The University of Lahore

Department of Electrical Engineering

Course Title: DC and AC Machines Credit Hours: 4 Course Instructor: Nazim Siddique
Semester: fall - 2011

Course Objectives:
This course has been designed to teach the students the fundamentals of DC and AC Machines with special emphasis on practical understanding and simulation on Matlab (Simulink).In this course the students would be studying an introduction of electromechanical energy conversion system, to introduce the students with the fundamental concepts, various types of electrical machines, the machinery principles, construction, working principle and operation of DC motor and generator, single phase machines, synchronous generator and motor, induction motor and transformer along with the basic experimental skills for handling problems associated with these electrical machines. Learning Outcomes: After completing the course with a grade of C (2.0/4.0) or better, the student should be able to do the following: Be familiar with machinery principles. Be able to understand the production of magnetic field, properties of ferromagnetic materials, effect of magnetic field to its surroundings and magnetic circuit. Be able to explore a linear machine model for good starting point in the study of real machines. Be able to differentiate the real, reactive and apparent power in ac circuits. Be able to understand the construction and working of DC machines. Be able to explore the commutation problems in DC machine and their solutions. Be able to draw the development diagram of lap and wave winding. Be able to model the equivalent circuit of a real DC motor. Be able to explore the power and torque limits as a function of speed for a shunt motor under armature voltage and field resistance control. Be able to explore the terminal characteristic of DC generators. Be able to understand the construction and operation of the transformer. Be able to model the equivalent circuit of a real transformer. Be able to differentiate the voltage regulation at unity, lagging and leading power factor. Be able to explore the terms and condition for parallel operation of transformers. Be able to understand condition for maximum efficiency in a transformer.

 Be able to proof the concept of rotating magnetic field and its reversing by swapping
any two phases. Be able to understand the construction, operation and modeling of synchronous machine. Be able to explore harmonic problem in synchronous machines and their suppression techniques. Be able to view the effects of load changes on synchronous generator alone. Be familiar with the condition required for parallel operation of synchronous generators. Be able to explore the frequency-power and voltage-reactive power characteristic of a synchronous generator. Be able to understand the steady-state operation of a synchronous motor. Be able to understand the starting problem of synchronous motor and their solution Be able to differentiate the equivalent model of the transformer and induction motor. Be able to explore the torque-speed characteristic of an induction motor. Be able to model the equivalent circuit of a real induction motor. Be able to understand the concept of double-revolving-field theory and cross-field theory for single phase induction motor. Be able to understand the staring techniques of single-phase induction motors.

Course Pre-Requisite
Network Analysis

Recommended Text Books:

Electric Machinery Fundamentals (4th Edition) By: Stephen J.Chapman.

Reference Text:
1) Electric Machines Theory,Operation,Application,adjustment and Control
(2nd Edition) By: Charles I. Hubert

2) Electric Machines
By: Smarajit Ghosh

Lecture Wise Topic Assignment

Lec no. 1 Topic Sub Topics Course introduction Reading Assign.

Lec no.

Topic

Sub Topics Electrical machines, Transformers and daily life, units and notation, rotational motion, Newtons law and power relationship, angular position, angular velocity, acceleration ,torque ,Newtons Law of rotation, work and power. Production of magnetic field and magnetic circuits. Magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic material, energy losses in a ferromagnetic material, faradays law, production of force on a current carrying wire in magnetic field and induced voltage on a conductor moving in a magnetic field. Starting a linear DC machine, the linear machine as a motor, and as a generator. Voltage and torque induced in a simple rotating loop, Commutation in a simple four-loop DC machine, problems with commutation in real machine (armature reaction and L di/dt voltage) and their solution techniques. Lap and wave winding, pole, front, back, commutatore and resultant pitch. Progressive and retrogressive winding. Power flow and losses in DC machines Equivalent circuit and magnetization curve of a DC motor, separately excited DC shunt motors, terminal characteristic and nonlinear analysis of a shunt DC motor, speed control of shunt DC motors The separately excited DC generator and its terminal characteristic. The DC shunt generator and its voltage buildup process. Terminal characteristic of DC series and compound generator Real, reactive and apparent power in single phase/three phase AC circuit and the power

Reading

Assign.

