Chapter 29 Alternating-Current Circuits

Conceptual Problems
3 If the frequency in the circuit shown in Figure 29-27 is doubled, the inductance of the inductor will (a) double, (b) not change, (c) halve, (d) quadruple. Determine the Concept The inductance of an inductor is determined by the details of its construction and is independent of the frequency of the circuit. The inductive reactance, on the other hand, is frequency dependent. (b) is correct. 7 (a) In a circuit consisting of a generator and a capacitor, are there any time intervals when the capacitor receives energy from the generator? If so, when? Explain your answer. (b) Are there any time intervals when the capacitor supplies power to the generator? If so, when? Explain your answer. Determine the Concept Yes to both questions. (a) While the magnitude of the charge is accumulating on either plate of the capacitor, the capacitor absorbs power from the generator. (b) When the magnitude of the charge is on either plate of the capacitor is decreasing, it supplies power to the generator. 9 Suppose you increase the rotation rate of the coil in the generator shown in the simple ac circuit in Figure 29-29. Then the rms current (a) increases, (b) does not change, (c) may increase or decrease depending on the magnitude of the original frequency, (d) may increase or decrease depending on the magnitude of the resistance, (e) decreases. Determine the Concept Because the rms current through the resistor is given by peak NBA I rms = rms = = , I rms is directly proportional to . (a) is correct. R 2 2 11 Consider a circuit consisting solely of an ideal inductor and an ideal capacitor. How does the maximum energy stored in the capacitor compare to the maximum value stored in the inductor? (a) They are the same and each equal to the total energy stored in the circuit. (b) They are the same and each equal to half of the total energy stored in the circuit. (c) The maximum energy stored in the capacitor is larger than the maximum energy stored in the inductor. (d) The maximum energy stored in the inductor is larger than the maximum energy stored in the capacitor. (e) You cannot compare the maximum energies based on the data given because the ratio of the maximum energies depends on the actual capacitance and inductance values.

173

174

Chapter 29

Determine the Concept The maximum energy stored in the electric field of the 1 Q2 capacitor is given by U e = and the maximum energy stored in the magnetic 2 C 1 field of the inductor is given by U m = LI 2 . Because energy is conserved in an 2 LC circuit and oscillates between the inductor and the capacitor, Ue = Um = Utotal. (a ) is correct. 17

True or false:

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

(f)

A transformer is used to change frequency. A transformer is used to change voltage. If a transformer steps up the current, it must step down the voltage. A step-up transformer, steps down the current. The standard household wall-outlet voltage in Europe is 220 V, about twice that used in the United States. If a European traveler wants her hair dryer to work properly in the United States, she should use a transformer that has more windings in its secondary coil than in its primary coil. The standard household wall-outlet voltage in Europe is 220 V, about twice that used in the United States. If an American traveler wants his electric razor to work properly in Europe, he should use a transformer that steps up the current.

(a) False. A transformer is a device used to raise or lower the voltage in a circuit. (b) True. A transformer is a device used to raise or lower the voltage in a circuit. (c) True. If energy is to be conserved, the product of the current and voltage must be constant. (d) True. Because the product of current and voltage in the primary and secondary circuits is the same, increasing the current in the secondary results in a lowering (or stepping down) of the voltage. (e) True. Because electrical energy is provided at a higher voltage in Europe, the visitor would want to step-up the voltage in order to make her hair dryer work properly. (f) True. Because electrical energy is provided at a higher voltage in Europe, the visitor would want to step-up the current (and decrease the voltage) in order to make his razor work properly.

Alternating-Current Circuits

175

Alternating Current in Resistors, Inductors, and Capacitors

19 A 100-W light bulb is screwed into a standard 120-V-rms socket. Find (a) the rms current, (b) the peak current, and (c) the peak power. Picture the Problem We can use Pav = rms I rms to find I rms , I peak = 2I rms to find

I peak , and Ppeak = I peak peak to find Ppeak .

