Homework - I Course Code: CAP558 Course Title: Data Communication and Networks Submitted by:Md anzar aftab Submitted

to:Anuragini roll no:-B60 Sect:-d1206 Reg-no:-11206809

Q1: What are the fundamental characteristics on which the effectiveness of data communication depends on?

Answer:-The effectiveness of data communication depends on

various scenarios. Such as, real and accuracy in delivery, data must be correct, timely delivered, and did not varied in means of before or after time. The data must be received at real time i.e. neither late nor before. It means it should be the responsibility of network to deliver our data within real and defined locations. it should be check that whether our data reaching a defined location or not. Also data must have to reliable and readable in various platforms, such that the receiver can understand the purpose of the data sent by. As we know that data that we sent are received in packets by our computer network on any kind of communicated receiver. The matter is that it should be delivered in equal time and quality. For example assume that I wear send a video to a defined location.

After that its audio reached before the video then the receiver will have to face some difficulties in i.e. he or she cant determine the purpose of my video. The successful transmission of data depends principally on two factors: the quality of the signal being td and the characteristics medium.

Q2: What are the advantages of distributed processing?

Answer:- As we know that in a distributed process we have to
communicate several computers from a fixed computer. All these computers attached so that they can perform some specific tasks easily. Programs that runs in a distributed system are called a distributed program and all these process are called distributed processing. Advantages of these process are given below:----Reliable:-it is very reliable in nature. Hardware glitches and software anomalies can cause single-server processing to malfunction and fail, resulting in a complete system breakdown. Distributed data processing is more reliable, since multiple control centers are spread across different machines. Lower Cost:- Distributed data processing considerably lowers the cost of data sharing and networking across an organization by

comprising several minicomputers that cost significantly mainframe machines. Improved Performance and Reduced Processing Time:- it also very much significant in means of time taking. It also improved the performance of our systems and programs.

Q3:

Name and explain the factors that affect

the performance of a network.

Answer:-computer network varies time, and place to place. There
can be many individually. Main factors are :-------------

Packet Loss:- network overloading might result in the loss of data

packets. Sometimes routers or switches might shed traffic intentionally to maintain overall network performance or to enforce a particular service level.

Retransmission:- When packet loss does occur, those lost packets are retransmitted. This retransmission process can cause two delays; one from re-sending the data and the second delay resulting from waiting until the data is received in the correct order before forwarding it up the protocol stack.

These factors are not exclusive, but they do help paint a picture of the many things that can contribute to a slow network.

Throughput: Throughput is the amount of traffic a network can

carry at any one time. Like the analogy of traffic used to explain latency above, think of throughput as analogous to the number of lanes on a highway. The more lanes, the more traffic a highway can accommodate. When thinking of networks, the higher the bit rate, the faster files transfer. Slow response times might be an issue with your network not having enough throughputs.

Q4: What is a standard? Why standards are required? What are the different standards followed in data communication?
Answer:-the standards are official body that governs physical and
logical connections between Terminals, computers and other equipment. They are vital for data communications and computer networking Typically standards fall into two groups: official standards (from national standards bodies) and de factostandards established by common usage. An early official standard was the EIA RS-232-C for data transfer over wires. (Electronic Industries Association Recommended Standard). They play a pivotal role in data communication. It made rules for us from which we work globally. Different standards followed in data communications are:-

VLC:- is at the center of standardization

activities for short-range optical wireless communication within the Visible Light Communications Consortium, VLCC (http://www.vlcc.net) and IEEE 802.15 Task Group 7.

PCN:- The purpose of PCN is to provide a simple mechanism for

admission control and flow termination for inelastic high-priority Flows in a differentiated services IP network. Admission Control has been in used in the past in circuit-switched and Packet-switched networks to maintain the quality of service Of already admitted traffic.

Q5: Which transmission

one

is

the

most

efficient for data

media

available

communication? What is the disadvantage of optical fiber as a transmission medium?

Answer:- all of the transmission media I prefer unshielded-twisted
pair media, because of its cheapness and durability. These can be seen in many Ethernet networks and telephone systems. Twisted pair cables are often shielded in an attempt to prevent electromagnetic interference. This shielding can be applied to individual pairs, or to the collection of pairs. I will use these cable because of its many significant features such as:--------------

It is a thin, flexible cable that is easy to string between walls. More lines can be run through the same wiring ducts. UTP costs less per meter/foot than any other type of LAN cable. Electrical noise going into or coming from the cable can be prevented. Cross-talk is minimized.

Disadvantage of optical fibers are given below:---------

Price - Even though the raw material for making optical fibers,
sand, is abundant and cheap, optical fibers are still more expensive per meter than copper. Although, one fiber can carry many more signals than a single copper cable and the large transmission distances mean that fewer expensive repeaters are required.

Fragility - Optical fibers are more fragile than electrical wires.

Affected by chemicals - The glass can be affected by various chemicals including hydrogen gas (a problem in underwater cables.)

Opaqueness - Despite extensive military use it is known that most

fibers become opaque when exposed to radiation. Requires special skills - Optical fibers cannot be joined together as a easily as copper cable and requires additional training of personnel and expensive precision splicing and measurement equipment.

Q6: The ABC Corporation has a fully connected mesh network consisting of eight devices. Calculate the total number of cable links needed and the number of ports for each device.

Answer:-

Number of links/cables = {n(n-1)}/2 {8 (8-1)}/2 {8 (7)}/2

56/2

Total no of cable links are

2 8