Box# 31

Folder# 608
Word's Fair: Hall of
Science- Special
Meeting of Board of
Directors
Jan 25,1965
HALL OF SCIENCE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
WORLD'S FAIR, N.Y. 11380
AGENDA
SPECIAL MEETING OF TRUSTEES OF HAlL OF SCIENCE OF
CITY OF NEW YORK
January 25, 1965
11:00 A. M.
TERRACE CLUB
MAYOR ROBERT F. WAGNER, Presiding
v AGENDA ITEM 1.
ITEM 2.
AGENDA ITEM 3.
ITEM 4.
/AGENDA ITEM 5.
ITEM 6.
JAGENDA ITEM 7.
Welcome by Mayor Wagner to newly-elected
Trustees.
Approval of minutes of Special Meeting of
December 8, 1964.
Progress report by Mr. Joseph A. Martino,
Chairman of Committee to nominate permanent
President, and to nominate 5 additional
elective Trustees for Executive Committee.
Statement by Hon. Paul R. Screvane, on purpose
of Hall of Science subsequent to closing of
World's Fair.
Statement by Commissioner Robert Moses.
Statement by Mr. Daniel M. MacMaster,
Consultant.
General discussion.
Statement by Mr. Guy F. Tozzoli, Director of
World Trade of the Port of New York Authority.
~ G E N O A ITEM 8.
/AGENDA ITEM 9.
v-{GENDA ITEM 10.
JGENDA ITEM 11.
/AGENDA ITEM 12.
I
/AGENDA ITEM 13.
AGENDA ITEM 14.
Statement by Hon. Bradford N. Clark.
Statement by Colonel John T. 0' Neill,
Director of Engineering of World's Fair.
Statement by Mr. William L. Laurence,
Science Consultant of World's Fair.
Consideration of appointment of a scope and
plan Committee for permanent Hall of Science.
Other business.
Consideration of time and place for next
meeting of Trustees.
Adjournment.
---
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Remarks by Daniel Miller MacMaster, Director
Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago
Meeting of the Board of T rustee of the
New York Museum of Science & Technology
January ZS, 1965
In spite of the fact that the name of your institution - Museum of Science
and Technology - seems to be quite specific and descriptive, you may be some-
what surprised to find that you have many alternatives from which to choose, as
you prepare to face the task of determining its ultimate character.
Without presuming to suggest specific conclusions, I plan to indicate to
you what some of the alternatives are which lie before you, to tell you how one
institution - the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago - has chosen among
them, and to speak further about the three-dimensional exhibit as an effective
medium in "non-formal" public education.
Many of you are experienced institutional trustees, but your experience
may well have been acquired in connection with institutions which had been in
existence for an appreciable period of time before your period of trusteeship.
As members of the original board of the New York Museum of Science
and Technology, you find yourselves in quite a different situation. It is perhaps
a more difficult one, but at the same time, a potentially more rewarding one.
Those who comprise this distinguished board know that the bright light
of public scrutiny is being focused as never before upon our institutions of all
kinds. Quality is being demanded in greater measure. It is no longer enough that
an institution merely refrain from being undesirable as was the case not too many
years ago. To survive, our institutions must excel. But what is excellence? What
is institutional success?
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Aside from other definitions which may be applicable, isn't success
measured by the extent to which objectives are achieved? Unless objectives are
isolated and defined, doesr1
1
t success remain immeasurable and impossible of
achievement?
Certainly any museum to be successful must have well defined aims,
!l'.lrposes, and objectives -an institutional philosophy of life, if you will -and
tbese objectives, whatever they may be, must be pursued with conscientious,
perservering, undeviating, and relentless vigor.
You, and those who will comprise the professional staff which you are
now responsible for assembling are the individuals who will mold this new institu ~
tion. Individually and collectively you will determine what kind of an institution
it will be. In what directions will you go?
It is generally accepted that the basic purposes of the traditional museum
are three in number: to engage in basic research, to serve as a repository, and
to contribute to the education of the public.
To engage in basic research resulting in significant new contributions to
human knowledge in whatever field, is indeed, a noble pursuit. To bring to bear a
level of scholarship, singleness of purpose, unbiased judgment, to uncover the
necessary evidence, and to impartially judge it without reference to preconceived
ideas, is the essence of basic research. The significance of much basic research
done by museums is undeniable. Some museums do it and some don't. Will this
one?
To find and acquire the artifacts of our heritage and to select from them
those sufficiently significant to warrant preservation, to properly preserve them
against the ravages of time, nature, and man, to protect, save and keep them for
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posterity no matter what the obstacle, is the essence of the repository function of
the museum. Some museums do this and some don't. Will this one?
If museums over the yearo and over the world have one thing in common,
it is their dissimilarity. This is particularly true of science museums, and I don't
see anything wrong with this.
In another field, that of higher education, with which you may be even
:r.,;re familiar than you are with museums, we are fortunate indeed in this country
I feel, because of the variety of institutions which we have.
We have colleges, and we have universities, and some of the colleges a r ~
bigger than some of the universities. we have privately supported institutions anrl.
publicly supported ones. We have all-male, all-female, and coeducational ones.
We have church related institutions which run the gamut from total dependence to
theoretical relationship at best. We have institutions, it would seem at least, for
all levels of academic ability and all levels of economic ability. We have practical
experience oriented institutions and academically oriented institutions. We have
technical institutions and quite dissimilar liberal arts schools. The list could go
on and on. Here in this city, your institutions of higher education are character-
ized by their differences, one from another. In fact, throughout the country, it is
easier to point out the differences than it is to identify the similarities in connec-
tion with institutions of higher education.
I am among those who feel that this is desirable, tlat an important part
of the strength of American higher education lies in its diversity, and that it would
be unfortunate indeed if it were cast into one monolithic pattern.
I feel the same way about museums. Even within the field of science
museums, we have those which are history-of-science oriented and those which
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are basic-principles -of-science oriented. We have those which are repositories
for historical objects, and those which couldn't care less about historical objects.
We have science museums which have curators in charge of collections, and we
have others which have neither curators nor collections.
We have science museums which devote a substantial portion of their
resources to basic research, and others which do no basic research at all. We
have science museums which emphasize communications with the general public,
and others interested primarily in communing with scholars.
We have science museums with no industrial exhibits, and those with
corporately identified industrial exhibits. Again, this list could go on and on, and
again, it is my feeling, that there is nothing wrong with this. There is no right or
wrong in this situation. It is a question of agreeing upon a plan, a format, a phil-
osophy, and pursuing it with conviction, intelligence, and enthusiasm,
It is inevitable that as the ultimately responsible governing body of the
New York Museum of Science and Technology meets for the first time, your
institution has no well defined institutional philosophy. It couldn't be otherwise. It
is a function of the trustees to establish the aims and purposes and objectives of
the institution for which it is responsible.
The advantages and disadvantages of following any of the alternatives
available to you must be weighed. What kind of an institution do you want this to be
in the years to come? Pure Science? Science and Technology? Science and corp-
orately identified industry? A repository for collections of things? An institution
!or communicating ideas? An educational institution? A research institution? A
center for formal classes? A community cultural center? It can't be all things to
all people. To be distinguished, it must have a character of its own, and that
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character must be determined before intelligent decisions can be made as to which
of its present exhibits to keep, what new ones should be sought, and so on. It is
difficult enough to hit the target when one knows what he is shooting at,
Largely as the result of the answers to these basic questions will be
determined such matters as sources of revenue, costs of operation, sources of
exhibits, the nature of the staff procurement program, and so on,
Some of the institutions around the world which fall into this general
category are the Deustches Museum in Munich, the Palais de la Decouverte in
Paris, the Science Museum in South Kensington, London. In this country, they are
to be found in Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, Dearborn, Chicago, Los AngeleA
and elsewhere. This is by no means an exhaustive list, New ones are being
organized constantly. They are of all shapes and sizes and of all philosophical dis-
positions, No two are alike,
Let me tell you about the one I know best - the Museum of Science and
Industry in Chicago. Physically, it is substantial in size, encompassing as it does
some 608,000 square feet of floor space - 14 acres, As far as audience is con-
cerned, it is also substantial in size. Vfhile it is located in Chicago, it is not a
local institution. Last year 2, 906, 567 individuals visited from all over the United
States and most other parts of the world and stayed an average of three hours and
twelve minutes each - representing more than 9 million man-hours of visitor
time. During a six-day survey made in August, not less than 44 of our 50 states
were represented by visitors on each individual day. During the course of the six
days, not including Sunday which is the day of our largest attendance, our visitors
came from 2, 787 towns and cities in all of the 50 states and a few over 1, 000 of
the 50 thousand sampled came from 230 places in 57 foreign countries. Only 260/o
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of our visitors were from the Chicago area (and I might add, parenthetically, that
the Museum was not located on the grounds of a great World's Fair, during this
period).
How has this institution chosen among the alternatives which institutions
of this general nature here and abroad have available to them?
We don't do research, We feel that in view of the quantity of research in
the physical and biological sciences being supported by the Federal Government,
by the universities, and by industry, we would be ill-advised to dissipate any por-
tion of our relatively limited resources by supporting work in this field. We feel
that we can maximize our contribution to the public good by serving as an effective
medium of public education rather than as a research institution.
We are principles-of-science oriented rather than historically oriented
as most of the European, and some of the American, institutions in this general
field are, We do not serve as a repository for historical objects. Only ten or
fifteen percent of all of our floor space is devoted to historical materials, We
want enough significant historical material to indicate progess and development,
but we don't engage in the practice of making definitive collections for professional
or scholarly purposes. As a consequence, we don't have curators.
Our emphasis is on today and tomorrow. We change about ten percent of
all of our exhibits every year.
In addition to our basic science exhibits, we welcome and seek out out-
standing industrial exhibits sponsored and identified with individual industrial
corporations or groups of corporations. About half of our space is devoted to
exhibits of this kind, We feel that they are among the most outstanding and signif-
icant exhibits whir.h we have. Industrial corporations bear the cost of designing,
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installing, and maintaining these exhibit. If we could obtain an equivalent amount
of money in some other way, we would still prefer to have corporations sponsor
these industrial exhibits. We are a Museum of Science and Industry, and we feel
that much of our strength and effectiveness comes from our constant and intimate
auociation with contemporary industry.
We don't rent space. Some institutions do. We provide space for indus-
trial exhibits without a apace rental charge, although corporate exhibitors pay us
for the maintenance of their exhibits. It is a situation quite unlike that of a trade
fair or a World's Fair where little control is exercised by the fair manal 'ment
over the handling of the subject matter by the exhibitor. We must approve every
detail in connection with our industrial exhibits.
Our great emphasis is on the third basic purpose of the traditional
museum, that of contributing to the education of the public. This involves commun
ication, and communication implies two accomplishments -not one. To commun-
icate to use the terminology of electronics, means to send, to be sure, but at the
same time it implies that what is sent is received. Otherwise, no communication
has been accomplished. We feel that for a museum to be effective as a commun-
ications medium for public education, it must show, display, exhibit its material
in such a manner as to be understandable by the general public. We feel that it is
no longer enough that museums me rely be
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open to the public". The public must
actually use them, use them in large numbers and use them effectively, or else
the museum, not the public, has failed. To be successful as a contributor to
public education, the museum is no longer in a passive role. It can no longer take
the position that
11
we have made these treasures available, and if the public doesn't
take advantage of this opportunity, it's not our fault". Today's musuem finds
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itself undeniably committed to the propostion that if the student hasn't learned, the
teacher hasn't taught. The general public is the museum's student body.
Therefore, when we think of the function of the museum with respect to
the public, two factors are involved: visitors and educational effectivenessG I a
museum does not succeed in attracting "iaitors -and not just a few but in large
numbers, because we must remember that museums, aside from anything else
they may be, are public institutions and the public is a large group, not a small
one - then it has failed.
Communicating educationally with the public in an effective manner
necessitates the use of techniques quite different from those which are effective
in communicating with scholars in the same field of subject matter and quite
different from those which are successful in the formal school.
To the extent that museum administrators and staff members fail to
recognize this basic point, they will fail to achieve success in connection with thP
museum
1
s function of contributing to the education of the general public even
though they may be eminently successful in the fields of basic research and
preservation.
In the museum, the audience is not a captive one. It is, in fact, a most
elusive one. Since no one is required to visit a museum, we feel that every effort
must be made to win the audience through an attractive and effective presentation,
and to hold the audience once it is won - if mass educational effectiveness is the
aim. Holding the audience is more difficult than attracting it. It requires eternal
vigilance.
Unlike the situation which obtains in the formal school, the museum
audience is completely hetergeneous. Visitors are of all ages and interests;
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they are of all social and economic backgrounds, and of all degrees of previous
preparation. None of the motivating influences which serve the schools so well
are present.
There are no compulsory attendance laws for museum visitors. They
don't have to come, and they can leave at any time, No grades are given. There
are no diplomas or degrees awarded, There are no parental pressures, no social
pressures. If visiting a museum costs the visitor anything at all, the cost is of no
significance as an educationally motivating influence. There is little opportunity
for a coordinated course of study, for a spiral curriculum for homework, for
repetition, or for disciplinary action.
As the result of our visitor surveys, we know that our substantial
audience is half male, half female, one-third of college age or under, two-thirds
adult. The occupations of the adults are in direct correlation with the Bureau of
Labor Statistics figures for the country as a whole, This, then, is a cross sectiol'
of the public. It is not a connoisseur group; it is not a specially motivated group.
These visitors can look at, utilize, learn from, and be influenced by the exhibits
which appeal to them, and they can ignore those which don't,
I mention all of this simply to indicate that in addition to its primary
purposes, the Museum of Science and Industry is a rather good living laboratory
for making observations with respect to the educational effectiveness of exhibits
in connection with the mass, general public.
Housed in the Museum is a vast installation of exhibits in the basic fields
of physics, chemistry, mathematics, and the medical sciences, as well as an
unique collection of exhibition areas devoted to the applications of the basic
physical sciences by industry. The individual areas occupied by each of these
exhibits range in size up to 17, 000 square feet of floor space.
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This is a mass education institution based on the premise that acquiring
information, knowledge, understanding should be a pleasant experience. It is our
observation that it is not necessary to be dull to be educational; that in fact, it
helps not to be, More effective education results we find, from an interesting,
appealing, attractive, emotionally-stimulating presentation.
Our basic approach is to accept people as they are - emotional human
beings. We don't take the attitude that, "This is good for you," or "You ought to
do it".
We feel that color, light, architectural design are of great importance ......
not as ends in themselves, but as means toward accomplishing an educational end>
We have found that ideas and quality are more important than anything else. We
feel that until the visitors' attention and interest are caught and held, nothing has
been accomplished.
We believe that ii there is no audience, there has been no accomplishment.
We don't believe that endless rows of glass cases, even of perfect specimens,
provide an irresistable, motivating influence giving rise to educational effective-
ness.
We have found that relative cost is by no means a reliable measure of
exhibit educational effectiveness. We have seen thoroughly effective inexpensive
exhibits, and ineffective ones which cost much more. Similarly, relative size is
not a reliable measure of exhibit effectiveness. We have seen small exhibits which
drew, held, and delivered educational effectiveness, and large ones which didn't.
Our audience at the Museum of Science and Industry is not a captive one.
The Museum is located some six miles from the center of the city in a somewhat
remote and somewhat difficult place to reach. It stands alone. It doesn't benefit
from other attractions in the same area: there aren't any. Practically none of our
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visitors atop in because it ie convenient to do so. This means that to draw and
hold this very large attendance, we must strive constantly to utilize the most
effective exhibit techniques available.
Today' s exhibit designer must function as an educational psychologist.
His job is to select from the many techniques which exist those which best serve
his purpose in reaching and influencing visitors, not merely to make the exhibit
look "pretty". No one technique is superior in all cases. Each should be used,
alone, or in combination with others, when its particular characteristic will con-
tribute to the solution of the problem at hand.
What is it that characterizes exhibits as a medium of communication as
distinguished from the other media, What do exhibits have that the others don't
have? What is the heart and soul, the ultimate reality, the very essence of this
medium? II we have learned one thing above all others in connection with exhibits,
it is that the great advantage which the exhibit has is the opportunity which it pro-
vides to involve the visitor personally - physically and mentally. The exhibit
which is designed to take advantage of this opportunity - to cause the visitor to
participate, to become personally - physically and mentally - involved, is an
effective exhibit. The exhibit which is not designed to take advantage of this
opportunity - which allows the visitor to remain a non-participant a mere
spectator - is almost always an ineffective one. One might measure exhibit
effectiveness by measuring the degree to which the visitor becomes personally
involved,
Yet, if you will look at the next museum that you visit, from this point of
view, you will find that for the most part, no attempt has been made to involve
the viewer.
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Designing and producing educationally effective visitor-participation
exhibits aimed at the general public is quite as technical and creative and pro
feesional a field of activity a.a any, Educational exhibits have come of age. When
properly done, they need take second place to no other medium of communication.
That is one institution's philosophy of life. Inevitably yours will be
different. In your collective wisdom, which in this group is great indeed, you will
seek it out. You will weigh the alternatives and come to your own convictions. U
we can be of any help to you in your deliberations, we hope you will let us know.
000
iroooo
r
MEMORANDUM
NEW YORK WORLD.S FAIR 1964-1965 CORPORATION
TO:
Mr. Robert Moses
oATE: January 21, 1965
FROM: J olm T. 0
1
Neill
suBJEcT: Preliminary Report on the Post Fair Use of the Hall of Science
You asked me to have a survey made of suitable exhibits
for possible Post Fair Use in the Hall of Science. The following
is a preliminary report on the investigations made to date.
The report is essentially submitted in three parts,
1) Hall of Science Displays - 1966, suggested utilization of science
exhibits currently on display in Exhibitor Pavilions, 2) Comments
on future expansion of the Hall of Science, 3) Sketches of Hall of
Science, indicating general layout, availability of space and suggested
space allocation for display arrangements.
I - Hall of Science Displays - 1966
Use of the existing Hall of Science Building will fall
generally into two categories, a) The Great Hall Display on the Main
Level, b) Use of the Lower Level as the Main Exhibit Area for the
temporarily combined Hall of Discoveries and Inventions. The follow-
ing data is significant in consideration of the use of the Hall of S c i < ~ n c e
Lower Level: Useable Area - Approximately 27, 800 s. f. , Ceiling
Height - Approximately 25', Construction - exposed concrete floor,
ceiling and structural members. Main Floor: Approximate useabk
area - 6, 650 s. f.
The Great Hall or Main Floor, presently displays the Martin-
Marietta Company Exhibit of a simulated rendezvous in space of full-
sized, manned orbital space vehicles, It is suggested that this exhibit
remain with the following possible modification.
The filmEld portion of the presentation might be used to explain,
categorize and review United States and Russian Space Projects to date,
which have led up to the Rendezvous in Space. Instead of ending with the
rendezvous, since this is a project scheduled for 1965-1966, it is sugges-
ted that the film continue with animated or real displays and pictures of
future space shots, moon landing, etc. Detailed explanations of physical
requirements for Astronauts, necessary preparation and training,
reactions to space flight, weightlessness, eating, radiation, etc., might
also be discussed to provide a basic background for the uninformed
visitor.
Preliminary Report on the Post Fair Use of the Hall of Science
(Continued)
The movie could also serve to introduce the exhibits displayed
on the Lower Level. A suitable introduction might inform the public
that they are about to enter the temporary home of the Hall of Discoveries
and Inventions, and might briefly summarize or categorize the exhibits.
The Main Exhibit Area on the Lower Level would be designated
as the Hall of Discoveries and Inventions, with the area divided into the
following categories:
A. Physical Sciences
Engineering
Communications
Transportation
Space Technology
B. Life Sciences
Public Health
Behavioral Sciences
Medicine
Nutrition
The categories outlined conform to those planned for the Post
Fair expansion of the Hall of Science and can, perhaps, serve as the nucleus
of the future exhibits which would explore in depth the topics listed.
To obtain maximum utilization of existing science exhibits
presently on display in Exhibitor Pavilions, it is suggested that the main
emphasis be placed on a presentation of the Physical Sciences, with a
smaller amount of space dedicated to discoveries or inventions which have
benefited man in the Life Sciences.
Because the exhibits, proposed for the Lower Level, deal primarily
with topics of contemporary or future importance, the tone of all exhibits
and the general theme Will tend to relate to man's present and future achieve-
ments in science, as opposed to a display of the History of Science. In the
final museum environment, a complete study of various topics can be made,
but within the limited space available, it would be virtually impossible to
achieve this goal.
Preliminary Report on the Post Fair Use of the Hall of Science
(Continued)
A review of data obtained from Science Surveys performed
by Mr. William Laurence and to lesser degree, by the Engineering
Division, of Exhibitor Science Displays, reveals the foil owing list of
Science Exhibits worthy of consideration for r e t ~ n t i o n in the Post Fair
Hall of Science:
I - Currently in the Hall of Science
Martin-Marietta Exhibit'
The Atomic Energy Commission Exhibit
The American Chemical Society Exhibit
The Abbott Laboratories Exhibit
The Upjohn Company Exhibit
The General Aniline & Film Company
II - Science Exhibits in Other Pavilions
The Bell Laboratories Exhibit
The DuPont Exhibit
The Eastman Kodak Motion Picture
Electric Light & Power Exhibit
The General Electric Exhibit
The Sinclair Exhibit
The Travelers Insurance Exhibit
The New England Exhibit
The Ford Exhibit
The General Motors Exhibit
The Sweden Exhibit
U. S. Space Park
A careful study of the exhibits listed above shows that many
probably must be eliminated from serious consideration for use in a
permanent or semi-permanent exhibit, The reasons for elimination are
as follows: commercialized presentation, personnel requirements, space
limitations, temporary nature of the exhibit, lack of sufficient scientific
depth to merit use in the Science Museum.
To provide a degree of continuity, the Hall of Science might be
broken into major display areas, utilizing the following science exhibits
to introduce general concepts:
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Preliminary Report on the Post Fair Use of the Hall of Science
(Continued)
A. SPACE TECHNOLOGY
Main Floor
Martin-Marietta, Space Rendezvous (currently on display-
Hall of Science).
Introductory film covering the space program leading up to
the Apollo Program and projecting future space probes,
interplanetary travel, etc. As a conclusion, this film might
introduce the public to the general categories of exhibit to be
found on the Lower Level.
Lower Level- (Area A, see attached sketch)
A selection of several of the following exhibits on Space
Technology:
1. Exhibits from NASA-DOD Display in the U. S. Space
Park, examples as follows:
a) Mercury Capsule
b) Syncom, Telstar, Relay and Echo
Communications Satellites
c) X-15 Rocket-Powered' Aircraft
d) Appropriate Display Panels
e) Possible displays of equipment, clothing,
space suits, foods, etc., used by Astronauts
(to be obtained from NASA/DOD or
manufacturP.rs)
2, Display of Cosmic Ray Spark Chamber (currently included
in the General Motors Exhibit).
3. General Motors Display, showing their part in the basic
research and development of The Apollo and other space
projects.
4. Additional Displays, as available, showing current (1965-
1966) or future space projects,
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Preliminary Report on the Post Fair Use of the Hall of Science
(Continued)
B. ENGINEERING, CO:rvrM:UNICATIONS, CHE:MISTRY -
(Area B, see attached sketch)
1. A selection of several of the following exhibits
exemplifying progress in the fields of Engineering,
Communications and Chemistry.
a) The American Chemical Society Exhibit on
salt water conversion - "Chemical Frontiers
of the Sea". (currently in the Hall of Science)
b) The animated motion picture, "The Chemical
Man" o (currently exhibited by the Abbott
Laboratories in the Hall of Science)
c) Sweden's Display of the Development of DC-AC
Power and Power Generation.
d) Appropriate chemical displays from the DuPont
Exhibit (minimizing the use of demonstrators
but maximizing audience participation in the
performance of various experiments)
e) Bell System Exhibits on Communications in-
cluding displays showing Transistors, the
Maser and Laser Beams, and other applicable
communications displays. (Note: The Bell
System Displays are undergoing radical revision,
displays available in 1965 are still unknown),
f) General Motors Display showing research and
development in the fields of Magnetoplasma
Dynamics, Thermodynamics, External Combus-
tion engines and the Sterling Engine.
g) The Eastman Kodak Exhibit Film on photography
in the Study of Atomic Particles, Astronomy, etc,
h) Additional Science Films as applicable and
available, used to supplement exhibits on display.
