Full Paper Int. J. on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, No.

2, July 2012

Pulse Propagation Study of 13 Multibranch Optical waveguide using BPM

Devendra Chack , S. K. Raghuwanshi, and V.Kumar,
Department of Electronics Engineering. Indian School of Mines Dhanbad India devendra.chack@gmail.com1, sanjeevrus@yahoo.com2 ,vkumar52@hotmail.com3,
Abstract Here we established the fundamental concept of guided wave for 13 multibranch optical waveguide. Beam propagation method has been used to obtain the guided wave characteristics, included power loss due to taper slope. When the taper slope is large in a near symmetric structure, there will be considerable mode conversion occurred and when there is small taper slope, mode conversion is negligible.We analyzed the 13 multibranch optical waveguide with very small branching angle 0.71 and shown electric field distribution of the different position of the waveguide. We observed the output field was 76% for middle branch j and 44% for other two i&k branches respectively. This paper helps us to understand concepts of beam propagation method and branching waveguide to understand of advance optical communication. These results can be used in an application in DWDM optical networks. Keywords13-junction waveguide, Taper waveguide, BPM, Planar dielectric optical waveguide

refractive index difference between the core and the cladding is large. We consider the 13 multibranch optical waveguide as shown in Fig. 1. The 13 multibranch optical waveguide of width df. Here we show an example of a three-branch waveguide structure with uniform linearity, as shown in Fig. 1. In this paper we describe the beam Propagation method (BPM) applied to the study of wave propagation in multibranch waveguides. We begin by deriving a paraxial form of the Helmholtz equation, known as the Fresnel equation. This equation is valid for paraxial propagation in slowly varying optical structures is the starting point to develop BPM algorithms. BPMs, such as the fast Fourier transform (FFT-BPM), the finite difference (FD-BPM) and the finite element (FE-BPM) have been developed[9].

I. INTRODUCTION Branching waveguides are important structures as power dividers, switches, and mode converters [1]. There is considerable interest at present in the design and fabrication of waveguide devices for switching and modulation in integrated optical circuits. Such devices have broad bandwidth, low power consumption, and are suitable for coupling to optical fibers. Several switching devices that rely on coupling between adjacent waveguides have recently been demonstrated.The successful operation of these requires, however, precise control of the relative phase of the optical modes and of the separation between the waveguides. The explosive growth of optical communication networks, beam splitters are a basic element of many optical fiber communication systems often providing a Y-junction by which signals separate sources can be combined, or the received power divided between two channels [4]. We present here theoretical results on channel waveguide switch in the form of 13 multibranch waveguide. The single-mode 13 multibranch optical waveguide consisting of single-mode channel waveguides is a fundamental component for dividing/combining guided light. The behaviour of the 13 multibranch optical waveguide operated as a power divider or a power combiner has been illustrated and qualitatively discussed. Much theoretical work has been done upon the junction problems. Anderson and Sasaki Ref. [2] estimated the radiation losses of branching waveguide. According to their analyses, the power of the guided mode is divided into branching waveguides with relatively small losses when the 2012 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJRTET.7.2.28 27

Fig. 1. 13 Multibranch optical waveguide

II. BEAM PROPAGATION METHOD The Beam propagation method is the most powerful technique to investigate lightwave propagation phenomena in axially varying wave-guides such as curvilinear couplers, branching and combining waveguide, S-shaped bent waveguide and tapered waveguide.The problem to be solved is the following given an arbitrary distribution of refractive index , and for a given wave field distribution at the input plane at , , the spatial distribution of light at a generic point z must to be found. Fig. 1, outlines the problem to a beam splitter. In this case, the distribution of the refractive index is known, which defines the optical circuit. When a light beam is injected at , the problem is to determine the light intensity distribution at the exit, and in particular, what will be the output light intensity in each of the three branches of the splitter. The problem of light propagation in waveguides with arbitrary geometry is

