIimcras OdOgmaIismand sccpIicism, IIc
dd1
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iscOurscOcOnicnccvIispcrsIOus.'YcIIIis isIIc cvc.!cI usaI acccpI
ncv sIrcngII, an rca Icncrncss. An aI avn, armc viII gIOving
paIicncc, vc vi cnIcrIIc ciIIcsOgOry.

!IIcspcnOurOciIicsisOIcnnOIIingbuIIIccccIOaninispcnsa-
bc anrcamybcic, iIisnOncIIccsssuIIcicnIOr usavaysIObcabc
IO say, in cOnhcnccasin IruII: 'TIIsis IIc cvc.
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1|d0S| d0|S L00006S d00 K66|60C6S
1|d0S|d0|S J0|00uC|00
|...a.a....SuinlPuul. 7hc FounJulion o] Lnivcrsulism, :....a.,a.......
( s:..|.:as:..|.:a......:,r.....zee:, . ze
z r.:.. n.|.w..a. uJiou. A Sub)c.l lo 7rulh (m.....,.... u......:, .|
m......:.r.....zee:, . :e
: ..a.|..:|..|..,.:..,|.:,.....||,.|..:.|.,:...a..:.a:.7hcoricJu
su)cl..:|....|.||...:..a..:....:.a.a....,|.|...,|,.:w.....,a.....
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,.||...:... .. r....|. a.......... a. |. ,|.|...,|.. 7horic Ju su)cl.
r.:........|...a.a....LcPcrroqucl.uinzomuJuircJ'o]inione( i -sz,
i . -i i . ..a' 7hcoricJu su)cl. r.::.:......|...a.a....z.LcPcrroqucl
i :i +( i -sz, i . i ei :...ac|..a...n....|...ai..|.|..m..|.:v.a.:.
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.|.. |....|..:|.. ....w. ,.||..|.a |,..|... a....-.. (..ullclin
Jcs Rcvollcs Lojiqucs), c.:|.....c|-..:(..LcMulin) , o.||...|..:.|(..
LcsNouvcllcs Lillcruircs) , ..ar:..,...a.,...|:.t.m.|-.-.,:-u.
..,.:,...:.|...LAnc:( i -sz, ::+i.r.,|..|....a....a..:..|..|...
a.a....|...,.|:|.s.|,..:r..:l. |.a.........:.|o..|..:...|
m.:.:..|..:PL. 7hc wurwi.k 1oumulo]Philoso]hy i z( zeei , zee-zz-.
..a |... a.a.... |..:, .| :|. s.|,..: |. a.........: .|
o..|..:....m.:.:..|..:r..:ri.PL. 7hc wurwi.k 1ournulo]Philoso]hy i :
(zeez, i ::zes .., :|. ,.....| ..:..a..:.... .. r.,|..|. ... :|.
...:.... a..:.a :. 7hcoi o]lhc Sub)c.l .. .... a.s... Aluin uJiou. A
Crili.ul nlroJu.lion (t..a..r|.:.r:.... zeez, . +e-+:. n.||w..a.uJiou,

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: i+i. ..ao|...r.|:|.m. Alain aJiou.Iivc 7hcoi ( t..a..x.w\..s
c..:....m. zees,. :z-s: m... .....:.,. :|. |..s |.. .::...:.a :|.
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. 7hink Ajain.AlainaJiou anJlhcFulurc o]
Philoso]hy, .a r.:.. n.||w..a ( t..a..x.w \..s c..:....m. zee+,.
i sz-e. rar|.:|. a.a.....az.:.s...:...as.|,..:.. Sijni]crs anJ
Acls. FrccJom in Lacan s 7hcoio]lhcSub)ccl (||..,s:.:.u......:,.|x.w
\..sr.....zee:,.i i -::...aa....:.|..:...aJiou,ick, anJPolilical
7rans]ormalions. 7hc CaJcncc o]Chanjc (r...:..x..:|w..:...u......:,
r.....zee-, a,...:...:.a..,.:.:|.|..s..|......:....:|..t.........
7hcoio]lhcSub)ccl.........m..:...w|.:.......s|..,z.:.s..w.
w.||s..w. ...|,....|a.a... ..7hc 7icklish Sub)ccl. 7hcAbscnl Ccnlrc o]
Polilical 0nlolojy (t..a..x.w\..sv..... i ---,. i z:~:e......\.....
s:...s.s...rs........a.a.... 7hcIacanian Ic]l. Psychoanalysis, 7hcoi,
Polilics (||..,s:.:.u......:,.|x.w\..sr.....zee:,. i -eeez.:.s
a......,..a:. (m,..mm..,.|, :|.|..s. .. :|.r..|...:. :|. ..w
.a.:....|For 7hcy KnowNol whal 7hcy Do. Fn)oymcnl as a Polilical Faclor
( t..a..x.w\..sv..... zeez,.|sss.|sss...a..s..r...... ..:|.
.:|..|..a. .,...,.|..||a..|...a..:.,|.|...,|.......:...|.|..:...
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vcncmcnlcl rc]clilion (..|....:..m.zee+,.r.|......|,.Ia]hiloso]hic
J'Alain aJiou (r....tn..m.::...zee-, . ..as-m,a...IcsouslraclionJc
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s..||..zees,
+ |...a.a....cinj anJFvcnl, :....o|...r.|:|.m( t..a..c..:....m.
zee-, . +( :....|.:......,|:|,m.a.a.a,
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:ei /zs-
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s:.:.u......:,.|x.w\..sr.....i ---, . ei:
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andIhcMisIakcsoITroIskyandBukharin, CollcctcJworks (Moscow.Progrcss
PubIishcrs, ! 65) , voI. 32, 70-! 07. 'Isaidagainin myspccchthaIpoIiIicsisa
conccnIratcdcxprcssionoIcconomics,bccauscIhadcarIicrhcardmypoIiti-
caIapproachrcbukcdinamanncrwhichisinconsistcnIandinadmissibIcIor
a MarxisI.PoIiIicsmusIIakcprcccdcnccovcrcconomics.Toarguc oIhcrwisc
istoIorgcIIhcABC oI Marxism. AmIwronginmypoIiIicaI appraisaI?IIyou
Ihinkso, sayiI andprovc iI. BuI you IorgcI Ihc ABC oIMarxism whcn you
say (orimpIy) IhatIhcpoIiIicaIapproachis cquivaIcnIIoIhccconomic,and
IhaIyou canIakc thconcand Ihcothcr
!0 LacaninIroduccdIhiscxprcssioninhis ! 7 !-2ScminarXIX. . . . ou]irc. Scc
Autrcscrrits (Paris.
]
iIionsduScui200I ) , 547-52. LiIcraIIy,Ihccxprcssion
mcans'hcrcsoncorhcrcssomconc.BruccFink, inhis IransIaIionoI
Lacans ScminarXX.EncorcIrom Ihc IoIIowing ycar proposcs 'Thcrcs such
a Ihingas Onc (S XX, ! 28) .
I HcgcIs 1ctijkcit, IransIaIcd as 'acI in Engish, is rcndcrcd as lc]uirc in Ihc
FrcnchIransIaIionuscdbyBadiou.ForIhisrcason,IhavckcpIboIhcxprcs
sions,'acIand'making,inIransIaIingBadiousparaphrascoIHcgcI.Fuircis
d9Z
LNN1Lb N LlLLNLLb
ancnormouslyIIcxibIc vcrb in Frcnch, and, as IwiIIindicatcIora numbcr
oIinstanccsbcIow, IhisisaII Ihc morcIrucin 1hcoio] thcSub)cct.
! 2 For Fausts iIIcrcnI rcadings oI Ihc Iinc Irom Ihc GospcI according U
John, 'In Ihc bcginning was thc Word, aII Ihc way Io Ihc concIusion 'In
Ihcbcginningwasthcccd,scc GocIhc, Fuust.Purt0nc, trans. avid Lukc
( OxIord. OxIordUnivcrsiIyPrcss, ! 8), vcrscs ! 224-! 237. In Gcrman, m
An]unj wur Jcr 1utcchocsIhcIincsIromHcgcIsScicncco]IojicabouI1utand
1ctijkcitusI quoIcdby Badiou.
! 3 In Frcnch, Ihc cxprcssion ]ussc cn]orcc, commcnIcd upon abovc, is hcrc
appIicd Iosu]lucc, IhcpIaccoIthcsubccI.AIIcrnaIivcIransIaIionsmightbc
'pushcsIhrough(pasI)iIspIacc, 'passcsiIspIaccasIorccorcvcn'makcsiIs
pIaccpassintoIorcc .
! 4 SccJoscph SIaIin, 'FoundaIionsoILcnnism ( ! 24) Lcninism, trans. Edcn
6 CcdarPauI (London.GcorgcAIcn6Unwin, ! 28) , ! 73.
! 5 InIhisparagraphandthcprcviousonc, Badiou ispIayingn)ustcssc, 'right-
ncss or'corrccIncss, and)usticc, 'usIicc. In EngIish, 'righI or 'usI idcas
transIatcsJcs iJccs)ustcs.
! 6 In Frcnch, ]uit ]urti IitcraIIy mcans 'makcs (up) a parIy or 'makcs Ior a
parIy, 'consIiIuIcsaparIy, buIaIso 'pIays orpcrIorms Ihc rocoIparIy.
!7 In Frcnch, u]ussc)c picks up on Ihc scnIcncc commcnIcd upon abovc
(noIc 2) , wiIh u again having boIh a common mcaning, as in any 'it or
'somcthing whaIsocvcr, and IcchnicaI mcaning as thc cquivaIcnI oI Ihc
Frcudian id. Fuirc, too, is noIoriousIy IIcxibIc and invoIvcs boIh an acIivc
'makingor'doing (asinthcacIordccdIromGocIhcsFuust) andanintran-
sitivc'bccomingor'cominginIobcing (asinFrcudsdictumwocswur,soll
lhwcrJcn, 'WhcrciI was I shaII comcintobcing ) .
! 8 Thc Icrm transIaIcd as 'protcsIingi s rcvcnJicutivcsi nFrcnch. This rccrs Io
Ihc Iradc unionisI gurc oIpoIitics, bascdon 'dcmands, 'cIaims or 'vindi-
caIionsasproIcsIaIionsagainstinusIicc andcxpIoiIaIion, usuaIIyaimcdat
Ihc SIaIc. ForBadiou, Ihc IcrmIorIhisrcasonismosIIypcoraIivc.
