CONTENTS PART-I (Pakistan) Pakistan Movement - Chronological Order Pakistan - Basic Facts First, Largest and Longest In Pakistan

Administrative Division-Provinces (Area Statistics) Divisions and Districts Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Heads of State of Pakistan Prime Ministers of Pakistan Chief Martial Law Administrators Comparative Ranks in Three Services Chiefs of Armed Forces Civil and Military Awards Highest Peaks of Pakistan Rivers of Pakistan Lakes in Pakistan Passes of Pakistan PART-11 (World) Earth Geographical Terms Water Bodies Important Geographical Locations Important Places of the World World Summary Important World Organization World Biggest Countries (Population) World Biggest Countries (Area) Most Populous Cities of the World World Principal Deserts Principal Lakes of the World World Land-Locked Nations Famous International Lines Biggest, Highest, Largest & Longest in the World

PART-IV (Misc information) Great Inventions Great Discoveries Political Terms Miscellaneous Info Selected Abbreviations PART-V (Important Events of 20th Century) PART-VI (Important Political Events and Issues)

PART-1 (PAKISTAN) PAKISTAN MOVEMENT - CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER 1857 1864 1869 1875 1885 1905 1906 1906 1909 1911 1913 1916 1919 1919-23 1928 1929 1930 1930-32 1937-39 1939 1940 1942 1944 1945 1945 1945-46 War of Independence Sir Syed Ahmed Khan founded Scientific Society Sir Syed wrote Khutbat-Ahmadiya in reply to William Muirs Life of Muhammad Sir Syed Ahmed Khan founded M.A.O High School at Aligarh A. O Hume founded Indian National Congress Partition of Bengal Simla Deputation All- India Muslim League founded at Dacca Minto-Morley Reforms Annulment of Partition of Bengal Quaid-i-Azam joined Muslim League Lucknow Pact Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy Khilafat Movement Nehru Report Jinnahs Fourteen Points Iqbals Allahabad Address Round Table Conference in London Congress Ministries Day of Deliverance Lahore Resolution Cripps Mission Gandhi-Jinnah Talks Wavell Plan Simla Conference Elections to Central and Provincial legislatures

1946 1946 1947 1947

Cabinet Mission appointed by Prime Minister Attlee Muslim League joined interim government 3rd June Plan 14 August - Independence of Pakistan

PAKISTAN - BASIC FACTS Official Name Bordering countries Elevation Extremes Population (2009) Life Expectancy Languages Religious composition Per capita income Exports Imports Literacy rate Type of Government Parliament Islamic Republic of Pakistan Afghanistan, China, India & Iran. Highest point: K2 (Mt Godwin-Austen) Over 8,600 m 7th most populous country in the world. 168 million. Population growth rate 1.6% 66.5 years Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki 10%, Pushto 8%, Urdu 8%, Balochi 4%, Hindko 2%, others 8% 97% Muslims; 3% others (Christian & Hindus etc) US $1038 per annum Cotton, textile goods, rice, leather items carpets, sports goods, fruit, handicrafts & sea food (fisheries) etc. Petroleum, industrial equipment, vehicles, iron, edible oil, 55% overall. Punjab: 53.3%, KP: 43%, Sindh: 51% & Balochistan :36% Westminster style parliamentary democracy Two Houses Senate (Upper House with 100 seats) National Assembly (Lower House with 342 seats). Punjab:183, Sindh:75, KP:43, Balochistan:17, FATA : 12; Federal Capital Islamabad: 2 National Anthem 1st National Anthem : Written by: Jagan Nath Azad (1947) Present National Anthem : Written by Hafeez Jallundhri in 1954; Music composition: Abdul Kalim Chagla National Flower Jasmine Animals (Fauna) Pheasant, Leopard, Deer, Ibex, Chinkara. Black Fox, Neelgai, Markhor, Marco Polo sheep, Green turtles, River & Sea fish. Crocodile, Water Fowls National game Hockey Tourist resorts Murree, Quetta, Hunza, Ziarat, Swat, Kaghan, Chitral, Gilgit etc. Archaeological sites Moenjo Daro, Harrappa, Taxila, Kot Diji & Mehr Garh Major crops Cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane Total arable area (where 22 million hectares crops can be grown) Industry Energy Textile, cement, fertilizer, steel, sugar, electric goods, leather projects Main sources of energy are Hydel, thermal and Nuclear. WAPDAs total installed power generating capacity: 19, 478 MW