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Preliminary Report on the Post Fair Use of the Hall of Science
(Continued)
C. DISCOVERIES - (Area C, see attached sketch)
It is suggested that the exhibits in this area deal primarily
with the Discovery and Use of Atomic Energy.
a) General Electric Atomic Fusion Exhibit (for
suggested location see sketches attached).
Full development of this exhibit depends upon a
thorough basic presentation of the principles of
the Atom, Atomic Fusion and Atomic Fission.
A suggested approach might be a film presentation
prior to a demonstration of the fusion process.
The film might also include projected uses of
Atomic Energy, progress in the development of
Nuclear Power Plants, etc. In addition, the
technician required in the operation of the fusion
equipment might be conspicuously displayed and
available for question, answer or lecture purposes.
b) General Motors Display of Research in the Field
of Atomic Energy.
c) Atomic Energy Commission.Exhibit, "Atomsville"
(currently on display in the Hall of Science).
D. INVENTIONS - lJFE SCIENCES
1. General Motors -Heart Pump used for heat transfer
during Heart Operations.
2. Additional displays obtained from outside sources in
the various fields of Life Science.
The above listed recommendations must be qualified by stating
that a detailed survey of Power, Structural and Space Requirements must
still be performed to insure full utilization of the exhibits described. It
should also be noted that many of the exhibits, taken out of their current
environments will not relate a comprehensive picture of the topics covered.
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Preliminary Report on the Post Fair Use of the Hall of Science
(Continued)
Considerable additional attention will be required in the preparation of
descriptive and background materials for each display. In most cases,
the Exhibitors, or perhaps their Research and Development Divisions,
are ready and willing sources for this information and in some cases,
such as General Motors, General Electric or Bell, may even aid in
modifying or supplementing their exhibits to this end.
Modifications of the Display Area may also be required primarily
from an interior decorating point of view. Appropriate backdrop, enclosures,
acoustical and lighting effects will undoubtedly be required.
II - Hall of Science Future Expansion
Expansion of the Hall of Science complex, to include either new
structures or the use of existing adjacent buildings, such as the Ford Rotunda,
would allow for an increase in the scope and degree of depth obtainable in each
science display. But, an expansion of display space also brings into much
sharper focus the need and requirement for a well defined plan for the growth
of the Hall of Science.
The overall plan would reflect the basic aims and philosophy of the
Hall of Science. The choice of exhibits and displays might then follow
definite patterns, each complementing the other and all together, clearly
stating a basic theme. It is suggested that the aims and purposes be along
educational lines, utilizing displays and techniques that can communicate
with the general public. The need in New York is for a greater awareness
of the tremendous advances currently being made throughout the world in the
fields of pure and applied science. Measurement of these advances re-
quires an understanding of basic principles and a knowledge of the history
of development from early inventions and discoveries to current and future
usage. The expanded Hall of Science through careful selection and orientation
of basic science, technological and industrial exhibits could achieve this
purpose.
Attachments
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""' .ro
HALL OF SCIENCE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
Minutes of Special Meeting
-of-
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
A Special Meeting of the Board of Trustees of
the Hall of Science of The City of New York was duly held
on Tuesday, December 8, 1964 at 4:00 o'clock in the after-
noon at Gracie Mansion, 88th Street and East End Avenue,
New York, New York.
Present:
Hon. Mario J. Cariello
Hon. Robert Moses
Charles F. Preusse, Esq.
Hon. P8ul R. Screvane
Hon. Robert F. Wagner
Mayor Wagner, President of the Corporation, acted
as Chairman of the meeting.
There was presented to the meeting a waiver of
notice of the meeting, signed by each of the Trustees, fixing
the time and place of the meeting. Mr. Preusse, Secretary
of the Corporation, was requested to file said waiver with the
minutes of the meeting.
The minutes of the Firat Meeting of the Board, held
on September 3, 1964, were read by Mr. Preusae and were unan-
imously approved.
Mayor Wagner stated that the ~ - L a w s or the Corpora-
tion provide for a Board of Trustees to consist or twenty-one
elective trustees and not more than four ~ officio Trustees
(said ~ officio Trustees to be composed of the Mayor or the
City of New York, the President of the City Council, the
Commissioner of Parks, and the Borough President of the Borough
of Queens, each to act as a Trustee during the term of his office
with the City of New York). Mr. Screvane noted that, under
the Corporation's Charter, Mr. Moses and Mr. Preusse were already
members of the Board and that, in addition, three of the four
required ex officio Trustees were also members of the Board.
Whereupon, upon motion duly made, seconded and unani-
mously carried, it was
RESOLVED, that Hon. Newbold Morris be, and
he hereby is, elected to serve as an ex officio
Trustee of this Corporation during the-term of his
office as Commissioner or Parks or the City of New
York; and
FURTHER RESOLVED, that the following persons
are elected to serve as Trustees of this Corporation
to hold office until the third Tuesday in September,
1965 or until their successors shall be elected
and shall qualify:
Dr. Leona Baumgartner
Detlev w. Bronk
Joseph E. Davis
Seth H. Dubin
Dr. John R. Dunning
Charles E. Eble
Daniel Gilmartin
Grayson Kirk
William L. Laurence
Joseph A. Martino
Frank Pace, Jr.
Clifton w. Phalen
Dr. Isidor Isaac Rabi
Robert W. Sarnoff
Ralph I. Straus
Mrs. Marietta Tree
Mayor Wagner pointed out that, although he had
accepted the office of President of the Corporation at the
first meeting of the Corporation held on September 3, 1964, he
had done so with the understanding that he would hold office
only until such time as full consideration could be given to
the election of another Trustee as President, in view or his
many other executive responsibilities as Mayor. He asked that
he be relieved of his office as President at the earliest
feasible date. In this connection, he expressed his desire
that Mr. Preusse, who had been elected Secretary at the same
meeting, continue to serve as Secretary until such time as the
Hall of Science was in full operation. Mr. Preusse then stated
that he would continue to act as Secretary so long as his
professional obligations would permit his service to the
Corporation in this capacity.
Mr. Cariello noted that the Ew-Laws of the
Corporation provide for the election by the Board of an
Executive Committee consisting in not less than five
members of the Board. Mr. Moses then stated that, in view
of the responsibilites of the Executive Committee under the
B,y-Laws, it would seem appropriate to elect the five members
of the Executive Committee at a Special Meeting of the Board,
as presently constituted, in the near future, the present
ex officio members of that Committee. Mr. Screvane suggested
that a committee be appointed at this meeting both to nominate
an elective Trustee to serve as President or the Corporation
and to nominate five additional elective Trustees to serve
as members of the Executive Committee, the names of such
nominees to be submitted for approval at a Special Meeting
of the Board.
Upon motion duly made and seconded, it was unanimously
RESOLVED, that Dr. Leona Baumgartner, Mr. Detlev
W. Bronk and Mr. Joseph A. Martino be, and they here-
by are, apnointed to act as a committee to nominate
an elective Trustee of the Corporation for the office
of President of the Corporation, and to nominate five
additional elective Trustees to serve as members of
the Executive Committee of the Corporation; and,
FURTHER RESOLVED, that Mr. Martino be, and he
hereby is, appointed as Chairman of said nominating
committee; and,
FURTHER RESOLVED, that said nominating committee
shall submit the names of their nominees for said
positions to the members of the Board of Trustees
at a Special Meeting of the Board to be held at
the earliest feasible date.
Mayor Wagner then requested Mr. Preusse.to advise
the new members of the Board of Trustees of their election
to the Board, and to notify the members of the nominating
committee of their appointments and duties.
A discussion then ensued both as to a place for
a temporary office for the Corporation pending the conclusion
of the 1964-1965 World's Fair, and as to engaging the services
as consultant, on a temporary basis, of a qualified expert
in the field of science-museum work to assist the Board in its
planning for permanent operation of the Hall of Science. Mr.
Moses then stated that space could be provided for a temporary
officefor the Corporation in the Administration Building at
the Fair. All of the members of the Board agreed that efforts
should be made to engage the services of Daniel M. MacMaster,
Director of the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry, as
consultant d u r ~ n g the planning stage of the Corporation. Mayor
Wagner then requested Mr. Preusse to communicate with Mr.
MacMaster on this matter.
Mr. Preusse then stated that, after consulting the
other members of the Board, as Secretary of the Corporation
..
he had filed on November 5, 1964, an application for Federal
Income Tax Exemption, and that on November 30, 1964, the
application had been granted qualifying the Corporation as
a non-profit educational corporation. He then explained
that the exemption was applicable to any of the Corporation's
federal income taxes (other than unrelated business income);
rendered deductible, for federal income tax purposes, con-
tributions to the Corporation by donors; and, rendered
deductible, for federal estate and gift tax purposes, bequests,
legacies and gifts.
i-lhereupon, upon motion duly made, seconded and
unanimously carried, it was
RESOLVED, that the action of Charles F.
Preusse, Secretary of the Corporation, in making
application on behalf of the Corporation for
Federal Income Tax Exemption be, and the same
hereby is, ratified, confirmed and approved.
A discussion then ensued as to the date, place and
time of the next meeting of the Board of Trustees.
Upon motion duly made, seconded and unanimously
carried, it was
RESOLVED, that a Special Meeting of the
Board of Trustees of this Corporation be held
on r1onday, January 25, 1965 at 12:30 P.M. at the
Top of the Fair Restaurant, New York World's Fair,
Flushing New York, New York.
Secretary
. SCIENCE AT THE FAIR
' - . - . . . -
WILUAM t. LAURENCE, Editor
With Prefatory Notes by
ROBERT MOSES, President
NewYork World's Fair 1964-1965 Corporation
and by
PAUL R. SCREV ANE, President of the Council
The City of New York
. Mr.WliliamL.Laurence, ,_,.....-.' .... , .... ,,
.. for qur a short, 'Utlderstandable at}: .. . . .
tlte Fai,r.-Jdenttfybtg the .pavilions and- exhibits .. _.
. explaU\i1'tgWhat Our
sl\ow Next' to t1te gteat sdentistS ..
. '.those._ wt.ti 'expl"it-'thetrrevelatiori& .ir\ .r .. rch ,;., .
. ..
gi.fted . .. . . .. .
terms .and -.in-. simple Ettglish,,-who " ... .:: . -....... .::
ofthetmodynamics, space: and __.. _ _ . _ . ..
. U'enkf1 is the:best of this .rare. breed. He was picked to ... _._ .
jqdrnalistsbilthe spot at Los-Alamos, :
11\ preparation for Fair Flushing \ f?
workbig on _future bUildingS arid exhibits for. ; ;: .,
of Science. This little piece is to be read iri connection'witl\ , ....
; . vious report on the Post Fair Park and the shorter one on the : ',
Science. . . -._,_ ,<: .. ;
. It won't take long to read this piece. It won't require t!ffot(
It. will be most rewarc:ling. :,. .. .
' .
This book on Sdenee at the 'New YorkW6rlci's Fatr .... ..: ............ .
Y4th the frttpact ofthe scientific the
Wltneslll\g. . .
The pageS devoted to the Hall of Science, which .. .... or-.
City a permanent museum to meet the needs ofan era ill w tudl
is playing such an aU-important role; are gratifyirig to
as one who has felt the need for such a rnijsewn and has WOJ. rkr:t With::::
Mayor Wagried9i its .
. The thedie' ofthe Fair-
11
Peace throUgh
double The understandin8 of people, the
comprehension, must be. coupled withar. w
physical world, of the 1,1rtiverse we live in. . . . .. . . , . . , .
The sdentiac exhibits at the Science, thl;<Untte<I:.$Atef'Y ::
Space Park and other paVilions, deScribed. in ....
. dramatic illustration of the breath-taking pace . :'.:.::
during the quarter--century since the last New York World's
1939. TheyteUusthatw4!are living in :.
as well as the Atomic Age, and that we now stand at ne!W
knowledge that Will greatly enrich the life of mankind .
The present Hall of Science is but a nucleUs of what will, irt tiineP '-
grow into a magnificent Science Center, to take its With
Center, the MettQpolitan Museum, the AmeriCa!\ NahifatX ..
History and our institutions of learning; as part of a: great cwtui .. ::.i: .'< :
mpb anywhere m
. .. i -INTi.ODUCTlON---h wm;.,...,;-1
.. , , :' .- ..... .. Y
n. umt:m sTA.rts srACE PARK : - .
. :a. taux\ch .
. b. :(;e.-nini ._
c .. Saturn: Project Fact Sheet
SaturtiVThrustSttuclurt'r .
e, Apollo
.' . .t
. m. TH HALL OF SCIENCE
:a; m Space
b . Sdentific.A.spectsofaNationaiOrbihtl:'. .
. _.. . :_ ....
. c. Atoll\ic Energy Commission
.. The.Atont-by.WilliUx\ t. Laurence
. e. New Dimensions in Space ari4 Time
. J. 'Office Of pvtlian Defense-
The Sdence oE Survival .
.g. The Upjohn The Brain
-h. WiUiamL.Lauience.
i. Abbott- Laboratories-The Chemical Min
j. The J:nzYllles--by WilliamL. La1Jretu:e .. . . .
. k. Life. is an Electron--:byWilliari\L, Laurence .
1. DNA-by William L; Laurence .
m. Ames Company I Inc. . .
.. .TheBlood
The Kidneys ' . . .. . . . _ .
Facts about Williamt taurenci{: . .
American Cancer Society .
. . o. Interchemical CorpQration-Physics of
P General Aniline & Filin Corporation- ..
Chemistry and the World of Color
q, Hearing.Aid Industry Corifererice, Inc;
r. American Chemical Society
IV. 01HER PAVIUONS
a. General Electric Pavilion-
The Cosmic Powerhouse-by WilliamL. Laurence
b. Bell System
1) The Transistor
Maser
3) Laser
4) TASI
5) Undersea Telephone Cables
6) Voiceprints
7) Tic-tac-toe Machine
c. The DuPont Show-
Wonderful World of Chemistry
d .. The mM Exhibit
e. Sinclair Dinosaur Exhibit
. ,, .'
. :4() .
43',,.
45
' 47
48
..: S4
57 ..
59
n. United States Space Park
,:- ,
,, .
. ifoajor of the World's Fair IS
States Space Park which includes, am()ng other spacW.ge
the Aurora 7 that carried Astronaut Scott Carp4!nter. on
the second U.S. manned orbital flight. . . . . ' .... , . .
The Space Park is co-sponsored by the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, the Department of Defense
Fair . It includes the most impOsing array of full-scale
. and$pacecraft ever assembled Qutside . .' ....
Hishllghting the park is a EuU-5cale "boattall" or propU1Si9nseetiol\ : :
of the. massive Saturn Y rocket which will send '
to the Moon.' stands 52 'feet .tall, measure&33
, eter, and is the bottom section of the 2$2-foot tall .
. . Among the shown are the Tiros and NimWJ weatJltr
'satellites; Syncom, Telstar, Relay and Echo communication$
Explorers for near-Earth space investigation; the. orbiting observa: ;
.. tories; Rangers and Surveyors for unmanned lunar exploration,and .
.Mariner n, the world's first successfulVenus probe. Also in.the sroup
. are the Alouette, the BritishArieO, and Discoverer
.xrv, the first satellite recovered from orbit by aircraft when it re-
entered the Earth's atmosphere. .
Towering over the two-acre exhibit is a Titan 11-Gemini launch
vehicle and its two-man spacecraft. The Titan li booster, 110 feet
high, stands with the Gemini attached on top. just as it. will
be on the launch pad at Cape Kennedy.
Surrounding the Titan U-Geri\inl are full-scale models of the
Apollo Con\mand and Modules which will carey ..
astronauts to the moon, the Lunar Excursion Module, and two-inan
Gemini spacecraft.
Other full-scale exhibits in the Park are . the Atlas-Mercury and
thor-Delta rockets, an X-15 rocket-powered research aircraft and the
Agena rocket.
A biosatellite spacecraft illustrates future missions to explore the. ..
effects of the space environment on animal and plant . .
The NERVA, or Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application, is ...
shown in one-quarter scale, and the SNAP-8 {Space Nuclear Auxiliary
Power) is represented in one-twelfth scale. A 1/48th scale mOdel:()f
the Titan m C launch vehicle is also shown. . .
i ; i ;-
TITAN LAUNCH
VEHICI.ES
PROJECT GEMINI
Titan II, a two-stage U.S. Air Force booster, has been chosen by
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to launch .the
Gemini two-man spacecraft. Its first stage develops about 430,000
pounds of thrust at sea level. The second stage develops about 100,000
pounds of thrust at altitude. Titan II stands 90 feet tall and can place
a spacecraft weighing about 7,000 pounds into orbit around the Earth.
It is 10 feet in diameter and uses storable liquid propellants that burn
on contact with each other. Thus the Gemini launch vehicle can be
fueled well ahead of launch and need not be drained if a launch is
postponed.
Modifications of Titan II for the Gemini program include devel-
opment of a malfunction detection system, duplication of vital sys-
tems, and increased astronaut control of the vehicle.
A full scale model of Titan II with a Gemini spacecraft mounted
on top, 110 feet talt is on display in the U.S. Space Park.
Titan III is under development as a standard space launch s y s ~
tern and part of the National Launch Vehicle Program. It is the first
launch system developed by the Air Force from the outset as a space
booster. Capable of performing a variety of manned and unmanned
space missions in the next decade, Titan Ill, in its "C" configuration,
is a three-stage, 103-foot-tall vehicle developing about 2.5 million
pounds of thrust.
Titan III is based on Titan II, modified principally by strapping two
large solid-fuel rockets to its sides and adding a liquid-propellant third
stage. It will be able to place 5,000 to 25,000-pound payloads in low
altitude orbits, 10 tons in a 100-nautical-mile orbit, or 13,000 pounds
in a 1,000-nautical-mile orbit.
It will be used to launch the Air Force Manned Orbiting Laboratory
(MOL).
The next major step after Mercury in the United States manned space
flight program is Project Gemini. This project's goals are:
To determine man's performance and behavior during orbital
flights for as long as two weeks;
To develop and perfect techniques for orbital rendezvous and
docking, the bringing together and coupling of craft in orbit;
To carry out scientific investigations of space that require partici-
paHon and supervision of men aboard a spacecraft.
The Department of Defense and NASA have agreed on joint ar-
rangements for the planning of experiments, the conduct of flight
tests, and the analysis and dissemination of results.
The two-man Gemini spacecraft externally resembles the Mercury
spacecraft. It is 1 ~ feet wider than Mercury at the base and length-
ened proportionately. It provides about 50 percent more cabin space 5
than Mercury and weighs about 7,000 pounds. Two men will pilot the
Gemini spacecraft.
Gemini components will be outside the crew compartments and ar-
ranged in easily removable units, thereby facilitating check-out and
maintenance.
Included in Gemini equipment are docking apparatus for coupling
with another vehicle in space; a life support system for maintaining
pressure, temperature, and atmospheric composition of the crew
cabin; instruments to collect, transmit, and record data on conditions
of the spacecraft and astronauts; guidance and controls systems oper-
ating in conjunction with a computer to aid in navigation, rendezvous
with another craft, entering Earth's atmosphere, and landing; radar
to aid in rendezvous operations; and a landing and recovery system
including a small parachute to stabilize the craft, the paraglider mech-
anism, landing gear, and recovery aids such as tracking beacons, flash-
ing lights, and two-way voice radios.
Ejection Seats-Gemini will have no es.cape tower. Instead, each astro-
naut will have an ejection seat (similar to that used in a fighter air-
craft) for escape during launch or for emergencies in the recovery
phase.
Adapter Section-The two-piece adapter section is attached to the
heat shield at Gemini's base. The adapter section is 7! feet in diam-
eter at the top, 7 ~ feet long, and 10 feet in diameter at its base. It
weighs about 2,200 pounds. It is made up of the equipment and retro-
grade modules. As an aid in distinguishing the Gemini parts, the crew
section has been designated the re-entry module.
The equipment module contains fuel, fuel cells, oxygen for breath-
PHOTO BY PETER A. LEAVENS
ORBITAL
RENDEZVOUS
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and
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ORBITAL
RENDEZVOUS
ing; and a propulsion system for orbital attitude cont.-ol (orientation)
cmd .maneuvers. !he . retrograde . module, . sandwiched between the
.eqUJpmentandre-entry moclulE!s1 contains the 'btaking rockets that
decelerate Gemini and enable it to descend from orbit. It also contains
.. a J)rQpulsion system to aid in orienting and maneuvering .the craft. .
' 'Tl\e astronauts jettison the equipment module during preparation
. for return to Earth. They discard the retrograde module just before
. entcy into the atmosphere. .
. To Land Like An Airplane-Gemini flights will employ parachutes
for landing. In later flights the parachutes may be replaced by a 45-
foot wide wedge-shaped paraglider.
The paraglider will be part of the equipment of the r&-entry module,
the only part of Gemini designed to return to Earth. The device, de-
ployed at about 40,000 feet, will enable the astronauts to maneuver
the module to any desired landing point within a 20-mile radius.
Phase 1-Launch and Insertion Into Orbit-In the Gemini orbital ren-
. dezvous mission, an Atlas will first launch an Agena l"ocket, modified
to link up with the Gemini spacecraft, into a near-circular orbit.
Ground stations will track Agena and determine the best time to
launch Gemini. Later, a Titan II will propel Gemini into an elongated
orbit with an altitude generally lower than that of Agena but with
apogee (highest altitude) at the same altitude of the Agena orbit.
Because its altitude is lower, Gemini will be able to circle the Earth
more quickly than Agena and gradually overtake the rocket. When
the two are most favorably located relative to each other, a Gemini
rocket will be fired to increase Gemini's speed and to thrust the space-
craft into a circular orbit almost identical with that of Agena.
Phase 2-Ciosing-As soon as Gemini's radar acquires Agena, the
so-called closing phase of rendezvous begins. Radar information is
fed into Gemini's computer which tells the pilots which rockets to fire
and when and how long they must operate them to keep the craft
stabilized and gain on their target. When the two craft are about 20
miles apart, the astronauts are expected to sight Agena and supple-
ment radar information with visual observation. A high-intensity
flashing light on Agena will help the .astronauts keep their target in
sight. By the end of the closing phase, Gemini and Agena will be 10
to 100 feet apart and traveling in the same orbit.
Phase 3-Docldng-The fmal phase of rendezvous is docking, the
link-up of the two vehicles. In this phase, much of the sensing, com-
puting, and decision requirements are within the capability of man.
Using visual observation, the astronauts will carefully maneuver
Gemini into contact with Agena. They are aided by an aiming bar on
the Gemini spacecraft and a notch in the rocket's receiving cone.
As they near their target, the astronauts must reduce the relative 'J
8
velocities between the two craft to less than 1 Y2 miles per hour, al-
though both are whirling around the Earth at about 18,000 miles per
hour. Moreover, they must align the conical nose of their craft with
the docking socket of the Agena.
They will accomplish this by using the attitude controls to pitch
Gemini (move its nose up or down), yaw the craft (turn its nose to the
right or left}, or roll it around the long axis, as conditions demand.
Docking will be accomplished when the cone-shaped nose of
Gemini is gently nudged into the matching slot of the Agena. Cou-
pling of the craft will be automatic, and the astronauts will be able
to operate the joined vehicles as a single unit, adding the Agena's pro-
pulsion system to that of the Gemini spacecraft.
At the conciusion of their mission, the astronauts will detach Agena
and jettison the equipment module. Then, they will turn the spacecraft
around, fire the retrorockets to slow down and descend to Earth, and
discard the retrograde module.
Gemini Crew May Step Out Into Space--During advanced stages of
the Gemini program, its pressure-.suited crew may open the hatches
and emerge from the spacecraft while in orbit. Moreover, they may
push themselves from the craft, and appear to float in space as they
speed around the Earth at about 18,000 miles per hour. For this opera-
tion, they will be tethered to the craft to insure their return. Gemini
will store sufficient oxygen to re-fill its cabin when the astronauts
return.