(a) Relate the average power delivered by the source to the rms voltage across the bulb and the rms current through it: Substitute numerical values and evaluate I rms : (b) Express I peak in terms of I rms : Substitute for I rms and evaluate I peak :

Pav = rms I rms I rms =

rms

Pav

I rms =

100 W = 0.8333 A = 0.833 A 120 V

I peak = 2 I rms
I peak = 2 (0.8333 A ) = 1.1785 A = 1.18 A

(c) Express the maximum power in terms of the maximum voltage and maximum current: Substitute numerical values and evaluate Ppeak :

Ppeak = I peak peak

Ppeak = (1.1785 A ) 2 (120 V ) = 200 W

21 What is the reactance of a 1.00-H inductor at (a) 60 Hz, (b) 600 Hz, and (c) 6.00 kHz? Picture the Problem We can use X L = L to find the reactance of the inductor at any frequency.

Express the inductive reactance as a function of f: (a) At f = 60 Hz:

X L = L = 2fL
X L = 2 60 s 1 (1.00 H ) = 0.38 m

176

Chapter 29

(b) At f = 600 Hz: (c) At f = 6.00 kHz:

X L = 2 600 s 1 (1.00 H ) = 3.77 m X L = 2 (6.00 kHz )(1.00 H ) = 37.7 m

25 A 20-Hz ac generator that produces a peak emf of 10 V is connected to a 20-F capacitor. Find (a) the peak current and (b) the rms current. Picture the Problem We can use Ipeak = peak/XC and XC = 1/C to express Ipeak as

a function of peak, f, and C. Once weve evaluate Ipeak, we can use Irms = Ipeak/ 2 to find I rms . Express I peak in terms of peak and XC:

I peak =

peak
XC

Express the capacitive reactance:

XC =

1 1 = C 2fC

Substitute for XC and simplify to obtain: (a) Substitute numerical values and evaluate I peak : (b) Express I rms in terms of I peak :

I peak = 2fC peak

I peak = 2 20 s 1 (20 F)(10 V ) = 25.1 mA = 25 mA
I rms = I peak 2 = 25.1 mA = 18 mA 2

Undriven Circuits Containing Capacitors, Resistors and Inductors

29 (a) What is the period of oscillation of an LC circuit consisting of an ideal 2.0-mH inductor and a 20-F capacitor? (b) A circuit that oscillates consists solely of an 80-F capacitor and a variable ideal inductor. What inductance is needed in order to tune this circuit to oscillate at 60 Hz? Picture the Problem We can use T = 2/ and = 1 f) to L and C.

LC to relate T (and hence

Alternating-Current Circuits (a) Express the period of oscillation of the LC circuit: For an LC circuit: T= 2

177

1 LC (1) 1.3 ms

Substitute for to obtain: Substitute numerical values and evaluate T: (b) Solve equation (1) for L to obtain: Substitute numerical values and evaluate L:

T = 2 LC

T = 2

(2.0 mH)(20 F) =

L=

T2 1 = 2 2 2 4 C 4 f C

L=

4 2 60 s 1

) (80 F)
2

= 88 mH

33 An inductor and a capacitor are connected, as shown in Figure 29-30. Initially, the switch is open, the left plate of the capacitor has charge Q0. The switch is then closed. (a) Plot both Q versus t and I versus t on the same graph, and explain how it can be seen from these two plots that the current leads the charge by 90. (b) The expressions for the charge and for the current are given by Equations 29-38 and 29-39, respectively. Use trigonometry and algebra to show that the current leads the charge by 90. Picture the Problem Let Q represent the instantaneous charge on the capacitor and apply Kirchhoffs loop rule to obtain the differential equation for the circuit. We can then solve this equation to obtain an expression for the charge on the capacitor as a function of time and, by differentiating this expression with respect to time, an expression for the current as a function of time. Well use a spreadsheet program to plot the graphs.