I InIhisscntcnccandIhcprcviousonc,Ihcvcrbuscdin Frcnchisonccagain
]uirc, 'making, 'pracIising, 'Iorming, 'consIiIuIingandsoon.lubourjcoisic
]uitJc lu]olitiquc and lu bourjcoisic]uitsu)ct.
20 'WhcrcIhcrcisopprcssion, IhcrcisrcsisIanccisaphrasccommonIyaIIrib
uIcdIoMaocdong. LauraBaIIadurandSimonKrysI in IhcircarcIuIIrans-
IaIionoIBadious'ThcParIyandIhc FIux, annoIaIcthis phrascasIoIIows.
'For aII iIs IuIurc rcsonancc, Ihc origin oI Ihc phrasc is cIusivc. somc
ChincscsourccssuggcsIitssourcc maynoIbc inMaoswritingsaI aII. Mao
uscdIhcphrascin hisinIcrvicwwiIhEdgarSnow ( ! /, I 65 ) . iIconIinucd
Io rccurduringIhcCuIturaIRcvoIuIionandwasIorccdoIaIIpIaccs-inIo
Ihc JoinICommuniqucIrom RhardNixons ! 72visiI toChina
2 ! Pructisc Murxist ]olitics IransIatcs Ihc Frcnch ]uirc Jc lu ]olitiquc murxistc.
d9d
JHLY l 1HL bUbdLLJ
OIhcr possibIc IransIaIions incIudc 'makc or do' or put inIo pracIicc
MarxisI poIiIics. Thc cmphasis oI]airc is on Ihc acIivc, miIitanI, organizcd
naIurcoIMarxismquapoIitics.
|d| .10B bu0jBC u00B| 0B b| 0| | B|S 0 0B LkCB|00
InFrcnch,laJc:lrurlionJuncqualilcJc ]orrccanbc rcadasboIhanobccIivc
andasubccIivcgcniIivc, thaIis, as'IhcdcstructionoIorbya ccrIainquaIity
oIIorcc.
2 AnoIhcr haII-coIIoquia haII-gnomicscnIcncc. Durccl, c]orrcJclclorJrc, il:
nou: Jonncnllc)u:, in which Iorcc by 'Iorsion cxtracIs aII Ihc uicc Irom
Ihc rcaI.
3 Thc scntcncc pIays on]luicJc:a:lrc:, 'rain oIIaIIing sIars, andJc:a:lrc, dis-
astcr.
4 MaIIarmc, IgiIur, 0uvrc:rom]llc: (Paris. GaIIimard, ! 5 ! ) , 44I .
5 In Frcnch, lc]a::cur:ur]larc:Jcla]orrc cvokcs Ihc hgurc oIIhc]a::curor
'passcrwiIhinIhcLacanianproccdurc oIla]a::c.ForBadiou, Ihccmphasis
isonIhcacIoIpassingancIcmcnIoIIorcconIoasysIcmoIpIaccsinsucha
wayIhaI this cIcmcnI noIonIy rcmains inthcsamcspoIbuIaIso makcsIhc
originaIIorcc disappcar.
6 Hcrc, in a nuIshcII, wc arc givcn a Iogic oI Ihc mark, which wiII bc morc
IamiIiar Io rcadcrs oI crrida. Dc-marquc, dc-marcaIcd, can aIso mcan
'markcddownordiscounIcd, aswiIhmcrchandisc on saIc.
7 Thc scnIcncc is sIrucIurcdaround thc pun on Ihc homonymous]oinlrccl,
rcaIpoinI or poinI oI Ihc rcaI, and ]oinl rccllc, 'noIaI aIIrcaI.
8 InFrcnch, Ihc scnIcncc pIays onIhc inIcrnaI rhymc bctwccn]onllhi:loirc,
'makchisIory, and :onllhi:loirc, archisIory.
InFrcnch, Ihisonc-Iincrbrings IogcIhcr Ihcword pIay on]onl/:onland Ji:
]aralrc/]ourlrc.Ellc:]onlrcqu'cllc::onl, mai:cnJi:]arai::anl]our/rc.
! 0 Badiou is aIIuding Io MaIIarmcs sonncIs VicIoricuscmcnt Iui Ic suicidc
bcau (Thc ncsuicidcIIcdvictoriousIyCP6) andouIOrguciIIumc-I-iI
dusoir ( ocscvcryPridcin Ihc cvcning smokc CP73) .
! Thccxprcssion produccsmovcmcnI IransIatcsthcFrcnch]ailmouvcmcnl.
! 2 In Frcnch, cn ]cr:onnc can aIso mcan in no onc or in nobody, which is
consisIcnI wiIh MaIIarmcs idca ( mcntioncd bcIow) oI Iogic as impcrsoni-
cdrcason.
! 3 Thc rcadcrmaywish Io Iurn Io MaIIarmcs pocm in Frcnch, quoIcd Irom
his0uvrc:rom]llc:.
99
AIa nuc accabIantcIu
Basscdc basaIIcctdc Iavcs
AmcmcIcscchos cscIavcs
ParuncIrompcsansvcrtu
QucI scpuIcraInauIragc (u
Lcsais, ccumc, maisybavcs)
SuprcmcuncntrcIcscpavcs
AboIiIIcmI dcvcIu
OuccIaqucIuribond IauIc
cqucIqucpcrdiIionhauIc
TouIIabmcvaincpIoyc
ansIcsibancchcvcuquiIranc
AvarcmcnI aura noyc
Lc IanccnIantd'uncsircnc
LNU N1Lb NU LLLNLLb
To avoidimprccision in thc IransIation, a goodstraIcgy is Io comparc and
combinc Ihc avaiIabIc EngIish rcndcrings. Thus, in whaI IoIIows, I scIcc-
tivcIy rcIy on IransIaIionsandparaphrascs oIMaIIarmcs poctryIromboIh
OxIord UnivcrsiIy Prcss and Ihc UnivcrsiIy oI CaIiIornia Prcss. Onc crror
common Io boIh cdiIions is thc IaiIurc Io undcrsIand c mmc as mcaning
'IushwiIhorrighIupIo, rcIcrring Io Ihc proximiIyoIIhcba::cJcba:allc
clJclavc:Iolc:crho:c:rlavc:.
! 4 Thc cxprcssion Ihc Iack oIbcing in Ihis casc is a IransIaIion oIlc Jc]aulJc
l lrc, IoIIowing Ihc modcIoIlcmanqucclrc. Dc]aulcan aIsomcan dcIcct,
'shortcoming, IaiIing or 'IauII.
! 5 Thc cxprcssion Io puI aI IauII hcrc transIatcs mcllrc cn Jc]aul. Anothcr
IransIaIion couId bc 'Io causc to dcIauII, hich in Ihc prcscnI conIcxI
wouIdmcan Io rcvcaI Ihc pIacc whcrc socicty is shown Io bcwanIing or
Iacking.
! 6 MaIarmc,SclcrlcJIcllcr:o]Slc]hancMallarmc, cd.andIrans.RoscmaryLIoyd
( Chicago.ThcUnivcrsiIyoI ChicagoPrcss, ! 88), 77.
!7 In addiIion Io mcaning, :cn: couId aIso bc transIatcd as scnsc or 'dircc-
Iion, which wouId bc consistcnI wiIh thc Icap provokcd by Ihc pocIic
opcrationoIannuImcnIinMaIIarmcs casc.
! 8 ApIayon rou]Jc]orrc androu]Jcla]orrc.
! MaIIarmc, 0uvrc:rom]llc:, 428.
20 AnoIhcrtransIationIor]aillhcoricJu:u)cl wouIdbc 'makcsa Ihcory outoI
Ihcsubcct.
2 ! BadiouhcrciscnIcrIainingIhc optionoIaddinganoIhcrtcrcct (cnIircIyoI
hisowninvcnIion) IoMaIIacspocm.
Mortc IcxccsquiIutsonchanI
Sinon quannuIcdc sa hainc
Lc mt dccumc nauIragcanI
22 OnIhc noIionoIIhcparIyas'advanccddcIachmcntoIIhcworkingpcopIc
(acIuaIIy a quotc Irom Lcnin), scc Joscph StaIin, Conccrning QucsIions
9b
1HLY l JHL bUbdLL1
oI Lcninism (January 25, ! 26) work (Moscow. Forcign anguagcs
PubIishingHousc, ! 54), vol. 8, ! 3-6.
23 OnIhcparIyas 'IcadcrshipnucIcusandas'powcrIuInucIcusIorIhcwhoIc
pcopIc, scc among oIhcr pIaccs Mao cdong, 'PrcIiminary ConcIusions oI
Ihc Land InvcsIigaIion Campaign (August 2, I 33) SclcclcJ work:, vol.
6 and 'Thc RoIc oI Ihc Chincsc CommunisI ParIy in Ihc NaIionaI War
( OcIobcr ! 38) SclcclcJ work:, vol. 2. AII quoIaIions avaiIabIc onIinc aI
hIIp. //www.marxisIs.org.
24 On Ihc noIion oI 'opcn widc, scc Mao cdong, 'Spccch aI Ihc Chincsc
CommunisI ParIys NaIionaI ConIcrcncc on Propaganda Work (March I 2,
! 57) SclcclcJ work:, vol. 5. ThisnoIionis aIso discusscdaIsomc IcngIh in
Ihc CircuIarIrom May ! 6, ! 66IhaI hcraIdsIhc bcginning oI Ihc CuIturaI
RcvoIuIionin China.
25 ArcIcrcnccIoIhcsong'ThcInIcrnaIionaIc.' CcsIIaIuIIcnaIc/Groupons
nous, cI dcmain/ LInIcrnaIionaIc/ ScraIcgcnrchumain ( 'Thisis Ihc hnaI
sIruggIc/LcIusgaIhcrIogcIhcr,andIomorrow/hc!nIcrnaIionaIc/iIIbc
Ihc humanracc ) .
2 6 Mao, 'TaIkOnQucsIionsOI PhiIosophy ( ! 64) SclcclcJ work:, vol. .
27 MaIIarmc, 0uvrc: complclc:, 433. EngIish IransIaIion by Mary Ann Caws
avaiIabIc onIinc aI hIIp. //www.sIudiocIco.comIibraric/maIIarmc/prosc.
hIm.