This experiment will help pave the way for future operations in
which man can make repairs, assemble orbiting stations, and perform
other functions in space.
SATURN PRO}EC
FACT SHEET
. ..
. and Space .. :
. Pr(,)jec:t , .
. of;fuat\'onsmto>&tthorbit tothe.Moonaful.:"'"te.dee .s ..:-:me..
. : ' . y.t. : ..... , ... . : . I. . .. '' .. , "t' , .... .... ,
. of the is space ..
. men and equipment on .M()Ori Wit!Un.

and Space . ..
'The smallest vehicle;Satutn I, has a booster :r..s million..
pounds thrust. This dev,elopment program l\'as started in
The initial Sa tum 1 booster with inert upper stages was launchedor,t a
perfecH11ght over the Atlantic Missile Range 27, 1961. The "c-
third and fourth launchings, on April 25; and Nov.16,
March 28,1963 and Jan. 29,1964 were . .. . ... ... .
The largest Saturn vehicle, Saturn V, will have. a of 7.5 . .
lion pounds thrust. The program was initiated Jat\uary ,.1962, . .....
In addition to these two basic Sa tum vehiclesi the, Saturn IB will be.
used. IB will consist of the first stag' of and the! third.
stage .of the Saturn, v. The IB willbe capable of delivering tQl\5. tp,,
JowEarth orbit, compared to 11 tons for the Saturn I. Both used: .
. tn(!arly phases of the Apollo program, while the SaturriV wUl be itsed
for the Moon landing. . . . . : .
. All Sat:um boosters or first stages use as propeai\ts .. 1 (kerO.
. serie) and liquid oxygen, whereas all upper stages use the high energy.
combination of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.. . . . .. . .
Sa tum l consists of two stages, S..l and S"'IV There is atO-;ve}Ucle> .
research and development flight test program. In the ..
the boQster was "live." In the remaining ones, the booster (S-1) and the.
second stage (S..IV) are live. The first live upper stage launch was
made on January 29, 1964, successfully placing in orbit the spel\tsec ..
ond stage and inert ballast weighing a total of 37,700 pounds. The.sec-.
ond live launch was made on May 26, 1964. .
The initial Sa tum I test rocket weighed about 92s;ooo pounds when
fueled. The later Saturn I, with a live second stage and Apollo payload,
weighed 1,130,000 pounds. The vehicle placed a boUer plate Apc)llo
spacecraft ill to low Earth orbit in preparation for the lunar voyages
that will follow. Its Earth orbital capability is about 22,000 pouncls .. .
Following are descriptions of the Saturn I stages:
5-I: The Saturn I first stage or booster, called 5-1, is powered by a cl\Js-
. ter of eight H-1 engines, each of which produces 188,()00 pounds of
thrust to give a total of1,SOO,OOO pounds, or 32,000,000 horsepOwer ..
. The booster is 21 feet in diameter and 82 feet in length. Empty
weight is slightly less thanlOO,OOO pounds.
The H-1 engine, an advanced and compact offspdng of the Jt,tpiter'
and Thor engine, was selected because of its relative simplicity, early 9
10
availability, and proven reliability. It burns RP-1 kerosene fuel and
liquid oxygen.
5-IV: The second stage of the Saturn I vehicle, known as S-IV, is pow-
ered by six RL-10 engines, each having 15,000 pounds thrust. This is
the same engine that is used for the Centaur space vehicle.
The S-IV stage is 18 feet in diameter and about 40 feet in length,
with propellant capacity of 100,000 pounds. Since this stage uses the
super-cold fuel, liquid hydrogen, the design includes many innova-
tions.
The Saturn V consists of three stages, the first stage having 7.5 mil-
lion pounds thrust-five times more than the Saturn I first stage. The
vehicle will be capable of placing about 120 tons in Earth orbit and
sending about 45 tons to the vicinity of the Moon. The rocket will
weigh more than six million pounds at liftoff.
Following is a description of the Saturn V stages:
S-IC: The Saturn V booster, or S-IC stage, is approximately 138 feet
in length and 33 feet in diameter. The basic configuration will be
cylindrical, with separate propellant tanks. Suction lines from the for-
ward liquid oxygen tank will pass through tunnels in the fuel tank to
the engine. Dry weight of the stage will be about 280,000 pounds, with
a propellant capacity of about 4,400,000 pounds.
Structural configuration for the stage propellant tanks will be an
all-welded assembly of cylindrical ring segments with dome-shaped
bulkheads. Both propellant tanks will include slosh baffles over the
full depth of the liquids.
The propulsion system will use five F-1 engines for a total thrust
of7,500,000pounds. The F-1, under development for NASA, has been
static fired at full thrust (1.5 million pounds) for full flight duration
(about 2 ~ minutes). The first production engine is scheduled for
delivery in 1964.
S-11: The second, 5-11 stage will measure about 82 feet long and 33
feet in diameter and have a propellant capacity of 930,0000 pounds.
The basic configuration will be cylindrical, with an insulated common
bulkhead separating the liquid oxygen tank and forward hydrogen
tank.
The propulsion system will use five J-2 engines, providing a total
of 1,000,0000 pounds thrust.
Four engines will be placed in a square pattern, with the fifth engine
rigidly fixed in the center.
5-IVB: The third stage for the Saturn V configuration will be identi-
fied as the 5-IVB stage which measures about 21 ~ feet in diameter
and about 58 feet in length. The tankage is sized for about 230,000
pounds of propellant for orbital operations, which includes an allow-
ance for boil-off and power during orbital coast.
One J-2 engine, providing about 200,000 pounds of thrust at alti-
SAJURN V
THRUST
STRUCTURE
APOLLO
. the
. >' "busi.nt?S:f; >:'2
' '.' ' smatnmoth .. uurn
.. ,_A.:fl,l}hsize m()ckup of ,thrust. c:.t ........ r ...htr,, """
. >. . .. ....
hugeF:J.engines.li .... ... . ... .. .. .. ,; ... .. ;
.. Fair visitors are able to walk beneath the 52--foot-"taU.
> into the nozzles.of the iO..ton whkb ,Wilt
the real Saturn, V booster a total thrust o7.5 iniliion ''' ,- ; :
A booster will be 138 feet. tall EeetJn , ::r
With all and Apollo 1rtountef;(. .:
atop, the Saturn V will tower some 360 feet into the sky. .. . '
.. The Saturn V is being developed as the vehie}e whidf the
ApoVo spacecraft and three astronauts ' . .
_- At theba5e of the exhibit is an Apollo CouUnartd MQdule'to sltow. ":,
Visitors how the three astronauts will ride
. _'Excursion Module, the vehicle kn()Wn as the 'w.hich \'Villlowet : ..
twoastronauts ftomlunar orbit to the Moon's surfaee .. :, , , -;;< ;, -
. The- Command M<Jdule, Lunar Excursion a .
tion, the ServiCe containing instrumentatiotland -
system, make up the Apollo spacecraft..
. . . . .J
, Liftoff--The hip to the Moon wil{start at CaPe Fla.,
thitSatU.rn V rises from thelaurichpad.
drops away after burning and cutoff. The escape tower is diseardea
after second stage ignitioJ1. _. - __ _ .. _ _ _- _ -- --.
-- The second stage is also separated after burnout. J\ partial burrt of
the single J-2 engine in the thirclf or S..IVB, stage is to place
this stage and the Apollo Spacecraft into a uparking"Earth orbit ..
InjeCtion Into Lunar Trajectory-_ At least 1 the
Earth will be required to reach the proper launCh (rito5t
dilect line toward the Moori), to ch.eck out the spacecraft, and to
mine that everything is ready to commit the spaeecra!fto the-missicm ..
When the decision is made'to go, the third stage engine Wilibe ignited ....
again to rt,?ach the escape velocity of about 25,000 an .
Apollo Spacecraft-The Apollo Spacecraft has three major parts. the
Command Module carries the crew, plus guidance and control insm.t.:.
mentation. The Command Module will weigh about five ton5 and
meast?-re 12 feet high. The Service Module, containing. the 'p'rimary
spacecraft propulsion elements, will weigh about 23 tons and measure
23 feet l,tigh. The third element is. the Lunar Excursion ModUle, or
"Bug/' It will weigh about 15 tons and stand about 20 feet tall. In
addition to its scienti6c instruments, communications, and guidance
12
systems, the Bug will carry two astronauts to and from the lunar sur-
face and the orbiting Command-Service modules.
When the proper Earth-to-Moon trajectory has been established,
fairings which have shielded the Bug are released. The Command-
Service modules are separated from the Lunar Excursion Module-third
stage, and turned 180 degrees, then mated nose-to-nose with the Bug.
This will be done by "flying" the Command-Service Module to its
re-oriented position through attitude control. After this maneuver the
third stage is jettisoned.
The crew makes navigation checks by taking bearings on the Earth,
Moon, and stars, and corrects the spacecraft's course, if necessary.
The pull of Earth's gravity will slow the vehicle's speed to about 6,500
miles an hour after one day, and 1,500 miles an hour after two days.
As the Moon looms nearer, its gravitational pull becomes stronger,
and the craft begins to fall toward the Moon, gaining velocity.
Entering Lunar Orbit-A number of mid-course maneuvers may be
required to place the spacecraft into position for braking into a pre-
cise, circular lunar orbit. Approximately 72 hours after liftoff, the
Service Module propulsion unit will ignite, slowing the entire space-
craft into a precise circular orbit about 60 miles above the Moon.
Entering Landing Ellipse and Landing-After preparing the Bug for
descent to the lunar surface, the two lunar explorers will transfer to
the Bug through the hatch at the connecting point of the two vehicles.
Once they are transferred, the Bug will separate from the Command-
Service modules, which will remain in lunar orbit.
The Bug's propulsion system will place the two-man ship into a
trajectory having the same period as the Command-Service Modules
but with a lower perigee of approximately 60,000 feet. This low peri-
gee permits a close examination of the intended landing site. It also
enables the Bug and the mother ship to come closely together twice
during each orbit. This would be a natural position for rendezvous
if for any reason the situation calls for an aborted mission.
After a carefully blended combination of manual control and auto-
matic system operation, retro-maneuver will be executed, bringing
the Bug out of lunar orbit. It drops to within 100 feet of the Moon.
The explorers will be aided by maps, reconnaissance data and pos-
sibly a previously landed beacon. The Bug can maneuver laterally
1,000 feet to get in the best possible position of lunar touchdown.
Descent to the surface is probably the most critical phase of the entire
operation. Fortunately, the Bug will be small and will be designed
specifically for landing, rather than for both landing and re-entry.
The Bug will have a reasonable amount of glass area so that the
landing maneuver can be under visual control of the two astronauts.
During the landing maneuver, the Command-Service Module with the
one astronaut aboard will always be in line of sight and radio commu-
nication with the Bug.
,C-
'

. . ha$
... other actiQn;the ... J ''!PJ.reJ)ltre .. tor te-.Ja$1lc;hing; ....
:will moltl'ler smlD'aJUJ
: Earth:
. Lunar first 'astronatit s':t
setiloot ontheMaort, it will\t'ariscend .
'dtscevety'of coritinenbror oceans hete dn E.
of-the Moon:is a logic.alextension of . .. . . . . . .. . . , .. .
Man's judgment arid ability to make unschedule<{ . . . . . . . . . ...
him a valuable means for gathering Much of
. exploration be geologic.hl It. wi}l
observation of surface characteristics, .cote ana . ....
. seismic measurements, and radiatiOn ... , . ' .
Bug will carry about 2.00 pounds ofequipmentfor purpose. '
Lunar Uftoff-Once the decision has been made to the Bill
the crew will fire the launching engine at a
stant while the mother ship is within line of sight. stage ,
in effect becomes a launch pad, a "Lunar Kennedy," and ,, ....
. as fuel tariks for landing gear itself will be left on luriat : , , " >
Lunar Orbit Rendezvou&-At liftoff the Bug's ,
module trajectory which enables it to rendezvous With themotl\er
ship. During the ascent maneuver, there will be radar
tact between the Lunar Excursion Module and the
Module. A flashing light on the mother ship willaid visual , , ,
When Bug and mother craft are about three miles >
re-orient itself, coming into the correct position for
dezvous with the mother. craft. When the two are the' Lunar ..
Excursion Module crew will transfer into the Command Module, and
the Bug will be detached and abandoned in.lunarorbit. .
The Return-After the Command and Service Modules are . thorM '
oughly checked out, the Service Mcxlule, with a 20,000pound thrust
engine, will provide the propulsion to break out of lunar orbit and :
onto the proper return trajectory. Mid-course correction is made, if
necessary; using the propulsion system in the Service Module.
On return to the Earth, a very precise trajectory must be flo'Wn to
bring the spacecraft into position for a 25,000 mile-per-hour re-entty.
Too shallow an approach and the Earth is missed entirely; too steep an
approach and the spacecraft plunges directly into the
The re-entry corridor is only 40 miles wide, yet must not be
from a distance of 250,000 miles away. (In comparison, this is like a
rifleman with a .22 standing at one end of a football field and hitting
a nickel at the other, with both rifleman and nickel moving.)
Just before entering the Earth's atmosphere the Service Moduleis
jettisoned and the five-ton Command Module, containing the three
crewmen, turns around, facing its blunt end forward. The angle of 13
14
attack at re-entry will be about 30 degrees. Heating rates several times
those experienced during Project Mercury may be encountered.
NASA is hopeful that, by the first Apollo flight, it will be able to over-
come the ionization problem and retain spacecraft communication
throughout re-entry.
Drogue chutes will be deployed at 50,000 feet. Pressure and friction
of the atmosphere slow the module. Final braking of capsule will be
by three 85-foot-diameter parachutes, unless the Gemini program
proves that a paraglider or a Rogallo wing is feasible.
Radar and optical instruments track the capsule to the predesig-
nated landing area. The astronauts will aim for an area the size of a
large airport. A number of sites in the United States plains states are
being considered by the Manned Spacecraft Center, which is seeking a
flat area with generally good visibility and few of the restrictions
posed by a dense population.
'
:'.1
~
IJi. TheHallofSdence
RENDEZVOUS IN
SPACE
Exhibit by the
Martin-Mariettu Company
in New York City's
Hall of Science
SOME Of THE
SCIENTIFIC
ASPECTS Of
A NATIONAL
ORBITAL
SPACE STATION-
(NOSS)
(Martin-Marietta)
16
The City of New York has appropriated monies to build a permanent
Museum of Science and Technology in the Transportation Area of the
fair Site.
In the Great Hall of the building, Martin-Marietta Corporation will
provide a majestic ten-minute show in which 400 visitors at a time
will be introduced to the story of science and man's search for knowl-
edge. The audience will be engulfed from all sides with light and color
and sound in a presentation that will lead from the beginnings of sci-
ence up to the new experiences that await man in his first step into
outer space. It will be climaxed by a demonstration of "Rendezvous
in Space," employing two full-sized manned orbital space vehicles.
The meeting "in space" takes place high above the heads of visitors in
the cathedral-like Main Floor. The production includes wide screen
motion pictures, directional sound, and animated figures.
The full-scale model of NOSS is based on advanced space vehicles that
Martin-Marietta has developed and is still developing. The feasibility
is established; such an orbital space station could be built and
launched into space within the next decade.
The name NOSS derives from the name of this project, "National
Orbital Space Station." The orbital laboratory makes it possible to
gather facts that are accessible only to a scientist living in space, and
also to gather more precise information about the lethal environment
encountered during prolonged periods of space travel.
NOSS is designed for a usefullO-year life in orbit. It completes one
orbit of earth every ninety-six minutes (equivalent to a speed of more
:c
:-;'
.. ' .
""'- oaa...-... U\to.itS -...;;;.
an Balli$tic'Missile
' . . __ . .. . .. _. .
llltl".\l:tC attainS the Otbit, CleWS alld supplies
,ftt\i .... tfift. . spacelabC>ratQry via !'taXi'" .
PYNA-SOAR, a mamied controlled glider Eor
. Il has b$ as . . .... ' . :. " ,.
.. . 1:11:' ()qfer of the. @l)pra#IY: is ....
. tw:othou!aridths ofan ..iitch thick, roVidin a thermal .
. : thal.ummtim .skirt, t>fari 4\h tiUB,<; .
.. a
.. the' two walls' are whiCh
... a warnhtg systezi tcj 'detect. iJnpact This'. '
. . prC,vides 'protectiPn agclinst excesstve -
. . ") 1 .
. . OFNOSS. The NOSS laborat()cy is the ecnuva- .
lent of a luxury trailer in FUlly eq\lippecHt about .
pounds. It is 41 feet long, 15 diameter; and
separate compartments.--Each is capable of supporting internal
sure to minimize the principal hazard tO humanlife.in in
.advertent loss of life sustaining atmospJ:iere; . ; . -
c Saety and htunan .factors have been given prime consideration,
based on extensive knowledge gained in current astronautical Jrii$-
. lions. continuous televised viewing of all compartments by any .cteW . ' . .
.. man is made possible for the purpose ohnaster wamhtg as well as fcir' ..
monitoring laboratory activities. Duplication of key electrical;and. .
mechanical systems is provided. The control systeni of the interior
cOmpartments is selected to minimi%e human. fatl81Je. and encOurage
well-being. The green floor and blue sky ceiling also provie:le a reer<.:
ence for the "where's. up?" feeling associated With weightlessness;
EsCape- provisions in NOSS are provided by interlocking -rescue
hatches at the intersection of the four compartments. The enclosure
provides air-lock access to the compartments as well as a supply of
, emergency-space suits, food and equipment tosustain the five.man
. cre-w for several days, while they await an earth launched reSa!e
vehicle. 17
18
Compartment 1 houses engineering test laboratories, containing
equipment for a wide variety of tests in zero gravity-commonly re-
ferred to as weightlessness. Among its potential uses: tests on struc-
tures and materials; observation of the earth and the space around it in
greater detail and over longer time periods than ever before; and the
recording of these data. Also in this compartment is the environmental
control system.
Compartment 2 is, in effect, the space bedroom, It contains sleeping
facilities, storage space for the crew's personal belongings, personal
toilet equipment, and laundry facilities.
Compartment 3, housing the feeding and recreation and biological
laboratories, is the most vital portion of NOSS. Here man becomes not
only the experimenter but also the experiment. The importance of man
in this vehicle is that his ability to judge, correct, analyze and synthe-
size data cannot be replaced by tons of complicated electronic equip-
ment. Herein lies the answer to the question: Why send man, instead
of a "black box" into space?
Compartment 4 is the station control and maintenance center, where
the nerve ends of the station all come together. Here are such things
as the guidance and control system panels, and electronic consoles to
monitor, test and maintain and repair NOSS equipment. Radiation
sensors both inside and outside the laboratory are provided and mete-
orite impact sensors, beneath the outer hull of the station, connect
with electronic monitoring equipment inside the laboratory. An elabo-
rate master warning and intercom network for the crew, and an earth
to space communications network are also included, together with the
space laboratory's tapes and computers. These store scientific data,
which are transmitted back to earth.
LIVING IN A SPACE LABORATORY. At 350 miles above the sur-
face of the earth, five men live and work in a controlled environment.
Temperature inside NOSS is kept at 72 degrees and at a relative
humidity varying between 30 and 50 percent. This means that the liv-
ing conditions in NOSS are considerably more comfortable than in
Washington, D.C., or New York City on a muggy summer day.
This atmosphere is circulated through all compartments at a rate
suitable to control heat, water vapor, carbon dioxide and oxygen ex-
change, and to force the elimination of toxic and foreign particles
which could accumulate within the space station. Such a highly devel-
oped environmental control is calculated to give a healthy atmosphere
for the five crewmen for tours of duty of 30 to 90 days. Their working
and resting activities are also scheduled for maximum efficiency and
minimum fatigue. New crews and fresh supplies are put aboard NOSS
at necessary intervals.
The crew's movements are free and unhampered, despite the
weightless condition. Crewmen wear normal laboratory working
clothes, except for special shoes coated with Velcro, a nylon fabric
UNITED STATE!
ATOMIC ENER<
COMMISSION
Oak Ridge, Tenm
AE.C Exhibit at New)
World's Fair Will Fea;
Children's Display
>-;
. UNITED. STATES
ATOMIC ENERGY
COMMISSION
'lt. fs'mfiltaut:!<l
for
funr getaerat()rs that replenisk
. table is eqtiipped for card.gairi.es '
The space bedroom is for. convemefice and safety m a .
weightless environment. Since no mor, than three of the : .. .:. .
members areoffdutyatthe saxne time, only three are .. .
Eaclt :crewman has a sleepil)g bag which is clipped. tO. the burilcwnen. . . ..
in Once the bag is snapped into position, cllmbsJnto ..
it and zips himself in. Chair$ with special proVision for tetainftis
crewmen in a comfortable, weightless Position .re alSo .:
These Chairs have been developed by Aircraft .i: ./ .
.. The sdentiflc creWS that. setVe:on NOSS pUt'themSeJvett . '
tesr&thafcmnotbereproduced on earth. These te&t!J involV.e pf9blans
. mamly deriving from the effeCts of .
'.' ... movement, general'. physiolOgy,. and work. actiVitieS. ;In thiS" en'- ....
. Vironmentbio-medical measiUements can be tnadeoE metabolic rlite;.
&change; blOod clrculation/wion; ...
balance; neuromuscular reflexes, digestion, and liver and kidney
tions. .. . . .
The' space station environment al50 contributes.
information on the biological effects of: radiation. on ' : . . . .
. Data derived from these experiments form a ba&e for
step toward wresting more secrets from the uriivers&--such
successfully and safely for a prolonged stay on the moon; and maldntf
deeper space probes and explorations. . . . .
Yotmg visitors at 1964 World's Fair in New York City will . : .
special attention in a section of the Atomic Energy
.Oak Ridge, Teimessee
exhibit which introduces the principles of atomic: science to the .
sters as they operate interesting new science-;.edueational
AEC Ezliibit at New York .
World' Fair Will Ftaturs
Children's DisplRy
This children's sectioo, called uAtomwille, USA," 'is designed to.
appeal to youngsters between the ages of '1 and 14.: The ofthe ...
exhibit, titled "Radiation and Man," is also devoted .to explait\ing .
principles of nuclear science, but for older students . and adultS. It
iricludes other new educational displays and a large perc:entageof
devices. .
The AEC exhibit, occupying 3,500 square feet in the Hall of Sdence,
is a part of the Commission's continuing public education effort
which includes a program of exhibits for the entire country. J'he.
20
World's Fair exhibit was designed and fabricated by the Oak Ridge
(Tennessee) Institute of Nuclear Studies, the contractor w h i c ~ op.er-
ates the Commission's national exhibits program under the d1recbon
of the AEC's Division of Technical Information.
The" Atomsville" exhibit poses a number of questions about atomic
energy which are answered when the youngsters press buttons, push
levers and otherwise activate various displays.
Adults are able to observe the children in "Atomsville" on closed-
circuit television or through one-way glass portholes. Photographs
can be made through these portholes.
One of the chief displays is a simulated pool-type research reactor
to demonstrate the characteristic bluish-white glow from Cerenkov
radiation, charged particles passing through the water. Children are
invited to manipulate the controls to "operate" the reactor while lis-
tening to a tape-recorded explanation of the science involved in terms
they can understand. If they bring the simulated reactor up to power
too fast, it will"scram" (shutdown), as would a real reactor.
There will be mechanical hands for handling make-believe radio-
active materials. This operation teaches the children about shielding
for protection from radiation.
Other special devices in the children's exhibit include a control
board at which the young visitors may create patterns of different
atoms; an atomic model viewed through a small aperture which gives
the impression that the viewer is actually inside matter; a "pinball"
machine to demonstrate the effect of shooting a neutron into a urani-
um-235 nucleus; and an "atomic scale" on which a child can read his
weight in atoms.
The children's exhibit also includes such items as an oscilloscope,
a Geiger counter which youngsters may use to check the presence of
radiation, an electroscope, a thermal electric display, and a graphic rep-
resentation of the processes involved in the production of uranium.