Apply Kirchhoffs loop rule to a clockwise loop just after the switch is closed: Because I = dQ dt :

Q dI +L =0 C dt
d 2Q Q d 2Q 1 + Q=0 + = 0 or dt 2 LC dt 2 C

The solution to this equation is:

Q (t ) = Q0 cos(t )

where =

1 LC

178

Chapter 29
Q (t ) = Q0 cos t

Because Q(0) = Q0, = 0 and: The current in the circuit is the derivative of Q with respect to t:

I=

dQ d = [Q0 cos t ] = Q0 sin t dt dt

(a) A spreadsheet program was used to plot the following graph showing both the charge on the capacitor and the current in the circuit as functions of time. L, C, and Q0 were all arbitrarily set equal to one to obtain these graphs. Note that the current leads the charge by one-fourth of a cycle or 90.
1.2 Charge Current 0.6
0.6 1.2

Q (mC)

0.0

0.0

-0.6

-0.6

-1.2 0 2 4 6 8

-1.2

10

t (s)

(b) The equation for the current is: The sine and cosine functions are related through the identity: Use this identity to rewrite equation (1):

I = Q0 sin t

I (mA)

(1)

sin = cos + 2

I = Q0 sin t = Q0 cos t + 2 Thus, the current leads the charge by 90.

Driven RL Circuits
35 A coil that has a resistance of 80.0 has an impedance of 200 when driven at a frequency of 1.00 kHz. What is the inductance of the coil? Picture the Problem We can solve the expression for the impedance in an LR circuit for the inductive reactance and then use the definition of XL to find L.

Alternating-Current Circuits Express the impedance of the coil in terms of its resistance and inductive reactance: Solve for XL to obtain: Express XL in terms of L: Equate these two expressions to obtain:
Substitute numerical values and evaluate L:
2 Z = R2 + X L

179

X L = Z 2 R2 X L = 2fL 2fL = Z 2 R 2 L =
Z 2 R2 2f

L=

(200 )2 (80.0 )2 2 (1.00 kHz )

= 29.2 mH
39 A coil that has a resistance R and an inductance L has a power factor equal to 0.866 when driven at a frequency of 60 Hz. What is the coils power factor if it is driven at 240 Hz? Picture the Problem We can use the definition of the power factor to find the relationship between XL and R when the coil is driven at a frequency of 60 Hz and then use the definition of XL to relate the inductive reactance at 240 Hz to the inductive reactance at 60 Hz. We can then use the definition of the power factor to determine its value at 240 Hz.

Using the definition of the power factor, relate R and XL:

cos =

R = Z

R
2 R2 + X L

(1)

Square both sides of the equation to obtain:

2 Solve for X L (60 Hz ) :

cos 2 =

R2 2 R2 + X L

1 2 1 X L (60 Hz ) = R 2 cos 2

Substitute for cos and simplify to obtain: Use the definition of XL to obtain:

1 2 1 2 X L (60 Hz ) = R 2 (0.866) 2 1 = 3 R
2 2 X L ( f ) = 4f 2 L2 and X L ( f' ) = 4f' 2 L2

180

Chapter 29
2 X L ( f' ) 4f' 2 L2 f' 2 = = 2 2 X L ( f ) 4f 2 L2 f

Dividing the second of these equations by the first and simplifying yields:

or
f' 2 X ( f' ) = X L ( f ) f
2 L 2

Substitute numerical values to obtain:

240 s 1 2 X (240 Hz ) = 60 s 1 X L (60 Hz ) 1 16 = 16 R 2 = R 2 3 3

2 L

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain:

(cos )240 Hz

R R2 + 16 2 R 3

3 19

= 0.397

ac generator is given by = (100 V) cos(2ft). Find the rms currents in all three branches of the circuit if the driving frequency is (a) 500 Hz and (b) 2000 Hz. Find the fraction of the total average power supplied by the ac generator that is delivered to the load resistor if the frequency is (c) 500 Hz and (d) 2000 Hz.

41 Figure 29-33 shows a load resistor that has a resistance of RL = 20.0 connected to a high-pass filter consisting of an inductor that has inductance L = 3.20-mH and a resistor that has resistance R = 4.00-. The output of the ideal

Picture the Problem = V1 + V2 , where V1 is the voltage drop across R and V2, is r r r the voltage drop across the parallel combination of L and RL. = V1 + V2 is the r r r relation for the phasors. For the parallel combination, I = I RL + I L . Also, V1 is in

phase with I and V2 is in phase with I RL . First draw the phasor diagram for the currents in the parallel combination, then add the phasors for the voltages to the diagram.