Introduction

Ch 1 (SJC)

Magnetic field

Ch 1 (SJC)

Magnetic field

Ch 1 (SJC)

The linear DC machines

Ch 1 (SJC)

Ass.No.1

DC machinery fundamentals

Ch 8 (SJC)

DC machinery fundamentals (continuous)

Ch 8 (SJC)

DC motors

Ch 9 (SJC)

DC generators

Ch 9 (SJC)

Quiz no.1

10

AC power and circuits power

Ch 1 (SJC)

Lec no. 11

Topic factor A simple loop in a uniform magnetic field The rotating magnetic field. Flux distribution , induce voltage / torque in an AC machine and power flow diagram Synchronous generator construction and its equivalent circuit The effect of coil pitch on ac machine Measurement of model parameters ,power and torque in synchronous generator,

Sub Topics triangle. The voltage induce in a simple rotating loop, the torque induce in a current carrying loop. Proof of rotating magnetic field, reversing the direction of magnetic field of rotation and the relationship between the electrical frequency and speed of magnetic field rotation. The induce voltage in a coil on a two pole stator, the RMS voltage in three phase stator .Voltage regulation and speed regulation. Armature winding, field winding, salient pole and non salient pole rotor, brushless exciting circuit, speed of rotation of a synchronous generator, armature reaction, synchronous reactance ,stator resistance Pitch of a coil, full pitch coil, fractional pitch coil, voltage induce in fractional pitch winding, distributed winding, coil span factor and distribution factor Open circuit test, short circuit test, power flow diagram of synchronous generator, losses in synchronous generator, condition for maximum power transformation.

Reading

Assign.

Ch 4 (SJC)

12

Ch 4 (SJC)

13

Ch 4 (SJC)

14

Ch 5 (SJC)

15

Appendix B

16

Ch 5 (SJC)

17

The effects of load change on a synchronous generator operating alone, Operation of single condition required for parallel operation, generation and frequency-power and voltage-reactive parallel operation power characteristic, operation of of synchronous generators in parallel with large power generators system and with other generators of same size. Steady-state synchronous motor operation Starting of Torque speed characteristic, effect of load change and field change on a synchronous generator. Motor staring by reduced electrical

Ch 5 (SJC)

Mid term

18 19

Ch 6 (SJC)

Lec no.

Topic synchronous motor

Sub Topics frequency, with an external prim mover, by using damping winding.

Reading Ch 6 (SJC)

Assign.

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

Stator winding, cage rotor, wound rotor, development of torque, slip, electrical frequency on the rotor, transformer model of an induction motor and rotor circuit model. Power and torque Losses and power-flow diagram, power characteristic and torque equations, derivation of induced-torque equation, torque-speed characteristic, starting and pullout torque. Variation in torque-speed Control of characteristic by cage rotor characteristic and design, no load test, the DC test for stator determination of resistance and locked rotor test. circuit model parameters Importance of transformer in modern life, Transformer, its shell type, core type, unit transformer, construction and distribution transformer, substation types. transformer. Power in ideal transformer Ideal transformer. and impedance transformation through a transformer. Theory and Dot convention, voltage and current ratio, operation of real transformer at no load and transformer at transformer load. EMF equation. Of a transformer. Exact Equivalent circuit equivalent, approximate equivalent circuit of transformer and determination of components values in transformer model. Phasor diagram of transformer at resistive load, inductive load, capacitive load and its Voltage regulation efficiency. Condition for maximum and efficiency, efficiency. Voltage and current Auto transformer. relationship, power rating advantage, internal impedance in auto transformer. Induction motor construction and its equivalent circuit Three phase transformers, parallel operation of transformers. Transformer Three phase transformer - , - Y, Y- , Y- Y connection. Condition for parallel operation. The voltage and frequency rating of a

Ch 7 (SJC)

Ch 7 (SJC)

Ch 7 (SJC)

Ass.No.2

Ch 2 (SJC)

Ch 2 (SJC)

Ch 2 (SJC)

Quiz no.2

Ch 2 (SJC)

27

Ch 2 (SJC)

28

Ch 2 (SJC)

Lec no.

Topic ratting related problem and instrument transformers.

Sub Topics transformer, Apparent power ratting, problem of current inrush, current transformer and potential transformer

Reading

Assign.

29

Single phase and special purpose motors. Starting singlephase I.M

Working and application of universal motor, double-revolving field and cross Ch 10 (SJC) field theory of single-phase induction motor. Split-phase and Capacitor-type winding, shaded stator poles and stepper motor Ch 10 (SJC) Final Exam

30

Grading Policy:
Labs Assignments Quizzes Mid-Term Final

20 % 10 % 10 % 20 % 40 %

Attendance Policy:
All students must have minimum of 75% attendance to be eligible to appear in the final exam.