CONFLICT, RESISTANCE, AND PEACE

12TH TRAINING HISTORY OF COLONIALISM VIOLENT REACTIONS TO CONFLICT-RWANDA

WHAT IS COLONIALISM?
Definition: When a more powerful, richer country takes control of a smaller, less powerful region outside of its borders. It is settlement for development and economic goals. Can take many forms such as political, legal, economic, cultural, and social. Reasons: Economic, Political, and Cultural

why do we study colonialism?

Legacy of colonialism: What impact does colonialism still have on the world? Political: Borders, Systems of government, and conflict Economic: Development Social & Cultural: Race, Class, Caste systems, discrimination

north and south

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What kind of divide is this? The division is a result of over 500 years of history and colonialism.

Development
Definition: When socities grow, change, and progress. Standard of living improves, the economy grows, and the quality of life gets better. In general, colonialism had a negative impact on the development of colonized nations.

The development Gap

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A BRIEF HISTORY OF COLONIALISM

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Colonialism in 1945

Age of Exploration 1400-1700

Europeans, starting with the Spanish and Portuguese, begin exploring the oceans. They are looking for land, trading routes, goods, and trading partners.

EUROPEAN MERCHANT EMPIRES 1700-1815

In the north Atlantic, New World colonies are controlled by the French, Dutch, and British. Many wars are fought for control and the British power grows. In the south Atlantic, colonizers depend on slave labor because millions of indigenous people die from European disease. British power grows in India.

ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

Slavery: When a human is legally the property of another, can be bought or sold, and is not allowed to leave or escape. Between 1501 and 1866 12.5 million human being were sold into slavery in the New World. Over 2 million died during their trip where they were packed into tight, unclean ships for months at sea.

Slave trade route

imperialism of Free trade 18151870

Imperialism: Creation of unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationships usually between states to make an empire. It is state policy and is based on domination. The British are the major world power. They begin to colonize more areas in Asia. Spanish colonies get independence!

New Imperialism 1870-1914

The European powers fight over the last uncolonized places. The world power start to believe that they must protect their colonies. They believe the people are weak because their skin is not white.

Rwandato Germany and colonialism Rwanda was given

in 1886 by a European agreement. Europeans were obsessed with race at this time. Germany decided the Tutsi were superior to the Hutus. Tutsis are the center of local power both economically and politically. People are ruled by a Tutsi king. In 1911, the Germans helped

Rwanda and colonialism

In 1923 at the end of World War I, Rwanda was given to Belgium. Belgium kept the same Tutsi centered power structure. Coffee was introduced as a cash crop. Farmers (Hutus) were forced to plant and Tutsis helped enforce the new rule. Starting in 1935, all Rwandans were made to carry racial ID cards to show if they were more Hutu or more Tutsi. In 1935, the Catholic Church started to make separate schools for Hutus and Tutsis.

Ethnic ID Cards

Eugenics
Eugenics is racism using science. People decide who has good genes by looking at outside features such as skin color, skull size, and height. Belgians used eugenics to decide that Tutsis had larger skulls (bigger brains), were taller, had whiter skin, and believed this made them more European and superior to Hutus. In reality, there are NO genetic differences. Any differences are actually from diet.

Hutus, Tutsis, and Twa

Hutus First settled the central Africa in 1500BC. They were farmers and had little political power.in the forest Lived Twa and were hunter gatherers. Tutsis They settled in central Africa 400 years ago. They adopted Hutu language, beliefs, and customs. They were cattle herders and usually had more economic and political power. They ruled the Hutus.

Political Reform
1951- Belgium creates a 10 year development plan which includes land reforms giving more land to Hutus. 1950-Belgium create electoral representation and Hutus get more political power. 1954-Tutsis can no longer keep Hutus as indentured servants (a servant that is owned because of debt). Well educated Hutus who can only find 2nd-rate jobs begin to voice their frustrations. Hutu political parties are formed ahead of the 1959 elections.

Hutus become political

1957- Gregoire Kayibanda leads the Hutu freedom movement and writes the Hutu Manifesto. His party becomes militarized. 1956 - Tutsis try to assassinate Kayibanda and Hutus respond by killing over 20,000 Tutsis. After the 1956 revolution, Belgium give Rwanda independence in 1960. Kayibanda becomes the firest president. Fight between Tutsis and Hutus continues. 1959-Ethnic purges, part of a Hutu Social Revolution, begin and thousands of Tutsis refugees flee to Uganda and the Congo.

Leading up to April 1994

1964- The Hutu word inyenzi (cockroaches) is used to describe Tutsis for the first time. 1973- Kayibanda is over thrown and military rule controls the country. Tutsis support the new government. October 1990 - Civil war breaks out. A rebel group made of Tutsi refugees from Uganda invades Rwanda. They blame the government for failing to use democracy and resolve the problems of 500,000 Tutsi refugees.

Preparations for....?
1990 - The 10 Hutu Commandments are published. 1990 - Newspapers start to publish anti-Tutsi hate speech. Radios (the main form of communication) start to broadcast hate speech describing Tutsis as cockroaches. It warns Hutus to attack Tutsis before Tutsis attack Hutus. Tutsi women are describes as sexual object. They also played good rock music to encourage people to listen. The Hutu government is buying huge quantities of weapons (guns, grenades, and machetes). Who are they going to war with?

Newspapers
A Hutu power magazine asks its readers, What shall we do to complete the social revolution of 1959? It refers to a Hutu revolt that over threw the Tutsi monarchy. It killed many Tutsis and created 300,000 Tutsi refugees.

?
April 6, 1994 - A plane carrying the Hutu Rwandan president and the Hutu Burundi president is shot down. What happens next? What would you do if you were Hutu? What would you do if you were Tutsi?

Genocide
Tutsis and pro-peace Hutus are described as traitors. Radio broadcasts call Hutus to action, The cockroaches cruelty is irreversible. The only remedy is total extermination. Kill them all. Totally wipe them out. -Riggiu Case, RTLM presenter 200,000 Hutu extremists take to the streets. They are armed with machetes, Ak-47s, grenades, and clubs. In only 100 days they rape 500,000 women and girls and brutally murder 1 million people. They specifically target Tutsis. Genocide: The systematic destruction, in whole or part, of any religious, ethnic, racial, or national group.

Neighbors kill neighbors, friends kill friends, family kills family. No one was spared no matter age, gender, or relationship. Some militia set up road blocks to catch people trying to escape. Gangs search in schools and churches for anyone hiding. Hutus who refuse to kill Tutsis are killed on the spot.

Government support
The government official organize armed groups to continue the genocide. Only 1 area resists the violence, Butare Province. The prefect is Tutsi, but is killed by an extremist. The government flies in military to continue murdering. Military leaders encourage and ordered their men to rape Tutsi women.

1,174,000
10,000 everyday, 400 every hour, 7 every minute. In 100 days, almost 20 percent of Rwandas citizens are murdered. Only 300,000 Tutsis survive. 400,000 children are orphaned. 350,000 women raped are infected with HIV.

INternational Actions
The United Nations and other Aid organizations pulled out 100% of their foreign forces when violence started. Other nations knew violence was going on but refused to call it genocide. To call violence genocide means the international community has a responsibility to take action. France sold Hutu forces with guns before the genocide. A UK company sold Hutu forces weapons during the genocide for $4.8 million from June 1993 to July 1994. China sold 581,000 machetes to Hutu forces in 1993.