Alternating-Current Circuits The phasor diagram for the currents in the circuit is:
r I RL
r I

181

r IL

Adding the voltage phasors to the diagram gives:

r I RL

r V2

r I

r V1

r IL

The maximum current in the inductor, I2, peak, is given by:

I 2, peak =

V2, peak Z2

(1) (2)

where Z 2 2 = RL 2 + X L 2

tan is given by:

tan = =

I L , peak I R , peak

V2, peak X L V2, peak RL

RL R R = L = L X L L 2fL

Solve for to obtain:

= tan 1

RL 2fL

(3)

Apply the law of cosines to the triangle formed by the voltage phasors to obtain:
2 peak = V1,2peak + V22, peak + 2V1, peakV2, peak cos

or
2 2 2 2 I peak Z 2 = I peak R 2 + I peak Z 2 + 2 I peak RI peak Z 2 cos

Dividing out the current squared yields:

2 Z 2 = R 2 + Z 2 + 2 RZ 2 cos

182

Chapter 29
2 Z = R 2 + Z 2 + 2 RZ 2 cos

Solving for Z yields: The maximum current I peak in the circuit is given by: Irms is related to I peak according to: (a) Substitute numerical values in equation (3) and evaluate :

(4)

I peak =

peak
Z
1 I peak 2

(5)

I rms =

(6)

= tan 1

20.0 2 (500 Hz )(3.20 mH )

20.0 = tan 1 10.053 = 63.31

Solving equation (2) for Z2 yields:

Z2 =

1
R + X L2 2 L

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Z2:

Z2 =

(20.0 )

+ (10.053 )

= 8.982 Substitute numerical values and evaluate Z: Z=

(4.00 )2 + (8.982 )2 + 2(4.00 )(8.982 )cos 63.31 = 11.36

I peak = 100 V = 8.806 A 11.36
1 (8.806 A ) = 6.23 A 2

Substitute numerical values in equation (5) and evaluate I peak : Substitute for I peak in equation (6) and evaluate I rms : The maximum and rms values of V2 are given by:

I rms =

V2, peak = I peak Z 2

= (8.806 A )(8.982 ) = 79.095 V

and
V2,rms = 1 V2, peak 2 1 (79.095 V ) = 55.929 V = 2

Alternating-Current Circuits The rms values of I RL ,rms and

I RL ,rms = V2,rms RL = 55.929 V = 2.80 A 20.0

183

I L,rms are:

and
I L ,rms = V2,rms 55.929 V = = 5.56 A 10.053 XL

(b) Proceed as in (a) with f = 2000 Hz to obtain:

X L = 40.2 , = 26.4 , Z 2 = 17.9 ,

Z = 21.6 , I peak = 4.64 A , and

I rms = 3.28 A ,

V2,max = 83.0V , V2, rms = 58.7 V ,

I RL ,rms = 2.94 A , and I L,rms = 1.46 A (c) The power delivered by the ac source equals the sum of the power dissipated in the two resistors. The fraction of the total power delivered by the source that is dissipated in load resistor is given by:

P = 1 + R PR PRL + PR L PRL

2 = 1 + I rms R 2 I R ,rms RL L

Substitute numerical values for f = 500 Hz to obtain:

PRL PRL + PR
f =500 Hz

(6.23 A )2 (4.00 ) = 1 + (2.80 A )2 (20.0 ) = 0.502 = 50.2%

(d) Substitute numerical values for f = 2000 Hz to obtain:

PRL PRL + PR
f = 2000 Hz

(3.28 A )2 (4.00 ) = 1 + (2.94 A )2 (20.0 ) = 0.800 = 80.0%

Filters and Rectifiers

A slowly varying voltage signal V(t) is applied to the input of the high47 pass filter of Problem 44. Slowly varying means that during one time constant (equal to RC) there is no significant change in the voltage signal. Show that under these conditions the output voltage is proportional to the time derivative of V(t). This situation is known as a differentiation circuit.