28 MaIIarmc, 0uvrc:complclc:, 44! .
2 Hcrc Badiou, in a nasIounding iI noI scandaIous IcaI, quoIcs a scrics oI
consccuIivc Iincs IromADicc1hrow, aII Ihc whiIc crasing Ihc IypographicaI
diIIcrcnccs and simiIariIicsbcIwccnIhcmin IcrmsoIIonIIypc andsizc. !n
Frcnch, Ihis 'IaI rcndiIionrcadsasIoIIows. 'RicndcIamcmorabIccrisc o
sc II IcvcncmcnI accompIi cn vu dc IouI rcsuIIaI nuI humain naura cu
Iicu (unc cIcvaIionordinairc vcrsc Iabscncc) qucIc Iicu inIcricurcIapoIis
qucIconquc commc pour dispcrscr acIc vidc abrupIcmcnI qui sinon pa;
son mcnsongc cI Iondc Ia pcrdiIion, dans ccs paragcs, du vaguc cn qu
IouIcrcaIiIcscdissouI ( 1horicJu:u)cl, ! ! 2, cI. 0uvrc:complclc:, 474-5) .
3 0 RcIcrcnccs, rcspccIivcIy, Io 'AnoIhcr Fan (BcIonging Io MIc MaIIarmc)
,
and 'Hcrodias ( Sccnc) .
3 ! ThisisIromIhcsonncI'TouIOrguciIIumc-IiIdusoir ('ocscvcryPridcin
Ihc cvcning smokc ) .
32 ThcscIhrccIcrmsarcIakcnIromIhcconsccuIivcsonncIs'ocscvcryPridc
. . ., ' Surgi dc Ia croupc cI dubond . . . ( 'Ariscn Irom Ihc rump . . . ' ) , and
'Unc dcnIcIIc aboIiI . . . ('A Iaccvanishcs . . . ) .
3 3 I n Frcnch, Ihc scnIcncc i s somcwhaI ambiguous. C'c:l manicrc Jc ]orcc
quc Jc)oucrpour]nir avcc la]a:cinanlc cl impcr:oncllc :cJuclion Jc: :ijni]anl:
:cparablc:.
34 In Frcnch, con:cicncc mcans boIh 'conscicncc and 'consciousncss. Badiou
90
LNUNJLb NU LlLLNLLb
is cxpIoiIing Ihis doubIc mcaning, as Ihc subscqucnI aIIusion Io cIass-
consciousncssmakcsabundanIIycIcar.
35 !nFrcnch,MaIIarmcssonncIrcadsasIoIIows.
ScspursongIcsIrcs hauIdcdianIIcuronyx
L Angoissc, cc minuiI, souIicnI, Iampadophorc,
MainIrcvc vcspcraIbrIcparIcPhcnix
QucncrccuciIIcpasdccincraircamphorc
Sur Icscrcdcnccs, au saIonvidc.nuI pIyx,
AboIiIbibcIoIdinaniIcsonorc,
(CarIcMaIrccsI aIIcpuiscrdcspIcursau SIyx
Avcccc scuI obcI donIIcNcanIshonorc) .
MaispochcI a croiscca unordvacanIc, unor
AgoniscscIonpcuIcIrc Icdccor
csIicorncsruanIduIcu conIrcunc nixc,
IIIc, dcIunIcnuccn Icmiroir,cncor
Quc, dansIoubIiIcrmcparIccadrc, sc xc
cscinIiIaIionssiIIIcscpIuor.
ForIhcEngIishvcrsion,l havcuscdWcinhcimsIransIaIionIromIhcUnivcrsiIy
oICaIiIorniaPrcss, aIIIhcwhiIcrcpIacing 'Anguish wiIh 'AnxicIy.
36 SccMaIIarmc, 0uvrc:complclc:, !40.
37 SccSclcclcJIcllcr:o]SlcphancMallarmc, 87.
38 AnoIhcr IransIaIion Ior ccqui]ail ici :u)cl Jc lanjoi::c couId bc 'whaIcvcr
IurnsanxicIyhcrcinIo a subccI.
|d| . ldCK d00 S|uC|00
Scc HcgcIs Iamous Iinc in 7hc Phcnomcnolojy o]Spiril. imc is Ihc NoIion
iIscII IhaI i: lhcrc and which prcscnIs iIscII Io consciousncss as cmpIy
inIuiIion (Ph487) . Badiou misquoIcs Ihc originaI Gcrman, asiIHcgcI had
wriIIcn 'Jiccili:lJcrcjri]Ja', whcrcas Ihc acIuaI Iinc Irom Ihc originaI
rcads.'Diccili:lJcrJa:cicnJccjri] :clb:l' . AIcxandrcKocvcaIsocommcnIs
on Ihis passagc in 'A NoIcon EIcrniIy, Timc, andIhc ConccpI, nlroJuclion
lo lhc RcaJinjo]cjcl, cd. AIIan BIoom, Irans. Jamcs H. NichoIs Jr. ( Ncw
York. Basic Books, ! 6) , !0 . FinaIIy, Badiou inIroduccs a pun on lu,
'Ihcrc, which IransIaIcsIhcGcrmanJa, andlclaJuJiapa:on, Ihc 'Ia oIIhc
IuningIork.!havcIricdIorcIainsomcIhingoIIhispunbyusingIhccxprcs-
sion 'IhaIscIsIhc Ionc.
2 hcFrcnch hcrcuscs:cclivc, 'spIiIs, andclivajc, 'spIiIIing AnoIhcr IransIa-
Iion couId bc 'cIcavcs oII and 'cIcavagc or cvcn 'scission. Badiou cIcarIy
has in mind Ihc MaoisIconnoIaIionsoI Ihc Iogic oIspIiIIingor scission, as
9
1HLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
inIhcsIogan'Onc dividcsinIoIwo,suggcsIcdbyIhcLacanianquanJun]ail
Jcux.
3 Thc Frcnch hcrcis quiIc convoIuIcd. la lhcoricanalliquclicnlccllccquivoquc
Jan:l in:lruclionJuJc:ir Jou : a]]rchcnJclc:u)cl. which couIdaIsobc Irans-
IaIcdas'IhcIhcory oIpsychoanaIysishoIdsIhiscquivocaIionIo bc insIruc-
Iivc abouIIhc wayIhcsubccIcanbc apprchcndcd on IhcbasisoIdcsirc .
4 Thc rcadcr shouId kccp i n mind IhaI Ihis simpIihcaIion oIIhcworId aIso
rcIcrsIo MaIIarmcs dchniIion oI Ihc acI, aIIudcd Io abovc. 'Thc onc avaiI-
abIcacI,IorcvcrandaIonc, isIoundcrsIandIhcrcIaIions,inIhcmcanIimc,
Icwormany accordingIosomcinIcriorsIaIcIhaIoncwishcsIo cxIcnd, in
ordcrIo simpIiIy Ihc worId ( ' MusicandLcIIcrs, ! 87) .
5 An aIIusionIo MaIIarmcs 'Prosc (IordcsEsscinIcs)
,
.
6 Lcnin, Malcriali:m anJ Em]irio-Crilici:m, in voI. !4 oI his CollcclcJ work:,
Irans. Abraham Fincbcrg. 'FrankIyandbIunIIydid Bishop BcrkcIcyarguc
In ourIimcIhcscvcrysamc IhoughIs on Ihc cconomicaI cIiminaIion oI
maIIcr Irom phiIosophy arc cnvcIopcd in a muchmorcarIIuIIorm, and
conIuscdbyIhcuscoIa ncwIcrminoIogy, soIhaIIhcscIhoughIsmaybc
Iakcnbynavc pcopIcIor rcccnIphiIosophy ( 28) .
7 A rcIcrcncc Io Xavicr (broIhcr oIJoscph) dcMaisIrcs \oajc aulourJcma
chambrc ( ! 70),IransIaIcdasA!oumcarounJmRoom, Iorcword AIain dc
BoIIon, Irans. AndrcwBrown (London. HcspcrusPrcss, 2004).
8 'HaII-saying hcrc IransIaIcs Lacans mi-Jirc, IhaI is, Ihc noIion IhaI IruIh
can onIy bc 'haII-said or 'haIIspokcn, whcrcby mi-Jil is an obvious,
MaIIarmcan-sounding homonym Ior miJi, 'noon or 'midday. In his
unpubIishcdscminaron LacansanIiphiIosophy, Badiou discusscsaIIcngIh
Ihc diIIcrcnccsand simiIariIics bcIwccn Lacans 'haII-said' and MaIIarmcs
'midday, comparcd Io NicIzschcs 'noon as Ihc Iimc oI Ihc 'shorIcsI
shadow.
Thc Frcnch hcrc, miJi(l), combincs inIo a singIc word Ihc oIhcrwisc
homonymousmi-Jil( 'haII-said ) andmiJi('noondayor'midday ) .
! 0 BadioumaybcIhinkingoI LouisAIIhusscrsdiscussionoI IhcunivcrsaIand
Ihc spccihc, in ForMarx, Irans. Bcn BrcwsIcr ( London-Ncw York. crso,
2005) , ! 83.
! ! 'iscrcpancy hcrc IransIaIcs Jccalajc, a Icrm cspcciaIIy dcar Io Badious
Iormcr Icachcr AIIhusscr ( noIabIy in his carIy rcading oI Jcan-Jacqucs
Rousscau) which can aIso mcan 'inIcrva Iag, or 'gap. Scc AIIhusscr
'Rousscau. Thc SociaI ConIracI (Thc iscrcpancics), Polilic: anJ Hi:loj,
Irans. Bcn BrcwsIcr (London. Ncw LcIIBooks, ! 72) , ! ! 3-60.
!2 ThcFrcnchuncmi:ccnbiai: ( 'sIanIing' ) couIdaIsobcIransIaIcdas'apuIIing
askcw', 'asidcwaysgIancc, ora 'lookingawry, asin Ihc cponymousbook
by SIavo ick. 'TwisIcdhcrcIransIaIcslorJu, asin IhaIwhichundcrwcnI
a Iorsion, noI sIraighI.
9b
LNUN1Lb NU LLLNLLb
! 3 BcIorc quoIing Lacan, Badiou uscs Ihc IoIIowing cxprcssions. llrcucJlc
('bcing-Io-Ihc-sidc ), llrc]ara (' para-bcing ) , Ju]ar-lrc ('par-appcaring ) .
Brucc Finks cxpIanaIion i s uscIuI i n Ihis conIcxI. 'Thc ncoIogism Lacan
crcaIcs hcrc, ]arlrc, is pronounccd cxacIIy Iikc ]aralrc, which mcans
'Io appcar or 'appcaring'. Two scnIcnccs IurIhcr on, Lacan inIcnds boIh
mcaningswhcnhcsaysIhaI'bcingprcscnIsiIscII aIwaysprcscnIsiIscII,by
]arlrc', i. c. , by appcaring and bcing bcsidc (or aongsidc) (S XX, 44-5 n.