Education GDP Growth Rate (2009) Fiscal Year Major Export Markets

Primary schools: 156,000; Middle schools: 28,000; High schools: 16,000; Arts & Science Colleges: 800; Professional colleges: 160; Universities : 92 2% (Agriculture 22%, Industry 26%, Services 22%, others 30%) 01 July- 30 June USA, Germany, Japan, UK, Hong Kong, Dubai & Saudi Arabia

FIRST, LARGEST AND LONGEST IN PAKISTAN The Biggest Airlines Airport Bank Barrage City Canal Dam Desert Division District Fort Gas Field Hospital Industrial Unit Industry Island Jungle Lake (Artificial) Lake (Natural) Library Mausoleum Mine Monument Mosque Motorway Museum Newspaper Nuclear Reactor Oil Field Park Province (Area) Province (Population) Radio Station Railway Station Railway Workshop Shipping Company Stadium (Athletics) Stadium (Cricket) Stadium (Hockey) TV Station TV Booster University The longest Frontier PIA (Pakistan International Airlines) Quaid-i-Azam International Airport Karachi State Bank of Pakistan.The largest commercial bank is HBL Sukkur Barrage Karachi Lloyd Barrage Canal Tarbela Dam Thar Desert (Sindh) Kalat Division Khuzdar (Balochistan) Rani Kot (Sindh) Sui Gas Field (Balochistan) Nishtar Hospital (Multan) Pakistan Steel Mills Textile Industry Manora (Karachi) Changa Manga (Kasur) Keenjhar Lake (Sindh) Manchhar Lake, Dadu (Sindh) The Punjab Public Library (Lahore) Quaid-i-Azam Mausoleum Khewra Salt Mines Minar-i-Pakistan Shah Faisal Mosque Lahore-Islamabad Motorway National Museum Karachi Jang (Urdu), The News (English) Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) Dhurmal Oil Field Ayub National Park, Rawalpindi Balochistan Punjab Islamabad Lahore Mughalpura Railway Workshop, Lahore Pakistan National Shipping Corporation Islamabad National Stadium Karachi National Hockey Stadium Lahore Islamabad Thandiani (Punjab) Punjab University, Lahore Pak-Afghan Border (2,252 km)

Railway Platform Rohri (Sindh), Length 1,894 feet Railway Track Karachi to Landikotal Road Karachi to Peshawar River River Indus (Length 1,800 miles) Tunnel (Railways) Khojak Balochistan (length 2.43 miles) Tunnel Road Lawari (length 5 miles) Tunnel (Water) Warsak Dam Tunnel (Length 3.5 miles) The Tallest & Highest Building MCB Tower (Height 116 m; 29 storeys) Tower Minar-i-Pakistan Minaret Four minarets of Shah Faisal Mosque Mountain Pass Muztagh Pass Mountain Peak K-2 (Karakoram) Railway Station Khan Mehtarzai Road Karakoram Road which connects Kashmir with China ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION-PROVINCES (AREA STATISTICS) Name of Province Punjab Sindh KP Balochistan Islamabad Capital Territory FATA Gilgit-Baltistan AJK Total Area in sq km 205, 000 141,000 74, 500 347, 190 906 27,220 72,500 13,300 7,96,096 % of total area 25.8 17.7 9.4 43.6 0.1 3.4 -

DIVISIONS AND DISTRICTS. h. Summary. Politically, Pakistan consists of four provinces (Punjab, Sindh, KP, Balochistan), Tribal Areas and Federally Administered Tribal Area. (FATA) The country is divided into the following 27 divisions and 111 districts. In addition the FATA comprises of 7 Tribal Agencies which cover 27,220 sq km. Province Divisions Districts Punjab 9 36 Sindh 5 24 KP 8 25 Balochistan 6 27 Islamabad 1 Pakistan 28 113 i. Details Divisions Punjab Lahore Rawalpindi Districts Lahore, Kasur, Sheikhupura, Nankana Sahib, Okara Rawalpindi, Attock, Jhelum, Chakwal No 5 4

