INTRODUCTION

Humans have used body characteristics such as face, voice, gait, etc. for thousands of years to recognize each other. Alphonse Bertillon, chief of the criminal identification division of the police department in Paris, developed and then practiced the idea of using a number of body measurements to identify criminals in the mid 19th century. Just as his idea was gaining popularity, it was obscured by a far more significant and practical discovery of the distinctiveness of the human fingerprints in the late 19th century. Soon after this discovery, many major law enforcement departments embraced the idea of first booking the fingerprints of criminals and storing it in a database (actually, a card file). Later, the leftover (typically, fragmentary) fingerprints (commonly referred to as latents) at the scene of crime could be lifted and matched with fingerprints in the database to determine the identity of the criminals. Although biometrics emerged from its extensive use in law enforcement to identify criminals (e.g., illegal aliens, security clearance for employees for sensitive jobs, fatherhood determination, forensics, positive identification of convicts and prisoners), it is being increasingly used today to establish person recognition in a large number of civilian applications. What biological measurements qualify to be a biometric? Any human physiological and/or behavioral characteristic can be used as a biometric characteristic as long as it satisfies the following requirements: Universality: each person should have the characteristic; Distinctiveness: any two persons should be sufficiently different in terms of the characteristic; Permanence: the characteristic should be sufficiently invariant (with respect to the matching criterion) over a period of time; Collectability: the characteristic can be measured quantitatively. However, in a practical biometric system (i.e., a system that employs biometrics for personal recognition) There are a number of other issues that should be considered, including: Performance, which refers to the achievable recognition accuracy and speed, the resources required to achieve the desired recognition accuracy and speed, as well as the operational and environmental factors that affect the accuracy and speed; Acceptability, which indicates the extent to which people are willing to accept the use of a particular biometric identifier (characteristic) in their daily lives; Circumvention, which reflects how easily the system can be fooled using fraudulent methods. A practical biometric system should meet the specified recognition accuracy, speed, and resource requirements, be harmless to the users, be accepted by the intended population, and be sufficiently robust to various fraudulent methods and attacks to the system.

WHY BIOMETRICS?
A biometric system is essentially a pattern recognition system which makes a personal identification by determining the authenticity of a specific physiological or behavioral characteristic possessed by the user. An important issue in designing a practical system is to determine how an individual is identified. Depending on the context, a biometric system can be either a verification (authentication) system or an identification system. There are two different ways to resolve a person's identity: verification and identification. Verification (Am I whom I claim I am?) involves confirming or denying a person's claimed identity. In identification, one has to establish a person's identity (Who am I? ). Each one of these approaches has its own complexities and could probably be solved best by a certain biometric systems.

HOW DOES BIOMETRIC PROCESSES WORK?

The concept of biometric identification is simple. The system has some prestored data. When you approach the system(say a fingerprint scanner),your finger is scanned and matched with a record of your fingerprints already in its data base. Only when it finds a match, access is granted. The concept might be simple but the process is quite ingenious.

Fingerprint Matching: Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint-based identification is the oldest method which has been successfully used in numerous applications. Everyone is known to have unique, immutable fingerprints. A fingerprint is made of a series of ridges and furrows on the surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by the pattern of ridges and furrows as well as the minutiae points. Minutiae points are local ridge characteristics that occur at either a ridge bifurcation or a ridge ending. Fingerprint matching techniques can be placed into two categories: minutae-based and correlation based. Minutiae-based techniques first find minutiae points and then map their relative placement on the finger. However, there are some difficulties when using this approach. It is difficult to extract the minutiae points accurately when the fingerprint is of low quality. Also this method does not take into account the global pattern of ridges and furrows. The correlation-based method is able to overcome some of the difficulties of the minutiae-based approach. However, it has some of its own shortcomings. Correlationbased techniques require the precise location of a registration point and are affected by image translation and rotation.

Fingerprint matching based on minutiae has problems in matching different sized (unregistered) minutiae patterns. Local ridge structures can not be completely characterized by minutiae. We are trying an alternate representation of fingerprints which will capture more local information and yield a fixed length code for the fingerprint. The matching will then hopefully become a relatively simple task of calculating the Euclidean distance will between the two codes.

