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300W wind turbine with wooden blades Nepali handmade blades for wind turbines
How to choose wood for the turbines? How to choose the coating? Which wood ensures the highest lifetime? .. Our working assumption:
one can develop techniques of quick estimation of wood quality and recommendations for the choice of wood/ coatings, using the analysis of interrelations between microstructure of wood and its fatigue properties.
Secondary wall
Middle lammella
S1
T
R
Middle lammell a
(a)
y x x2 y1
(b) z
2
3
y2
x1
1
(a) (b)
Halpin-Tsai model
Microscale, the cell wall of the tracheids is represented as an elastic laminate with five layers; Nanoscale: the lamellae represent fibril reinforced composites, with their own volume fractions and characteristic MFAs. Macroscale: annual rings are considered as multilayered material
VL VE 2V EV L ( E L E E E L ) 2 E R 1 /( L E L E L L ) E E E E (V E (1 E ) V E E E (1 L )) V EV L E E E L ( E L ) 2 E L ET V E V E L L V E (1 ( E ) 2 ) V E E E (1 ( L ) 2 )
L L E E
where , E, v and alpha mean Youngs modulus, Poissons ratio and shrinkage coefficients, and the subscripts L, R, T indicate as longitudinal, radial and tangential directions of softwood, respectively.
z
3
2
=D0:(
f f ,m (, S, rt ,fc,m )
f>0
Y N
di(n+1)>di(n)
N
di=di(n+1)
(i=1...5)
(i=1...5)
di=di(n)
Update Dd
New increment
Locally made four point bending test rig (a), and Brinells hardness tester (b)
WOOD TESTING
Stress Strain Curve for Sample Lakuri
Growing time (years) 8-15 15-20 15-20 15-20 20-30 15-50 30-40 100-200
Price NRs/m
3
SL5
100 90 80
SL7
SL8
SL9
SL10
SL11
Stress, N/mm2
Strain, %
Laku ri 7.12
Sal
12.5 5 83.8 5 0.95
Sisau
13.27
Okh ar 9.34
Salla
8.23
Saur
9.43
Tuni
6.15
Uttis h 6.18
79.33
87.04
86.4 1 0.62
82.25
78.30
70.62
59.9 2 -
0.65
0.76
0.67
0.78
0.51
Column chart for relative values of Young moduli, breaking strain and Brinell hardness (normalized by the average values of all the parameters of all the types of timber)
Number of coats X 4 4 2 2 2
Brand and manufacture of paint Touch wood polyurethane clear wood finish-Asian Paints Synthetic primer-Apollo Paints Synthetic primer-Asian paints and Synthetic enamel-Asian paints Used for fibre glass products
Samples coated after performing static and hardness tests (left), Samples ready for the test(right)
Weathering Conditions
Temp, degC Rain, mm Humidity, %
120.00
100.00
Results of observation High density timber (sal and sisau) are more resistant to weathering whereas soft wood like pine and lakuri are more sensitive; Cracks can start, originating from the knots; Bending of weathering samples is quite common and samples like uttish have started to decay Coatings seems to weather away slowly from the side facing to sun; Black mould seems to be grow on the surface away from the sun; Samples with knots bend Coatings seems to weather away readily from the side facing to sun; Blisters of paint grow first and then wear off. Finally there are only small streaks of paint seen; Bending of samples was common. Black Japan can be concluded as a complete failure as a protective coating. A few spots of black mould seem to have grown on the surface facing away from the sun; No bending was observed. Most stable coating. Cracks in the coatings are evident; Bending of samples were common. This coating also seems to be failure for timber.
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
Varnish (4 layers)
07 07 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 c- c- n- b- b- ar- pr- pr- ay- un- un- ul- ul- ug- ep- ep- ct- ov- ov- ec- an- an- eb- ar- ar- pr- ayA M -J -J 1-J 1-J -A -S -S -O -N -N -D -J -J -F -M -M -A -M A De De Ja Fe Fe M 7 27 16 8 28 17 7 1 21 1 4- 24- 13- 2- 22- 13- 2- 22- 129 29 19 8 28 18 3 20
90
Uttish
80
Tuni
Okhar
Pine
Lakuri
Saur
Sisau
Sal
weight(gm)
70
60
50
Wood primer and white enamel (2+2 layers) Resin Paint, 2 layers
40
30
07 07 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 c- c- n- b- b- ar- pr- pr- ay- un- un- ul- ul- ug- ep- ep- ct- ov- ov- ec- an- an- eb- ar- ar- pr- ayO N N J J J M M A M J F -J -J A D De De Ja Fe Fe M A A M S S 4- 24- 13- 2- 22- 13- 2- 22- 12- 1- 21- 11 31 20- 9- 29- 19- 8- 28- 18- 7- 27- 16- 8- 28- 17- 7Date
17.60
Breaking pattern of timber blade SBL2 , SBL3 and SBP2 (a) and Graph of Load Vs Displacement (at tip of blade) for the timber blade SBL2. The pattern of crack in the blade is at an angle of 17.60 with respect to leading edge of blade.
Timber wind blades (a) and testing the turbine keeping it in the vehicle with the anemometer aside (b)
2008 International Workshop on NATURAL AND LOWCOST MATERIALS IN WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
November 10-12 2008, Dhulikhel, Nepal
2009 International Workshop on SMALL SCALE WIND ENERGY FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
September 14-16, 2009, Nairobi, Kenya
MAIN REFERENCES:
Two Special Issues of the Journal of Wind Engineering, Vol. 33, No. 2, 2009, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2010 R. Sinha, P. Acharya, P. Freere, R. Sharma, P. Ghimire and L. Mishnaevsky, Jr. Selection of Nepalese timber for small wind turbine blade construction, J Wind Engineering, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2010, pp. 263276 L. Mishnaevsky Jr, D. Wood, Editorial, J Wind Engineering, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2010, pp. i-iv H. Qing, L. Mishnaevsky Jr., 3D multiscale micromechanical model of wood: From annual rings to microfibrils, Int J Solids and Structures, Vol. 47, No. 9, 1 2010, pp. 1253-1267 H.Qing, L. Mishnaevsky Jr., Unidirectional high fiber content composites: Automatic 3D FE model generation and damage simulation, Computational Materials Science, Vo. 47, No. 2, 2009, pp. 548555 H. Qing, L. Mishnaevsky Jr, 3D hierarchical computational model of wood as a cellular material with fibril reinforced, heterogeneous multiple layers, Mechanics of Materials, Vol. 41, no. 9, 2009, pp. 10341049 H. Qing, L. Mishnaevsky Jr, Moisture-related mechanical properties of softwood: 3D micromechanical modeling, Computational Materials Science 46 (2009) 310320 L. Mishnaevsky Jr, P.Freere, R. Sharma, P.Brndsted, H. Qing, J. I. Bech, R. Sinha, P. Acharya, R. Evans, Strength and Reliability of Wood for the Components of Low-Cost Wind Turbines: Computational and Experimental Analysis and Applications, J Wind Engineering, Vol. 33, No. 2, 2009 PP 183196 H. Qing, L. Mishnaevsky Jr, Micromechanical modelling of mechanical behaviour and strength of wood: State-of-the-art review, Computational Materials Science, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2008, Pp. 363-370