! ) .
I 4 I nFrcnch, ]aravcnl ( 'smokcscrccn or 'scrccn' ) adds a IurIhcr pun Io Ihc
LacanianncoIogismsbascdon]ar-lrc.
I 5 In Frcnch. 'Nou:nc:ommc: ricn, ]ar:oon: lc 7oul, which isa cIcaraIIusion
IoanoIhcrIamousIincIrom'ThcInIcrnaIionaIc. 'Nou:nc:ommc:ricn.:oon:
loul. Thc cIIccI oI inIroducing Lacan's ncologism oI ]arlrc inIo Ihis Iinc
consisIsin sIanIing Ihc vicw awayIrom Ihc dogmaIicIoIaIiIyIowardwhaI
IicsbcsidcoraIongsidcIhc whoIc.
! 6 Thc Frcnch :ccau ('scaI') could aIso bc IranslaIcd as 'mark, 'sIamp or
'sIamping . ln Ihc discussion oI MaIIarmc abovc, I uscd 'scaI Io IransIaIc
]ra]]cand'sIampings Iorlimbrajc:.
! 7 SccLcnin,'OnccAgainon IhcTradcUnions,IhcCurrcnISiIuaIion,andIhc
MisIakcsoITroIskyand Bukharin, CollcclcJ work:, voI. 32, 70-! 07.
!8 ForLacan, Ihc bcsI IhaIIhis bicn-Jirc or 'wcII-saying canamounI Io is a
miJirc, 'haII-saying or'haIIsIaIing.
! Scc Lcnin, 'Marxism and InsurrccIion, CollcclcJ work:, voI. 26, 22-7. 'OI
coursc, IhisisaII ywayoIcxampIc, onIy Io iIIusIraIc IhcIacI IhaIaI Ihc
prcscnImomcnIiIisimpossibIcIorcmainloyaIIoMarxism, IorcmainIoyaI
IoIhcrcvoIuIion unIcss insurrccIion is IrcaIcdasanarI.
20 Thc suggcsIion is IhaILacan, Ihc Lcnin oI psychoanaIysis, can aIso bc iIs
Mao,insoIarasLacanIandLacan!IwouIdbcIikcakingsuccccdinghimscII.
AIso impIicd is Ihc noIion IhaI Jacqucs-AIain MiIIcr, Ihough a MaoisI
around ! 68, is nolIhcMaooIpsychoanaIysis.
2 ! ThcFrcnchhcrc, rcIcrringIoLacan'sJroilurculcnir:urlalor:ion (' hissIcady
uprighIncss abouI Iorsion ) , conIinucs Ihc scrics oI puns on sIraighIncss,
righIncss, sIcadincss, and Iorsion.
22 In Frcnch, Ihc word IransIaIcd as 'pracIicc in EngIish is noI ]raliquc buI
cx]cricncc, usI as in Ihc prcvious scnIcncc Marxism is dchncd as lc]ro]o:
cx]crimcnlc Jc :oulcnir l'aJvcnuc :ub)cclivc Junc ]oliliquc. Ex]cricncc and
cx]crimcnlc, in IhisconIcxI,shouId noI bc rcad wiIh Ihc cxisIcnIiaI paIhos
oIcxpcricncc buIin Ihc scnscoIaIormaIandpracIicaI cxpcrimcnI, simiIar
Io whaIhappcnsin invcnIivcscicncc orin arIisIicinnovaIion.
23 An aIIusio wiIhinvcrIcd gcndcr, Io Dclruirc, Jil-cllc, Ihc IiIIc oIa Iamous
novcIandhImbyMargucriIc uras ( 6) , osIcnsiblyinspircdbyMay 68.
BcyondIhisrcIcrcncc,Ihccxprcssion, cvcninIhcmascuIincIormDclruirc,
9V
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
Jilil as uscd by Badiou, has Iakcn on a IiIc oI iIs own and is IrcqucnIIy
invokcd in IiIcraryandarIisIiccircIcs.
24 An aIIusion Io Fricdrich NicIzschcs wcII-known rcmark, in a lcIIcr Io
Brandcs Irom cccmbcr ! 888. I prcparc an cvcnI IhaI, in alI Iikclihood,
wilIbrcakhisIoryinIwo,Io IhcpoinIwhcrcancwcaIcndarwiIIbcnccdcd,
and in which ! 888 wiIl bc Ihc Ycar I . In rc ccIing Ihis vicw, 7hcoric Ju
:u)cl cIcarlyanIicipaIcs Badious conclusion, in a conIcrcncc Irom ! 2on
NicIzschc, abouI Ihc anIiphiIosophicaI naIurc oIIhis brcak quu archipo-
liIicaI acI oI grand poIiIics. Scc Badiou, Cu::crcn Jcux lhi:loirc JumonJc?
(Paris. Lcs ConIcrcnccs du PcrroqucI, ! 2) .
25 ThcFrcnch, :ccuu, wasprcviousIyIransIaIcda s scaI buthcrca s sIamp so
asIo rcIaincchocsoIIhc pun on Ihc homonymous:uul, ump.
26 Jacqucs-AIain MilIcr, MaIrix, trans. anicI G. CoI ins, lucuniun ink 2
( ! 7) . 48- (Irans. modihcd) .
27 Thc Frcnch hcrc, Dc lu qu il]uil:u)cl, could aIso bcIransIaIcd asWhcncc
iIs qualiIy as subccI, FromIhisiI IoIIowsIhaI iImakcs (Ior) a subccI, or
his cxplains why iI consIiIuIcs a subccI.Thc usc oIan indchniIc arIiclc
in EngIish, howcvcr, mighI wrongly suggcsI Ihat Ihcrc arc scvcraI-r aI
lcasIIwosubccIs (Ihc proIcIariaI and Ihc bourgcoisic), whcrcas Badiou
is corrccIinghimscIIprcciscIyonIhispoinIsoas IoaIhrm,as hc didinIhc
prcvious scssionoI his scminar. Thcrc is onIyoncpoIIicaI subccI, Iorany
givcn hisIoricizaIion.
28 !n Frcnch, Ihc cxplcIivc ncIhaI usualIyaccompanics ncgaIion is abscnI. lc
:u)cl ubouliluricn (whichl havcrcndcrcdasIhc subccIlcads Io noIhing ) ,
as opposcd Io lc :u)cl nuboulil u ricn (which couId bc IransIaIcd as Ihc
subccIdocsnoIcadIo anyIhing ) .
2 !n Frcnch, :c]uil and: c]]cl, wiIh Ihc IaIIcr bcing a ncoIogism on Badious
parI, arc homonymous. Thc whoIc scnIcncc, Ihough, is quiIc obscurc. lu
]oliliquc ]rolluricnnc . . . c:l cc qucllc :c]uil (: c]]cl) nc ]u: lrc (: 'c]]cl quiu
nom 'communi:mc'). Thc basic undcrIying idca is IhaI Ihc prolcIariaI, Iikc
Ihc unconscious, brings inIo bcing somc cIcmcnI oI nonbcing. Or, raIhcr,
Ihrough Ihc unconscious and Ihc proIcIariaI, Ihc onIoIogicaI opposiIion oI
bcingandnonbcingiIsclIis subvcrIcd.
30 Thc Frcnch, lubollc in cc:llubollc, rcIcrsIo a spcciaI coup, Ior cxampIc in
Icncing, orasccrcIwcapon,unrccognizcdbyIhcadvcrsary.Porlcruncbollcu
quclquun Ihus can mcanIoaIIackorinIcrpcIIaIc somconc in anunIorcsccn
way.
3 ! Thc Frcnch cxprcssion, : uJo::cu u(hcrc IransIaIcd a s lcans upagainsI)
bcauIiIulIy convcys an imagc oI IruIh wiIh iIs Jo: (back) up againsI Ihc
rcaI.
32 In Frcnch, unc ]luic ( a sorc) hcrc aIso mcans a pain (in Ihc ncck) or
nuisancc.
b
LNUNJLb NU LLLNLLb
33 Badiou, i npcrsonaI convcrsaIions wiIh Ihc IransIaIor, suggcsIs IhaI 'mc:
lorlillon:couIdrcIcrIoIhc IwisIcd cIucubraIionsinIacansbrain, buI Ihavc
Ihc imprcssion IhaI Lacan is raIhcr rcIcrring Io his sIudcnIs and disciplcs
and lhcirmcnIaI clucubraions. My IranslaIion Iics Io kccp Ihc ambiguiIy
aIivc.
34 Jams up hcrc IransIaIcs Ihc Frcnch coincc, a noIion Badiou wiII discuss
bclow in Ihc conIcxI oI Lacans IopoIogics. OIhcr IransIaIions couId bc
wcdgcs orIraps.
35 BIocks hcrcIransIaIcsIhc Frcnch]uilcoinccmcnl.
36 Thc Frcnchhcrc, chunjcrl 'hommcJun:ccqu'iluJc]lu:]ro]onJ, corrcsponds
Io Ihc hrsIscntcnccoIIhcIamousSixIccnPoinIsdccision, adopIcdbyIhc
CcnIraI CommiIIcc oI Ihc Chincsc CommunisI ParIy on AugusI 8, ! 66,
markingIhcbcginningoIIhcChincscCulIuraIRcvoluIion. !nEnglish, Ihc
IuII Iinc rcads as IoIlows. Thc grcaI ProIcIarian CuItural RcvoIuIion now
unIoIding is a grcaI rcvoluIion IhaI Iouchcs pcopIc Io Ihcir vcry souIs,
in 7hc Chinc:c CullurulRcvolulion.SclcclcJ Documcnl:, cd. and wiIh noIcs by
K. H. Fan (NcwYork-London. MonIhIyRcvicwPrcss, ! 68) , ! 62. SccaIso
Badious commcnIs in Thc CuIIuraI RcvoIuIion. Thc LasI RcvoIuIion?,
rans. BrunoBosIccIs,]o:ilion:.cu:lu:iucullurc:criliquc ! 3 ( 2005) . 48-0.
37 In Frcnch, Ihis wholc scnIcncc is a biI convoIuIcd. 7cnon: lu]ri:c, ]lu lJl,
Junbi]ucc:ub)ccli Jonl lurlicululion nou: JonncruJc lu]cinc, ]oury)oinlcrlu
Jc:lruclionconJunlc cl lc bonhcurJy munqucr. Thc rcIcrcncc Io lc bonhcur
JymunqucrcounIcrsLacans mcnIion oIIhchappincss Io bc aIivc, quoIcd
abovc.