Face Retrieval: The face retrieval problem, known as face detection, can be defined as follows: given an arbitrary black and white, still image, find the location and size of every human face it contains. There are many applications in which human face detection plays a very important role: it represents the first step in a fully automatic face recognition system, it can be used in image database indexing/searching by content, in surveillance systems and in human-computer interfaces. It also provides insight on how to approach other pattern recognition problems involving deformable textured objects. At the same time, it is one of the harder problems in pattern recognition.

Hand Geometry: This approach uses the geometric shape of the hand for authenticating a user's identity. Authentication of identity using hand geometry is an interesting problem. Individual hand features are not descriptive enough for identification. However, it is possible to devise a method by combining various individual features to attain robust verification. Hand Geometry vs Fingerprints: Unlike fingerprints, the human hand isn't unique. One can use finger length, thickness, and curvature for the purposes of verification but not for identification. For some kinds of access control like immigration and border control, invasive biometrics (eg., fingerprints) may not be desirable as they infringe on privacy. In such situations it is desirable to have a biometric system that is sufficient for verification. As hand geometry is not distinctive, it is the ideal choice. Furthermore, hand geometry data is easier to collect. With fingerprint collection good frictional skin is required by imaging systems, and with retina-based recognition systems, special lighting is necessary. Additionally, hand geometry can be easily combined with other biometrics, namely fingerprint. One can envision a system where fingerprints are used for (infrequent) identification and hand geometry is used for (frequent) verification A Multimodal Biometric System Using Fingerprint, Face, and Speech: A biometric system which relies only on a single biometric identifier in making a personal identification is often not able to meet the desired performance requirements. Identification based on multiple biometrics represents an emerging trend. We introduce a multimodal biometric system, which integrates face recognition, fingerprint verification, and speaker verification in making a personal identification. This system takes advantage of the capabilities of each individual biometric. It can be used to overcome some of the limitations of a single biometrics. Preliminary experimental results demonstrate that the identity established by such an integrated system is more reliable than the identity established by a face recognition system, a fingerprint verification system, and a speaker verification system.

Retina and iris scanning: Retina scanning, the rage of the 1970s and 1980s, has fallen into disfavor in recent years. The TV series, Mission Impossible, romanticized the use of retina scanning, but in realty, the technology is very intrusive. Retina scanning relies on the fact that the retina pattern of the human eye is unique from individual to individual. In fact, the retina pattern of each eye is unique. The problem with retina scanning is that it requires a light to be shone to the back of the eye where the retina is located. As stated, this is an intrusive type of technology, and users are generally not receptive to it. Consequently, retina scanning applications are often limited to military and high security applications.

Iris scanning, a relatively newer form of eye geometry technology, is significantly less intrusive. This technology relies on the fact that the iris pattern of each eye is unique. Because the iris is found in the front of the eye, iris scanning is relatively non-intrusive because the iris pattern can be picked up from a distance of up to two feet away. Examples of applications include replacing passwords for logging onto networks, security cards for opening doors, PINs for ATMs, and the like. In essence, any time some form of password or a key is required, iris scanning can be used instead. The cost per system is still currently high, but like all computer applications, cost will drop drastically and quickly.

BIOMETRIC SYSTEN ALGORITHM

A biometric system is essentially a pattern recognition system that operates by acquiring biometric data from an individual, extracting a feature set from the acquired data, and comparing this feature set against the template set in the database. Depending on the application context, a biometric system may operate either in verification mode or identification mode: In the verification mode, the system validates a persons identity by comparing the captured biometric data with her own biometric template(s) stored system database. In such a system, an individual who desires to be recognized claims an identity, usually via a PIN (Personal Identification Number), a user name, a smart card, etc., and the system conducts a one-toone comparison to determine whether the claim is true or not. Identity verification is typically used for positive recognition, where the aim is to prevent multiple people from using the same identity [26]. In the identification mode, the system recognizes an individual by searching the templates of all the users in the database for a match. Therefore, the system conducts a one-to-many comparison to establish an individuals identity (or fails if the subject is not enrolled in the system database) without the subject having to claim an identity. Identification is a critical component in negative recognition applications where the system establishes whether the person is who she (implicitly or explicitly) denies to be. The purpose of negative recognition is to prevent a single person from using multiple identities [26]. Identification may also be used in positive recognition for convenience (the user is not required to claim an identity). While traditional methods of personal recognition such as passwords, PINs, keys, and tokens may work for positive recognition, negative recognition can only be established through biometrics. The term recognition does not make a distinction between verification and identification. The block diagrams of a verification system and an identification system are depicted in Figure 1; user enrollment, which is common to both the tasks is also graphically illustrated.