184

Chapter 29

Picture the Problem We can use Kirchhoffs loop rule to obtain a differential equation relating the input, capacitor, and resistor voltages. Because the voltage drop across the resistor is small compared to the voltage drop across the capacitor, we can express the voltage drop across the capacitor in terms of the input voltage.

Apply Kirchhoffs loop rule to the input side of the filter to obtain: Substitute for V (t ) and I to obtain: Because Q = CVC:

V (t ) VC IR = 0 where VC is the potential difference across the capacitor.

Vin peak cos t Vc R

dQ =0 dt

dQ d dV = [CVC ] = C C dt dt dt dVC =0 dt the differential equation describing the potential difference across the capacitor. Vpeak cos t VC RC dV dVC = 0 RC C = 0 dt dt

Substitute for dQ/dt to obtain:

Because there is no significant change in the voltage signal during one time constant: Substituting for RC dVC yields: dt

Vin peak cos t VC = 0

and VC = Vin peak cos t
V R = RC dVC d = RC Vin peak cos t dt dt

Consequently, the potential difference across the resistor is given by:

49

Show that the average power dissipated in the resistor of the high-pass 2 V in peak . filter of Problem 44 is given by Pave = 2 2R 1+ ( RC )

Picture the Problem We can express the instantaneous power dissipated in the resistor and then use the fact that the average value of the square of the cosine function over one cycle is to establish the given result.

The instantaneous power P(t) dissipated in the resistor is:

2 Vout P(t ) = R

Alternating-Current Circuits The output voltage Vout is: From Problem 44:
Vout = VH cos(t )

185

VH =

Vin peak 1 + (RC )

2

Substitute in the expression for P(t) to obtain:

P(t ) =

2 VH cos 2 (t ) R 2 Vin peak = cos 2 (t ) 2 R 1 + (RC )

Because the average value of the square of the cosine function over one cycle is :

Pave =

2 R 1 + (RC )

2 Vin peak

51 The circuit shown in Figure 29-36 is an example of a low-pass filter. (Assume that the output is connected to a load that draws only an insignificant amount of current.) (a) If the input voltage is given by Vin = Vin peak cos t, show

that the output voltage is Vout = VL cos(t ) where V L = V in peak

1+ ( RC ) .
2

(b) Discuss the trend of the output voltage in the limiting cases 0 and .
Picture diagram r Vapp and the Problem In the phasor for the RC low-pass filter, r VC are the phasors for Vin and
r VR

Vout, respectively. The projection of r Vapp onto the horizontal axis is r Vapp = Vin, the projection of VC onto the horizontal axis is VC = Vout, r Vpeak = Vapp , and is the angle between r VC and the horizontal axis. (a) Express Vapp :

r Vapp

r VC

Vapp = Vin peak cos t

where Vin peak = I peak Z
2 and Z 2 = R 2 + X C

(1)

Vout = VC is given by:

Vout = VC , peak cos = I peak X C cos

186

Chapter 29
Vout = I peak X C cos(t ) = Vin peak Z
2

If we define as shown in the phasor diagram, then:

X C cos(t )
2

Solving equation (1) for Z and substituting for XC yields: Using equation (2) to substitute for Z and substituting for XC yields:

1 Z = R + C
Vout = Vin peak

(2)

1 cos(t ) 1 C R2 + C
2

Simplify further to obtain:

Vout =

Vin peak 1 + (RC )

2

cos(t )

or Vout = VL cos(t ) where

VL =

Vin peak 1 + (RC )