Full Paper Int. J. on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2012 very complicated in general, and it is necessary to make some approximations. The scalar Helmholtz equation, which is the basis of BPM, is expressed by (1) In this paper, we separate electric field E(x,y,z) into two part: the axially slowly varying envelope term of and rapidly varying term of exp(-jKz) in the +z direction(propagation direction). (2) Where is a constant which represents the characteristics propagation wave vector, = k0n0 and is chosen, for example, as the refractive index of the substrate (or the cover). Substituting the following second derivative of the wave function with respect to z, it follows that; Then (7), can be rewritten as (8) When n = n0, only the first term remains in the right-hand side of the above equation. Therefore, it is known that the first term of (8), represents frees pace light propagation in the medium having refractive index n 0. The second term of (8), represents the guiding function or influence of the region having the refractive index . Both terms of (8), affect the light propagation simultaneously [17]. Two numerical schemes have been proposed in literature to solve the Fresnel equation. In one of them, optical propagation is modeled as a plane wave spectrum in the spatial frequency domain, and the effect of the medium inhomogeneity is interpreted as a correction of the phase in the spatial domain at each propagation step. The use of the fast Fourier techniques connects the spatial and spectral domains, and this method is therefore called Fast Fourier transform BPM (FFT-BPM). The propagation of EM waves in inhomogeneous media can also be described directly in the spatial domain by a finite difference scheme (FD). This technique allows the simulation of strong guiding structures, and also of structures that vary in the propagation direction. The Beam propagation method which solves the paraxial form of the scalar wave equation in an inhomogeneous medium using the finite difference method is called FD-BPM [10].

(3) Into (1) and dividing both sides by the exponential term exp ) we get (4) is Laplacian in the lateral direction (i.e, the x and y direction) and is expressed as

Where denotes the wave vector in the vacuum, and the notation has been introduced to represent the spatial dependence of the wave vector. If we also assume that the optical variation is slow in the propagation direction (slowly varying envelope approximation, SVEA), we will have: (5) In this case we can ignore the second derivative of (4), with respect to the third one; this approximation is known as parabolic or Fresnel approximation and (4), leads to; (6) This is known as the Fresnel or the paraxial equation. it is starting equation for the description of optical propagation in Inhomogeneouse media and in particular, in waveguide structures. The solution to the Helmholtz equation or the Fresnel equation applied to optical propagation in waveguides is known as the Beam Propagation method (BPM). (7) Assuming the weakly guiding condition, we can approximate in Eq. (7). 2012 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJRTET.7.2.28 28

Figure 2. Schematic picture of BPM study: (a) Light propagation in the taperd waveguide; (b) separation of free-space propagation and the waveguide effect in BPM[17].

However, in the BPM analysis, we assume that two terms can be separated and that each term affects the light propagation separately and alternately in the axially small distance h [11, 12]. This assumption is schematically illustrated for the tapered waveguide in Fig. 2, Fig. 2(a), shows light propagation in the actual tapered waveguide over the small distance h, and Fig. 2(b),represents the separation of free-space propagation and the waveguide effect in BPM analysis. In BPM analysis, the electric field (x, z) is first propagated in the free space over a distance of h/2. Then phase retardation of the entire length h, which corresponds to the shaded area in Fig. 2(a), is taken into account at the center of propagation. This electric field is again propagated in the latter free space with distance h/2 to obtain (x, z+h). The Basic procedure of BPM is formulated over the small distance h so as to relate the transmitted (x, z+h) to the initial field (x +z). Light propagation in various kinds of waveguides can be analyzed by repeating this same

Full Paper Int. J. on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2012 procedure many times [8-17]. III. SIMULATION 13 MULTIBRANCH WAVEGUIDE In this section, we use the Beam propagation method based on the above formulation in section (II) to simulate the pulse propagation through 13 multibranch optical waveguide as shown in Fig. 1. In this work, we choose the following simulation parameters given below

(9)
Figure 5. Electric-field distributions of the three-branch optical waveguide structure at positions Z 2 =427 m

Electric field distributions of the four sections at positions Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4

Figure 3. The topographical map of optical field

Figure 6. Electric-field distributions of the three-branch optical waveguide structure at positions Z 3=632m

Figure 4.