38 !n Frcnch, morjuc can mcanboIh morguc or mortuary and arrogancc,
smugncss, supcrciIiousncss. ! havc IricdIo kccp hinIs oIboIh mcanings
byusing dcadIy arroganccasa IranslaIion.
3 lnFrcnch,uu-JcluoucnJcu ( bcyondorshyoI) isaIsouscdbyLacan, SXX,
44.
40 Thc Frcnch hcrc, mi:c cn Jc]uilluncc, is IransIaIcd as Ihc acIivc IaiIurc.
AnoIhcrpossiblcrcndcringwouldbcIhcpuIIinginIoIaiIurc.
4! !n Frcnch, Jroil:. This cxIcnds Ihc pun, uscd carlicr, onrighI idcas and
IwisIcd paIhs Io IruIh. Hcrc, in addiIion, Ihc opposiIion is bcIwccn
sIraighI and conIorIcd .
42 Lapscs back hcrc IransIaIcs rclombc, which prcviousIy, in ParI scrvcd
as Ihc Frcnch IransIaIion oI HcgcIs Ruck]ull, rcIapsc, in Ihc diaIccIicaI
proccss.
43 In Ihc noIaIion oIIhc maIhcmcs oI anxicIy, Ihc supcrcgo, couragc, and
usIicc, lhavcuscdIocusIorlicu,whcrcascIscwhcrc pacc scrvcstoIrans-
IaIcboIhlicuand]lucc.ThcmaIhcmcsarconcoIIhcIcwinsIanccsin7horic
Ju:u)clwhcrcIhcscIwo Frcnch Icrms arc kcpIscparaIc.
44 ThisisanaIIusionIo aIamoussayingwhichIhcoldMaoIrcqucnIlyuscdIo
b1
1HLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
rcIcr Io Ihc inIcrnaIionaI siIuaIion during Ihc CuIIuraI RcvoIuIion. lI was
pubIishcd inRcnminRibao (Pco]lcs Daily) on Novcmbcr , I 67. Thcrc is
grcaIdisordcrundcrhcavcnandIhcsiIuaIioniscxccIIcnI ( 7ianxiaJaluan,
xinjhsiJa hao) . Thc Chincsc noIion Ior disordcr, luan, which can aIso bc
IransIaIcd as disIurbanccs, uphcavaI or chaos, is IypicaIIyrcndcrcd as
lroublcs in Frcnch. Whcncc Ihc mosI common, sIighIIy abridgcd vcrsion
uscd by Badiou.Lcslroublcssonlunccxccllcnlcchosc. This rcndcring, whichl
havcrcspccIcdandkcpIasIiIcraI aspossibIc inmyowIransIaIion,IurIhcr-
morc cnabIcs Badiou Io p|ay on Ihc opposiIion bcIwccn voycrclair, Io scc
clcarIyand lroublc, opaquc cIoudy conIuscd or shady.
45 A pun on miJil, haII-said or haII-sIaIcd, and mauJilc, iII-said or
curscd.
46 Joscph Conrad, 7hcNijjcro]lhc 'Narcissus(NcwYork.NorIon, I 7) , I 45.
47 Spinoza, Elhics, 22I (ParII, Prop 5, Schol . ) .
48 lbiJ., 2 I I .
4 InFrcnch,s'im]laccisancoIogismonBadiousparI.ThcrcIlcxivcuscoIIhc
vcrb couIdaIsobc IransIaIcd as unpIaccs iIsclI.
50 AcschyIus,EumcniJcs,Irans.ChrisIophcrColIard( OxIord.OxIordUnivcrsity
Prcss,2002) , 8-I 00.BadiousFrcnchIranslaIionhasanxicIy (anjoissc)Ior
whaI isIransIaIcdasIroublcinIhisEngIishvcrsion.
5 I AcschyIus,ibiJ., I 03-I 05.
52 InFrcnch,Ihccxprcssioni nIhiscasci sunsu)clJcJroil, whcrcasIorIhcmosI
parI Badiou IaIksabouIIaw ( loi) raIhcrIhanrighI (Jroil) .
53 This is Irom Ihc IasI pagc oI A Scason in HcII, usI aIIcr Ihc Iamous linc
' ll]aulc/rc absolumcnl moJcmc', in ArIhur Ri baud, Com]lclc works, Irans.
Pau| SchmidI (Ncw York. Harpcr 6 Row, I 67) , 2 I 3. Ncvcrmind hymns
oIIhanksgiving. hoIdonIoa sIcponcc Iakcn, inFrcnch. 'PoinlJccanliqucs.
lcnirlc]asjajn.
54 Thc originaI scnIcncc in Frcnch, uoiquil]aillc rcvcnir-lqucccrcloursoil
su)cl-]culsourJrccls'cclaircrlc]anchisscmcnlJcccquinccom]orlc]lusaucun
rclour, dchcs aII quick andcasyIransIaIions.
55 InFrcnch, a punon Jcmission missionairc.
56 SccIhcIcIIcrMarxIoK. KugcImanninHanovcr( London,ApriI I 2, I 87 I ),
SWI,420.ThcFrcnch IransIaIionoIIhisIcIIcrhasJclruircIorsmash.
bZ
|8| V. M8||8||S K|S8l 0 M8|| 8l | S0
lnFrcnch, ' ucsl-ccqui]ailsu)cl?' onccagainrcIicsonIhcmaIcabiIiIyoIIhc
vcrb]airc.AIIcrnaIivcIransIaIionscouIdbc WhaIconsIiIuIcsa subccI?or
WhaImakcsIor a subccI?
2 A rcIcrcncc Io AIain ]
miIc-AugusIc CharIicr, Ic Ciloycn conrclcs]ouvoirs
( Paris.
]
diIionsduSaggiIairc, I 26) .
3 In Frcnch ]aulIairclcarxismc.
LNUNJLb NU LlLLNLLb
4 Found ancw hcrc IranIaIcs rc]onJc, which asidc Irom Iounding or
grounding ancw aIso crrics connoIaIions oI rccasIing or rcsourcing
oncscII. FurIhcrdown, ovcrhau wiII IransIaIc rc]onlc.
5 UncsIabIishmcnI and un-csIabIishcd hcrc IranslaIc Ihc Frcnch Jcsclab
lisscmcnlandJcsclablic, IhcopposiIcoIclablir orJrc, IorcsIorcordcrorIo
rc-csIabIishordcr.
6 Thc aIIusionis Io Ihc Frcch rcvoIuIionaryJacqucs HcbcrI, who was guiI-
loIincdonMarch24, I 74,aIIcrhavinbccomcanopponcnIoIMaximiIicn
RobcspicrrchimsclIIorhi cxccssivcscu|arismandworshipoI Rcason.
7 Lacan, 7clcvision (Paris.
]
d
iIions du Scuil, I 74), I ; 7clcvision, Irans. cnis
HoIIicr, RosaIind
Krauss nd AnncIIc MichcIson, cd. Joan Copcc (Ncw
York. W. W. NorIon, I 0)
, 8.
8 lbiJ., I 6/ 5 (Irans. modihc
) .
In Frcnch, Ihc scnIcncc pIays on]airc nuJ ( Io opcraIc as a nodal poinI)
and]aircccnlrc ( bccominga ccnIrc ) . NuJalsomcansknoIornodc.
I0 Lacan, Lc sinIhomc, 0icar? 7 ( I 7) . 2 (
,
Scminairc du I 3 anvicr
I 76 ) .
I I AbscnI-mindcd|yhcrcIransIaIcsIhcFrcnchavcc clourJcric, whichcouIdbc
anaIIusion Io Lacans Icx
L'clourJil ( I 73) , iIscII a pun on MoIicrcs pIay
L'clourJi ( 7hclunJcrcrorhcScallcrbrain) .
I 2 Thc Frcnch, clrcJcs lisicrcs (a bcingoI hcIhrcshoIds ) , couId aIsobcIrans-
IaIcdasabcingoIIimiIsorabordcr-cIiIy.SccaIsoBadiou, ThcFIuxand
IhcParIy.lnIhcMarginsoIAnli- 0cJi]us' , Irans. Laura BaIIadurand Simon
KrysI,Polyjra]h I 5-I 6(2004). 75-2.
I 3 Scc Marx, PrivaIc PropcrIy and Comunism, Economic anJ Philoso]hical
Manuscri]lso]I8, in Mar and EngcIs, CollcclcJ works, vol. 3, 27.
I4 SccEngcIsIoConradSchidI,inMarandEngcIs, CollcclcJworks,vol. 50,
462.
I 5 lbiJ., 466. OrarcIhcconc
pIs which prcvail inIhc naIuraIscicnccs hcIions
bccausc Ihcyby nomcansaIways coincidc wiIh rcaIiIy? From Ihc momcnI
wcacccpIIhc IhcoryoIcvoIuIionaIIouconccpIsoIorganicIiIccorrcspond
onIy approximaIcIy Io rcaliIy. OIhcrwisIhcrcwouIdbc no changc. on Ihc
day whcn conccpIs and rcaIiIy compIcIcIy coincidc in Ihc organic worId
dcvcIopmcnI comcs Ioancnd. Thc concpI hsh incIudcs a IiIc inwaIcr and
brcaIhing Ihrough giIIs. how arc you ging Io gcI Irom hsh Io amphibian
wiIhouI brcaking Ihrough Ihis conccpI And iI has bccn brokcn Ihrough
andwcknowawhoIcscricoIhshwhichhavc dcvcIopcd IhcirairbIaddcrs
IurIhcrinIo Iungs and can brcaIhc air. ow, wiIhouIbringing onc or boIh
conccpIs inIo conlicI wiIh caIiIy arc yu going Io gcI Irom Ihc cgg-Iaying
rcpIiIc Io Ihc mammaI, wich givcs birIh Io living young? And in rcaIiIy
wc havcinIhc monoIrcmaIa awhoIc sb-cIassoIcgg-IayingmammaIs-in
b
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
! 843, ! saw Ihc cggsoI Ihc duck-biIl inManchcsIcrandwiIharroganInar-
row-mindcdncssmockcdaIsuchsIupidiIyasiIamammalcouIdIaycggs
andnowiI hasbccnprovcd SodonoI bchavc Io IhcconccpIionsoIvaIucin
IhcwayIhadIaIcrIobcgIhc duck-biIIspardon Ior (Irans.modihcd)
!6 In Frcnch. uilropuumiroirsc]c,l omilhojnquclcJc]c.