2

(b) Note that, as 0, VL Vpeak . This makes sense physically in that, for low frequencies, XC is large and, therefore, a larger peak input voltage will appear across it than appears across it for high frequencies. Note further that, as , VL 0. This makes sense physically in that, for high frequencies, XC is small and, therefore, a smaller peak voltage will appear across it than appears across it for low frequencies.
Remarks: In Figures 29-19 and 29-20, is defined as the phase of the voltage drop across the combination relative to the voltage drop across the resistor. 55 The circuit shown in Figure 29-37 is a trap filter. (Assume that the output is connected to a load that draws only an insignificant amount of current.) (a) Show that the trap filter acts to reject signals in a band of frequencies centered at = 1 LC . (b) How does the width of the frequency band rejected depend on the resistance R? Picture the Problem The phasor diagram for the trap filter is shown below. r r r Vapp and VL + VC are the phasors for Vin and Vout, respectively. The projection of r r r Vapp onto the horizontal axis is Vapp = Vin, and the projection of VL + VC onto the

Alternating-Current Circuits

187

horizontal axis is VL + VC = Vout. Requiring that the impedance of the trap be zero will yield the frequency at which the circuit rejects signals. Defining the bandwidth as = trap and requiring that Z trap = R will yield an expression for the bandwidth and reveal its dependence on R.
r Vapp
r VL

r r VL + VC
r VR

t t
r VC

(a) Express Vapp :

Vapp = Vapp, peak cos t

where Vapp, peak = Vpeak = I peak Z and Z 2 = R 2 + ( X L X C )
2

(1)

Vout is given by:

Vout = Vout, peak cos(t )

where Vout, peak = I peak Z trap and Z trap = X L X C Solving equation (1) for Z yields: Because Vout = VL + VC :
Z = R2 + (X L X C )
2

(2)

Vout = Vout, peak cos(t ) Vpeak Z

= I peak Z trap cos(t ) = Z trap cos(t )

Using equation (2) to substitute for Z yields: Noting that Vout = 0 provided Z trap = 0, set Z trap = 0 to obtain: Substituting for XL and XC yields:

Vout =

Vpeak
2 R 2 + Z trap

Z trap cos(t )

Z trap = X L X C = 0

1 = 0 = C

1 LC

188

Chapter 29
= trap

(b) Let the bandwidth be: Let the frequency bandwidth be defined by the frequency at which Z trap = R . Then: Because trap = 1 : LC

(3)

1 2 = R LC 1= RC C

trap

1 = RC

For trap:

2 2 trap trap

trap RC

2 Solve for 2 trap :

2 2 trap = ( trap )( + trap ) 2 2 trap 2 trap ( trap )

Because trap, + trap 2 trap : Substitute in equation (3) to obtain:

= trap =

2 RCtrap

R 2L

Driven RLC Circuits

2 63 Show that the expression Pav = R rms Z 2 gives the correct result for a circuit containing only an ideal ac generator and (a) a resistor, (b) a capacitor, and 2 (c) an inductor. In the expression Pav = R rms Z 2 , Pav is the average power

supplied by the generator, rms is the root-mean-square of the emf of the generator, R is the resistance, C is the capacitance and L is the inductance. (In Part (a), C = L = 0, in Part (b), R = L = 0 and in Part (c), R = C = 0.
Picture the Problem The impedance of an ac circuit is given by
Z = R 2 + ( X L X C ) . We can evaluate the given expression for Pav first for
2

XL = XC = 0 and then for R = 0.

(a) For X = 0, Z = R and:

2 2 R rms R rms = = Pav = Z2 R2

2 rms

(b) and (c) If R = 0, then:

Pav =

2 2 (0) rms = 0 R rms = Z2 ( X L X C )2

Alternating-Current Circuits
Remarks: Recall that there is no energy dissipation in an ideal inductor or capacitor. 65 Find (a) the Q factor and (b) the resonance width (in hertz) for the circuit in Problem 64. (c) What is the power factor when = 8000 rad/s?

189

Picture the Problem The Q factor of the circuit is given by Q = 0 L R , the resonance width by f = f 0 Q = 0 2Q , and the power factor by cos = R Z .