Figure 1. Block diagrams of enrollment, verification and identification tasks are shown using the four main modules of a biometric system, i.e., sensor, feature extraction, matcher, and system database.

The verification problem may be formally posed as follows: given an input feature vector XQ (extracted from the biometric data) and a claimed identity I, determine if (I, XQ) belongs to class w1 or w2, where w1 indicates that the claim is true (a genuine user) and w2 indicates that the claim is false (an impostor). Typically, XQ is matched against XI, the biometric template corresponding to user I, to determine its category. Thus, (I,XQ) (W1) ,if S(XQ,XI) t (W2), otherwise where S is the function that measures the similarity between feature vectors XQ and XI, and t is a predefined threshold. The value S(XQ, XI) is termed as a similarity or matching score between the biometric measurements of the user and the claimed identity. Therefore, every claimed identity is classified into w1 or w2 based on the variables XQ, I, XI and t, and the function S. Note that biometric measurements (e.g., fingerprints) of the same individual taken at different times are almost never identical. This is the reason for introducing the threshold t. The identification problem, on the other hand, may be stated as follows: given an input feature vector XQ, determine the identity Ik, k {1,2,...N,N+1} Here I1 ,I2.IN are the identities enrolled in the system and IN+1 indicates the reject case where no suitable identity can be determined for the user. Hence, XQ (Ik, ,if max {(XQ, X I k)} t,
k =1,2,3.N,

(IN+1, otherwise, where X I k is the biometric template corresponding to identity Ik, and t is a predefined threshold.

A biometric system is designed using the following four main modules (see Figure 1): 1. Sensor module, which captures the biometric data of an individual. An example is a Fingerprint sensor that images the ridge and valley structure of a users finger. 2. Feature extraction module, in which the acquired biometric data is processed to extract a set of salient or discriminatory features. For example, the position and orientation of minutiae points (local ridge and valley singularities) in a fingerprint image are extracted in the feature extraction module of a fingerprint-based biometric system. 3. Matcher module, in which the features during recognition are compared against the stored templates to generate matching scores. For example, in the matching module of a Fingerprint-based biometric system, the number of matching minutiae between the input and the template fingerprint images is determined and a matching score is reported. The matcher module also encapsulates a decision making module, in which a user's claimed identity is confirmed (verification) or a users identity is established (identification) based on the matching score. 4. System database module, which is used by the biometric system to store the biometric templates of the enrolled users. The enrollment module is responsible for enrolling individuals into the biometric system database. During the enrollment phase, the biometric characteristic of an individual is first scanned by a biometric reader to produce a digital representation (feature values) of the characteristic. The data capture during the enrollment process may or may not be supervised by a human depending on the application. A quality check is generally performed to ensure that the acquired sample can be reliably processed by successive stages. In order to facilitate matching, the input digital representation is further processed by a feature extractor to generate a compact but expressive representation, called a template. Depending on the application, the template may be stored in the central database of the biometric system or be recorded on a smart card issued to the individual. Usually, multiple templates of an individual are stored to account for variations observed in the biometric trait and the templates in the database may be updated over time.

System requirements
The objective of the Biometric Encryption algorithm is to provide a mechanism for the linking and subsequent retrieval of a digital key using a biometric such as a fingerprint. This digital key can then be used as a cryptographic key. The important system requirements that apply to a key retrieval system using a fingerprint are distortion tolerance, discrimination and security. Distortion tolerance is the ability of the system to accommodate the day-to-day distortions of the fingerprint image. These distortions are due to behavioral changes (positioning, rotation, and deformation), as well as environmental (ambient temperature and humidity) and physiological (moisture content) conditions. A key retrieval system must be able to consistently produce the correct key for the different expected versions of a legitimate users fingerprint. Discrimination is the ability of a system to distinguish between all of the system users fingerprints. An attacker should produce an incorrect key when the attackers fingerprint is combined with a legitimate users filter.

Security of the system means that neither the digital key, nor the legitimate users fingerprint, can be independently extracted from any stored information.