! 7 Thc Frcnch hcrc, Jcsois(l) pcrJu, plays on Ihc disIancc bcIwccn Ihc hrsI
(sois) and Ihc Ihird pcrson (soi/), inIroduccd inIo Ihc subccI, noI unIikc
Rimbauds IamousJccslunuulrc.
!8 Thc Frcnch hcrcis sIighty morc crypIic. LuproblcmulisulioncsllrouccJu rccl
pourlu vcri/c. AIIcrnaIivc IransIaIions incIudc ProbIcmaIizaIion mcans Ihc
brcakIhrough oIIhc rcaIIoward Ihc IruIh or ProbIcmaIizaIionishowIhc
rcaIpicrccsIhroughIorIhcIruIh.
FricdrichEngcIs,Anli-Dhrinj, ibiJ.
20 Iacan, Scminairc R. S. I, 0rnicur? 3 ( I 75) . ! 05. EngIish IransIaIion.
Scminar oI 2 ! January ! 75, FcminincScxuuliq.1ucqucsLu.ununJlhcolc
cuJicnnc, cd. JuIicI MiIchcII andJacqucIinc Rosc, Irans. Jacquclinc Rosc
(NcwYork. W. W. NorIon, ! 83) , ! 64.
2 ! IiIIrc indicaIcs IhaIsphinxa I onc Iimc was a Icmininc noun in Frcnch, in
conIormiIywiIh Grcck, whcrc Ihc sphinxis Icmininc. This iswhaI sccmsIo
bc impIicdinIhcuscoIsphinjc.
22 n Frcnch. Dijnorcrlcrcslclc]uil, lui, rcslcr.
23 In Frcnch.Dijnorcrlc miroirlcmcl, lui,cnmirroirJumonJc.
24 Thc Frcnch hcrc, CcquicslJu loulcxijclu posilion Jcl uulrc, quincslpus Ju
loul, is quiIc ambiguous in thaI n cslpus Ju loulcan bc undcrsIood boIh as
whichisnoIoIIhcwhoIcorwhichdocsnoInoIbcIongIoIhcwhoIcand
whichisnoIaIaII.
25 Thc Frcnch, cnc]clJcborJsurcllcmcmc, coudaIso bc IransIaIcd as wiIh
an cIIccI oI bcing iIs own bordcr or Io Ihc cIIccI oIconsIiIuIing iIs own
bordcr.
26 Iacan, R. S. I. , anncc I 74-75 , 0mi.ur?3 ( ! 75) . 7-8 ( Scminaircdu ! 4
anvicr ! 75 ) .
27 In Frcnch. Cc Jonl unc coupurc hisloriquc]uil rcnconlrc. This i sonc insIancc
whcrc coupurc, asidc Irom cuI (as in Iacans IopoIogics) , could aIso bc
IransIaIcdas brcak (as ina BachcIardian cpisIcmoogicaIbrcak ) .
28 Thc Frcnch hcrc, cc quiscvunouilcn rccl, couId aIso bcIransIaIcd as IhaI
which vanishcsin Ihc rcaIorIhaIwhichrcaIyvanishcs .
2 On AugusI ! 0, ! 66, MaoaddrcsscsIhccrowd in a sIaIcmcnI on mccIing
Ihc masscs Conccrn yourscII wiIh aIIairs oI Ihc sIaIc, his dirccIivc is
rcporIcd Io havc bccn, somcIimcsIransIaIcdas You shouId pay aIIcnIion
Io sIaIcaIIairsand carry Ihc GrcaIProIcIarian CuIIuraI RcvoIuIionIhrough
Io Ihc cnd Scc irccIivcs Rcgarding CuIIuraI RcvoIuIion, SclcclcJ works,
voI. .
b9
LNN1Lb N LlLLNLLb
30 In Ihc originaI Frcnch, as Badiou conhrmcd in pcrsonaI corrcspondcncc
withIhc Iranslator, LupcrlcclpcrJucconIainsa IypoIorLupcrlccslpcrJuc.
3 ! This quoIc is Irom Ihc Iamous circular oI SixIccn PoinIs IhaI markcd Ihc
onscI oI Ihc GrcaI ProIcIarian CuIIuraI RcvoIuIion. In English, scc Thc
ParIy ccision, 7hc Chincsc Cullurul Rcvolulion, poinI (IiIIcd CuIIuraI
RcvoIuIionary roups, CommiIIccs, and Congrcsscs ) .
|d| V. bu0jC||d|00 d00 bu0jC| ||0CSS
Iacan, R. S. I., anncc 74-75 , 0mi.ur?4 ( ! 75) 7-8 ( Scminairc du ! l
Icvricr ! 75 ) .
2 biJ.
3 In Frcnch. J'uimc'iJccJupurlipoli/iquc,.ommconuimccc qui.onsislccnsu)cl,
Juvoirclc, pur.c quunc]oispcrJu, lcJirijcunlc vcnirJcsu rcsililulion.
4 This hcading is a quoIc Irom SainI-John Pcrscs pocm \cnls (Paris.
FIammarion, I 68) , sccond song. In Frcnch. 'Sc halcrl Sc halcrl Purolc Jc
vivunll'
For IurIhcr inIormaIion abouI Ihis Iamous quoIaIionaIIribuIcdIoMao, scc
IhcTransIaIors cndnoIc 44IoParI III abovc.
6 ThisismosIIikcIyarcIcrcnccIoIcnins! 20pamphcI,Lc- winjCommunism.
Anln]unlilcDisorJcr, invoI. 3 ! oIhisCollcclcJworks. ThcIundamcnIaI lawoI
rcvoIuIion, whichhasbccn conhrmcdbyaII rcvoIuIionsandcspcciaIlybyaIl
IhrccRussianrcvoIuIionsinIhc IwcnIicIh ccnIury, is asIoIIows.Iora rcvo-
IuIionIoIakcpIacciIisnoIcnoughIorIhccxpIoiIcdandopprcsscdmasscsIo
rcaIisc Ihc impossibiIiIyoIIivinginIhc oIdway, and dcmand changcs; Iora
rcvoIuIionIoIakcpIacciIis csscnIiaI IhaIIhccxpIoiIcrs shouIdnoIbcabIcIo
IivcandrIcinIhc old way. It isonIywhcnIhc IowcrcIasscsdonoIwanI
IoIivcinIhcoIdwayandIhc uppcr cIasscscannoI carryoninIhcoId way
IhaIIhcrcvoluIioncan Iriumph ( 7! ) .
7 This quoIaIion ( 7iunxiu Ju luun, Ju Juo liunxiu Ju zhi), in which Mao oncc
again rcIics on Ihc cIassicaI Chincsc noIions oI aII-undcr-hcavcn ( liunxiu)
and disordcr (luun) buIIhisIimcIo achicvc grcaI ordcr undcr hcavcn, is
mosIIamousIyIoundinaIcIIcrIohiswiIcJiangingIromJuly8, I 66. An
EngIishIransIaIion oIIhisIcIIcrappcarcd as MaoTsc-IungsPrivaIcIcIIcr
Io Chiang Chng, lssucs unJSluJics .4 (Junc ! 73) . 4-6. UnIorIunaIcIy,
inIhisIransIaIion, IhcsayinginqucsIionisgIosscdovcrandcombincdwiIh
Ihc IoIIowing scnIcncc inIo hc siIuaIion changcs Irom a grcaI uphcavaI
U a grcaI pcacc oncc cvcryscvcn or cighIycars (4) . II is noIancxisIing
provcrb, as Badiou suggcsIs, so much as an originaI crcaIion bascd on an
ancicnI cxprcssion which Maos IIair Ior quoIabIc onc-lincrs, noI unIikc
Badious own IasIc Ior such gnomi IormuIaIions, Iurncd inIo a popular
quasiaphorisIicscnIcncc.
bb
JHLY 1HL bUbdLLJ
8 ln Frcnch, Ihc cxprcssion nonlicu has Ihc uridicaI scnsc oI no ground Ior
IriaI. In Ihc prcscnI conIcxI, asidc Irom cvoking Ihc IopoIogy oI pIacc and
ouIpIacc, noI Io mcnIion Ihc cIymoIogy oI Ihc Grcck ulo]iu as nonplacc,
Ihc IcrmcouIdaIsobc IransIaIcdas noncvcnI.
In Frcnch, 'lu ']cmmc cvokcs a quasi-archcIypaI undcrsIanding oI Woman
or univcrsaI womanhood, which is prcciscIy whaI is puI undcr crasurc or
barrcd in Lacans Iormulas oI scxuaIion. 'lu ']cmmc, cn c]]cl, incxislc uuloul.
cspiIcIhcawkwardncssoIIhc IransIaIion, I havc rcndcrcd Ihisin English
as ' Ihc woman. In Ihc ncxI scnIcncc, a paraphrasc oI HcgcIs Iamous
rcading oIAnIigonc in Ihc Phcnomcnolojy o] S]iril, I usc 'Woman wiIh a
Iargc capiIaIIo IransIaIc lu]cmmc.
! 0 SccThomasJcch, Scl7hcoi (NcwYork. AcadcmicPrcss, ! 78) , 3 3 I .
! ! PauI J. Cohcn,Scl7hcojunJlhcConlinuumHy]olhcsis(NcwYork-AmsIcrdam.
W. A. Bcnamin, I 66), ! ! 2.
2 biJ.
I 3 IbiJ., I 5 I (l havc modihcdIhc EngIishinaccordancc wiIh Ihc changcsIhaI
Badiou inIroduccd in his Frcnch IransIaIionalI changcs mcanI Io makc
IhcIcxImorcacccssiblc) .
! 4 I nIhcsc hnaI Iincs, Badiou i squoIing Irom MaIIarmcs Uncoup dc dcs.
'Junsccs ]urujcs /Juvujuc/cnquoiloulc rculilcscJissoul' aIIIhcwayIo Ihc
imagcoIIhc lunccurordiccIhrowcr.
b0
|d|I V.10|CS 0 L|CS
JuIicnGracq, Icllrincs (Paris. JoscCorIi, ! 67), 67-70.
2 Scc Mao, 'TaIk aI Ihc FirsI PIcnum oI Ihc NinIh CcnIraI CommiIIcc oI Ihc
Chincsc CommunisIParIy (ApriI 28, !6) SclcclcJ works, vol., avaiIabIc
onincaIhIIp. //www.marxisIsorg.
3 Mao as rcporIcd in 'Thc GrcaI CuIIuraI RcvoIuIion WiII Shinc For Evcr,
Pckinj Rcvicw ! (May2 ! , ! 76) . 6-! 0.