Because Z is frequency dependent, well need to find XC and XL at = 8000 rad/s in order to evaluate cos. Using their definitions, express the Q factor and the resonance width of the circuit:
Q=

0 L
R

(1)

and f =

f0 = 0 Q 2Q
1
LC

(2)

(a) Express the resonance frequency for the circuit: Substituting for 0 in equation (1) yields: Substitute numerical values and evaluate Q: (b) Substitute numerical values in equation (2) and evaluate f:

0 =

Q=

L LC R

1 L R C

Q=

1 10 mH = 14.1 = 14 5.0 2.0 F

7.07 10 3 rad/s = 80 Hz f = 2 (14.1)

(c) The power factor of the circuit is given by:

cos = R = Z R R 2 + (X L X C )
2

R 1 R 2 + L C
2

Substitute numerical values and evaluate cos:

cos = 5 .0 = 0.27

(5.0 )2

1 + 8000 s 1 (10 mH ) 1 8000 s (2.0 F)

190

Chapter 29

69 In the circuit shown in Figure 29-42 the ideal generator produces an rms voltage of 115 V when operated at 60 Hz. What is the rms voltage between points (a) A and B, (b) B and C, (c) C and D, (d) A and C, and (e) B and D? Picture the Problem We can find the rms current in the circuit and then use it to find the potential differences across each of the circuit elements. We can use phasor diagrams and our knowledge of the phase shifts between the voltages across the three circuit elements to find the voltage differences across their combinations.

(a) Express the potential difference between points A and B in terms of I rms and XL: Express I rms in terms of and Z:

V AB = I rms X L

(1)

I rms =

R + (X L X C )
2 2

Evaluate XL and XC to obtain:

X L = 2fL = 2 (60 s 1 )(137 mH)

= 51.648
and XC = 1 1 = 1 2fC 2 60 s (25 F)

= 106.10 Substitute numerical values and evaluate I rms : I rms = 115 V

(50 ) + (51.648 106.10 )2

2

= 1.5556 A Substitute numerical values in equation (1) and evaluate VAB: (b) Express the potential difference between points B and C in terms of I rms and R: (c) Express the potential difference between points C and D in terms of I rms and XC:

V AB = (1.5556 A )(51.648 ) = 80.344 V = 80 V VBC = I rms R = (1.5556 A )(50 ) = 77.780 V = 78 V VCD = I rms X C = (1.5556 A )(106.10 ) = 165.05 V = 0.17 kV

Alternating-Current Circuits (d) The voltage across the inductor leads the voltage across the resistor as shown in the phasor diagram to the right:
r V AB

191

r V AC

r V BC

Use the Pythagorean theorem to find VAC:

2 2 V AC = V AB + VBC

(80.0 V )2 + (77.780 V )2

= 111.58 V = 0.11 kV (e) The voltage across the capacitor lags the voltage across the resistor as shown in the phasor diagram to the right:
r VCD r V BC

r V BD

Use the Pythagorean theorem to find VBD:

2 2 VBD = VCD + VBC

(165.05 V )2 + (77.780 V )2

= 182.46 V = 0.18 kV

The Transformer
A rms voltage of 24 V is required for a device whose impedance is 12 79 . (a) What should the turns ratio of a transformer be, so that the device can be operated from a 120-V line? (b) Suppose the transformer is accidentally connected in reverse with the secondary winding across the 120-V-rms line and the 12- load across the primary. How much rms current will then be in the primary winding?
Picture the Problem Let the subscript 1 denote the primary and the subscript 2 the secondary. We can use V2 N1 = V1 N 2 and N1 I1 = N 2 I 2 to find the turns ratio and the primary current when the transformer connections are reversed.