Faislabad Faisalabad, Jhang, Toba Tek Singh Sargodha Sargodha, Mianwali, Khushab, Bhakkar Gujranwala Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat, Narowal, Hafizabad, Mandi Bahauddin Multan Multan, Khanewal, Lodhran Bahawalpur Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, Rahim Yar Khan DG Khan D G Khan, Rajanpur Leiah, Muzaffargarh Sahiwal Sahiwal, Pakpattan, Vehari Sindh Karachi Karachi West, Karachi East, Karachi South, Karachi Central, Malir Sukkur Sukkur, Khairpur, Nawabshah, Ghotki, Naushero Feroze Hyderabad Hyderabad, Dadu, Thatta, Badin, Jamshoro Larkana Larkana, Jacobabad, Shikarpur, Kashmore, Qambar Mirpur Khas Mirpur Khas, Thar, Sanghar, Umer Kot KP Peshawar Peshawar, Nowshera Kohat Kohat, Karak, Hangu D I Khan Dera Ismail Khan, Tank, Kolachi Malakand Malakand, Swat, Chitral, Buner, Shangla, Upper Dir, Lower Dir Hazara Abbottabad, Haripur, Mardan Mardan, Charsadda, Swabi Bannu Bannu, Lakki Marwat Mansehra Mansehra, Kohistan, Batagram Balochistan Quetta Quetta, Pishin, Chagai, Qila Abdullah, Noshki Kalat Kalat, Khuzdar, Lasbella, Kharan, Washuk, Mastung, Awaran Sibi Sibi, Dera Bugti, Kohlu, Ziarat Zhob Zhob, Loralai, Barkhan, Musakhel, Qila Saifullah Naseerabad Naseerabad, Kachi, Jafarabad, Bolan, Jhal Magsi Makran Kech, Panjgur, Gwadar Federal Capital (Islamabad) Islamabad FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS (FATA) j. Total area : 27,220 km k. Bordered by: Afghanistan to the west, KP and Punjab to the east and Balochistan to the south. l. Total population : 3,341,070 (About 2% of Pakistan) m. Seven Agencies, namely Bajaur, Mohmand, Khyber, Orakzai, Kurram, North Waziristan and South Waziristan

3 4 6 4 3 4 3 5 5 5 5 4 2 3 3 7 2 3 2 3 4 7 4 5 5 3

n. Six FRs (Frontier Regions) namely FR Peshawar, FR Kohat, FR Tank, FR Bannu, FR Lakki and FR Dera Ismail Khan. Tehsils:Agency Khyber Mohmand Bajaur Orakzai Kurram North Waziristan South Waziristan Tehsils Jamrud, Mullagori, Landi Kotal Safi, Upper Mohmand, Halimzai, Mullagori, Pindiali, Ambar, Ekka Ghund, Prang Ghar Khar, Salarzai, Uthman Khel, Mamund, Chamarkand, Nawagai, Barang Upper Tehsil, Ismailzai, Lower Tehsil, Central Tehsil Parachinar, Upper Kurram, Sadda, Lower Kurram Miram Shah, Ghulam Khan, Datta Khel, Mir Ali, Spinwam, Shewa, Razmak, Dossali, Garyum Sarwakai, Tiarza, Ladha, Sararogha, Makeen, Wana, Bermal, Toi Khullah HEADS OF STATE OF PAKISTAN. From 1947 1956, Head of the State was Governor General of Pakistan. After 1956, it was the President of Pakistan. o. Governors General of Pakistan Ser (1) (2) (3) (4) Name Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah Khawaja Nazimuddin Malik Ghulam Muhammad Major General Iskander Mirza p. Presidents of Pakistan Ser (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Name Major General Iskander Mirza Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Chaudhary Fazal Elahi General Muhammad Zia ul Haq Ghulam Ishaq Khan From 1956 1958 1969 1971 1973 1978 1988 To 1958 1969 1971 1973 1978 1988 1993 From 1947 1948 1951 1955 To 1948 1951 1955 1956

(8) (9) (10 ) (11 )

Sardar Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari Justice (R) Muhammad Rafiq Tarar General Pervez Musharraf Asif Ali Zardari

1993 1998 2001 2008

1997 2001 2008 To date

PRIME MINISTERS OF PAKISTAN Ser (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) Name Khan Liaquat Ali Khan Khawaja Nazimuddin Muhammad Ali Bogra Chaudhary Muhammad Ali Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardi I.I Chundrigar Malik Feroze Khan Noon Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Muhammad Khan Junejo Benazir Bhutto Muhammad Nawaz Sharif Benazir Bhutto Muhammad Nawaz Sharif Mir Zafar Ullah Khan Jamali Shaukat Aziz Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani From 1947 1951 1953 1955 1956 1957 1957 1973 1985 1988 1990 1993 1997 2002 2004 2008 To 1951 1953 1955 1956 1957 1957 1958 1977 1988 1990 1993 1996 1999 2004 2007 To date