The "Radiation and Man" section of the AEC exhibit also covers
highlights of the basic science of nuclear energy, with emphasis on
the effects of radiation on living tissue.
This exhibit includes animated devices that demonstrate such things
as how radiation falls off with increasing distances, how radioactivity
decays with time, and what happens when a person is X-rayed.
A "Radiation in Perspective" display compares the amount of
radiation in natural background to which people are exposed all the
time with that from watch dials, X-ray machines and other sources.
The "Radiation and Man" exhibit includes an electroscope unit
which visitors can charge and discharge by various means.
A feature of the exhibit is a motion picture projected from over-
head to give a 360-degree image on a horizontal, bowl-shaped screen
below. This film shows the tracks of subatomic particles as they ap-
pear in cloud chambers, bubble chambers and spark chambers.
There is also a short motion picture on power reactor installations.
THEATON
by William L. j
thesMll'ri'<:
atclm-iC'{f1fun revolve tiny. in.tJelttnt1te ..
'reglllari.ty. and Qbedienw .to. it
other planets revolve around our .. . . . .. . .. . ..
. . . . . . . . .. <.
ing. blocks the universe, protons and' neutrons .. Sittce .
intetcltangeable, one into the other, they are known tinde., 4 ::
/ iwne;:the nucleons. Wlilfrexdted; protpn may become:a
.<:a neutrpn may betransmuted hy into: a protoni.<. ':
the atoinic scale, protons.and neutrons have,aptat:;sof
atdltdc untteach; for example; the '
. .wliiCh.. c:Onsists oforily one protoni mil&$' of: on
. '.hellfun atQitt, of twO protonS arid two:l\eu.tron$; M .
. at()micma&s A twfn);or ts6tope, ofhy.drogeniltitown .
hydto$en, Ot- deuterium/ the nucleus of.whtch.consi$tiJ of orie .
.ltd :01\e neutron,; has an atomic mass <>f two, thirc.i fot:rn'ol'
. : . ' named tritium, withp nucleus of one prOton,and tW() niu;w'
. . ttons; ha$ an atomic mass ofthtee. . . . : .. ; . . : < , ;,
!; . ' :: ; is thus a variant of the ih,whicl\ ..
-- . -'be!: of protons always temains the same, the only .difference beirig .ther' :
. . . number ofne1itrons in the nucleus; :. ... :
.. : The ltplanets" revolving in their ptedetermiried orbtts
in the nucleuS are the electrons; entities soh\finitesunllly.,i1ij.:.: '
. , nute:.that it take nearly 2;000:electrons to,balallce the scale.
against just one proton or one neutron. It is this bit: of . .tlnost
the :nt!lttrial entity in _the universe, that has made. possible ...
radio, talking motion pictures, the electron . .
calculating machines that. solve in
Pt"oblems that would require year&> to solve by the most oi ..
hmnan mathematicians, and the thousand and one other '
that have become commonplace inrieryday life. . , . . ..
. ... Jn,fact, as its nameimplies, it is the electron that has made elec.:.'
. tridtypossible;thoughelectridtyhasbeenknownformorethan2,SOO.
. years and has been harnessed for the uses of man for nearly a century
.before the electron was discoverf!d in A current of electricity, .
. as we know today, is the flow of electrons in a suitable conductor. .
Both the electron and the proton carry a fundamental unit of
fric charge. The quantity of the charge in each is exactly the same,
NEW DIMENSIONS
IN SPACE
AND TIME
22
differing, however, in sign, the charge in the proton being a c ~ a r g e of
positive electricity, whereas the electric charge of the electron ts nega-
tive. It is the smallest electric charge in nature, the "atom of elec-
tricity," one of the fundamental constants of the cosmos.
A fifty-watt electric-light bulb uses up in one second a quantity of
electricity equal to the charge carried by three billion billion electrons,
that is, three billion billion atoms of electricity. .
The neutron is the only normal constituent of the nucleus that does
not carry an electric charge. Being electrically neutral, as its name
implies, it is the most penetrating particle in nature.
It is this ability of the neutron to penetrate the heavy electrical
barrier guarding the nuclei of atoms that has provided man with the
key to the atom's nucleus and, in the case of uranium 235, has enabled
him to split it in halves. It was the neutron, as we already know, that
made possible the atomic age.
In the atomic world, and particularly in the nucleus, a millionth of a
second is a very long time, a billionth of an inch is something very,
very long, and a trillionth of a gram is a mass of great weight.
If there be any doubting Thomases around let them consider Hiro-
shima and Nagasaki and the Pacific island that was blown off the map,
for none of these would have happened were it not for precise meas-
urements in terms of fractions of a millionth of a second and billionths
of an inch and trillionths of a gram.
We had better be more at home in these new dimensions, for on
our knowledge of them greatly depends the shape of things to come.
The radius of the electron, believe it or not, is one tenth of a tril-
lionth of a centimeter, which is about the smallest length known in
nature. Its mass is less than one billionth of a billionth of a billionth
of a gram. In that one drop of water mentioned earlier there are
20,000 billion billion electrons, 20,000 billion billion protons and
16,000 billion billion neutrons.
And although the mass of the proton and of the neutron is nearly
two thousand times that of the electron (actually 1,838 times) their
radius is of about the same order as that of the electron. It would take
600,000 billion billion protons or neutrons to make up the weight of
one gram. But it would take more than 1.1 billion billion billion elec-
trons to make up the same quantity.
The Alice-through-the-Looking-Glass world of the atom becomes
increasingly fantastic as one enters further into the realm of the nu-
cleus. The radius of the atom is one one-hundred millionth of a centi-
meter, whereas the radius of the nuclei of the naturally occurring
elements ranges from fifteen hundredths of a trillionth of a centimeter
for the nucleus of common hydrogen, the first and lightest of the
natural elements, to nine tenths of a trillionth of a centimeter for
uranium, the last and heaviest of the elements.
This means that the volume occupied by the nucleus is about one-
tblilt .. ... shatter.tlie
lt ner
::::;.: . ..
Ot:tbJi'itc)nt'fl kJtaL Sp;lCe, and . . . . . . . .
Jftass::cf i$ U,i . . space of' ..
. . . . . . obVious that the densitY . . . in the nucleus
. staggedng dimensions. . . . . . . ... . ..... . .. .
\ltc:l., cu!e.i _11, itis.'The density of matter in of atom!fts
240 ... 8rams per eubic centimeter, aS compared Withwater;th,e
density of which is just one gram. per cubic centimeter. . . . . .
One. 4itrie; if its atoms were as denselY as the protons and'
. : m .the nuclei of its silver' atoms, w(>uld weigh 6()0 lnillion .
.... tPns ratliel" than its actual weight of 2:s grams. At tJte current rate of . :. ..
' . . 90.5 cents per fin' ounce of silver the dUne would be worthJ:note,thari: . ; .. ''
. . 13 ;trillion, 32 billion dollars. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . < . ..
:The forc6, Within the n\icleus holding its Particlefl together aie,/ .. :
equally staggering. 1his becorpes self-evident when OI\e considers ...
natUre of the charges present. . . . . . ' .. . .. .
' .As. everyone knows, like electrical charge.s repel each other .. witl\a
force that varles inversely as the 'square of the distance,. the the' ..
charges the greater the force ofrepulsion.
Since. the. distance between the. positively charged protons in. the .
nucleusis measured in tenns of a tenth o a trillionth'ofa eentimetet) ..
the electrical repulsion force between them, krtoWI\ as the coulomb
. force, is tremendous. Frederick Soddy, British physicishvlto won the
. .Prize f()r experiments that proved the of the
ha.S .calculated that two the wt!isht
. o placed at the oppos1te poles of the earth would
with a foree of twenty ..six tons. . . .
prevailed, all the atoms of the universe, With the excep-
. tion of.the hydrogen atom, which consists of only one proton, would
fly apart, transforming the cosmos into one great cloud of hydrogen
ga:s. In fact, the universe of matter, its great aggregates :of starJ
and galaxies, coulc:hteVer have come into being. ; " .
That the universe does exist is therefore absolute proof that
exists within the nuclei of atoms a tremendous force of attraCtion
much greater than the electrical-repulsion force. ..
As. yet we know .Pradicaily nothing abOut this force, but we do ..
. know that it is by far the greatest in the universe, that it resides within
the. nucleus of the atoms, and that under certain conditions a small
fraction of this force can be harnessed fOr use either in weapon$ that
could push man back to the cave or as a source of great power that .
could open the gates to a new Promised Land. i3 ..
THE SCIENCE
OF SURVIVAL
THROUGH
KNOWLEDGE
AND ADAPTATION
Exhibit of Office of
Civilian Defense
24
This force is known as the nuclear force. It is the force that holds
the universe together, that makes possible the Milky Way and i ~ s 1 ~ 0
billion giant suns, of which our sun and its satellites are but an. mslg-
nificant part, and the millions upon millions of other galax1es, of
dimensions of the same order as the Milky Way 1 in the inconceivable
reaches of space.
It is the force that enables the sun to pour out in space every second
an amount of energy equal to that of a dozen quadrillion tons of coal,
in a process that has been going on for some five billion years, at a rate
that will permit it to go on for at least another ten billion years.
And it is a minute portion of that radiance that falls upon our earth
and gives it the climate that makes life on it possible.
The exhibit is intended to encourage people to understand that they
can survive the dangers of Radioactive Fallout.
The story line is in three parts. Part I explains the fundamentals of
radiation in nature and how civilized man applied his knowledge of it.
Part II is devoted to the Nature of Fallout, its cause and behavior.
Part III shows OCD' s programs for protecting our people from fall-
out and for enabling them to carry on the essentials of existence while
fallout is present. The School Shelter Program receives the emphasis.
Section A. Radiation, an Expression o Energy 1 serves to prepare the
visitor for the later section on the nature of fallout and how we can
defend ourselves from its effects. In addition to graphic representa-
tions of sources and behavior of radiant energy, this first section con-
tains a large Wilson Cloud Chamber, permitting a number of people
to observe actual cosmic rays as they pass through, or are absorbed
by the chamber. Recorded voice explains what is taking place.
Section B. The Cause and Nature of Fallout is directly across the
aisle from Section A. This area consists of a group of illustrations,
graphs and animated models, some representing fallout particles
greatly enlarged, the total effect of which is to prepare the viewer to
understand the rationale of fallout shelters and to accept their impor-
tance to survival in case of a nuclear explosion.
Section C. Civilization, the Art of Survival follows Section B. It
shows that intelligent men and women always have planned for sur-
vival in the event of disaster. In America, we anticipate the tornado
with storm cellars; the shipwreck with life boats and a Coast Guard
system; fire with thousands of local and volunteer fire departments
and with fire escapes; accidents with a highly organized ambulance
and hospital system. When major disasters strike, all these, plus the
Red Cross, are called into action. Against the hazard of radioactive
fallout, man has devised a simple and effective system of shelters
which may someday save a hundred-million lives.
Section D. The Principle of the Shelter. This explains how knowl-
THEBRAII'
IN ACTIO!'
The Upjohn CJ
'i.!
. ;; ''"';; ' :";; 'l\ ,: ' ,<(; ' <: ' , i C ';_'j,l' \:' . . .' . I' >.<: .
. .
. : autontatically,and
' .. acted upon. Ftagmentary.memerles are &om
) oortices as -indicated ..
:.: :appe8t4)g and:mayAiit thro118h 'CQ11$cldusnes$ a5 indicated by
.... ii ,:t .... .' .
. . Reel patterns in the memory (ortict!$Jnd.icatlr.visual.:memori and
".: .
. ate-accinnpaniedby system. ..
, :. CJ1tt,df!JnonstrationLwill .consist of tracing.the.two.prtndpal sensa-
('; and: ears, encountered.il1attendinsa. canc:ert
. . . .':lf;yoitwilllook:behfnd.you;.you-Willsee:the in\age:of a sln8erand.
, : 1 .. . , , initfulsOpri:d system you: will hear. her vdiee; . , ; ! , ' .
We wili now, with the model, indicate what. tliebrain does with
26
the image of the singer and the sound of her song. To see her clearly,
the eye has to adjust to the brightness of the light.
If one were in a theatre or a concert hall, as the house lights dim, a
stimulus goes up the optic nerve to a visual relay station whence an
impulse, indicated by the white lights, returns to the eye and the iris
expands. It expands too much, and an impulse traveling to the relay
station causes the return impulse to contract the pupil-again it over-
acts and the pupil gets too small. A third impulse adjusts it correctly.
You will see coded nerve impulses from the eyes travel along the
optic nerves. The coded impulses alert the activating center in the mid-
brain; go on to the visual cortices; set up a pattern and return to the
activating center. The brain now becomes conscious of the singer, as
is indicated by her appearance on the consciousness screen.
To adjust the ear to the intensity of the sound, an impulse first
travels to a relay station which feeds back an impulse to adjust the
muscle that regulates the tension on the ear drums.
After the coded impulses leave the ears, you will see some branch
off to the activating center to focus attention on the song. The rest will
continue to the auditory cortices where patterns are set up. They then
return to the activating center and the brain becomes conscious of the
song and you will hear it.
Now that we have seen how both the image of the singer and the
sound of the song have been received and processed, let us consider
what happens when both processes occur together and how they are
united into a single impression and are coordinated with previous
experience for the initiation of action and storage as a memory.
When the composite pattern of the singer and the song reach the
memory regions of the cerebral cortex, this, for comparison, will bring
up memories of previously heard singers.
You now see the impulses starting from both eyes and ears and
traversing the course we have already pointed out. But this time when
both the auditory and visual patterns are transmitted to the activating
system they are fused into a single composite pattern and the brain is
conscious not just of a woman and of a song, but of the living impres-
sion of the woman singing the song. It is this composite impression
that is transmitted to the memory cortex.
The coded impulses are leaving the eyes and ears and follow the
same paths as you have seen before, stimulating the activating center
where they fuse into one image. You become conscious of a singer and
you see her image and hear her voice.
This arouses memories of other singers for comparison as the sing-
er's performance is evaluated. There is something reminiscent of a
blues singer; or of a religious song; or of operatic grandeur; or of the
deep feeling of a spiritual singer. It was a moving performance, there-
fore the center of the mid-brain is activated and the motor cortices of
the brain which control the muscles then respond by directing the
hands to applaud.
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THE
HUMAN BRAIN
by William L. Laurence
28
Of all the marvels of living nature, the most marvelous of all is the
human brain. Weighing only 50 ounces and occupying a volume of
about 1,500 cubic centimeters (about one and a half quarts), it is in
actuality a vast world of about ten billion cells, grouped in areas the
equivalent of geographical continents, each subdivided into smaller
regions in which are hidden life's greatest mysteries and miracles. The
whole encompasses one of the glories of creation-the human mind.
The human brain is nature's greatest marvel. It is known to function
by means of electrical impulses transmitted to it by the vast network
of the nervous system, but the mechanism whereby the brain trans-
lates these electrical impulses into thought is one of the great mys-
teries of all living processes.
The constitution of the brain as a physical entity is so complex that
it makes any of the giant electronic computers mere child's toys by
comparison. Even a single nerve cell of the brain is composed of in-
finitely more complex parts than the greatest machine ever made by
man. Yet the cerebral cortex of the brain, the seat of the higher mental
functions, which constitutes only a small part of the total organ, is
composed of ten billion individual nerve cells. Each is a complex pro-
toplasmic unit functioning as an individual living dynamo.
For years students of the nervous system and the brain have been
engaged in exploring and mapping the geography of the brain in an
effort to localize its infinite functions in human responses, conscious,
subconscious and unconscious, involuntary and voluntary. Much
progress has been made during the last half century in localizing brain
centers controlling such functions as sight, smell, hearing, touch and
other sense perceptions. Yet by and large the human brain still re-
mains a vast, unexplored "no-man's land," the greatest mystery of
them all, that of the mind itself, still eluding man's most intensive
probings. In fact, relatively speaking, the unexplored regions of the
brain are greater by far than the still unexplored region of the earth,
or, for that matter, of the solar system.
At the annual autumn meeting of the National Academy of Sci-
ences, in 1957, Dr. Wilder Penfield, director of the Montreal Neuro-
logical Institute and one of the world's leading authorities on brain
function, told a fascinated audience of leading scientists in all fields
about his discovery, by stimulating the brain of human patients with
tiny electrical currents, of a new area in the cerebral cortex to which
until now no function had been assigned. The new "cerebral conti-
nent," spread over both hemispheres, covers most of the superior
surfaces of the temporal lobes, as well as the lateral and probably the
interior surfaces.
In that area, Dr. Penfield told the academy, "there is hidden away a
record of the stream of consciousness. It seems to hold the detail of
that stream as laid down during each man's waking conscious hours.
Contained in this record are all those things of which the individual
was once aware; such detail as a man might hope to remember for a
J'c!llfic!]ld, . .
. strip with
,.,;:, 1Nh,6t\' lit nolrffiii'f'l rl!gipn of th.ateawa, .. . . .
sudderily hear a long
. . as though! were ffH!RfJmri:J(
actually heard it.lt is notor.e of my faoorlte $DnJS/$0 .
. . . . know why l heard that OthE!fB :suddfJ\ly J."ellyed, ai
thougli it was. actually happening agaiiv long forgotten. epis(Xies ()f"
their childhood. of same area, without the patient i
being>aware of it, always brmight back the same episode, not; as: a, .
. snem.ot)',Jmt .as something taking place in the the
pe\tient at the same time knew it was something outofthe .
.. ''Many a patient has told met Dr. Penfield repartedj
11
that
e:tperience brought back by the electrode is much more reed *"n
. And yet he is still aware of the present situaHO"' There
J . is a dol4bling'ofconsciousness and yet he knows wllich is the presinf. ; .
Apatient may cry. out in astonishment that he is hearing and seeing ...
. " .friends h.e knows are far . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . ..
Curiously enough, he added, two eXperiences or strips
never activatec:lconcurrently. Consequently there is no confusion.
seems to be an all-or .. nothing organization which bzhihits ..
other records from being activated; . . . . . . . . . .. '
"How is this record <>f the past.stored in the braih?"
asked, may assume that at the time ofthe original experien.ie '
electrical potentials passed through the ner:ve cells and nerve ..
tions. of a recording mechanism in a specific patterned tjequence, imd .
that some form of permanent facilitation preserves that sequence so ..
that the record can bP. played at a later time, in a manner analogous to ...
the replaying. of a wire or tape recorder.'' .
The studies make it evident; Dr. Penfield added; that the
cortex yields on stimulation two types of response which are psychical.
rather than sensory or motor. The two forms are: (1) a Sashback of
past and (2) a signaling of interpretation ofth, ptesent
experience. The two types of responses, he said, "would seem .to form
. partsof.one subconscious process, the process of comparingpresent
experience with similar experience."
Or. Penfield naJnes the area in the temporal cortex
11
the area for
. comparative interpretation" or, more the "interpretive cor-
te>c/' This area makes possible the scanning proces9 by which. past
expmences, b()wever scattered they may have been in tin\e, are
.lectectand.madeavailable to the present for the purpose of
tive interpretation.
THE
CHEMICAL MAN
Abbott Laboratories
THE ENZYMES
MASTER CHEMISTS
by William L. Laurence
30
It is this faculty of comparative interpretation that holds the key to
the understanding of how the brain, in the words of Hippocrates,
distinguishes "the ugly from the beautiful, the bad from the good,
the pleasant from the unpleasant."
"This discovery that an electrode can cause the past to flash into
consciousness again and provide signals for present interpretation,"
Dr. Penfield concluded, "should open a new chapter in the physiology
of the brain.
"There is," he summarized, "a permanent record of the stream of
consciousness within the brain. It is preserved in amazing detail. No
man can, by voluntary effort, call this detail back to memory."
"But, hidden in the areas of the temporal lobes, there is a key to a
mechanism that unlocks the past and seems to scan it for the purpose
of automatic interpretation of the present. It seems probable, also,
that this mechanism serves us as we make conscious comparison of
present experience with similar past experience."
Chemical man portrays by means of three-dimensional models, micro-
photography and specially created animated motion pictures the won-
drous molecular activity that creates and sustains human life. The
fifteen-minute presentation starts with man as a recognizable being,
then proceeds down to the cellular and subcellular levels to show how
atoms combine to form molecules, and the actions of enzymes, pro-
teins, chromosomes and DNA-the master code for life.
Every step in the living process, from bacteria to man, is governed
by highly specific chemical catalysts named enzymes. They are bio-
chemical mediators of the body's miraculous chemical factory. They
regulate the conversion of all substances required for life and for func-
tion. It has been estimated that a single living cell contains 100,000
enzymes to effect the 1,000 to 2,000 chemical reactions the cell is
capable of producing at incredible speeds.
All known enzymes are proteins, the most complex biochemical
molecules in nature. No enzyme has yet been synthesized by man in
the laboratory. They must be extracted by painstaking and slow
chemical procedures. As much as three-quarters of the time of a re-
search scientist may be spent in preparing the enzymes he needs to
carry out his studies on basic life processes. Moreover, he is limited
by ordinary laboratory equipment in the amount of a given enzyme
he can prepare. Only a few are now being produced commercialiy.
Enzymes are very special kinds of proteins. Serving as catalysts,
they are responsible for speeding up the thousands of biochemical
changes that continually take place in the living organism. They are
usually unaffected by the reactions they produce. They may be de-
stroyed, however, by wear, tear or poisoning.
Enzymes, for example, are directly responsible for the digestion of
food, the building of tissues, the replacement of used-up blood cells,
"I
''.
specific entyme ..
' _life, . host of. other enzymesl the ihfinite vU.lebt .of.:. . .
. . chetntcal'changes in livhtg organist!)& wouldnottake place.- ... .. .. : .
. . .. 4Itd direction .of the living ltteathb:.lg,: .. .. :::
... , stQrlng energy, the of sipal. tQ act _ .
are controlled by the number artd efficienc:Y of the v&rlOU$ en;.,
;i :: ey1neg, each having a very specific and .very limited job. Operatirig il\.,_ .
. minute:con,centrations, they carry out extraordinary . :
.. of complexitYthan'any . . .... . > .. ..
. .. notfUlly col:iftrmed ot . .:-.. ............ .
. . ;.und.erstOOdJn $ingle: tO ' '
.. an physiological lifting of:aJiriger, for. .. i . . , .
i AI\ additional is the . . . ' ' . (sw'
cai'boit dioxide and alcohol in ;yeast . Ovet 20 C.I:Lemieal'.
..... '- reactions aril involved in this. process; ,and each "" ..'"'"""'
.. . . .: ferent en.ayrlte. It works. much the same way in the! hwnal1 ;.:::'''''''
.. . . . : i To illU!!trate:lb cell in the human body is
. stance A into substance Z, thi& is acco.J nplilShE!d
stepbut.inaseries of small steps. C :o!
into .compaund B by a specific enzyme. is then . . . .. . .
. formed into Compound C by another specific so .on. The' .... . . ....
enzyme for the A to B conversion cannota;nvett B: t6 . . . . : .) ..
. Incertainhereditarydiseases, and.m il\.o <: _>'
heritedbut caused.by adefect;in the.boc:ly;metabollstri.;:it is
. that a particular enzyme is IJ'issing because. the lx)dy' s apparatuS to; .
'- . ; : , ... . ;synthesize it is defective. Many of the anemiasi bloOd ; .
disorders and perhaps diabetes--are believed to be due. to
. the absence, or reduction in activity, . ....
..Investigation ofenzyme structure; action and
bring added insight to a host of biological and medical problent$ now ..
orily partially understood and partially manageable., ... ... ,, ..
Increased. knowledge of the mechanism of protein 'biosynthesis Will
be applicable not only to hereditary diseases, but in many other areas, .
including malignant disease, arid also in preventing disease. Althou8h
it may only be a dream at present, there is even hope thateverit:UallY . .
enzymes may help provide the added knowledge that Will help to . ..
make possible the replacement of wom.:.out orpns, and tO pl'()duc:e ..
new and potent anti-virus vaccines in the laboratory. , .. 31-
LIFE IS AN
ELECTRON
by Willmm L. lAurence
DNA
by William L I.muence

l,l.