(a) Relate the number of primary and secondary turns to the primary and secondary voltages:

V2, rms N1 = V1, rms N 2

(1)

192

Chapter 29 N 2 V2, rms 24 V 1 = = = N1 V1, rms 120 V 5

I1, rms = N2 I 2, rms N1

Solve for and evaluate the ratio N2/N1: (b) Relate the current in the primary to the current in the secondary and to the turns ratio: Express the current in the primary winding in terms of the voltage across it and its impedance: Substitute for I2, rms to obtain:

I 2, rms =

V2, rms Z2

I1, rms =

N 2 V2, rms N1 Z 2

Substitute numerical values and evaluate I1, rms:

5 120 V = 50 A I1 = 1 12

General Problems
85 Figure 29-45 shows the voltage versus time for a square-wave voltage source. If V0 = 12 V, (a) what is the rms voltage of this source? (b) If this alternating waveform is rectified by eliminating the negative voltages, so that only the positive voltages remain, what is the new rms voltage? Picture the Problem The average of any quantity over a time interval T is the integral of the quantity over the interval divided by T. We can use this definition to find both the average of the voltage squared, V 2 av and then use the definition

( )

of the rms voltage. (a) From the definition of Vrms we have: Noting that V02 = V02 , evaluate Vrms : Vrms =

(V )

2 0 av

Vrms = V02 = V0 = 12 V

Alternating-Current Circuits (b) Noting that the voltage during the second half of each cycle is now zero, express the voltage during the first half cycle of the time interval 1 2 T : Express the square of the voltage during this half cycle: Calculate V 2 av by integrating V2 from t = 0 to t = 1 T and dividing 2 by T: Substitute to obtain:
Vrms =
1 2

193

V = V0

V 2 = V02

( )

(V )
2

av

V2 = 0 T

1 T 2

dt =
0

V02 1 T 1 2 [t ] 02 = 2 V0 T

V02 =

V0 2

12 V 2

= 8 .5 V

89 A circuit consists of an ac generator, a capacitor and an ideal inductorall connected in series. The emf of the generator is given by peak cos t . (a) Show that the charge on the capacitor obeys the equation

d 2Q Q + = peak cos t . (b) Show by direct substitution that this equation is dt 2 C

satisfied by Q = Qpeak cos t where Qpeak =

L( 2 02 )

peak

. (c) Show that the current

can be written as I = I peak cos(t ) , where I peak =

peak

2 L 2 0

peak
XL XC

and

= 90 for < 0 and = 90 for > 0, where 0 is the resonance frequency.

Picture the Problem In Part (a) we can apply Kirchhoffs loop rule to obtain the 2nd order differential equation relating the charge on the capacitor to the time. In Part (b) well assume a solution of the form Q = Qpeak cos t , differentiate it twice,

and substitute for d2Q/dt2 and Q to show that the assumed solution satisfies the differential equation provided Qpeak =

L( 2 02 )

peak

. In Part (c) well use our

results from (a) and (b) to establish the result for Ipeak given in the problem statement. (a) Apply Kirchhoffs loop rule to obtain:

Q L dI
C

dt

=0

194

Chapter 29 L dI Q + = max cos t dt C d 2Q Q + = max cos t dt 2 C

Substitute for and rearrange the differential equation to obtain: Because I = dQ dt :

L (b) Assume that the solution is: Differentiate the assumed solution twice to obtain:

Q = Qpeak cos t
dQ = Qpeak sin t dt and d 2Q = 2 Qpeak cos t 2 dt 2 LQpeak cos t + cos t C = peak cos t Qpeak

Substitute for

dQ d 2Q and in the dt dt 2 differential equation to obtain:

Factor cost from the left-hand side of the equation:

Q 2 LQpeak + peak cos t C = peak cos t 2 LQpeak + Qpeak C = peak

If this equation is to hold for all values of t it must be true that: Solving for Qpeak yields:

Qpeak =

peak
2L + 1 C

Factor L from the denominator and substitute for 1/LC to obtain:

Qpeak =

peak
1 L 2 + LC
2 L 2 0

peak

Alternating-Current Circuits (c) From (a) and (b) we have:

dQ = Qpeak sin t dt

195

I= =

peak sin t = I peak sin t 2 L( 2 0 )

= I peak cos(t ) where

I peak =

peak
L
2 2 0

peak
L

peak
L
1 C

2 02

peak

XL XC

If > 0, XL > XC and the current lags the voltage by 90 ( = 90). If < 0, XL < XC and the current leads the voltage by 90( = 90).

196

Chapter 29