CHIEF MARTIAL LAW ADMINISTRATORS Ser (1) (2) (3) (4) Name Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan General Yahya Khan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto General Muhammad Zia Ul Haq From 1958 1969 1971 1977 To 1962 1971 1972 1985

COMPARATIVE RANKS IN THREE SERVICES Ser (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Pakistan Army 2nd Lieutenant Lieutenant Captain Major Lt Colonel Colonel Brigadier Major General Lieutenant General Pakistan Air Force Pilot Officer Flying Officer Flight Lieutenant Squadron Leader Wing Commander Group Captain Air Commodore Air Vice Marshal Air Chief Marshal Pakistan Navy Midshipman Officer Sub-Lieutenant Lieutenant Lt Commander Commander Captain Commodore Rear Admiral Admiral

CHIEFS OF ARMED FORCES Chiefs of Army Staff Ser Name (1) General Sir Frank Messervy (2) General Sir Douglas Gracey (3) Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan (4) General Muhammad Musa Khan (5) General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (6) Lieutenant General Gul Hassan Khan (7) General Tikka Khan (8) General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (9) General Mirza Aslam Beg (10) General Asif Nawaz Janjua (11) General Abdul Waheed Kakar (12) General Jehangir Karamat (13) General Pervez Musharraf (14) General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani Chiefs of Naval Staff Tenure 1947 1948 1948 1951 1951 1958 1958 1966 1966 1971 1971 1972 1972 1976 1976 1988 1988 1991 1991 1993 1993 1996 1996 1998 1998 2007 2007 To date

Ser (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) No. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19)

Name Rear Admiral James Wilfred Jefford Vice Admiral Muhammad Siddiq Chowdri Vice Admiral Afzal Rahman Khan Vice Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan Vice Admiral Muzaffar Hassan Vice Admiral Hasan Hafeez Ahmed Admiral Mohammad Shariff Admiral Karamat Rahman Niazi Admiral Tariq Kamal Khan Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey Admiral Yastur-ul-Haq Malik Admiral Saeed Mohammad Khan Mansurul Haq Admiral Fasih Bokhari Admiral Abdul Aziz Mirza Admiral Shahid Karimullah Admiral Afzal Tahir Admiral Noman Bashir Name Air Vice Marshal Allan Perry-Keene Air Vice Marshal Sir Richard Atcherley Air Vice Marshal Leslie William Cannon Air Vice Marshal Sir Arthur McDonald Air Marshal Asghar Khan Air Marshal Nur Khan Air Marshal Abdul Rahim Khan Air Marshal Zafar Chaudhry Air Chief Marshal Zulfiqar Ali Khan Air Chief Marshal Anwar Shamim Air Chief Marshal Jamal A Khan Air Chief Marshal Hakimullah Air Chief Marshal Farooq Feroze Khan Air Chief Marshal Abbas Khattak Air Chief Marshal Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi Air Chief Marshal Mushaf Ali Mir Air Chief Marshal Kaleem Saadat Air Chief Marshal Tanvir Mahmood Ahmed Air Chief Marshal Rao Qamar Suleman

Tenure 1947 1953 1954 1959 1959 1966 1966 1969 1969 1971 1972 1975 1975 1979 1979 1983 1983 1986 1986 1988 1988 1991 1991 1994 1994 1997 1997 1999 1999 2002 2002 2005 2005 2008 2008 To Date Tenure 1947 1949 1951 1955 1957 1965 1969 1972 1974 1978 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 1949 1951 1955 1957 1965 1969 1972 1974 1978 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 Present

Chiefs of Air Staff

CIVIL AND MILITARY AWARDS S/No (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Civil Awards Nishan-i-Pakistan Nishan-i-Shujaat Hilal-i-Imtiaz Hilal-i-istaqlal Sitara-i-Pakistan Sitara-i-Imtiaz Tamgha-i-Imtiaz Military Awards Nishan-i-Haider (NH) Hilal-i-Jurat (HJ) Sitara-i-Jurat (SJ) Tamgha-i-Jurat (TJ) Sitara-i-Basalat (S Bt) Tamgha-i-Basalat (T Bt) Tamgha-i-Khidmat (TK)