It is the electron revolving In thtt uf the ntum that has
made possible all the myrlt'td!l of dnd cumblna-
tions between the elements, nll ll\drvelmtH dttnnkal rl'actlonli re
sponsible for the existence of the lntlnlt" v.ulcty of HUbNtances, living
and nonliving, natural and artifldal, that ll\i\kc up our world. It Is, in
fact, responsible for life itself.
Without the electron there could be no Hudl vital as
water (a chemical combination of hydrogen and c.lxygtm) and carbon
dioxide (a combination of carbon and oxygen), the two basic com-
pounds that make possible plants and all other forms of life
Without the electron there would be no food or clothing, no hor-
mones, or enzymes, or any other substance essential for the main-
tenance of the chemical processes that keep the fires of life burning.
The functioning of our central nervous system, including the brain,
is an electrical process associated with the production of complex
chemicals at the nerve endings. These chemicals, like all the others in
the vast labyrinth of life, are created through the mediation of the
tiny electrical charges of the electron.
Life, insofar as we are able to fathom it, is an electrical phenomenon
mediated by an infinite variety of chemical permutations, and the
electron is the vital force behind it all.
Recent evidence in the field of genetics strongly suggests that the gene
is largely, if not exclusively, composed of a basic chemical, one of the
most important of life's substances, named DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid). It is a giant molecule, with a molecular weight in the range of
6,000,000 (six million times the weight of the hydrogen atom). A
human cell contains about 800,000 molecules of DNA.
Many lines of evidence point to DNA as the major chemical of
heredity. It is presumed to act as a controlling code carrying the in-
structions for all genetic traits. It has been estimated that there is
enough DNA in a single human cell to encode the information in
1,000 large textbooks; it is capable of many billions of different com-
binations. It is present in different forms and varying sizes, though
composed of the same basic materials, in all forms of life including
bacteria and viruses. It is these differences that determine whether an
egg will develop into a fish, a bird, a mouse, an elephant, or a human
being, all according to a "genetic code" carried by the DNA
Tlris e4t1tibit slwws tlrt lumzmt l,o,ly 1lS drcmic1U fa..-ton; in w'l-.ich
taclt t'Cll is ct l,thomtl,,.y, it:: tHen
mt1i its own r,tw rrllthri,tls whith it s.dt" .. -ts .from di-
ft"'IOastutfs. lrr ht;rltlr, mUtlmrts ,,f t'<iY'il,lts i-n the
}.!(lt:hi .m,l wint rtntttin withirt '' limite./ nm,t. h7 .iisc.-2..--.c there
isll in JUmtity .ut,IJ'''' "'1'S tltt sul.,-B"'...["5.
nt.ty .. i di_.::.-
tht turtity h1r n;dv t, ...... , ...
' -
Junction of
thebloOd crrles . ""'"'""""'
Pl()!cludt$,
.. Mcr,.$pecijtl.c _.lythe-blQOd;. . . .
li.: . oxygtm: from lUngS tO tistifleB; ..
3! ..
. , . ;lormati,on in, liver)- to the
... ' < hormor:tea from the endocrine t9. g .
. . . . ... .. . ),,: ....
'; earrieswaste to kidneys .... ' . : : . . : .... ;;,,,. '
. ;I.i\he.tlth, when all the va#.oll$.otgatl$ are wor:lqng
<
. . ' . . run .. or.less c6n5tant pace. As a ' .
< : . .. Qhllthe various cbetnicitlsin the blOQd .
. :' .... : .
. ,.Howevei, when disease certain organs :
.. m.oreorless than-they should of certain :c;;r n\ay ::.
facwre abnormal products. Or wheri. the be(opte .
. thij: nutY .to excrete waste products as they sh.0'4dd. . .. . . ..
. 'qJ,tde.elther set of cb'qunstances the the blood .
" in quality or . .. . , .. ... J; . . . . ;
.. . The nature o the abnormality naturally depends on the . .
. . the and the organs involved. By dt!tenniningthe natunfof.the ..
' . . abnormality (by chemical analysis of the blood) :the physiCian gains;
.... . : cluesas to the :ttature of the by measuting thet
of. the abnormality he can often estimate the seoerity of the di9ea5e.
. THE KIJ)NEYS. The kidneys essentially fUlfil the function of filter.. .
' .. :. ins the blood, removing from it all the waste product&. of .. ..
no further use to the body. .. . . . . . . ..... . . .
They also very carefully and selectively drain the bloOa.of just the ....
rightauu:nmt of salty substances so that the .blood itself arid the other
.. body fluids retain just.the right degree of .. ,
. To achieve its purpose the. kidney reeeives an .exceptionally l4fge . .
. blood Supply for its three pints everyminute.11Usm,8ns. 33 . ..
34
that a volume of blood equal to all that in the body passes through the
kidneys every 4-5 minutes.
Each kidney contains about one million tiny filtering units known
as nephrons.
Just as with the blood, when the body is healthy, the constituents
of the urine will remain within a normal concentration range and will
consist only of water, salts and the waste products of the body.
However, when the body becomes diseased, the constituents of the
urine may alter.
This may come about in two general ways:
1. When the kidneys themselves are diseased:
(a) They may fail to excrete waste products as they normally
should, with the result that these products "pile up" in the
blood and poison the tissues.
(b) They may filter out valuable nutrients, predominantly pro-
tein, which should be retained in the blood for the nourish-
ment of the tissues.
2. When other body systems are diseased:
(a) Substances which are normally present in the blood (e.g.,
sugar), and are not normally excreted in the urine, may be
formed in excessive amounts. When this happens the con-
centration in the blood may become so high that the kidney
is forced to excrete the excess.
(b) Entirely abnormal substances may be formed in the body
which the kidney filters out into the urine.
Again, just as with the blood, certain diseases produce certain char-
acteristic changes in the urine and by determining the nature and de-
gree of these changes (by chemical analysis of the urine) the physician
obtains valuable information to help him in his diagnosis.
FACTS ABOUT THE HEART. The human heart is one of the most
amazing creations of nature, infinitely more efficie.nt than any man-
made machine. It beats at a steady tempo more than 100,000 times a
day, 36 million times a year, more than 2.5 billion times in the course
of a lifetime of three score and ten. It is a muscle, a living pump, about
the size of a man's fist, weighing about three-quarters of a pound,
which in a 24-hour period performs work equal to the lifting of one
ton 50 feet into the air. Every day it pumps 4,320 gallons of blood
through 60,000 miles of blood vessels, a distance equal to two-and-a-
half times the earth's circumference, supplying oxygen and nourish-
ment to some 300 trillion cells in the average human body. Yet it is
active only one-third of the time, resting between beats about two-
thirds of the time.
The normal human heart is such a sturdy organ that it could keep on
contracting and relaxing at the same tempo for an estimated hundred
years. But the stresses and strains of modem living are resulting in
changes in the internal chemical environment in which the heart pul-
AMERICAN
CANCER 50(
PHYSICS OF
Interchemical Co
CHEMISTRY
THE WORLD
OF COLOR
General Aniline
& Film Corporat1
'
.
I , .
I .. _-
! .
' . sates, which lead to . oftlurarteries ....
. -:, . .. . .. . .. . .
... , :t!te'blooavessets have greatly tl1utU'Itg.rEiCet\tlfl:l\es
. ... : riiU.,Jt .ts . .. .
"'"""',..;..-... u . "''T ......
. a;B.clentif'ic'techriicPJe helpeci sa\te
cancet: . 'I'he'method,;calleaH ... EXf:olicltNe
'. ''
.. dfSth-\gulsliben.vemnormalandmalignantctlls shed .
. 1'4e.exliibit's to save the
.womm ViSitors. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
.. ...... fart-lexplains the meal\ing of research and. its potentJa.lities, l>Y
. presc.\ntmg a particUlarly simple and understandable t}\e ,
study of the long-known factthat-everytissue, inside ol' on
of: the human body, continually sheds1 or exfoliates it5
stows new .ones to replace them. By means. ofa sequence: ofpltotp..
graphs; drawings and other two-dimensional graphics, this .
the story of Dr. George N. PapanicolaQu's life:-long $tudyQf
cell eXfoliation; and his discovery. in 1928 of a new way todete(t
. tain forms o cancer.in their.earliest, and most curable stage ... .
od that is usually called the "Pap" test, in fapanicoltou's
Part II looks into .the future of the test, By means of a .
ofstriking color transparencies,. it tells of the ongoillg resea,tch h.\t6
the many possible uses of the test for the earlier detection Ql.
still other forms of cancer. . . . . '
Part III illustrates the dramatic results o the discovery ofthe .
test. A demonstrator, supported bY a variety e>f speaker's aids, su.ch"af:i.. .
-.motion piCture sequences, slides t1tree;;dimen5ionaldevices;teUf ..
.oH:hemany lives that are being saved every year thanks
opment of the "Papn test .. with emph,clsis ql) tl'(e ..
. sands of women who have, in a sense, saved: their oWn>lives,beCause
theihad "Pap" tests as a routine part of their The
demonstrator urges every woman to do
PHYSICS OF COLOR The theme ofthe exhibit is the science of color to .
the world around us. Focal point of the Center is a.
14-foot high "Color Tree." At the base of. the tree and around the
periphery of the exhibit space twelve demonstrations help explain the
lnterchemical. CcirporRtion
l - '
. . .ClfEMISTRY AND
tHEWOaLO
OF COLOR
. phenomena of color.
1 .. ,
The exhibit is a presentation of basic principles oforganic chemistry
with emphasis on the ways in which the search fot new color
ponents led the research chemist to the creation of thousands of car ..
bon-containing compounds that fill the needs of industry and the' con
sumer in a variety of ways . l
'
I
. General Aniline
61 Film Corporation
The technologyof devising specific chemicals which make possible
modem high-speed photographic color film are described i.tt_vi511al
and audio treatments. The processes by which chemists, "architects 35
HEARING AID
INDUSTRY
CONFERENCE, INC.
36
of the molecule," synthesize, from simple building blocks, complex
dyes, pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals and other products bet-
ter to serve human needs, are shown in easily followed steps.
It is also shown that from this continuing research has recently
come a new high point in the progress of organic chemistry. This is the
growing understanding of the elaborate chemistry of plant and ani-
mal life. The accurate determination of the structure of the DNA mole-
cule, the genetic code of life within the cell's chromosomes, is the most
complex organic chemical achievement to date.
The exhibit, using an enlarged model ear and tape recordings, demon-
strates how we can hear, what sound is like with hearing loss and how
hearing loss can be corrected. The exhibit shows the development
from trumpets to modem, miniature, transistorized hearing aids.
The overall concept of the exhibit is to have people listen to a re-
corded continuous message via earphones as they examine an enlarged
model of the human ear. In addition, tape recordings are incorporated
in the exhibit to illustrate various hearing deficiencies.
The purpose of this tape recording is to demonstrate to people with
normal hearing and border-line hearing the sounds heard by persons
with various types of hearing loss. It is inconceivable to a person with
normal hearing to be able to understand how words sound to a person
with impaired hearing.
The circular applique panels placed on the back wall of the exhibit
surrounding this model of the ear show the variety of methods which
can be used to correct hearing loss. This includes treatment by surgery,
drugs, and the application of the right type electronic hearing aids.
To the left of this area is a concave curved wall which shows the vari-
ous component parts and function of a modern transistorized hearing
aid. This section is also devoted to the story of the power source used
in a hearing aid.
To the left of this section is an identical curved wall devoted to case
histories of people who have had hearing problems and had these
problems corrected by use of hearing aids.
The wall facing the exhibit is used to show the various devices and
methods used to detect a hearing loss. Some of these methods include
the person himself determining that he has a hearing problem by
noticing that other people seem to mumble, or he has difficulty hearing
the television set, or a mother may have difficulty hearing her child cry.
The external portion of this unit shows a variety of hearing aids and a
history of the industry dating back from the first, or early, hearing
trumpets and carried right on through the modern hearing aid.
AMERICAN
CHEMICAL
SOCIETY
Chemical FrontiE
of the Sea
.-,.. :-:-''
AMERICAN
.cHEMICAL
'. , . SOCIETY . '
. Chemitl Frontiers.
i .of the Sea.
The oceans, which occupy more than 300 nill}ion citbic at\d .
.rover nearly three-quarters of the surface;calways .
nated and challenged people of all nations. Over the years, man .
. sailed over and through the farthe5tseas,yetUft1elsknowri
. cally about. the aqueous part of his environment. drily recentlyhave /
. scientists intensified their study of the &ea .. . .. . .... . . .
. As the human population of the world continues to rlsef the
increasingly will serve mankind. As the agricultural and
plies of the land threaten to become inadequate, the ahnostlbnitless
potential of the sea will be harnessed to meet groWing needs for metals" . . . . .
chemicals, medicine, food, water, and energy. The research anddevel )1:
opment talents of chemists and chemical engineers will be concen-
trated more and more on the sea, to unlock more secrets of the earth
and to use more fully the ocean's resources.
The theme of the ACS exhibit is presented on a tall pylon con-
structed in such a way as to conceal the building column. Below this
theme structure, a glowing blue globe of the world, five feet in diame-
ter, rotates slowly. Land areas are shown in opaque white and the
principal oceanographic centers of the world are indicated.
Behind the theme center is a large enclosed and ceiled room, or
theater, with artistic treatment on the exterior to make it resemble
the ocean as seen from below. The visitor entering this ocean enclosure
has the illusion that he is actually entering an underwater world to
learn something of its chemical secrets. Overhead speakers at the
entrance transmit actual ocean noises, and interior lighting is subdued.
Spotlighted on a platform in the middle of the theater is a model of
an undersea research vehicle or research equipment. Five display cen-
ters, or stages, are placed around the sides of the theater to present
various aspects of chemical research in the sea. In the soft lighting of
the room, these scenes glow with luminous paint bathed in ultraviolet
light. Backlighted color transparencies also are used. The five stages,
each of which has a brief recorded story in addition to the visual pre-
sentation, presents information as follows:
History of Chemical Study of the Sea. From the recovery of salt by
evaporation in Old Testament days to modern recovery of bromine
and magnesium, a brief history is outlined along with a description
of studies of salt-water corrosion.
Natural Phenomena of the Sea. Chemists follow, by means of radio-
active isotopes, the water cycle from the ocean through evaporation
and rain back to the ocean. Also shown is the ocean's part in control-
ling atmospheric carbon dioxide and in cleansing the air and the land.
Chemical Challenges of the Sea. The chemical studies of the Inter-
national Geophysical Year; investigation of the oxygen and nitrogen
cycles in the sea; and research on such seaborne organic substances
as amino acids, vitamins, proteins, and various metabolites are among
the topics to be outlined.
The Chemical Potential of the Sea. Vast deposits of manganese on
the ocean bed, supplies of all elements in solution, and undersea stores
of petroleum and sulfur are described along with novel methods pro-
posed for their recovery.
Future .of the Sea. research and develop-
ment efforts are begmmng to provide feasible methods for recovery
of pure water from the ocean, and chemical methods may be applied
to organized "farming" of the sea.
rv; di'Hetf>tlviliDns
', - ! '. -' -
~ .-
'., ::
. ~ ~ .
GENERAL
ELECTRIC
PAVILION
The Cosmic
Powerhouse
by William L. Laurence
In the General Electric Pavilion a journey to the interior of the sun and
billions of other luminous suns in our own galaxy of the Milky Way,
and in other billions of galaxies in the infinitude of space, constitutes
a most spectacular, awe-inspiring experience in which for a few eter-
nal moments dwellers on earth are privileged to witness the cosmic
powerhouse that provides the universe with its inexhaustible energy.
They see an actual demonstration, shown for the first time in public
in this country, of the fundamental process in the interior of the sun
that made it possible for life in all its multifarious forms to originate
on this earth, and which is responsible for the continued existence of
all living things, plants, animals and man. And it is this very same
process that holds out the possibility of the existence of living things,
similar to those on earth, on other planets nourished by the life-giving
light and heat from other suns similar to ours.
For it is the light and heat poured down by the sun in inexhaustible
quantities that make life on earth possible. Without them the earth,
the oceans and the atmosphere surrounding them would be one vast
frozen lifeless mass in a great void of eternal night.
It is this very basic cosmic process by which the sun and all other
suns in the vastness of space produce their light and heat, as well as
other forms of radiation, such as ultraviolet rays and X-rays, that
visitors to the General Electric Pavilion see in actual operation on this
earth. It will be one of the momentous experiences of a lifetime, once
its true significance and the promise it holds for the future of all man-
kind on this planet are fully realized.
This cosmic process is known as fusion, or more technically as
thermonuclear fusion, which, as the term implies, is the fusion of two
or more nuclei of an element, under the influence of enormous temper-
atures, into the nucleus of a heavier element.
In the sun, and in other stars of the same family, the process consists
of the fusion of four nuclei of atoms of hydrogen, the lightest element
in nature, into the nucleus of an atom of helium, which has an atomic
mass 0.7 percent less than the total mass of the original four hydrogen
nuclei. It is this small amount of matter that is converted into an enor-
mous amount of energy, in accordance with the famous Einstein for-
mula, which revealed that one gram of matter, two-fifths the weight
of a dime, is the equivalent of 25 million kilowatt-hours of energy, or
more than the total output of Grand Coulee in twelve hours.
In the interior of the sun, a mass of 600,000,000 tons of light
variety of is fused into 596,000,000 tons of helium every
second, which means that 4,000,000 tons of the sun's mass are con-
verted every second into light and heat and other forms of radiant
energy .. Since one ton equals one million grams, and since one gram is
the equivalent of 25,000,000 kilowatt-hours of energy, this means
that the sun generates every second into space an energy of 100 billion
. .. years the J\ !tor,ntc
I.Jt,.a ol@Jr ..
.. . . .., :11.1\ft,"' tntiertQJr OJ:!;.
. . . . ;source . . ..
i ' . , . . ' and ..
, ... reported:in.-l rea. '!rttmo:ntl\$
1
ij1ri8ll
. .,tlie$!'coimtries,arid m .. the United
...... ; .. .. ... .. .. ... .
.. < . , ..thatitrbeingdemonsijafea' . .
. . -,aftha General. Electric :exhibit at tlurNew York World's Herei ..
,0: ..
'' .. -, .
-' .'
, .. tune in th.elJpl.ted States; .
. Jwdrosen 1\Uclei at a tmperature C)f than .
.. certtigracle; The .
.: of a an.d the ofl)ydrogen 1\UcleiJuSedis ve.y ' .
. :frOm sidi<;ieri.Uo.prQdua!' er.ergy on a but it markS the . ...
. . aeation 01\ earth ()fa offering a of the b1 ' : .
which; man, atwerilietl1 eentury Ap9llC:J,,Will ilaritess::the. .
. sUn. to. his industrial chariot; to proVide ofabundatktffQ* ''
... an mankiild .everywh'ere ... . . . ' , . ' . . ..
. Beeause the process of fusion of ordinary light hydrogen in the sun . .
reqUires a cycle taking millions. of it is not pOSsible .. . . ..
, .. light variety of hydrogen tmdet terrestrial in ,. , .
. . teactton mU.St be completed in,teims of secondS. The. tyPe of hydrogen
. .tharcan.:beused.on ,arthis the.v.arjety of doublecweight hydfPJen;.
named.cleuterium; or of hydrogen, named tritium. J:)eu-
terlum is present in-enormous .amount!; in the world's oeeans; lakes . .
. andrivers .. Trilium does not exist in nattn"e butit can be made:arii&- .
ciallyoutofthelightelement, Uthium, Becauseof.itsgreatabttndance,: ... , ...
. is expected to fuel of the future. 41 > ...
42
The seemingly insurmountable difficulty in the way of a
miniature sun on earth is the requirement of enormously htgh tem-
perature. Even if such a temperature could be achieved, no material
exists on earth that would not be instantly vaporized at a temperature
above 6,000 degrees Centigrade. This means that no material.vessel
could be made to contain hydrogen gas at the temperature requued to
produce fusion.
Since no material container is possible, scientists have invented a
container called a "magnetic bottle," which consists of extremely
powerful magnetic lines of force in which the dectrically charged nu-
clei of the heavy hydrogen gas are confined and r,queezed into a very
narrow beam. Thus surrounded by a powerful magnetic wall, the
electrical particles can be raised to an enormously high temperature
by means of extremely powerful electrical charges, the greater the
charge the higher the temperature.
The magnetic bottle takes advantage of the fact that a gas in a tube
subjected to an electrical discharge will be broken up, even at moderate
temperatures, into its electrically charged components, negative elec-
trons and positive protons, or ions. Such an electrified gas, known as
a plasma, and described as the fourth state of matter (neither solid,
nor liquid, nor gas) can therefore be subjected to electromagnetic
forces. Feeding an electric current into this fourth state of matter raises
its temperature to any degree desired, the greater the amount of the
current fed into it the higher the temperature.
The magnetic lines of force surrounding them prevent the electri-
cally charged hydrogen nuclei from crossing them and thus from
striking the walls of the vessel, which therefore remains cold despite
the fact that the plasma within it is at a temperature of many millions
of degrees. Instead of going across the magnetic lines of force, the
electrically charged nuclei are forced to travel in spirals inside them
without approaching the walls of the material container.
The fusion of the nuclei of one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of deuterium
would yield a total of 75,000,000 kilowatt hours. A typical swimming
pool of 12,000 to 18,000 gallons of water, which contains about 2 to
3 gallons of deuterium, would supply the power requirements of a city
of one million population for an entire year. A pitcher of water has
enough deuterium in it to provide electricity for a typical home for
an entire year.
The fusion apparatus at the General Electric Pavilion consists of a
quartz tube 6 inches in diameter and three feet long, which contains
the positively charged hydrogen nuclei. A gigantic battery of 72 ca-
pacitor units stores up in 30 seconds an energy of 100,000 joules at
60,000 volts. When the capacitors are discharged they release a tre-
electrical current of one million amperes. This creates a mag-
bottle of .the enormous magnitude of 100,000 gauss, a magnetic
fteld 200,000 times as great as the magnetic field of the earth.
The entire reaction takes place in six millionths of a second, during
.. ;_,.
:' ,, <
acc:oml'atuet:l with a loud bang/"s
.. a.Jtew_age, whiclt, in the course ofh\rQ <fecades
mankind a s<>mce of great enolltJth:to Jlast
of,years, the oceans of the world servitl& ..
ervoir of fuel for a new industrial Civilization.
Belt System .Exhibit is composed of majQT elements; .
. '.in the floating wing, 4nd a series of live demonstrations, '
. audience participation games in the Exhibit in tiU! :.
. .... new m .
.. . : seated in two of movtng cflah-s, visitors are ::
series of .scenes and stcmes. Each person has a .$YftP
'. built into the chair; and each. Qne sees ..
. .. : . techniques
. tedmique that is three dimensional in naturej and ront ..
jections of still and motion pictures. .
' ' ' THE EXHIBIT HALt. the display$, demonstrations and the . '
Exhibit. Hall are designed to telhhe story of how the Bell System:; . .
through science and technology,has past and .
make communicating easier andbetter for everyone, everywhertk
..The folloWing de$qibes the major. areas xhil>it:
C.tures and Man Area. This display consists of' a .series
boxes axut copy of aeatitres of land; &ea
well as photographs of some of man's accomplishment!; m. COJ:I\ll\uni ...
. catiolw. The story told is essentially that all creatures
Some have more highly developed senses than man, but man becaUse
he can think and reason has developed his ability to cOJl}.municate to . . .
. a far greater degree than any .
. Senses Area. Here speech, vision, and hearing are examined. There are .
. two major exhibits-a demonstration of Visible Speech and: VoiC:e '
Prints, and one of the Artificial Larynx and the Vocoder .. .
Because the voice is transmitted on the telephone, Bell has devised ..
ways of studying it. The Visible SpeeCh Translator .. shows us the
sounds of the voice on a television saeen. . . '
44
The Visible Speech exhibit features an isolation booth in which a
volunteer from the audience reads a sentence. His speech patterns
appear to the audience on a television screen.