Electric-field distributions of the three-branch optical waveguide structure at positions Z 1=98m

Figure 7. Electric-field distributions of the three-branch optical waveguide structure at positions Z 2=996m

2012 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJRTET.7.2.28

29

Full Paper Int. J. on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2012 IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION For input field case, the electric field distribution of the four sections Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4 are shown in the Fig 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 respectively. In our analysis, z-axis is direction of field propagation, y-axis is width and x-axis is height of the wave guide. In Fig. 4 the field distribution of straight waveguide section is plotted. In Fig. 5 the field distribution of tapered-waveguide section is plotted. In Fig. 6 the field distribution of the coupled separating-waveguide section is plotted. In Fig. 7 the field distribution of the isolated separating waveguide section is plotted. We have found output field 76% for j middle branch and 44% for other two i&kbranch. V. CONCLUSION In the conclusion we have analyzed the 13 multibranch optical waveguide. We have found that the output field was 76% for j middle branch and 44% for other two i&k branches. This study can be degenerated into some kinds of special cases. The branching waveguide structure would be an important key component in application of photonics in near future. The multibranch structure also been designed to operate as all-optical devices. The light may split into many part and it may no longer remains guided depend on taper slop. Our result is useful in DWDM optical communication system. REFERENCES
[1] Hanaizumi, O, Miyagi, M.; Kawakami, S. , Wide Y-junctions with low losses in three-dimensional dielectric optical waveguides, Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of , vol.21, no.2, pp.168-173, February 1985 [2] H. Sasaki and I. Anderson, Theoretical and experimental studies on active Y-junctions in optical waveguides, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-14, pp. 883-892, Nov. 1978 [3] Chih-Wen Kuo, Shih-Yuan Chen, Mao-Hsiung Chen, Chih-Fu Chang, and Yaw-Dong Wu, Analyzing multilayer optical waveguide with all nonlinear layers, Opt. Express 15, 24992516 (2007) [4] Ashraf, Aliya Optical Y-junction power splitter.Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Electrical Engineering. (2007) [5] S.K. Raghuwanshi, V. Kumar, Devendra Chack, Analysis of Step Discontinuity in a Single Mode Planar Slab Taper Optical Waveguide, cicn, IEEE-International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks, pp.192-196, 2011 [6] K. Tsutsumi, Y. Imada, H. Hirai, and Y. Yuba, Analysis of single mode optical Y-junctions by the bounded step and bend approximation, J.Lightwave Technol., vol. 6, pp. 590600, Apr. 1988. [7] S. K. Raghuwanshi, Contemporary Optical Fiber Technology Publisher: AXIOE Books, India (A division of Agarwal publication),2011 [8] S. K. Raghuwanshi, V. Kumar, Devendra Chack, Santosh kumar , Propagation Study of Y-Junction Optical Splitter using BPM , IEEE The International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT), pp.625-629, 2012 [9] K.Kawano,T.Kitoh,Introduction to optical waveguide analysis, John wiley & sons pp 165-23,2001 [10] Gines lifante ,Integrated photonics Fundamental Wiley publication pp 137-138 [11] Feit,M.D and J.A Fleck, Jr.Light Propagation in graded-index optical fiber Applied Optics,vol.17,pp3990-3998,1978 [12] Fleck, J. A., J. R. Morris, and M. D. Feit. 1976. Timedependent propagation of high energy laser beams through the atmosphere. Appl. Phys. 10:129160. [13] Y. Chung and N. Dagli: Assessment of Finite Difference Beam Propagation IEEE J. QuantumElectron. pp.1 1335-1339. [14] Y. Chung and N. Dagli: Explicit Finite Difference Vectorial Beam Propagation method electro Lett. 27, 1991: 2119-2121 [15] W.P. Huang, C.L. Xu, S.T. Chu, and S. Chaudhuri: The FiniteDifference Vector Beam Propagation Method: Analysis and Assessment , J. Lightwave Technol. vol 10, 1992,pp. 295305. [16] R. Andrew Motes, Sami A. Shakir, and Richard W. BerdineAn Efficient Scalar, Non-Paraxial Beam Propagation method journal of lightwave technology pp4-8, vol. 30, no. 1, january 1, 2012 [17] Katsunari okamoto, Fundamental of optical waveguides Elsevier 2006 pp 329-331. [18] D. Marcuse, Theory of dielectric waveguides, 2nd ed.(Academic Press, San Diego, 1991. [19] C R Pollock and M Lipson Integrated Photonics IRWIN Publishers, 1995 [20] A W Snyder and J D Love Optical Waveguide Theory London Chapman and Hall, 1983 [21] M. Belanger and G. L. Yip, Mode conversion analysis in a single mode planar taper optical waveguide, Applied Scientific Research, 41,pp. 305-314, 1984. [22] William K. Burns and A. Fenner Milton, Mode conversion in planar-dielectric separating waveguides IEEE J. of Quantum Electronics, QE-11(1), pp,32-39, Jan. 1975.

2012 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJRTET.7.2.28

30