HIGHEST PEAKS OF PAKISTAN . Pakistan is home to many mountains above 7,000m (22,970 ft). Five of the worlds 14 highest peaks (above 8,000m) are in Pakistan, four of which are in Karakoram near Concordia. Most of the high peaks in Pakistan are in Karakoram Range, the highest of which is K2 (8,600 m), the second highest peak on earth. The highest peak of Himalayan range in Pakistan is Nanga Parbat (8,100 m), which is the ninth highest peak of the world. World Rank 2 9 12 13 14 Rank (Pakistan) 1 2 3 4 5

Name K2 Nanga Parbat Gasherbrum I Broad Peak Gasherbrum II

Height (m) 8611 8126 8080 8047 8035 Karakoram Himalaya

Location Baltoro Muztagh

RIVERS OF PAKISTAN Punjab Sindh Khyber PKhawa Balochistan Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej Hub, Mir Nadi, Arl Nadi Indus, Kabul, Swat, Bara, Chitral, Zhob, Panjkora, Gomal, Kurram Hangol, Nari, Bolan, Dasht, Mula, Rakhshan, Pishin Lora IMPORTANT RIVERS OF PAKISTAN q. River Indus

Origin: Glacial Tibetan mountains, Mansuer Lake Joined by River Kabul near Attock. Four river tributaries: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Four rivers meet at "Panj Nadh south of Multan. Dams and Barrages: Tarbela Dam; Jinnah , Chashma, Guddu and Sukkur Barrages. River Jhelum It is a tributary of the River Indus. The waters of the Jhelum are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of Treaty signed between India and Pakistan in 1960. Mangla Dam is constructed on River Jhelum. River Chenab

the Indus Water o

It is a tributary of the River Indus. Chenab River originates from the Himalayas in Himachal Pradesh State, India. It merges with the Sutlej River near Uch Sharif to form the Panjnad ('Five Rivers'), which joins the Indus at Mithankot. The waters of the Chenab are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Water Treaty. River Ravi

o o

It is a tributary of river Indus. River Ravi originates from the Himalayas near Chamba in Himachal Pradesh State, northern India. River Sutlej r. Its source is in Tibet near Mount Kalash and its terminus in Pakistani Punjab. s. It joins River Indus at Mithankot. LAKES IN PAKISTAN

t. Following are the important lakes in Pakistan :-

o o o o o o o Range. o o o o o o o o

Ansoo Lake

A high-altitude lake located in the Kaghan Valley near the Himalayan range.

Malika Parbat in height of 3,800 m. Haleji Lake

Dudipatsar Lake. Located at the extreme north of Kaghan Valley at a Located at about 70 km from Karachi, it is the largest

water fowl reserve in Asia. Hanna Lake. Located 10 km from Quetta, near Urak Valley in Kallar Kahar Lake. A salt water lake located near Salt Range in 125 km from Rawalpindi. Located in Sindh; one of the largest freshwater A salt water lake located in the southern Salt Keenjhar Lake. Khabikki Lake. Balochistan. Chakwal District, lakes in Pakistan.

Lower Kachura Lake Also known as Shangrila Lake. It is located in Mahodand Lake. Manchar Lake Located in Ushu, 40 km from Kalam Valley. The largest freshwater lake in Pakistan and one of the

Skardu.

largest in Asia. It

is located west of the River Indus in Sindh.

Namal Lake. Located in Namal Valley in Mianwali. Rama Lake. Located in Valley of Astore in Gilgit-Baltistan. Rawal Lake. An artificial reservoir in Islamabad capital territory. Saiful Muluk. Located in the Kaghan Valley; famous for fairytale of Satpara Lake. Located in Skardu Valley.

Saiful Maluk

PASSES OF PAKISTAN S/no Name of Pass a. Khyber Pass Location FATA Connects Khyber Agency with Afghanistan

b. c. d. e. f. g. h. j. k. l. m.