The Artificial Larynx is demonstrated as the Bell Telephone Labora-
tories invention which restores the gift of speech to those who have
lost their vocal chords.
In the Vocoder exhibit it is shown how this experimental machine
samples the voice, selecting only parts for transmission and recon-
structing them into a complete conversation at the receiving end. It
will actually be demonstrated how your voice can be taken apart and
put back together again.
One wall includes an animated display of the ear, eye and throat,
explaining how they function. The visitor is also able to test his skill
at pitch matching, and to participate in an optical illusion game.
Telephone ofT oday and Vision. Two displays make up this area. They
demonstrate some of the products of over 80 years of Bell System
research. The first exhibit explains the development of telephone in-
struments and services from our earliest offerings to the modern
instruments and services. The second exhibit demonstrates how re-
search in the area of vision has enabled us to gain knowledge in areas
where we were once unable to see. It ranges in scope from the elec-
tronic microscope to the radio telescope.
Basic Science Exhibit. The major display in this area demonstrates
crystal growth. It is supported with displays of the dramatic develop-
ments that have been made possible by knowledge acquired through
research on the structure of crystals--the transistor, solar battery,
Maser and Laser. One wall is devoted to a display of the dramatic im-
pact on our lives that has resulted from these inventions, namely,
miniaturization of electronic equipment, use in satellites, computers,
transmission, radio and television equipment, etc.
Waves Exhibit. The waves exhibit features a Torsional Wave Machine
that demonstrates the behavior of waves. It is demonstrated that
waves carry information and that this fact makes it possible to trans-
mit voice, music and television over great distances.
Supporting displays show the various transmission media-cable,
coaxial cable, wave guide, microwave, Maser and Laser.
Tasi Complexity Exhibit. This exhibit shows the underseas cable
routes and how they operate. The Tasi derJtOnstration explains how
utilization of these routes is almost doubled by using the silent times
occurring in a conversation (e.g., time spent listening, thinking or
pauses) to transmit parts of another conversation. In the foreseeable
future, the Vocoder, demonstrated in the Senses Area, will be used in
conjunction with Tasi to more than quadruple the information-carry-
ing capacity of the underseas cable.
THE T R A N S I ~
' }. ;:, ._.:. '
.. . TmTRA165mR.':',,iif(;jjt.1f!
a new semicoridu(!tox: dWice. Slritef tra ..

,,rr,,; i'majOriirifa. . .
r. ! .. :i : : ... f ,,; ; _. '<:-
_r . . :'
''.I :d ,. ::; .! how this :tiny device;made;out ofa solidma"" .
::<,'!, ;, .. .. .;':.'
_ traftsisiOr is anputgiowth ilf attempt .
,mental The re&utted itt' the

.. . r;, ;:: .r. 'Solid$3Fhe wo,rk:Was
for a: while during World War II and theniesutnedh\:1946 bya&fOuP
. '
46
of scientists who focused their attention on two semiconductors, sili-
con and germanium. (These materials are called semiconductors be-
cause they conduct electricity better than insulators, but not as well
as metals or conductors.)
The original transistor was called a point-contact transistor because
it was essentially a wafer of germanium with two pointed wire con-
tacts made close together on one side. On the other side of the wafer
a third contact was made using a flat metal electrode.
The resistance of one point contact was found to depend on the cur-
rent flowing through the other point contact. In other words, there-
sistance effect was transferable from one point to the other; hence the
name transistor.
Soon afterwards a different structure for the transistor was found
which showed that the transistor effect took place through the body of
the semiconductor rather than merely along the surface as some had
thought. This provided the basis for a proposal that another type of
transistor-not dependent on point contacts-was possible. Called a
junction transistor, it too was invented at Bell Laboratories.
Today the transistor is no longer one device: it is a family of devices
made in dozens of different ways.
Although vacuum tubes continue to play an important role in elec-
tronics, transistors have several inherent advantages:
1. The transistor does not need a warmup period because it usu-
ally operates cold.
2. The transistor has low power requirements. It requires merely
a fraction of the power that a vacuum tube needs.
3. The transistor is resistant to shock and vibration.
4. The transistor is tiny. It can be made as small as a pinhead,
allowing extreme miniaturization.
5. The transistor is extremely reliable. It can be trouble-free for
decades when properly manufactured and operated within its
design limits.
6. The transistor, for many applications, is simpler and lower in
cost than an equivalent vacuum tube.
In the Bell Telephone System the transistor is being used more and
more to help achieve an even better telephone system. It has made
practical an all-electronic telephone switching system that performs
interconnection functions with speed and ease, it permits automatic
dialing from a "memory" system, and has made possible telephone
headsets for the hard-of-hearing, to name a few applications.
The transistor has lived up to all its expectations. It is revolutioniz-
ing the world around us; it is creating new industries and giving us
new understanding of the technology by which men communicate
with each other.
MASER
(Microwlft1e A.n
by Stimulated E
of Radiation)
LASER
ANew Light
for Technology
48
passing through the chamber provided a continuous supply of 24-kmc
energy, a steady-state release of energy was created which could be
used either as an oscillator or an amplifier.
The first solid-state maser was built at Bell Telephone Laboratories
by H. E. D. Scovil, G. Feher and H. Seidel. Its design was based on the
theoretical work of Professor N. Bloembergen at Harvard University.
At the heart of the solid-state maser is a crystal which is mounted
in a resonant cavity and cooled by liquid helium to a temperature
approaching absolute zero. The cavity containing the ruby and its
coolant is surrounded by a magnet.
When the atoms of the crystal are subjected to a magnetic field, they
become excited and rise to a higher energy level. A signal from a
"pump" (such as a klystron oscillator) maintains the atoms in an ex-
cited state. As these atoms drop from a higher to a lower energy state,
they give off radiation. This is the energy used to amplify signals.
In 1956, scientists at Bell Laboratories developed a highly sophisti-
cated amplifier known as the traveling-wave maser. This was the pro-
totype maser used in receiving signals from the Echo and Telstar satel-
lites. Here is an amplifier that makes almost no internal noise. When
used with the horn antenna at the Bell System earth station in Andover,
Maine, it forms a receiver so sensitive that it can detect clearly a signal
with the power of only one billionth of a millionth of a watt.
The maser has greatly increased the range of radio astronomy-
weak signals once obscured by noise in the receiving circuits are now
detected at good signal-to-noise ratios. Perhaps most significant is the
fact that the first demonstration that stimPhted emission of radiation
can be controlled and applied. It has opened the door to new research
and has already had a decisive impact on the technology of science.
A little over six years ago two scientists came up with some ideas on
how to harness light waves. These ideas have since grown into the
"optical maser," or "laser," a device which has opened new directions
to the sciences of optics and electronics.
The laser was conceived by Arthur Schawlow, a physicist at Bell
Laboratories and Charles Townes, maser pioneer. These men saw the
device as an extension of the principle of the maser-the microwave
amplifier used in space-communications experiments, which utilizes
radiation of atoms for transmission.
That atoms emit radiation is well known. The "excited" neon atoms
in the neon signs we see every day do just that. But normally they
radiate their characteristic red light in random directions and at ran-
dom times and the resulting light is incoherent. Incoherent is a tech-
nical term meaning just what you might expect-a jumble.
The trick is to find the right atoms, with the right internal storage
mechanisms and arrange an environment in which they can all coop-
erate-to give up their light at the right time and all in the same direc-
tion. A laser is a device to make light waves coherent.
B;:tsically, a laser consists of cylindrically shaped active material- .
soUd,Jiquid, or gas-excited by some external solU'ce of eJ:lergy.
surfaces at both ends of the rod permit to reflect:
and forth, building up on each passage. . . . . ..
. . Such a device can generate a powedul and highly '
of Ught which is coherent (well organized) and of a single
quency. This beam may someday provide a carrier signal with a very
large capacity for telephone, television, and data transmission. .
other appllcations.have been suggested and.tried. They in-:
dude such things as micro-welding and drilling, optical radars, use in ..
special.types of tumor surgery, and as. a tool in physical and chelnieal
research. Over 500 and academic research organizations are
now reported to be conducting research on the laser. . . . .
In early 1960 Schawlow and Townes received a patent, to
Bell Laboratories, for the laser. That summer Theodore Maiman at 49:
TASI
(Time Assignment
Speech Interpolation)
50
Hughes Aircraft Co. built the first working laser-a pulsed device
using a ruby rod with silvered ends and a powerful flash lamp.
In February 1961 Bell Labs scientists Ali Javan, William Bennett Jr.,
and Donald Herriott announced they had constructed a gaseous laser
-a continuously operating device using a mixture of helium and neon
gases and a radio frequency generator as the source of external energy.
Since then, dozens of improvements and innovations on the laser
have poured from research laboratories. There are now several crystal-
line materials, in addition tc ruby, which will work-at least five of
them in continuous operation. The original helium-neon mixture has
been operated at several additional frequencies, and it has been joined
by nearly a dozen other gases and mixtures of gases. The entire group
provides over two hundred potential frequencies for communications.
In addition to crystals and gases, lasers have been made from liq-
uids, plastics, and glass. A little over a year ago scientists at G.E., IBM,
and Lincoln Laboratories succeeded in making lasers from semicon-
ductors. The most popular of these has been gallium arsenide.
Much research and development still remains to be done, primarily
how to control the device. For example, in communications applica-
tions we need adequate means of putting telephone, television, or data
signals on the carrier, or light beam. We also need to find a way to
amplify the signals. These needs mean finding efficient modulators,
detectors, and amplifiers to operate at the extremely high frequencies
characteristic of the laser.
Another problem is how to transmit light beams over long distances
and still get clear signals, difficult to do through rain, snow, and fog.
Bell Labs scientists and engineers are working hard on these prob-
lems. There have been some achievements. People have found mate-
rials that are properly sensitive so as to be useful in modulators and
detectors. They have discovered ways to increase the power of the
laser. And they are studying ways to transmit a laser beam, so that it
will not be seriously affected by the earth's atmosphere, by putting it
inside a shielding tube.
These are preliminary steps. And even if the technical problems are
solved, use of the laser for communications will depend on whether
it can compete with other systems already in existence or under devel-
opment. As Schawlow pointed out in a Scientific American article, the
laser's vast communications potential "is still far in the future."
TASI is a recent development, now being used on undersea cable, that
increases the conversation capacities of the cables. The equipment
takes advantage of the times when people are listening or pausing.
The voice channels they leave temporarily unused are automatically
assigned to other talkers; and when a listener starts to talk, he in-
stantly has the use of a channel which another person has left idle.
In practice, the system does not work with only two talkers on one
line since they would frequently be speaking at the same time. How-
ehannel.when he statts tO ......... ., ...
. . : ' . . .. . . . : ,: : . . .
, , talker starts talking, his voice actuates.a detedbr,., ...
. .The sPeech c;letectorsare scanned by a control drCUit' sirhllai a ml"' ': . . . .
ert\:di8ital"eoinput:er. Whena .
. : itlitiatuacOded tone bUtst a 8ro1JP .
' ' .: .t()ne!i which precedes the voice.over an available eable ' : ' '
: . _,' the:.tol\f! bUrst/which lasts' only 10 the ' '
connectS! the ta1ket td the same' .'The coded .
talker.'tO the proper line at tile. : . : . .. :
.. Thetc:me&'arenotheard since the liStener is not .. .. : ..
trai\$ttdtttd. When a nOt ar\ql'ds .:.>,. ., .
- anothe+ ccided toni! burst is transmittttovet
: sipalq\gdiani\el and the connection.. . ' . ' , . . ..... .
.. -. Switldngiof: talbpurl& frQin one.dtannelto
. . lishedmafewnilllisecotulsby. atlme4livisicm
. p . ' .. . . ' . $WI ... ' ,,
... pledfqt about two microseconds and p\ll$es steerf!d
theapptopriate idle channeidUring.,the sampling by .the
operation of transistor
11
gates" in each channel. '1'hi$ short interval of
sampling makes it possible to sample altactive talkel's 8000. -- , .
secOild and then recanstrucube speech: from the samples before i(is. .
. . transnuftecfover the undersea eable. ' . .. . . . . .. ';' . . ' . . ,. ; < .
. < Tht signaling in TASlkeeps the receiving .
. the that the translnitting end has Fo\#' groups . ..
. ;of audio ..tone8 are foi' signaling bi
each of three groups and three in the fOurth signal '
priseS one and orily one tone from grcruP,..if or less:are
an el'ror is indicated andappropfiate are eor
, -. rect it.uCOrinec:Y' signals which precede the voice Signal at : ..
rung ()f the speaker's talkspurt are sent over the'same channt!las. tJie .
DiscOnnect and checking signals are senfoWr :a .
. separate Channel Used only for this purpose. .. . . . > ..
AU of thecitcuits fOrT A.SI are completely:tt:ansistorizect
. fOr dOl!blirig the capacity of the transatlantic cable require several' .
thousand transistors of four different types1 and tellS of thol.lSandS o .
semiConductor diodes and passive coinponents. . : . : .
' .
UNDERSEA The Bell System's international telephone service reaches more than
TELEPHONE CABLES 170 overseas countries and territories. Circuits are provided via high
frequency radio, over-the-horizon or tropospheric scatter radio sys-
tems and on a network of undersea cables.
Because these cables are reliable, and carry many conversations
simultaneously and clearly, they are being used increasingly for
telephone circuits between the United States and foreign countries.
The first undersea telephone cable was laid in 1921 between Florida
and Cuba. Radio telephone service-between New York and London
-was established six years later. But it was not until1956 that the
first transatlantic telephone cable was laid.
This was placed between Oban, Scotland, and Sydney Mines,
Nova Scotia, via Clarenville, Newfoundland. It was made possible by
the development of undersea repeaters for amplifying telephone sig-
nals.
An undersea cable between Seattle and Ketchikan, Alaska, was laid
that same year and a California-Hawaii cable followed in 1957.
The second transatlantic cable was put into service in 1959 between
Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia, and Penmarch, France. Other cables link
Florida and Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland and Bermuda.
Each of these cables carries 48 one-way channels. Two cables are
required for each link.
To meet the increase in the volume of overseas telephone service,
Bell Laboratories developed a new cable capable of carrying 128 two-
way conversations, more than any other ocean cable in use today. The
cable gets its strength from a core of 41 steel wires and does not re-
quire the outer armoring used in previous deep sea cables.
The armorless cable has a new type of repeater, stationed every 20
miles along its length, which amplifies telephone signals 100,000
times. These repeaters have new high-vacuum electron tubes that will
not change significantly over a 20-year life span.
The first two-way armorless cable was laid in 1963 between Florida
and Jamaica and recently was extended to the Panama Canal Zone.
Another armorless system-the third transatlantic cable-was
completed that same year. It extends 3,500 nautical miles from Tuck-
erton, N.J., to Widemouth, England. The system includes 182 repeat-
ers. It went into service October 14, 1963.
An undersea cable of this kind from Hawaii to Japan, via Midway,
Wake, and Guam, is expected to be ready by the fall of 1964; and be-
fore the end of this year an armorless cable system between Hawaii
and the continental United States is scheduled for completion.
To lay the armorless cable and its two-way repeaters, a new type of
cable ship was designed and built. This ship, the CS Long Lines, holds
2,000 miles of undersea cable in its tanks. It includes a new type of
cable engine that has tractor-like grips to handle both small-diameter
cable and large-diameter repeaters. The engine lays out cable smoothly
52 at a constant rate.
VOICEPRINTs
yo1tt EaCh ... . ctem .. beJS
measures a total voice ' . . .; ......
,,,
.. .. , .
card. Then the cards were shulfled, people Witb:cmt
were asked to identify each' voice. Out of about 25iOOO
i4entffication was made J110te than 99 per . J::: .
. .. ,. . finclirigs from basic researCh iri
. valt.iable aids for personal identification. Law.
. . erl. dilfetent. word samples an .
.. may J:,, to identify the speakets voict! &om mons ol
despite any, attempt by the spe.aJ.<er to his . . .... . : .. .
. . Since analyzed and by 'compUtet, the:cOcie
of an urudentified voice could be matched againSt. those on me. FiJ\al.
identification, as m the case of fingerprints, would be made vbnuilly by ..
an expert &om a number of prints that are similar.
TIC-TAC-TOE
MACHINE
THE
DUPONT SHOW
Wonderful World
of Chemistry
54
You can play a game of tic-tac-toe with a machine developed by
William Keister of Bell Telephone Laboratories, but don't expect to
win. The machine can be tied but cannot be beaten. The machine rep-
resents the kinds of processes that can be built into telephone systems.
It illustrates how relay-type equipment (like that used in telephone
systems) makes logical decisions in connecting one caller with another.
The face of the cabinet is divided into nine squares. When you press
a button near one of the squares to light it with a figure, such as "x",
the machine automatically places the other symbol, in this case an "o",
in another square and waits its tum for another play. The electro-
mechanical brain can make three decisions. If you succeed in marking
two symbols in a row, the machine makes a defensive play by filling
in the third space in the row. If the machine itself has two in a row,
it will fill in the third and win. If there is no immediate chance to win
and no need to block you from winning, the machine marks the most
advantageous square.
No matter how good you are, the best you can hope for is a draw.
Synopsis of Chemistry Demonstrations for the DuPont Pavilion:
1. Freezing a Flower in Freon. In this demonstration a flower such as
a carnation or a rose is dipped for a few moments in Freon. Since the
Freon is at about 50 below zero, the flower freezes instantly. The
flower is removed from the Freon and when struck on the table top,
it shatters like glass.
2. Rubber vs. Adiprene Balls in Freon. A rubber ball frozen in Freon
will shatter like glass when dropped on the floor. A ball made of
DuPont Adiprene, on the other hand, retains its elasticity and bounces
after its immersion in Freon.
3. Disappearing Blue. In this demonstration a large flask containing a
clear liquid changes to a deep blue color when the flask is shaken. This
blue color slowly changes back into a clear solution again. This can
be done repeatedly by simply shaking the flask.
This demonstration is based on the fact that a certain indicating dye
will turn deep blue when combined with air which is accomplished by
the shaking. Another chemical in the flask reverses this situation and
the liquid becomes colorless.
4. Hindu Rope Trick. This demonstration features DuPont Stren
which is a Nylon fishing line. It is so fine and transparent that we can
reconstruct the well known Hindu rope trick by attaching the Stren to
a piece of manila rope and using it to lift the rope, which then hovers
in mid-air as though unsupported.
5. Conductive Paint. A tape recorder is separated from its loud-speaker
by a of plastic sheet so that although the tape re-
corder IS mechamcally operating, no sound comes out of the loud-
56
10. Tipersul. A performer lays a piece of Yil" Tipersul on his open palm
and an assistant places a red hot bolt on the Tipersul. This thin sheet
protects his hand and the performer shows the high temperature of the
bolt by dropping it on a piece of wood which catches fire.
11. Mylar and Butacite Drum. Two drums about 3' in diameter have
their ends covered with Mylar and Butacite respectively. A heavy solid
Lucite bowling ball is dropped on to the plastic sheets from a height
of about 3'. Upon striking the Mylar, the ball rebounds sharply. The
Butacite drum, however, cushions the blow and the rebound of the
ball is substantially less.
12. Jacob's Ladder. A 50,000-volt arc up to a foot long is generated
between two vertical rods in the form of a "V". A piece of wood placed
in the gap catches fire immediately because of the intensity of the arc.
A sheet of Mylar is then placed in the gap, power turned on, but the
arc does not strike due to the high insulating ability of the Mylar. As
soon as the Mylar sheet is removed, the arc is immediately generated.
13. Zepel. A piece of cloth is prepared with the letters Z-E-P-E-L
printed on it with Zepel which cannot be seen. Stains of various
sorts such as ink, tomato juice, salad oil, etc., are poured on the cloth
and stain it completely except where the material has been treated with
Zepel. The letters Z-E-P-E-L then stand out since they are unstained.
14. Iodine Clock. In this demonstration a small quantity of clear liquid
is added to a large flask containing another clear liquid. In the order of
10 seconds the solution turns instantly black.
15. Color Sequence. The black solution from the previous demonstra-
tion is then poured into 4 beakers. The black solution becomes color-
less, then red, then wine colored and finally blue as it is transferred
from one beaker to another.
16. Parabolic Mirrors. Two highly polished parabolic mirrors s' in
diameter are mounted to face each other. A light source at the focal
point of one mirror is used to reflect light from that mirror through a
distance of about so' to the other mirror. The second mirror refocuses
the light at its focal point at which a match can be ignited.
17. Vortex Gun. A Vortex Gun 4' in diameter generates a vortex (con-
centrated jet of air) which is used to blow out a flame, rattle a sheet of
paper, etc. (at a distance of 40' to 60').
18. Chemiluminescence. A small amount of liquid is added to about a
quart of liquid in a 6-qt. spherical flask. When the mixture is shaken,
intense blue or yellow is produced. This light is generated completely
by the chemicals in the flask.
THE.IBM E
a c.omputer can be used effectively by people many miles away from
the machine itself.
The language translation is from Russian to English. The matter to
be translated is transmitted over telephone lines to two IBM 1050 data
communications systems in a company plant at Kingston, N.Y. The
completed translation is sent bade to the pavilion by the same
method.
At the pavilion. a typist seated at a printer keyboard copies sen-
tenc:es from Russian redmical reports. The typist does not understand
Russian. but has learned to recogniz:e letters of the Russian alphabet.
As each Russian sentence is typed, it is instantly transmitted over the
telephone lines via the IBMTelepux:essingequipmentto the computer
in I<.ingston. 90 miles from the Wodcrs fair site.
The is linked to a memoryn disk that contains the coded
meanift&s of 200.000 Russian \\'Oids. The disk looks like a transparent
phonographreconl and cnntains coded "'-onls and phrases in Russian,
their English meanings. The \\'Ords are photographically
circular tracks on one side of the disk. The rode for eadt
'mMd consists of a stqUerKe of blade rectangles of microscopic size.
AJi&ht beam searches the disk until it makhes each word or phrase
in the sentence with the coded equivalent of that ,,-ord or phrase on
the .. cl.ictiooary .... disk. When a per&ct makh is made for each word
in the sentence" the light beam instantly relays the English translation
and gtaJJUDatical information back to the computer. The
computer: follows the rules stored in its 0\\'11 clarifies mean-
mgs.. mel in some cases inserts ptepositions. articles and auxiliaty
wrbs so .Ut the tAnslation will oonfonn more dosdy to English
gammu- instmd of the Rus;s;im.
lhe6nalng,mh traMlation 1$ then ttammitted hade to the World's
fair site, where it is printed man automatic t}"p!\'l"'liittr.
AD this at remubble speed \\'hen the I)-pis! feeds an
awerage Russ.im semtma of about 15 ''-onk into the romputer. the
miChine the entire smtmce in Clftt" to h\.'0 it
tabs about 6 seoonds fw the to print oot the translation on
typewriter-
ln. lDl' mine,. is t:r.tnsbting tsoo ""rds,
cl tedmi-."31 mamul from to
Whm 1&"1 pine is use! tr.msb-
tioll an Wsallmlik.
in m cage ol npiid hum.m
QDIIIIIQJtthq!tupmtih mfunryti(llm
in Frmd.., (";.rnNn, .urd ollber
"f1wft 6 a pa:essiog nreed b b1l bq7o 1lliF mth \14\).rA-;;$ Q$
bstt
d.aima dmlt iin m

a $)"'511nD 0E b:r
SINCLAIR
DINOSAURE
~ e h ~ l d . t h ~ rrzightyplnosaur, . .
Fmnous in prehistoriclore, .
Not only for his toeightand strength, . .
But for his intellectual length.
You will observe by these remains
The creature had two sets .of brains-
One in his head (the usual place),
The other at his spinal bQfe. .
Thus he could reason a priori
As .well as a posteriori.
No problem bothered him a bit;
He made both head and tail of it.
So wise he was, so wise and solemn,
Each thought filled j!-4st a spinal column.
If one brain found the pressure strong,
It passed a few ideas along;
If something slipped his forward mind, .
'Twas rescued by the one behind;
And if in error he was caught,
He had a saving afterthought.