4 In Frcnch, Ihc ncoIogism Jcscns, which cvokcs 'un-scnsc or dis-scnsc, is
homonymouswiIhJcccncc, 'dcccncy.AnoIhcr, morccumbcrsomc, IransIa-
IionIo kccpIhcncoIogismcouIdbc 'dis-scnsc-y.
5 InFrcnch, inJc-scns, a homonym IorinJcccncc, indcccncy, IurIhcr cxIcnds
Ihc ncoIogisIic pun on IhaI which runs counIcr Io common scnsc and
dcccncy.
6 SIcphcn Cranc, 7hc RcJ uJjc o]Courujc, cd. ScuIlcy BradIcy, Richmond
CroomBcaIIy, E. HudsonLong, rcviscdbyonaIdPizcr (NcwYork. W. W.
NorIon, I 76), I 0.
7 On Ihc Iuscd group and Ihc pIcdgcd group, scc Jcan-Paul SarIrc, Criliquc
o]DiulccliculRcuson, Irans. AIan Shcridan-SmiIh, Iorcword FrcdricJamcson
(NcwYork-London. Vcrso, 2004), 343-04and433-.
LNUN1Lb NU LLLNLLb
8 EccIcsiasIcs ! . 7.
SccBIaisc PascaI, Pcnsccs, cd. andIrans. RogcrAricw (IndianapoIis.HackcII,
2005) , 273 ( S74/LI ) .
InIhcFrcnchoriginal,IhcIasIIincsoI IhisscnIcnccarcmissing.I npcrsonaI
corrcspondcncc wiIh Ihc IransIaIor, Badiou proposcs Io makc upIor Ihis
gap as IoIIows. cl non cuusc illusoirc Jc lcur Jclcrminulion. I 'imujinuirc vicnl
uinsiconsoliJcrlcrcclclnoninslullcrlcscmblunl.
! I ThisisIromIhcIasIsIanza oIMaIIarmcs ToasIIunbrc ( FuncrcaIToasI ) .
InFrcnch, Ihclincsrcad.
CcsIdcnosvraisbouqucIsdcIouIIcscour
O Icpoccpura pourgcsIchumbIccIlargc
cIinIcrdirc au rvc, cnncmidcsa chargc.
! 2 A. Y. Vyshinsky, ProcuraIor oI Ihc USSRSIaIcProsccuIor, in Rc]orlo]lhc
CourlProcccJinjsinlhcCusco]lhcAnliSovicl'loco] RijhlsunJ7rolskyilcs 'hcurJ
bc]orclhcMililuiCollcjiumo] lhcSu]rcmcCourlo]lhc|SSR ( Moscow.PcopIcs
CommissariaIoIJusIiccoIIhcUSSR, ! 38) , 67. SubscqucnIpagcnumbcrs
inIhcbodyoIIhcIcxIrcIcrIo IhissamccdiIion.
! 3 ThcFrcnch hcrc, ]urli, has boIh a sIricIIy poIiIicaI mcaning (parIy) anda
morc gcncraI scnsc ( dccision, 'sIancc, posiIion, 'sIandpoinI ) . Thc scn-
IcnccIhus IaIks abouI Ihc risk oIIaking Ihcwrongdccision as much as oI
choosingIhcwrongparIy.
!4 SIaIin, Lcninism, ! 7 I .
! 5 Scc'ThcParIyccision, in 7hc ChincscCullurulRcvolulion, ! 76-7.
! 6 Scc Wang Hongwcn, 'RcporI on Ihc Rcvision oI Ihc ParIy ConsIiIuIion
(cIivcrcdaIIhcTcnIhNaIionaICongrcssoIIhcCommunisIParIyoIChina
onAugusI24andAdopIcdon AugusI 28, ! 73, 7hc7cnlhNulionulConjrcss
o]lhcCommunislPurqo]Chinu (Documcnls) (Bciing.ForcignLanguagcsPrcss,
! 73) , 48.
! 7 Scc Franois uc dcLaRochcIoucauId, Muxims, Irans. Lconard Tancock
(NcwYork. Pcnguin, ! 5) , 23 (maxim26) .
I 8 OnchasrcasonIorcvoII againsIIhcrcacIionarics'or 'IIisusIihcdIorcbcl
againsI Ihc rcacIionarics is a phrasc coincd in a spccch by Mao, madc in
! 3Io ccIcbraIc SIaIins 60Ih birIhday. Thcrcarc innumcrabIcprinciplcs
oI Marxism, buI in Ihc IasI anaIysis Ihcy can aII bc summcd up in onc
scnIcncc. To rcbcI is usIicd. For Ihousands oI ycars cvcryonc said.
Opprcssion is usIihcd, cxpIoiIaIion is usIihcd, rcbcIIion is noI usIihcd.
FromIhcIimcwhcnMarxismappcarcdonIhcsccnc,IhisoIdudgmcnIwas
Iurncd upsidc down, and Ihis isa grcaIconIribuIion, in SIuarI R. Schram,
7hcPolilicul7houjhlo] Muoc-7unj (NcwYork. Pracgcr, ! 6), 427-8. For
a dcIaiIcd anaIysis oI Ihc diIIcrcnI mcanings oI Ihis phrasc, scc ChapIcr !
Irom Badious 7hcoric Jc lu conlruJiclion (Paris. Franois Maspcro, ! 75) ,
b
1HLY l 1HL bUbdLL1
IransIaIcdas 'AnIsscnIiaI PhiIosophicaIThcsis. " isRighI Io RcbcI agains
Ihc RcacIionarics, Irans. AIbcrIoToscano,]osilions.cuslusiucullurcscriliquc
! 3 (2005) . 66-77.
Scc Forq-0nc RcJ Hcurls urc wilh Chuirmun Muo Forcvcr (Bciing. Forcign
Ianguagcs Prcss, l 6) , ! 8-! .
20 SamucIBcckcII, Howi l s (NcwYork. Grovc Prcss, l 88 , ! 24.
2 ! Scc 0nlhc ucsliono]AjricullurulCoo]crulion (JuIy 3 l , ! 55) , in uolulion
s
]omMuo7sc 7unj (Bciing. Forcign LangagcsPrcss, ! 72) , 3 (Irans. modi-
hcdIo rcndcrBadious insisIcnccon 'conhdcncc ) .
22 ThisquoIci sIrom Ihc cndoIRimbauds AScasoni nHcI, Com]lclc orks,
2 ! 3 (Irans. modihcd) .
1M6Od| C K6Q6|0| |6
TIs rcpcrIOrc is ObviOusIy incOmpIcIc and, !urIIcrmOrc, iI cOnIains
scvcraIbiarrc cnIrics.
!I dcaIs OnIy IaIcraIIy vII vIaI is csscnIaI. TIus, IIc vOrd 'MaOism
is nOIprOnOunccd in iIandIIccOnccpIsOIIcsubccIarc aImOsI abscnI
rOmI. !IarrangcsOra cvscrvicccn/ranccs.
ARTAN L!TERATRE
ArI andIhc crowd. 65-8.
PocIry asIhcannulmcnoIcxchangc. 73.
ExpIanaIionoIIhc sonncI AI anucaccabIanIcIu. 74-83.
SIyIcasphiIosophicaIrcquircmcnI. 75.
ThcaIrc, oIsupcriorcsscncc. 84-7; opcraIoroISophocIcism. ! 6!-2.
BricIcxpIanaIionoIADicc7hrow. . . . 2-4.
ThclorccdIuncIion oIpcroraIions. 5-7.
Explanation oI Ihc sonncI 'ScspursongIcs Ircshau ('HcrnaiIs on high . . ) .
! 00-! 0.
PocIry as IopoIogy oIIanguagc. ! 5, 303.
ExpIanaIionoIIhc cndingoIAcschyIusEumcniJcs. 64-5.
IIhicaImcaningoIIhc novcIoIIormaIion. 333.
Thc sccondacIoI Wagncrs 7rislun. 3 ! 8, 333.
Scc aIso. S. BcckcII, J. Conrad, S. Cranc, J. Gracq, LaRochcIoucaud, PascaI,
Rimbaud, SophocIcs, Acschyus.
bV
JHLY l JHL bUbdLLJ
!. H!STOR!A!!RMSTANES
a. 1hcE]cc/ivc |nivcrsals
Junc ! 848. ! 72, 204, 283,anxicIy. 22.
Thc Paris Communc. xI, 20, incxhausIibIc anaIyscr. xli; iIs doubIc asscssmcnI.
45-6, Ihc pcopIcanddcsIrucIion. I 72-3, wcdgingoIa doubIcmodcoIbcing.
230I , anIicipaIionandrcIroacIion.2 5 I .
OcIobcr ! ! 7. 20, as asscssmcnI oI Ihc Communc 47-, Ihc insurrccIion as
vioIaIion oIpoIiIics. ! 70, aspcriodizaIionoIMarxism.204.
Thc CuIIuraI RcvoIuIion. 42, idcnIiIy oI posiIion wiIh Ihc Communc. 47,
MaIIarmcan arIisIic IuncIion. 67, as signihcr oI cxccpIion. 88, hrsI commu-
nisIrcvoIuIion. ! 85, Iorcing Ihc cmpIyplacc oILcninism. 205, rcpcaIingIhc
Communc so as Io makc iI inIo Ihc rcaI. 23 I , iIs dogmaIic diagonaI. 3 ! 4-! 5,
and cIhics. 3 I 5-! 6, andIhc supcrcgo. 325-6.
b. Na/ionalDa/a
Thc RcvoluIion oI ! 78-3. 38, naIurc oI iIs maIcriaIism. ! 85, Ihc Tcrror.
23-4.
WorIdWar lxI.
WorIdWarII.xI.
RcsisIancc. xI.
CoIoniaIwars. xI 260.
May-Junc ! 68. xI ! I , 22, obccIivc and subccIivc. 4!-2, IhcgrcaI sixIics.
302, movcmcnI, orsubccI( ) . 322.
c. Sca//crcdRc]crcnccs
PcasanIwarsin Gcrmany. 28.
Thc Third !nIcrnaIionaI. 20, ! 26, as domain oIIhc possiblc. 204, mascuIinc.
262.
Thc PorIugucscRcvoIuIionoI ! 74-5. 7 ! .
CounciI oINicca. ! 5.
Rcnaissancc. 38.
0
d. 0/hcrs
JHLMJlL LPLJlL
AporiasoIIhcCrcaIion.4-5.