Kurram Pass Tochi Pass Bolan Pass Gomal Pass Karakoram Pass Kilik Pass Khunjrab Pass Dorah Pass Babusar Pass Shandur Pass Lowari Pass

FATA KP Balochistan KP Gilgit Baltistan Gilgit Baltistan Gilgit Baltistan KP KP Gilgit Baltistan KP

Kurram Agency with Afghanistan North Waziristan Agency with Afghanistan Jacababad with Sibi & Quetta South Waziristan Agency with Afghanistan Jammu & Kashmir with China Gilgit Baltistan with China Gilgit Baltistan with China Chitral with Afghanistan Kaghan Valley with Giligit Gilgit with Chitral Kohat with Chitral

PART-11 (World) EARTH u. The total area of the earth is about 197,000,000 sq miles (510,066,000 sq km), out of this 140,000,000 sq miles area is covered with water. It means that only 29.3 percent area is covered by land and 70.7 percent by water. This distribution of land and water is not uniform in both hemispheres. As compared to northern hemisphere, the southern hemisphere is covered more by water than land. SOME FACTS ABOUT THE EARTH Estimated age Superficial area Land surface Water surface Equatorial circumference Polar diameter Distance from the Sun About 4500 million years 510,100,500 sq km 148,951,000 sq km (71% of the total area) 40,075km 12714 km 149.6 million km

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS o Longitude. o Latitude. o Meridian. Angular distance of a place east or west of the prime meridian. Angular distance of a place either north or south of the Equator. This is an imaginary circle drawn from the North to the South

Pole cutting the Equator at right angle. There are 360 meridians. o Local Time. Throughout the world local time is calculated from the position and movement of the sun. o Standard Time. For convenience the world is divided into international time zones. Greenwich (longitude 0) is the standard time in the British Islands and is known as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). o Summer Time. During the summer months, clocks are put forward one hour; i.e. one hour is added to GMT to save light and fuel by adding 60 minutes of daylight to the working. o Sphere of the Earth. spheres. o Lithosphere. The outer surface of the earth is divided into four

The entire top crust of the Earth, including the ocean floor.

o Hydrosphere. The water surface which includes the oceans, lakes and rivers. o Atmosphere. The blanket of air that envelops the Earth. o Biosphere. WATER BODIES v. Water bodies can be divided according to shape and location into different types which are as follows:o Ocean o Sea o River o Bay o Gulf o Strait o Lake o Spring OCEAN w. The largest body of water is called ocean. Mostly the continents are separated from each other by oceans. There are five oceans in the world:x. Pacific Ocean y. Atlantic Ocean z. Indian Ocean aa. Arctic Ocean bb. Southern Ocean cc. Pacific Ocean o Largest ocean (166,400,000 sq kms). It covers 1/3rd portion of the world and is larger than the Asian continent. The sphere of life which spreads over all the other spheres.

o Surrounded by Asia and Australia in the west and North America and South America in the east. o The deepest point is 10957m called Mariana Trenches near Mindanao Island of Philippines. o Sea of Japan and South China Sea are important seas of Pacific Ocean. dd. Atlantic Ocean o Second largest ocean (83, 20,000 sq km). o Similar to letter S in shape, it separates the two Americas with Europe and Africa. o Important seas are Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea and Caribbean Sea. ee. Indian Ocean o 3rd largest ocean (72,800,000 sq km). o Surrounded by Asia in the North, Indonesia and Australia in the East and Africa in the west. On its south lies the Southern Ocean. o Arabian Sea, Red Sea, Bay of Bengal and Persian Gulf are its important water bodies. ff. Arctic Ocean o Surrounds the North Pole, covering an area of about 14,300,00 sq km. o Bearing Strait connects Arctic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. o Because of the frozen water, it has no importance in terms of trade. gg. Southern Ocean o Stretches around the Antarctic Continent and the South Pole. o On the north of this ocean are the continents of Australia, Africa and South America. o A large part remains frozen mostly and has no importance for trade. SEA hh. A smaller body of water, as compared to an ocean, is called a sea. Some important seas are:9 Mediterranean Sea 12Caribbean Sea 15Baltic Sea 18South China Sea 21East China Sea 24Black Sea RIVER ii. When water of rain or melted snow flows on the surface of the earth in a channel 10Arabian Sea 13Red Sea 16Aral Sea 19Sea of Japan 22Adriatic Sea 25Aegean Sea 11Bering Sea 14Okhotsk Sea 17North Sea 20Arabian Sea 23Bering Sea 26Caspian Sea

towards a sea, an ocean or a lake, it is called a river. Some important rivers are :Nile (Africa) Amazon (South America) Mississippi (US) Missouri (US) Danube (Europe) Rhine (Germany) Volga (Russia) BAY jj. A wide area of water surrounded by land from three sides and connected with sea or ocean. Some important bays are :o o o Bay of Bengal Hudson Bay Bay of Biscay Seine (France) Thames (Britain) Yangtze (China) Indus (Pakistan) Brahmaputra (India) Murray (Australia) McKenzie (North America) Tigris (Iraq) Euphrates (Iraq) Oxus (Central Asia) Ganges (India) Zambezi (Africa) Congo (Africa) Niger (Africa)