As he thought twice before he spoke,
He had no judgments to revoke;
For he could think, without congestion,
Upon both sides of every quesHon.
Oh, gaze upon this model beast;
Defunct ten million years at least.
COURTESY OF 'IHE CHICAGO TRIBUNE
THE STOKY Of
THE DINOSAURS
s Nri;IIri.1i,. calledl ''Sinclair Din6latt&"', features
d tLil:uf o.f dinosaurs, ranging tn size
mmm t!h- ()mil:homm:ms to; tPte massive 7Q.-foot Bronto-
5dlwrill5,, ttltNl1l!T stlilcies a;loove the ground.
1'Emree lilite a:re pareiaLly animated
tto flEre reaili5m mll:he
f5: i:Im ttlhe temrab:IJ .md &fa; oi ehe geclogjal
pmod iiml. wBridn i!lt 1iHre CllOOldefo ne spaced tthrough an outdoor

Maa:Dy s:riemrl!i5i!s ffiindi the r:R ot l!iirncs.ams--thetr emet""gence
SQ1mUf' 2JOOI a9l md tillteiT exltim..tti1:1: 60
1
mi1Iion years ago
tBr.m me m& or and ndtions
tthe refa.mely Fmeft pmcd t!l!tatt m.1n has, ruled the earth.
Di!mD&all:l'lls HWm cl!te Greek afemas. sauros meal'ring "terrib{e lizarcf'')
Ilr\l'ed mm tillnfs; jp'E.met a:t: reas-t t!:iJtrles. fooger than the entire exist-
of I:I!T.iim. Dim the earth [onget" and more
StDnl:e55trm:l1Iy t:llrdll1D my m.il.ha ki:.lru:l: d creawn past or present.
1ii:t t:Ihe late a:ncierttt liiJe )i &a, the forerunners of
sa:tlii!S firs.t a;s. sl!llialill,, agile crlfalto:re;.. Through the eons of the
Eifey &a. mcstt species of dh'"lO ...
5CflJ:I5 <m&
11'1!ttt &:1, scome 160 million years, covered t:Mee
Trriiass&,. and Cretaceous. lDinoo-
S:ltlXS cllDrmiLgh tEre !':ate T mfu'e JIJil'assiC and IIIOst of
t!l!te .. !from whom man ulti:mltely
m tEte Dane Jmns&k pence, T!rot oosrorely tn the
GJf Jfmt' s.:m-es of of years.
Sevaall fax:ttil'I!S a:re mmeve& to haive coombuted to the extinction of
the fate throry hoEds that the di:-
drrasticaiTy as l!l!OOltmtt.aJJ:ts rose .md seas receded. fnstead
of wamn Ptrmtid! weathEr ;ill !!he !rime, there began ahernating seasons
cf &.eat a:nd em&.. Ul'l!tabf:e tliJ' dil:t<Jsams peris.hed-
Ancrther tthem:y pmintts to the pLmtt life clS a key factor.
JDuri:rtg; the Cretai::lf<JUS period, friOlW'ering pLmts and hanhvoodS O'Ver-
ran I:a:nd, rrepfa:ci:ttg tfuxe li:onife:rs .md e-J.rtier forms of flora. lrtmt-
ea:t:i:rtg a.o:IDi!dl.ng t"" tf:nLs. thecry, un.1bte to s:u:nive on
a r:tew at:, .m& c5 !!hey e:qri::red, 50 did the predarory
amlt'tg tilite
Still Rarys part of the blame oo the earty mammals.
w mmthipLy rrapidly m Late Cretacrous period,
and Sllltrle' of the rmut'lf' wret:fatory are srid! ro have fro 00 the- eggs of
thereby aml!rilottttmg tct exmction.
I'Dtr:ring their htrydaly, howe'\ln, &mosat!i5 were the IOOSt
creattmes eve:r l:m' inha&i:t the eaL'th. One Q,tt !!he earliiest of the trul)' mas-
sive dinosaurs. t and one at the most recognized) was the- Sron-
tmsatll'U5, a: pfdnt-eamr wilml pamd 25 JO' toos into a frame meastu:-
ing: 7(l feet Iong. and: stones high. Ets name originates from the
62
may have made a hungry carnivore pause before attacking, Stego-
saurus was woefully ill-equipped for a battle of wits, since its brain
was no larger than a small dog's.
Rounding out the collection are the duck-billed Corythorsaurus and
the Trachodon. Both were plant-eaters, Trachodon attaining a length
of 38 feet and a height of 16 feet and Corythorsaurus reaching some
30 feet in length. T rachodon munched weeds and roots with as many
as 1,500 teeth.
DESIGNED BY ROBERT HALLOCK
LITHOGRAPHED BY CRAFTON GRAPHIC COMPANY. INC.
. . ~ .. ' ,': ' " .' ' , !. . ;
: ff().'s -r/ . ... .E._
.F'.AJ.R .
. HALL OR SCIENCE
PREPARED BY
NEW YORK WORLD'S FAlR
1964-1965 CORPORATION
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NEW YORK WORLD'S FAIR 1964-1965
SHOWING AREA AVAILABLE FOR
HALL OF SCIENCE EXPANSION
C.LARK[ 8 RAPUANO, INC
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NEW YORK WORLD'S FAIR 19641965 CORPORATION
INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION AT FLUSHING MEADOW PARK
. .
, . . The Hall of Science began with a space exhibit. Then it was decided to include :
motlels, gadgets and graphic evidences of recent scientific advances. At any rate, it is to be a pe,mla
rient with a. space garden and plenty of room for post-Fair expansion into a major general
science m1,1seum, ultimately it may be hoped, the finest in the world. . . . . . ..
This brochure briefly tells the story to date and outlines what our consultants think about the
future. This is no small project. The Hall of Science will fill a gap in our City cultural institutions
whkh has long been noted and deplored.
. There follows a statement by Paul R. Screvane, President of the City Council, who has taken
a special interest in this program and has done more than any other person to bring a mirage closer
to reality.
Wallace K. Harrison, our architect, adds pictures of the present design and of the possibilities
of expansion. The report of our consultants follows.
. I do not know just what was in Mr. Harrison's mind when he designed a glass dorne for a:
science pavilion. Perhaps he does not know precisely himself, because such strokes of unapprehended
inspiration are not easy to define. At any rate, this will be the dominating feature of a st.rtictwe .
. which houses quaint devices to make the mathematics of space and mechanistic discoveries
prehensible to the average mind, for the Hall of Science we visualize will be much more than"
museum.
Science, having ruthlessly destroyed many of our romantic illusions of the physical wodd, :
has as . yet offered few substitutes to the terrifying loneliness of multiplying man on. a shrinking
globe. Apparently we must abandon the pleasing picture of the rising and setting sun, the familiar
moon of poetry and Tin Pan Alley, the stars as loadstones and patines of bright gold and t4e music .
of the spheres. That is why we have devoted so much ground and attention at the Fair to the temples . .
of religion, so that the clergy and revivalists may find spiritual meaning in the vast new disturbing
cosmos. Perhaps between the scientists and the holy men we may learn where we are going and
measure in human terms on the one hand the immense cumulative purpose and blind animal instinCt
that build the coral rock, and on the other the suicidal mania that drives the lemmings to the sea.
There were indeed men at the very dawn of history who, minus laboratories and fine instru .
ments, speculated about interplanetary space and the immense forces imprisoned in atoms, and
successors at the great revival of learning in the Middle Ages who figured the mysteries of gravity
and attraction and risked their reputations and lives to speculate about the Supreme Intelligence
that makes the world go round. In the subsequent debates over the origin of man, the politicians
smelled a popular issue and lined up against the apes with the angels. These were shattering con
cepts, discoveries and inventions which extended man's outlook, but recent atomic explosions,
relativity, orbital and moon explorations have shrunk his significance, rocked his complacency and
profoundly disturbed his equilibrium.
This Hall will add immeasurably to our cultural as well as practical treasures and will offer
to visitors .another proof of the indomitable, restless, inquiring spirit of our City, the Wodd's
Capital, on its Three Hundredth Anniversary.
ROBERT MOSES
President
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MAIN LEVEL PLAN
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AMIMII &llliiWITa
T II E II 1\l. I. 0 F SCIENCE
PAUL R.
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PAUL R. SCREVANE
PRUIDINT
THE CITY OF NEW YORK
OFFICI: OF
THE PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL
NEW YORK 7. N.Y.
In three centuries, New York City has become a world leader in the arts and the sciences.
New York boasts an impressive concentration of universities, colleges and other institutions of
learning, as well as many of the nation's finest art museums and galleries. We, and all who
visit New York, are provided with some of the world's finest opera, drama, ballet and concert
performances. We all benefit from our great natural history museum, our planetarium, our zoos
and our botanical gardens wherein man's progress in the fields of anthropology, geology,
astronomy, zoology and botany is recorded. These institutions are great treasures, but New
Yorkers throughout the years have felt increasingly a lack in the City's educational and cultural
storehouse-the City had no permanent museum of science.
During the Second World War a Museum of Science and Industry was opened in
Rockefeller Center. Limited in size and scope as compared with the great museums in London,
Washington and Chicago, it disappeared without a trace.
But soon a large permanent Museum of Science will become a reality in our City. We
shall have at first a Hall of Science as part of the World's Fair. After the Fair, this Hall will
remain to form the nucleus of a permanent Museum of Science. Plans then call for the con-
struction of new facilities to expand the Hall into a living presentation of man's progress in
science, industry and technology.
The concept of a "dynamic" science museum has been advanced by many eminent scien-
tists and educators. Planning only for a static museum in a time of exploding scientific knowl-
edge is, to such people, short-sighted.
Using every technique of presentation, the museum staff, under the direction of an out-
standing Board of Trustees, will have the opportunity to bring to young and old alike the
stimulation and challenge of the new sciences and the drama of man's earlier steps toward his
understanding of the natural universe.
In this Age of Space, our nation's ability to lead the Free World depends substantially
upon our ability to maintain scientific leadership. For New York City to continue without a
Museum of Science would be unthinkable. The need for this Museum made prolonged debate
-even the best-intentioned-indefensible.
For these reasons, Mayor Wagner and his administration moved swiftly and decisively,
using this unique opportunity to enable New York City more fully to develop its scientific
capabilities.
PAUL R. ScREVANB
President
MAIN FLOOR PLAN
MARTIN-MARIETTA COMPANY
One of the Hall of Science's major presenta-
tions will be a simulated rendezvous of full-
sized manned orbital space vehicles. The
meeting "in space" takes place high above
the heads of visitors in the cathedral-like
Main Floor. The production includes wide
screen motion pictures, directional sound,
and animated ligures.
LOWER FLOOR PLAN
LEGEND
A.
The Upjohn Company
F.
General Aniline & Film COrporation: .
B.
. Hearing Aid Industry Conference, Inc.
H .
American Chemical Society
c.
Abbott Laboratories
K.
Airborne Instruments laboratory
.,
D.
lnterchemlcal Corporation
M.
American Cancer. Society
E.
Atomic Ener&Y COmmission
N.
Ames Company, Inc.
THE UPJOHN COMPANY
This exhibit electronically dramatizes how thought develops and how
the brain reacts through vision and hearing, to everyday sights and
sounds. Electric light signals representing brain "messages" to the eyes
and ears shuttle along metal tubes depicting the nerves. "Messages"
produce light patterns in giant aluminum discs, representing the brain's
central command post- its memory association centers, and other vital
areas. The demonstration shows how the brain reacts to a singer's voice,
calls up memories of other singers, makes a comparison and finally com
mands applause.
The exhibit using an enlarged model ear and tape recordings, will
demonstrate how we can hear, what sound is like with hearing loss and
how hearing loss can be corrected. The exhibit will show the develop
ment from historic trumpets to modern, miniature, transistorized hear
ing aids. Stories of people who have been rehabilitated with hearing
aids and how to detect a hearing loss will be told.
HEARING AID INDUSTRY
CONFERENCE, INC.
Chemical ma
models, micrc
motion pictW
ates and susa
tion starts wit
down to the
atoms combi
enzymes, pro
code for life.
INTER(
Exhibit j
Dr.lsay J
Physics, l
Olali.i.c ill . by means of three-dimensional
an6cldf, and specially created animated
Jnbd,on piues the wondrous molecular activity that crc-
attl tnd ..S\lStliilu human life. The fifteen-minute presenta
. tioa with manu a recognizable being, then proceeds
doWn tO cellular and subcellular levels to show bQw
' at.Oa:iS combine to form molecules, and the actions of
. . .. eaz,mes. proteins, chto.lno$OmeS and DNA- the master
' code fotlile.
INTEllCHEMICAL CORPORATION
. 1Jtftllf'U wilb IH coopltlllkm of
Dr.ltii'J Profssor of
.. Physics, of
,,':
The theme of the exlu'bit is the science 'of colot @d.. iu
brighten the world around us. Focal point of J"'.' "" . _,.,., . .,
is a 14-foot high ''Color 'nee.'' At the baH ofdleuc=f ..
pedphtty of the exhibit space twel'Ve demoi:ISttitiods
of colot. . .
, ''' -, ... ,.
A10NSVILLE. U. S. A. is filled with atomic wonder and intrigue,
where children ooly can enter. Inside, everything atomic is simulated so
each child can safely prospect for uranium, operate a reactor, perform
experimerus with remote mechanical hands, and by participation learn
about the arom and its peaceful uses. Parents, meanwhile, can watch
thcit children oo 1V or tour the adjacent Radiation and Man exhibit.
ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
BNhibils fJrlllnteJ by ths OmiJge lnsliiiRI
of N11ellllf Sttlllils for the U. S . .tflt>mie
Bwgy Commiuion.
The Chemistry of Color exhibit is an audio-visual presentation of the
basic principles of organic chemistry. It shows the growth of dycsnDf
chemistry to its most complex level in color photographic film. It furtber
explains how dyestuff chemistry has provided the basis for the applica-
tion of organic chemistry in new pharmaceuticals, detergents, plastics,
and all the many other produas of chemistry now enriching daily life..
GENEllAL ANILINE & FILM
CORPORATION
AMERICAN CJ
"(
ef
a
w
,n
)I
.' ' . . :
cANCEll so(:urry.
,i
This exhibit tided, "This Cennuy's.Gteat Life-Saving
Cancl:t," will show how a scicnrmc technique called ''afol.iative cytOt .
ogy" helped save the lives of thousatlds of women from
and can save many thousaDds mote. This exhibit wllhlso the .
interest of young visiron ill tbe pcoblemt aod rewards of resciatcb. ..
"Otemistty of the Sea" will illustrate the role of chemists and chemical
engineers . in sciendJic progress. An illusion of entering the ocean is
created with .fluorescent scenes illuminated by ultraviolet light. .These
will cover exploration, modem analyses, biochemical aspects, mineral
, mources, farming the sea, and recovering fresh water from brine.
Models of desalinization may be srudied.
AIRBORNE INSTRUMENTS LABORATORY
Division of Cutler-Hammer, Inc.
This exhibit will present a complete ground conttol pattern at an air
tctminal with operating control tower as installed by F.A.A. with a
runnins explanation of every stage in the process. The live communica-
tioo between pilot and control tower at Kennedy International or
. LaGuardia Airports will be reproduced showing how cooperation brings
planes down in all kinds of weather, with a demonstration of the ad
vanced all-weather systemS (AILS) now being built by Airborne Insttu
ments Laboratory for the Federal Aviation Agency.
AMES COMPANY, INC.
This exhibit shows the human body as a chemical factory in which each
cell is a laboratory, manufacturing its own particular products and re
quiring its own special raw materials which it selects from digested
foodstuffs. In health, amounts of the various chemicals in the blood and
urine remain within a fairly limited range. In disease there is a change
in the quantity and perhaps the quality of these substances. Through
chemical analysis physicians may uncover unsuspected disorders pro-
viding the opportunity for early treatment and improved chance for
recovery.

lttt
Techtlolom
dollars. 1'hl
as the Gra1
vidual part:
This
realizing tk
we mtlstaL

at PlushinB
also aim to
sentative oJ
world .
Hov
Design. Of
expansion '1
In a
cant exhibi
Post Fair l
place for f1
to replaceJ
It also shm
more comf
(A
to this repo
One
which all t
of colored
of
Hall of Di
chemistry a
other ford
to the appli
to the presc
physical sc:
The
motion pic
ration and
satellites. 1
onstrations
tion and pl
The
entation in
revolving!
ofthe majc
from these
Newton an
by them, v
entertainin
' . .
. .-. :: . , '
CONSULTANT'S UPOB.T
.';It:: the outset that the development of a Center. ()f .. i:.;;:
llO!QJU' woriJ.ty :of the world's. greatest city will take many years and manY llii!MoijS f#: ,; :
1t aU the Jl10te irnpartant to start out with a long-range pWt that . ;
c:N::tJle QJr&ncl. L.llleSl.llll. for the orderly development of a dynamic institution, of indi ..
. F/V:lclU,att,'l)arts, as 'they gradually emerge, will fit harmoniouSly into the projected wh()le .. . . ..
means that from the very beginning we should set our sights vert high. \'Vhilf
'..l'ellllzmg that great institutions, like living things, require years in. which to grow and
also realize that the world's greatest city, the outstanding product of sciente and teCh
. notogy; cannot aHord second best. In other words, the Grand Design for the. Hall of SCience .
Meadow: calls Eor the finest institution of its kind anywhere in the world . .It should .
tilso aim to become, over the course of years, one of the wonders of the modern world, repte- .
sentative of the spirit of America and commensurate with its greatness as the leader of the free
wotlcl.
However, this does rtot mean that we must wait for the full realization of this Grand .
::' . ./ t)'esig:n. Of the $3,500,000 included in the Preliminary Report for the Pose Fair Plap
. . expansion of, the Hall of Science, a part will be available for permanent improvements . .
, ',< . . In addition, a.number of fine exhibits in the Science Pavilion, as well as Several signifi
, . cant exhibits. in. other pavilions, could be retained and installed as permanent exhibits in the
Post. Fair. Hall of Science, while a number of other exhibits may be stored in some suitable
place for future use as space becomes available. To allow for variety, it may be fo.und desiiable .....
to replace from time to time some of the exhibits in the science hall with others from storage ..
It a.lso sho\lld be borne in mind that some of the retained exhibits may serve a5 parts of larger,
more comprehensive exhibits at a later date. . . ...
. (A list of sugge5ted exhibits to be retained for Post Fair . use is given in the addendum
to this ) .
.. One of the major Post Fair projects should be the construction of the Great Hall, in
... which all the major developments in science and invention would be demonstrated by meanS
of colored motion pictures, many of which are already available, and other modern techniques
... of presentation. The building should be divided into two major sections. One, named the
Hall of Discovery, would be devoted to the pure sciences-astronomy, mathematics, physics,
chemistry and biology. This section should have two theatres, one for the physical sciences, the .
other for the life sciences. The second section, named the Hall of Inventions, would be devoted
to the applied sciences, in which will be told the story of the great inventions from the beginning .
. to the present .. This section would also have two theatres, one for the story of inventions in the
physical sciences, the other for those in the life sciences. . . .
The theatre for inventions in the physical sciences would demonstrate, through dramatic
: motion pictures, all major technological developments in the fields of engineering, transpoi'
tationand communication, as well as developments in the space sciences, rockets, missiles and.
satellites. The theatre for inventions in the life sciences would similarly provide dramatic dem-
onstrations of developments in medicine, immunology, bacteriology, behavioral sciences, nutri-
tion and public health.
The Post Fair Hall of Science should take advantage of all modern techniques of pres-
entation in addition to motion pictures, including open and closed circuit television, dioramas, .
revolving stages, etc. Motion pictures in color could present in highly dramatic form the story
of the major discoveries of the fundamental laws of nature, and of the inventions that resulted
from these discoveries. Actors playing the parts of great scientists and inventors--such as
Newton and Einstein, Edison and Tesla-demonstrating each major discovery or invention made
by them, would make such presentations not only highly instructive, but highly dramatic and
entertaining as well.
~ - f
f
't
I
. ~ ~ ;
I'
t
i 'fj

1.;
, ..
~
tl/
-.....::... ,,,;,
j
"""'-
HALL OF DISCOVERY
PHYSICAL
SCIENCES
astronomy
mathematics
physics
chemistry
the in'
tution:
triumJ
the A.l
enviro
living
all th1
eleme
of Sci
Natio
gatn \l
an ou
and tl
vide t
in acti
visito1
the h1
of th1
sec on'
Hecc
Age 4
whicl
in wl
throu
unity
centrl
motic
and!
third
atom
tell tl
whee
shoul
wher
devel
demc
in hi
from
the s
( na11
tion.
whic
mon
-/ _ _ _ _ _ The POSt Fair Hall of Science should aim to provide a history of h()W:
inquisitive of over the. millenia, and particularly since advettt off tee. --. -,
- tutJC?ns. succeeded m making nature yteld some of her most important secrets, and how these
of mans free mind have, in turn, made it possible for all free men, and particularly _
. __ American people, to harness the forces of nature to build a better life for themselves: ihaij _ ---
-environment more suitable for man's needs, material as well as spiritual. -_ _ _ . - _ -._---- -- --
__ -- __ -.- The institution at Flushing Meadow must not be a of static displays, but a. __
-- living dynamic institution,_ a great cultUral center, designed to instruct, to enrich and to -
-.- all:those_who visit-it, young and_old, university graduates and those with-no more thltl-arr-
e.lementaty school education. It should instruct and at the same time entertain; This Center_
of Science and Technology-as it should be known-should be the equivalent -of a great
National Theatre, in which the leading actor is the human mind, seeking through the ages to
gain understanding of the world around it and to make man at honie in a more orderly universe.
The exhibits at the Center should set it as their main objective to give the average _}lCt'Son
an outline of man's knowledge of the universe, the infinite and the infinitesimal, the living.
and the non-living, and how this knowledge was acquired. The motion pictures should pro-:
vide the background for actual demonstrations showing the minds of the Newtons and EdisOns
in action.
These demonstrations should be associated with personal do--it-yourself participation.
visitors being taught to perform some of the crucial experiments that represent landinarlcs ill
the history of ideas. The visitor could be taught to weigh the earth; to determine the distar1ce
of the moon and the sun; to measure the velocity of light traveling at 186$000 miles per_
second. He could discover helium in the sun, and determine what other elements it (:ontains.
He could repeat Faraday's simple experiment of electromagnetic induction that ushered in the
Age of Electricity, of radio, television and radar. He could be made to discover the electron,
which led to the Age of Electronics, computers and automation. These are only a few examples
in which the average person could be initiated into the fellowship of the great discoverers
through the ages.
Rather than presenting a maze of detail, the Science Center as a should stress the
unity of nature and the fundamental laws that govern it. It could be built around several great
central exhibits, all interrelated. One of these should give the visitor, largely through available ..
motion pictures, a comprehensive view of the cosmos at large, the universe of stars, galaxies
and supergalaxies. Another should present the story of the solar system and of the earth. A
third should present the story of matter and energy, from primitive concepts of matter to the
atom and its nucleus, from the early uses of fire to nuclear energy. Other great exhibits should
tell the story of communication from the beginning to Telstar, and of transportation, from the
wheel and the oxcart to the supersonic plane and the rocket.
Another great general exhibit, in color motion pictures and other modern techniques,
should tell the story of the evolution of life on earth and the possibility of its existence else*
where in the universe. The nature of life and how it functions, with emphasis on human
development and physiology, should be the subject of another animated Walt Disney type
demonstration.
An exhibit showing how a humble Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel, cultivating. peas
in his garden, discovered the laws of heredity operating throughout the entire realm of life,
from the lowest bacteria to the higher animals and man, should serve as the starting point for
the story of genetics and the recent spectacular discoveries of the chemicals within living cells
(named DNA and RNA) through which heredity is transmitted from generation to genera-
tion. This great story should be brought up to date with the decipherment of the Code of Life,
which may open the way to man's control of his own evolution, described as a potentiality
more dangerous than the atom or hydrogen bomb.
The Science Center exhibits should, of course, also tell the story of America's contribu-
,.
. .