THE APPLICATIONS OF BIOMETRIC SYSTEMS

The applications of biometrics can be divided into the following three main groups: Commercial applications such as computer network login, electronic data security, ecommerce, Internet access, ATM, credit card, physical access control, cellular phone, PDA, medical records management, distance learning, etc. Government applications such as national ID card, correctional facility, drivers license, social security, welfare-disbursement, border control, passport control, etc. Forensic applications such as criminal investigation, terrorist identification, parenthood determination, missing children, etc. Traditionally, commercial applications have used knowledge-based systems (e.g., PINs and passwords), government applications have used token-based systems (e.g., ID cards and badges), and forensic applications have relied on human experts to match biometric features.

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

The examples described above: a) The Immigration and Naturalization Service Accelerated Service System (INSPASS), which is installed at major airports in the U.S., is based on hand geometry verification. b) Fingerprint-based door. Used to restrict access to premises. c) A fingerprint verification system is used for computer and network. d) The Express Card entry kiosks fitted with hand geometry systems for security and immigration shows technology developed by Recognition Systems, Inc. and significantly reduces the immigration processing time. e) A border passage system using iris recognition. f) The Face Pass system is used in POS verification applications like ATMs, therefore, obviating the need for PINs. g) The Identix Touch Clock fingerprint system is used in time and attendance applications.

LIMITATIONS OF BIOMETRIC SYSTEMS

The successful installation of biometric systems in various civilian applications does not imply that biometrics is a fully solved problem. It is clear that there is plenty of scope for improvement in biometrics. Biometric systems that operate using any single biometric characteristic have the following limitations: 1. Noise in sensed data: The sensed data might be noisy or distorted. A fingerprint with a scar, or a voice altered by cold are examples of noisy data. Noisy data could also be the result of defective or improperly maintained sensors (e.g., accumulation of dirt on a fingerprint sensor) or poor illumination of a user's face in a face recognition system. 2. Intra-class variations: This variation is typically caused by a user who is incorrectly interacting with the sensor or when sensor characteristics are modified during the verification phase. 3. Distinctiveness: While a biometric trait is expected to vary significantly across individuals, there may be large inter-class similarities in the feature sets used to represent these traits. This limitation restricts the discriminability provided by the biometric trait. Thus, every biometric trait has some theoretical upper bound in terms of its discrimination capability. 4. Non-universality: While every user is expected to possess the biometric trait being acquired, in reality it is possible for a user to not possess a particular biometric. A fingerprint biometric system, for example, may be unable to extract features from the fingerprints of certain individuals, due to the poor quality of the ridges. It has been estimated that as much as 4% of the population may have poor quality fingerprint ridges that are difficult to image with the currently available fingerprint sensor system. 5. Spoof attacks: This type of attack is especially relevant when behavioral traits such as signature and voice are used .It has been demonstrated that it is possible to construct artificial fingers/fingerprints in a reasonable amount of time to circumvent a fingerprint verification system.

CONCLUSION
Biometric Encryption System is an algorithm for the linking and retrieval of digital keys, which can be used as a method for the secure management of cryptographic keys. The cryptographic key is generated independently from the Biometric Encryption algorithm and can be updated periodically via a re-enrollment procedure. The convenience and security provided by Biometric Encryption will undoubtedly help to promote more widespread use of cryptographic systems. As biometric technology matures, there will be an increasing interaction among the market, technology, and the applications. This interaction will be influenced by the added value of the technology, user acceptance, and the credibility of the service provider. It is too early to predict where and how biometric technology would evolve and get embedded in which applications. But it is certain that biometric-based recognition will have a profound influence on the way we conduct our daily business.

REFERENCES
1. Albert Bodo, Method for producing a digital signature with aid of a biometric feature, German patent DE 42 43 908 A1, (1994). 2. J.W. Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics, McGraw-Hill, (1968). 3. W.B. Hahn, Jr., and K.A. Bauchert, Optical correlation algorithm development for the Transfer of Optical Processing to Systems (TOPS) program, Proc. SPIE 1959, 48-54, (1993). 4. Manfred Bromba(www.bromba.com) 5. P.J. Philips, P. Grother, R. J. Micheals, D. M. Blackburn, E. Tabassi, and J. M. Bone, FRVT 2002: Overview and Summary, available from http://www.frvt.org/FRVT2002/documents.htm