GULF kk. A narrow portion of sea stretching deep into land. It has also three sides covered by the land and one narrower side connected with sea. Some important gulfs are :o o o o STRAIT ll. A narrow stretch of water linking two important water bodies, like oceans or seas. Some importance straits are :o o o LAKE mm.An area of water surrounded by land on all sides. Some lakes have fresh water, Malacca Straits Strait of Gibraltar Strait of Dover Gulf of Mexico Gulf of California Gulf of Aden Persian Gulf

others are salty. Some important lakes are:o o o o o SPRING nn. A natural flow of water from the earth surface. Some springs are permanent, others are seasonal. These are mostly found in mountainous areas. IMPORTANT GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS Arabian Peninsula It is vast land, largely desert, in southwest Persian Gulf, (Saudi Arabia), takes up the greatest part of land. Other countries are the Republic of Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Kuwait. It is economically and politically important because of its great petroleum resources. Asia Minor It is also known as Anatolia, is the peninsula between the Black and Mediterranean seas, forms the Asian part of Turkey. Asia Minor was the scene of early developments in the peoples and a battleground for competing Asian and European civilizations. The name Asia Minor is sometimes used in a more limited sense for the fertile plateau in the centre of Turkey, where the capital Ankara is situated. Zealand and certain other islands. Balkans It is the peninsula of southeast Europe, stretching into the Mediterranean Sea between the Adriatic and Aegean seas, comprising Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Romania, and Slovenia, the part of Turkey in the rest of Europe and the Black Sea to the east. Baltic States It is the collective name for the states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, former constituent republics of the USSR (from 1940). They regained independence in September 1991. Central Africa The region of Central Africa include the countries; Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guiana, Gabon, and Congo Austral Asia It is a term used to describe the region in the South Pacific including Australia, New Lake Superior Lake Baikal Lake Michigan Lake Heron Lake Victoria

(formerly Zaire). Central America Is the name given to the narrow land bridge that links Mexico in North America to Colombia in South America. It is made up of seven countries: Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Central Asia/Central Asian Republics It is a group of five republics: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. They were part of the former Soviet Union until their independence in 1991. These comprise a large part of the geographical region of Turkistan and are the home of large numbers of Muslims. East Africa The region of East Africa includes the following countries Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. East Asia The region of East Asia includes the following countries China, Japan, Magnolia, North Korea and South Korea. Eastern Europe The region of Eastern Europe includes the countries: Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine and Yugoslavia. Eastern Hemisphere It is the part of the Earth that includes Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. Eurasia The region of Eurasia includes the countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Russia. Far East It is the term often used for Eastern Asia, comprising China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and eastern Siberia. Sometimes the term extends to include the nations of Southeast Asia: Brunei, Myanmar (Burma), Indonesia, Cambodia (Kampuchea) Laos, Malaysia Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The term Far East was originated by the Europeans to describe an area of Asia far to the east of them. Gulf States There are the oil rich countries sharing the coastline of the Persian Gulf (Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates). Indonesia is located in Asia, sometimes refers to the peninsula between India and China, which includes Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. In a narrower sense it refers only to Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, which between 1893 and 1954 were united politically under the name French Indochina.