:, ... ' ... '
. . , ... ','
f '.
.
HALL OF DISCOVERY
LIFE SCIENCES
biology
evolution
b i o c he m i s try
biophysics
tion to scien1
on the discc
aNewWol
and to attai
realize to t ~
The
and inventi
Michelson,
great contri
automobile
tributions t
to the barr
of these gia
Tw<
outstandinj
The
that broug
nuclear re1
on earth \1
nuclear re1
trate the ~
and as a r
and the p
Tb
fundamen
should dil
mentatio11
types of c
Th
in the im
mankind
serve ass
an era in
will be il
It
problem
industria
years.
Tl
will brin
thresh ole
A
of great
greater 1
nature t4
some af
religiow
the ecst
so overc
the nigl
years oj
minds s
- -
---- .colonjjl tirries ttl the presel)t;
__ f_(l-td_ m ___ : --- __m_ nwm:
_ _ .ofliVingifi in an in
__ te,_n ___-t _ hisintelJectual $'1 _ . ___ -_ _ .
.:bOultt_-. pl'QVide: a pageant of all the - - __ -._.....
:SlLWhitney, Joseph Henty, Futton1- . ____ -__ .
_ de Goddard, to mention but a It
,_ -.. -..... "' ..... con.trit,u t:i4 _ll_i lS __ - in the ii\vtmtion and develppment of the telephone
and radar; the airplane, helicopter, jetp-_. ta .q _ie ... __ ldtE:tf
ttii:>Uti.ol_ns __ to tHe science of medicine, surgery 4tld nutrition; to agricultul:e
_ of great such as the Niagara and the St; Lawrene, witli
of thesesiaQt dams , . . . -. . . . . . ; ; ,
__ Two of the major exhibits of American technology should, of course, show -
:0\lt:stQ,nding COntributions ro the At\ mic Age and the Age of Space. . - . ._ .... . -. _ . . ...
The exhibit should show the highlights of the great secret wartime ..
tbatbrougllt the Atomic 'Age into being. It should show, among others, a mode,l.of.d;le'#rSf .
_nuclear reac:tor in the squash eourt at the University ofChicago,in which the first
<:, wrur lighted. _It should be climaxed Vlith an actual swiinmit:l8
.. ,!lutiW rea(t()r, which is absolutely safe and highly spectacular. The shoul<l: .... .
- the great promise of atomic ellergy as a vast newsource of epergy for . .
: . '.and a most important tool in agriculture, biology and medicine; in the 'conquest o,f qiseflSe' ), . -
. and the<j>Ostponement ofagfug. _ _ .. . . ; .. _
. _ 'J.'he exhibit on the Space Age should, first of provide a clear .
fundamental principles that make it possible to launch and to maintain a satellite in orbit If . . -
should display models of the various types of American satellites placed in orbit, tljeir in5ttu
mentation and function. It should include equipment for tuning in on Telstar, Relay or other -
types of communications satellites currently in orbit.
_ The Hall of SCience should also offer glimpses of potential discoveries and inventions_ ... , ..
in the immediate and more distant future. It should show how atomic energy promises to give
marikind.everywhere an abundant source of energy for an abundant life, and how that'will-.-
&etVe as a vital factor in bringing peace to the world. It should show that mankind is enietiOg,
. an era in which most maior be brought under control and the aveia8e lifespa.:t:.
will be increased by some decades. . _ . .
.. It should also show that within the next two decades or so, scientists hope to solve the _.
_ problem of harnessing the fusion energy of the hydrogen bomb into a limitless soUrce ()f
industrial power, with the oceans of the world providing enough fuel to last more than a billion
years.
_ . .- The Science Pavilion should offer a glimpse of what further explorations ofQuter: spare
willbdng in the future. Such a glimpse should make the onlooker aware that we stand on the
.threshold ofawesome discoveries, that will operi vast new horizons for mankind. ..
- . As.- stated, motion pictures in which well-known performers would re-enact moment$ .
of great disolveries would be not only highly instructive but entertaining as well. There is no
greater thrill than that of the naked mind of man, with or without simple tools! challenging
yield up some of her important secrets and coming out uiwriphant after
sqme apparently insuperable obstacles. The intelleccual and spiritual exaltation, the profound _ - .-
religious awe, that must have overcome Newton when he discovered the Law ofGravitatiQn; . .
the ecstasy experienced by Einstein when he discovered the principle of Relativity .. (he \Vas -.
so overcome that he actually took to bed for two weeks} ; the joy of Pierre and Marie Curie
the night they first saw the eerie light of radium in the abandoned cadaver shed, after fOUr -..
years of back-breaking labor, to take but a few examples, could be made to live again in the. ,
minds and hearts of spectators at the Hall of Science.
. \,, .. _.;.
HALL OF INVENTIONS
PHYSICAL SCIENCES

eng neertng
communications
transportatioft
spate tec:hftology
-
TJ
America,
highest t
but also:
every ma
tunity ev
N
society, I
free wor
the worl
weapons
ment of
T
mental I
it1
aJ
v ~
sc
T
upon wl
tiscs oft
engine,
discover1
mental<
Age. Th
in the A
discover1
automat
one of 1
weapon
radioacti
discover
English1
Otto H
disease 1
public t
antibioti
1
and ted
desire t1
haustin1
to make
for scie
freed orr
. . . . . . . . . . . should therefore dramatically demob$trate tlte . .. . ..
.' .. ... .. . . . . .. < . > : '\
,.;. ,; .. :1,. :.All ..technology hill its origin in
)iriguisidve tnirids seeking knowledge of nature. . '. . . . . . . .. . ' :: : : / )\ . : ; c; '
2. While .science seeks only knowledge, without ariy.
. . scientific discovery evennill!ly leads to tE.
. . of .man's lot turn, t c
... .... ... rilake possible
wot.dd make it dear. that most of the furtdamentat sc :ieilltifilc
..... ,. ... technological ate baSeQ; have largely been maaeJ[)V:scten,..; .
..... ,.. . -. demotracies. Our modem ind\lSttial civilizatio.n.l>egan.\\.
. . . by James Watt, a Scotchman, who made \}Se of bask laWS:
....... by Galilee, an Italian, and Newton, an Englishman. Galileo's and . . .. . . ..
. have, in fact, laid the foundation of all the great conqivances of l.\1 ..a cnt11e .
. . , . . . pr{flclple of electt:omagnetic induction, Which made possible. the dynamo andU.$0eJreQ"
;Age. of Electricity, was discovered by Faraday, an Englishman. Sir J. J.
.. . .. . . the ele<:tron, the basis of all the marvels of electronics---radio, television . .
. . computers, rocketry, satellites, etc. Roeutgen, a German, discOvered the
ope .of the most powerful tools to penetrate the mysteries Qf matter, as well a5 a""' ....
in the.diagnosis and treatment of disease. Henri Becquerel, .a diSloovered,
which opened the door to the Atomic Age. Ernest Rutherford, a New . . .. : .
:4i$Coveteii the nucleus of the atom, citadel of the material universe, and James .
;Jin.glis'hman, discovered the neutron, which opened the way to nucleat discoveted):>y ...
Otto Hahn, a German. Pasteur, a Frenchman, discovered the bacterial origin of . . ..
diSease and laid the foundation for modern immunology, which revolutionized ari4 ,.i
public health .. Alexander Fleming, a Scot, discovered penicillin, .which opened the way fqr the. . : ..
. : at1tibiotics that have so far saved more lives than were lost in. both world wars. . . .. . .
. The Science Pavilion as a whole, must, however, avoid giving the impression .
. . and technology are purely materialistic. Science is the outgrowth of the spirit of man, of hiS
desire to know, to seek the truth. Its technological fruits serve to make man free from :
. bausdng physical labor, to enable him to cultivate his spiritual and creative powerst .in short;
to make. him' free. An understanding of science should therefore stimulate faith in the fqture, ...
. fot science, by fostering the free mind, gives the greatest assurance agaiD$t any threat to
fteedolil.
"And ye shall know the truth and the troth shall make you free!" , .
}{;,u;-
. WILLIAM L. LAURENCE
HALL OF INVENTIONS
LIFE
SCIENCES
public health
behavioural sciences
medicine
nutrition
as pern
'
nuclear
atomic
hensivc
tories,
levels 1
nucleu:
togeth1
color t
the Po
nings 1
tho usa
researc
in the
emplo
of the
( 1) c
a nud
by rm
planat
aimed
world.
of the:
and e1
are tr
moon
byTe
bility
-.. eXhibit on- the history of. communicatiOn
the exhibits on lasers which,whenpc .. tc::a,,'Will.($'ty
programs and telephone conversations on a.,,;, .... , ... , .. ,..,..,. .... "'"'"'"lliA ... ., ..
"the Wonderful World of Chemistry, telling of the
dililgs for bc!tter living." . . . . . . . , : . : .: : .
Eastn(laJ) Ko.dak .. eXhibit, including a motion picture showing the IJ$e.
. . . pattides, astronomy, geology and oceanography; M9tbC!t ':'
new .multiim4tge technique portraying the comll"..<>nplaee and ..
', UIUlC. '. 8S seen thrOUgh the eyes Of a Child, . . . . .. . .. ... , - ,
.1,1le_ of Elea,ric Power arid Light, showing by projection and color ..
. ' mOst advanCed nuclear power plants, including a graphic desctiptio"':of)iow,: '
Lt. plant workS, and (2)' experiments in techniques for prodU,dngenerw. .:, :.
.. The JUecttic exhibit, showing the development of electridcy. and
....... to haine5s the power of nature's. energy sources. It alSo includesan .. _
u.of thermonuclear fusion, the explosive force of the hydrogen bOmb, and researches_ .
_.harness. this vaSt energy for the production of limitless electrical
... .. -... '
1
:. Th l T.& T. exhibit on eleeuonics and telecommunication, including -
space communication. ' . . - _ '
' .. . Sinclai.es exhibit of dinosaurs in their natilral setting. . . -.. . _ .. . . .
. . . ' . .. .. Travelers exhibit on "The Triumph of Man," beginning with rhe cavman_
> )nd ending with the spaceman. - - . . : .
.. . The New England exhibit, in which you enter a space rocket and feelas thougl'fy.ou
lltt: ttaveU.ng through space, then step out onto a simulated. moon surface for a "walk on ; .
::moon.'' ...... ..
. . . : l'he Florida eXhibit on rockets, space etc. Also the NASA. eXhibit
,byteciLS. ._. . .. . . ...
. -. . .. The: ()utstanding exhibits by Ford and General Motors present a challenge; The p()ssi- ..
. bility should be explored of preserving them, at least in part.
The following Bill was passed at the 1963
Session of the New York State Legislature and
became effective as Chapter 734 of the Laws of
1963 on April 23, 1963. It relates to the estab-
lishment, operation and maintenance of the
Hall of Science.
AN ACf
To amend the administrative code of the city of New York, in relation to the
maintenance of a hall of science
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE
AND AsSEMBLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:
Section 1. The administrative code of the city of New York is hereby
amended by adding thereto a new section, to be section 53 2-17.0, to read as
follows:
532-17.0 Hall of science.-The commissioner, subject to the ap-
protal of the mayor, may enter into an agreement with a nonprofit corporation
or association organized or to be organized for tiJe sole purpose of operating and
maintaining a scientific exhibit or exhibits, for the construction, occupation,
operation and maintenance by such corporation or association of a hall of science
or scientific exhibits within Flushing Meadow park in the borough of Queens
and for the adequate keeping, maintenance, extension, preservation, manage-
ment and operation of such hall of science and scientific exhibits for affording
instruction in the same and for the exhibition of scientific matters and objects
for the entertainment, recreation and instruction of the people. Such comract
may provide in addition to other terms and conditions, for use, with the approval
of the New York World's Fair 1964-1965 Corporation, of such facilities for sci-
entific exhibits connected with the World's Fair to be held in the city of New
York during the years 1964-1965 as said New York World's Fair 1964-1965
Corporation shall agree to and for the continued use of such facilities and exhibits
thereafter and for membership on the board of directors of such corporation or
association of the mayor and the commissioner of parks of the city of New York
and the president of the borough of Queens, and their successors in office. Upon
the making of such contract or agreement, the city may annually, in its discre-
tion, appropriate to the corporation or association maintaining such hall of
science and other exhibits such sum or sums as it may determine for the main-
tenance and support thereof and the activities in connection therewith.
2. This act shall take effect immediately.
EXPLANATION- Matter in italics was new in the act.
Propoied
City of:N
AGR:
between the
Commission1
"Commissio1
"Corporatioz
WH
and desires 1
and for thet
W11
poration")
inafter refe1
commencin.
dated May
1960) asa1
WI
1965 the :to
pertaining 1
WI
by the F a ~
exhibits SUJ
during the
w
code of the
of theAd11
approvalo
preservati<
exhibits w
w
operatearl
and theCc
N
rained, the
F!
from the
Science a1
at Flushi1
diagram 1
such othe
all struct
hereby g1
ingande
. ' .... the CommiSsioner deSires that the Corporation, after the close of Fair,

ojciate the Hall of Science for the lasting benefit, instruction and enjoyment peol)Je'
tQrpoiadon desires
. . >Now, THSllEPORB, in consideration of the premises, covenants, and agreeJl\ents herein ;
. Uiipkdle pattieS do hereby agree .s follows:
. . Flm:' The CommissiOner grants to the Corporation, and the Corporation
theC.Oirimissioner, a license to occnpy and '* for the. maintenance. and operation 9 ..
. . sQence.aild fOr its lawful corporate purposes, that certain piece or parcel of land situate, l)'lng and being .
.at 'JUsfting Park. Borough of Queens, City of New York, at the. Fair site, as designated
. . . annexed hereto, marked Exhibit "A" and made a part hereOf including the Hall of Scimc:e alid :
fiich c>ther or structures as may be ereCted upon said parcel (said parcel of tarid, with .
. ail arid imprQVements thereon being hereinafter referred to flS the
Jiereby granted includes the right to do all things appropriate for the preservation, managemetit,
iog and ex(enSlOn of the Hall of Science and the exhibits to be provided thetein.
SECOND: The period of the license herein granted shall commence upon the expiration of the
term of the lease of the Fair site to the Fair Corporation, presently contemplated as December 31, 1967
or upon the surrender of the premises by the Fair Corporation to the City, whichever date shall be earlier,
and shall thereafter continue, unless terminated as herein provided so long as the Corporation shall
observe the covenants and conditions herein contained and shall lawfully occupy the licensed premises.
Although the period of the license shall commence at the date above provided for, the Corporation shall,
prior to such date, and in consultation with the Fair Corporation and the Commissioner, formulate plans
and procedures for the operation and maintenance of the Hall of Science.
THIRD: The Corporation acknowledges that exhibit materials and other property installed in the
Hall of Science for the period of the Fair may be removed after the dose of the Fair. The Fair Corpora-
tion, however, shall have the right, and the Corporation has been advised of the Fair Corporation's
intent, to provide exhibits and other facilities for the Hall of Science as part of the park improvement
program proposed by the Fair Corporation. The Corporation shall consult with the Commissioner and
the Fair Corporation with respect to such exhibits and facilities.
FOURTH: The Corporation shall, during the period of this license, operate and maintain the
premises and the Hall of Science and the property, facilities, exhibits and other features contained therein
or located thereat and shall provide for the replacement and renewal of such property, facilities, exhibits
and other features as shall be appropriate and as it shall deem proper for the purposes of a Hall of
Science conducted within the proper objectives of the Corporation.
FIFTH: In addition to such equipment and items as may be supplied by the Fair Corporation
and/or the City, or procured with funds appropriated by the City, the Corporation may, at its own
expense, purchase and maintain such office furniture, equipment, and other movable property as shall
be required by it for the operation and maintenance of the premises and the Hall of Science, and such
property supplied by the Corporation shall remain the property of the Corporation, and may be removed
at will, and every piece of such property shall bear a distinguishing mark. But no buildings, walks,
statuary or other structures, whether provided by the Corporation or by others, may be removed from
the premises without the written consent of the Commissioner, unless the City ceases to make provision
for the care and maintenance of the same, in which case such of them as were provided by and are owned
by the Corporation may be removed on ninety days written notice to the Commissioner. The Corporation
shall not mortgage any property which is directly or indirectly maintained by the City. The Corporation
shall not remove any of the exhibits or exhibit material or other property located or to be located at the
premises, and provided by the Fair Corporation or the City, for exhibition elsewhere or for any other
purpose without the consent of the Commissioner.
SIXTH: The City shall annually, commencing with the year 196 , provide to the Corporation,
by appropriations, such sums as may be deemed proper for defraying the salary and other costs and
expenses of the Corporation in connection with the Hall of Science, the exhibits thereat and the planning
therefor and for the maintenance, support, operation and conduct, during the period of the license, of
the Hall of Science, the exhibits thereat, the premises and the activities to be conducted in connection
therewith. The Corporation, at its own expense, and with funds other than those provided by appropria-
tions, may provide additional maintenance and care of same. The City shall furnish during the period
of the license the necessary supply of water and general police patrol and protection. The City shall
also provide from such sums or appropriations as may be applicable thereto, the cost of further improv-
ing the premises or constructing and maintaining additional buildings and other facilities as it may deem
necessary for the further use and development of the premises. All such work of improvement and
construction to be for from .such. appropriations shall be performed under contracts awarded by
the Park Department m conformity with plans therefor to be agreed upon between the Commissioner
and the The foregoing shall not be construed to prevent the Corporation, at its expense,
such Improvements or constructing such additional buildings or other facilities as it may
deSICe, prov1ded the plans therefor shall be agreed upon between the Commissioner and the Corporation.
S.EVENTH: The .salaries of all employed directly in the service of the project by the
shall be pa1d from the mamtenancc funds, and from such funds as may be available for
and appliCable to the purpose. Payments of such salaries and all other payments from the maintenance
funds
form
rende:
the sa
the a.r:
made
shall
if req1
gener
shall
Comt
sary l
andp
apprc
forst
establ
be de
sione.
the r1
City'

inves
as an
be de
facili
all p
Corp
sal at
rates
But 1
sped
May1
their
Baal
lease;
unre
ther4
en til
men
male
Con
Agr
visic
pr01
.;;.'Ufi'I:J'. 'fbe shallat au times live todte said
: ; ,;visi:tati<,n and insption, .and for all other. lawful purposes. Au work o.r ...; nl. ..::<:
.. by the Corporation and must .meet with the approval of the
:f.,]Qtl)lrhislliQner may direct the Corporatiotl to dect such maintenance as he IDaY reasonably tiN. m.
to time. Prior to the eommencement of any work hereafter a.U ... I11'0J:I(l$lil$\',o:
. same shall be prepared by the.Qmmissioner orshall be submitted to and mu. sc tthe
.
... . . N1N1H: The Corporation is hereby expressly authorized to furnish opporcunitle$. and .em. , . ; : .
lot study. J:eSeUch and publication in connection with the Hall of Science and the exhibits by . _>.
.. e$tablisllins clas&es . lettures,, a library, laboratory exercises . and such. other. llpproved. as ijiay: . : >
. : be desk-.bJ,e; ancbnay cllarge an admission fee which shall be fixed by it and approved l>y CC)mlqja.:
forleccures. da5ses or activities other than ordinaty exhibitif)n of exhibits; but, subit f9
. lations of the Corporation, all professors and reachers of the pubUc schOolJ
. C#f of New York or other institutions of learning in said City in which instruction is given lee' ot !
.' iltai' admitted to all the advanfa&eS afforded by the Corporation for. stUdy, aruf:
, free Of any charge:: therefor and to the same extent and on the same teJ:niS artd cqDclidQDs
. >as JJlJ 0,thef persons are admitted to such advantages as aforesaid; but nC)thing contaiJWd
. be to preclude the .excbwve use from time to time by clubs and groups of specially
facilities. .
. . TBNTH: The Corporation shall have the right and power to appoint, direct, control &net --
.' alfpetsons and officers employed by it in and about the licensed premises and to make pf01Jlions.'J.1ie' ..
. (Ajrporation shall have the risht and power to fix the salaries of its employees and i)flicerS; bW:. all. sUcJi
. as are paid from the maintenance funds provided by City appropriations shall bt fixed.at dJ(:
-rates and pursuant to the conditions of the City Career and Salary Plan, including provisions for
But all resubr employees shall be chosen, and their salaries fixed and promotions made, by relspn.of
sPe<:ial fitness and ability; however, pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 734 of the Lawi of the
M,ilyor of the City of New York, the Commissioner and the President of the Borough of Queen.1, and
. theit successor in office, shall be, and shall be promptly appointed by the Corporation as, members of il:s: . ..
Qf Directors. . . .
. ELBVBNTH: It is expressly understood and agreed that no building, space, or equipment is ..
leased to the Corporation, but that during the period of this license the. Corporation shall have tf:le . .
unrestricted, use and occupation of the premises and the improvements thereon and property installed. . .
thereat eXcept as herein provided.
TwBLPTH: Subject to the conditions hereinbefore contained, the . Corporation shatl exeicJse. . .
entire.controland management over all of its aJfaits.
THIRTEBNTH: The Corporation shall not assign, transfer, mortgage, let. or sublet tbis.Ap.. . ..
menr, or the premises or any part thereof, or any rights under this Agreement, nor shall the CorpQtadotl . . .
or perPlit any struaural changes or alterations to the premises without the written co_nsent of
Commissioner
. PouaTBBNTH: ln case the Corporation shall fail to comply with any of the prorisioos ofthJs
Agreement, the Commissioner may give to the Corporation notice in writing to comply with sucJt ptO-
.vision being violated within ninety days; and in the event the Corporation has not complied with such
piovis.ion or agreed with the Commissioner on the time and method for correcting said violatiolt witbJn.
said ninety days, a second notice may be given to the Corporation. In the event that the Corporation has
not complied with said provision within ten days after the date of said notice, the Commissioner may
serve written notice of termination upon the Corporation, and in such event all rights of the Corporation
hereunder shall be forfeited without any claim for damage against the Commissioner or the City.
FIFTEENTH: Upon the expiration or termination of this Agreement, the Corporation shall quit
and quietly and peaceably yield up and surrender to the City the licensed premises and all fixtures,
furniture, equipment, exhibits and movable property and any replacements thereof provided or installed
by the Fair Corporation or the City or procured with funds provided through City appropriations in as
good condition as when received, reasonable wear and tear excepted. Any movable furniture, equipment
or other property provided or installed by the Corporation, or by others other than by the use of funds
provided by City appropriations shall be removed by the Corporation upon such expiration or termina-
tion, provided, however, that in the event such removal is not performed within ninety days after such
termination or expiration, such furniture, equipment and property may be destroyed, disposed of or sold
by the Commissioner, and the City shall be entitled to all proceeds thereof.
SIXTEENTH: This Agreement may be modified from time to time by agreement in writing, but
no modification of this Agreement shall be effective until the same has been agreed to in writing
and duly executed by the party or parties affected by such modification. Where provision is made herein
for notice to be given to the Commissioner, the same shall be sent by registered mail or delivered to the
Commissioner at the Arsenal Building, Central Park, 64th Street and Fifth Avenue, New York 21, New
York. Where provision is made herein for notice to be given to the Corporation, the same shall be sent
by registered mail or delivered to the Corporation at its address stated in this Agreement or at such other
address as shall be filed in writing by the Corporation with the Commissioner.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused these presents to be signed and sealed
the day and year first above written.
NEWBOLD MoRRIS, As Commissioner of Parks of the City of New York
By .............................. (L.S.)
HALL OF SCIENCE OF THE 0TY OF NEW YORK, INC.
By ....................
Address
(CoRPORATE SEAL)
Attest:
EXEC I
THO tv
ROBE
RALJ
EDWA
Lou I
}At.U!
JoHN
BBRN
WALl
MRS.
VERY
Aan
RICH
CH.U
WIU
CHAI
SAMl
PAUl
DR. I
GEOJ
l.ANI
C()UNSEL .
WITH THB GENEROUS COOPBRA'l'ION A'm)
suPPORT oF THa PoRT oF NEW YoRK
AuTHORITY, REPRESENTED BY GuY TOZZOi.I.