Thcory oI!ncarnaIion. I 5-! 6.
LogicoIhcrcsics. ! 6-! 7.
!. GOd
ThcaIrcs csscnIiaI caIhoIiciIy. 84-5.
SainIPauIandIhcsccondIoundaIionoIChrisIianiIy. 25.
ThcsIakcsIorIhchrsImaIcriaIism. ! 86.
ThcChrisIanTwo. ! 0-! .
I nIhc imaginarydiagonaIcouragc-supcrcgo. 28.
IsIamic. 300.
ThaIHcincxisIsinIhcworIdandcxcccdsIhcTcxI. 30! .
SccaIso.MaIcbranchc, PascaI SainIPauI
!V !OG! AN MATHEMAT!S
a. MoJus 0]cranJi. IhcIransmission oI maIhcmaIics. 3-40, oIIhcir diaIccIicaI
usagc. ! 48-,scicnccoIIhc rcaI. ! 54, inIhcrazorbIadcoIIhc MarxisIbarbcr.
2 ! 0, quickgIanccaIIhcgoIdcn agcs. 2 ! 6.
b. Lojic anJ Scl 7hcoi. cxIraordinary scIs and Ihc axiom oI rcguIariIy ( or oI
IoundaIion) . 0-! , CanIors Ihcorcm. 2 ! 5-! 7, quanIihcrs. 272, ariIhmcIics
oI cardinaIs. 2667, Ihc conIinuum hypoIhcsis. 266, conssIcncy oI Ihc con-
Iinuum hypoIhcsis wiIh consIrucIibIc scIs. 267-70, RowboIIoms Ihcorcm,
argccardinaIs. 26-7! .
c. Aljcbra anJNumbcr7hcoi. 2 ! -20, Iorsion groups. !4-54, Ihc cxIcnsion o
Ihc counIabIc ordcnumcrabIc. 202-5, dcniIionoIaIgcbra. 2 ! 0,dchniIionoI
bcIonging. 2 ! ! , axiomsoIPcano. 226.
J. 7o]olojy. 2 ! -20, Mbius sIrip. 35, gIoba and IocaI. ! 20-! , dcniIion oI
IopoIogy. 2! 0-! ! , commcnIary on Ihc axioms oI ncighbourhoods. 22 !-3,
BorromcanknoI. 226-8.
V. TRA!T!ONAL!H!LOSO!HY
AncicnIaIomism. 53-6 I .
CIassihcaIionoIphiIosophics. ! ! 6-2 ! .
HisIoryoImaIcriaIisms. ! 87-.
SIrucIuraIIraccIoryoI idcaIisms. ! 02.
An oIdIhcmc. 234-6.
CIassicaI Ihcorics oIIhc subccI. 278-80.
01
JHLY JHL bUbdLLJ
Ethicaldiscourscs. 32 !-.
Sccalso.ArisIoIlc, cscarIcs, Hcidcggcr,PlaIo,KanI
V!. !SYCHOANALYS!S STR!CTO SENS
Amcricanpsychoanalysis. 30, I 44, ! 8.
]
colcIrcudicnncdcParis. 40-! .
Thc transmissionoI psychoanalysis. 40.
!tsshipwrcckIorIhc bcnchIoIcIhics. ! 36.
ThcpsychoanalyIical curcandpoliIicalrc-cducaIion. ! 42-4.
InaninconsisIcnIIoIaliIywiIhMarxism. 280.
ocsnoIargucIrom acascoIhcaling. 30
Sccalso.Frcud
V!!. !O!!T!CA!THEORY
a. Poli/icsandHis/oj
HisIory. iI docs noI cxist. 2; who arc iIs acIors?. ! 80-I ; Ihc Iour IundamcnIaI
contradicIionsoIIhcconIcmporaryworld. 2 I 7.
PoliIics. as sIrucIurc oI hcIion. 85-6, in rcIrcaI. 85-6; lamp-bcaring. ! 08; iIcra-
Iivc andbrcak-upoIIhc Onc. ! I 4-! 5; ininIcrnalcxclusionIo iIsob ccI. ! 30,
Is cI -IacI oI noI bcing. ! 34, opposcd Io Iradc unionism. I 4! ; cquivociIy oI
thc conccpI oI rclaIion oIIorcc. ! 70; Irom Ihc Onc Io Ihc Onc Onc. 2 ! 3-!4;
wiIhouI propcr namc. 2 ! ; Ihc poinI oI vicw oI class on Ihc SIatc in Ihc
masscs. 22; Ihc incxistcnI propcr Io thc SIaIc. 262, inc and organizaIion.
286, andcthics. 30-! 6; Io IailandIo givcin. 322.
b. 1hcFourFundamcn/alConccj/so]Marxism
lasssIrugglc, conIradictionbourgcoisic/prolcIariaI. sIructurc. 7, sIrugglc7 con
IradicIion. 24; schcma. 43; sccnby Mallarmc. 8-!00; Ihc rclaIion oI classas
impossiblc. ! 26-7;classpoinIoIvicwandIruIh. ! 73,oncoIIhcIourconccpIs.
282-4.
cvoluIion.IalscIimcIoconcludc.6; propcrnamcoIIhcimpossiblcoIMarxism.
! 28;oIhcroIthcOIhcr. ! 56;anxicIyandcouragc. ! 72;7 communism.205-6;
algcbraic. 22;IhcclassscizcsIhc mass. 246, inIcrrupIion.256-7.
ctaIorshipoIIhc prolctariaI. rcciprocatablcwiIhcommunism. 88; onc oIIhc
IourconccpIs.282-4.
0Z
JHLMJlL LFLJl L
Communism.78, 6,asannulmcnIoIIhcSIaIc. 88-2; Iallacious haltingpoinI.
! 08; dcniIion. ! 34, usticc. ! 5; concrcIc. ! 84, and Ihc dicIaIorship oI Ihc
prolcIariaI. ! 88, rcvoluIion. 205-6; topological. 235, Ihc rcvoluIion is iIs
absIract momcnI. 244; onc oI Ihc Iour conccpIs. 282-4; uIopian. 28; is noI
lcgislaIablccxccptdiagonally. 300.
c MassandClass
Masscs, mass movcmcnI. clinamcn. 58-; vanishing tcrm oI hisIory. 63-4; iI is
righI to rcbcl. ! 06, 234; namc oI Ihc rcal. ! 36; is noI implicd buI Iorccd. 273;
conhdcnccinIhcmasscs. 330.
orking class. proccdurc oIiIs scission. ; iI makcs a nodal poinI oI Ihc Iwo
dchniIions oIcapiIalism. 26; associalclassandas poliIical class. ! 88; its Ihrcc
lcvcls oIconsistcncy. 236-8; sponIancousIaIalism. 328.
ProlcIariaI. Iorsion. ! 2-30, what a rcvoluIion prcscnIs IoanoIhcr rcvolution.
I 34,namcoIIhcIruthasnoI-all. ! 73; makcsIhcworkingclassdisappcar.2 38;
whcrcis iI?.280-4; poliIicaIcxisIcncc,cIhicalcxistcncc. 3 30-I .
d. 1hcNcwourcoisic
Modcrn rcvisionism, PF. dctcrmincs Ihc class. ; Iwo bourgcoisics, Iwo rcvo
luIions. 82-3; supcrhcial critiquc oI ! 68. ! 6-7; sIaIisI knoI oI Ihc parIy.
22-30; USS. 74, 83, iI cxists. 83; dcmonsIraIing Ihc conIradicIion IcninisI
party/communism. 206; itsnovclIy. 246, Sino-SovicI spliI. 225.
Gulag, totaliIarianism. IoIalitarianism docs not cxist. ! 2, Ialscncss oI Ihc
thcsis 'A camp is a camp. ! 42; Ihc politics oITcrror. 23-4; Moscow Irials.
3 ! 2-! 5.
Socialism. iI docsnoI cxisI. 7-8, immobilcmovcr. 235.
Thc SIaIc. rcvcrsal oI Ihc sIaIist lack. 82; and rcvolI. ! 06; i I ncvcr provcs Ihc
cxisIcnccoIIhcprolcIariat. ! 34, supcrcgo. ! 46, ! 5; andIhc indivisionoIIhc
law. ! 84; obccIoILcninism.205-6;ina Borromcan knoIwiIhIhcmasscsand
Ihc classcs. 228-30, ncvcr a guaranIcc oIcommunism. 235.
c Con)unc/urc
ImpcrialisI socicIy. 7, ! 4! , 262-3.
MulIinaIional pcoplc. xl; thcimmigranI prolcIarian as cmpty placc (cqualiIyoI
righIs) andcxccss ( inIcrnaIionalprolctariaIoIFrancc) . 262-4.
Tradcunionism, unionisIworldvicw. , 26-7;absIracIclcmcnIoIIhcsubccIivc.
237, makcsconsisIcncyouI oIthc capiIalisIcausc. 238, and Ihc nation-SIaIc.
266-70.
0
JHLY 1HL bUbdLL1
YouIh.acIivcnihiIism. 32.
Thc inIcIIcctuaIs. xI, grcaIcr during Ihc StaIin cra. 302; andIhc cIhicaI dcbaIc
acr I 76. 32! -2.
] 1hcSub)ccl, /hcParq
Onc docs noI lovc onc anothcr in Ihcm. 40, Lcninism Ior thc univcrsiIy. 46;
rcIaIion Io thc masscs. ! , subccIivc poinI oI poIitics. ! ! 5; as communisI.
I 82-3, as schcmatism. ! !-2; asympIotic. ! 8; in Ihc contradicIion rcvoIu-
Iion/communism. 205; as Onc Onc. 2 ! 3, Iying IogcIhcrIhc knoI. 22; Ihird
IcvcIoIconsisIcncy.237-8,supporIsthcIourdiscourscsinIhcLacanianscnsc.
246-7,bodyoIpoIitics. 20; cthicaImcaningoIIhcparIisanmindscI. 3 ! 2-I 6,
conhdcnccinIhc parIy. 330 .
09
O06X 0 ||0Q6| NdO6S
rcca IIaI abscnI rOm IIc cnmcraIiOn bcOv arc. Engcs, Hcgc,
Hcrin, Lacan, Lcnin,MaIIarmc, MaOcOng, Marx.
WIcn iI is a qcsIiOn O a simpc mcnIiOn by vay O iIsIraIOn, IIc
pagcnmbcrisiIacizc.
cscIys, I 56, I 58, ! 6 I-3,
I 66-8, 3 !
ain ! 8 I
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