Latin America It is a large territory in the Western hemisphere south of the USA, consisting of Mexico, Central America, South America and the West Indies. The main languages spoken are Spanish, Portuguese and French. Low Courtiers Belgium Luxembourg and the Netherlands are described as the Low Countries because of their location at or near sea level. In fact the word Netherlands means Low Countries. The low Countries were often a battleground fought over for their trade and their location on the North Sea. The first historical accounts show that the Romans conquered much of this area in 1 BC. Other dispute, such as the battle of Flanders (1940) during World War II(1939-1945), have taken place in the Low Countries. Middle East (Also known as Southwest Asia) Located in southwestern Asia the Middle East is a region loosely defined by geography and culture that forms the bridge between to the continents of Asia and Africa. The term refers collectively to the nations of Bahrain, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey. New World The term means the Americans. It was called by the first European who reached there. The term also describes animals and plants of the western hemisphere North Africa The region of North Africa includes the following countries Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Western Sahara. North America The region of North America includes the countries Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miqueleon, and the United States. Northern Europe The region of Northern Europe includes the countries Denmark, Faroe Islands, Germany , France, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom etc. South America The region of South America includes the countries Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Falkland, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. Oceania It is vast section of the Pacific Ocean, stretching roughly from Hawaii to New Zealand and from New Guinea to Easter Island. Old World It is the term refers to the Eastern Hemisphere, which includes Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Botanists and Zoologists often categorize plants and animals into Old World and New World (Western Hemisphere) terminology.

Scandinavia It is the region of northwestern Europe. Geographically it consists of the Scandinavian Peninsula (about 777,000 sq km), occupied by Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Because of close historical development, Finland Iceland, and the Faeroe Islands are also covered by the term in matters of language, culture, peoples and politics. South Asia Countries in this region includes: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Southeast Asia It is the region of Asia, south of the southernmost boundaries of China and India including Bnrunei, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The area covers about 4,506,600 sq km and is comprised mostly areas of rich agricultural lands that produce rubber, rice, tea, coffee, tobacco, pepper coconut and oil. Southern Africa The region of Southern Africa includes the following countries: Angola, Botswana, Comoros, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Runion, Seychelles, South Africa and Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Southern Europe The region of Southern Europe includes the countries and Andorra Gibraltar, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Turkey and Vatican City. West Africa The region of West Africa includes the countries Benin, Burkina, Faso, Cape Verde, Coted lviore, Gambia, Guina-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Laon, St Helena and Togo Western Europe The region of Western Europe includes the countries, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands and Switzerland. Gaza Strip Is a narrow piece of land in the former southwestern Palestine, about 26

miles (42 kms) long, 4-6 mi (6,4-8kms) wide. After the Arab-Israel war of 1948, it was granted to Egypt, and many Arab refugees fled there. Israel occupied the area as a result of the 1967 Arab Israeli war. Although the Israel-Egyptian peace treaty (1979) provided for negotiations on self-rule in Gaza, the area has continued to be a subject of acrimonious disagreement, with violence occurring between protesting Palestinian Arabs and Israeli troops. After 15 years the Palestinians finally gained limited autonomy in 1994. Jerusalem Jerusalem is the third most holy city of Islam. In the area of Solomans Temple is the Dome of the Rock, a golden domed mosque containing the rock on which

Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son and from which the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) made his ascent into heaven. IMPORTANT PLACES OF THE WORLD Al-Aqsa Mosque Alexandria Gaza Greenwich Pentagon Tel AVIV Pearl Harbor This mosque is in Jerusalem. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) stayed here during his Mairaj Journey Alexandria is the famous city and an important sea port of Egypt It is famous city of Palestine It is a town near London through which passes the Meridian It is the Headquarters of US Army which is located in Washington (DC) Tel Aviv is the third largest town in Israel. It is famous for the art galleries museum, and theatres Was a American naval base in Hawaii. The Pacific Fleet of the USA was there when Japanese aircraft attacked it on 7 December 1941. The attack resulted in the sinking of several American battleships and the destruction of more than 200 aircraft. Its result was to bring the USA into the Second World War. Is the headquarters of the US Department of Defence in Washington? Is the largest desert in the world, covering about 9,065,000 sq km of North Africa from the Atlantic Occean to the Red Sea, about 4,830 km by 1,930 km north to south. The terrain includes sand hills, rocky wastes, tracts of gravel, and fertile oasis. The central plateau, about 305 m above sea level, has mountain groups 9Ahagger, Air and Tibesti), some of which rise well over 1,829m. Rainfall averages from less than 12.7 cm to 25 cm annually (dry periods may last for several years), and temperatures may soar higher than 135oF (57oC) and plunge below freezing at night. Natural resources include oil, iron ore, natural gas, and phosphates Is the Asian region of Russia, extending from the Ural mountains to the Pacific Ocean; area 12,050,000 sq km features long and extremely cold winters, forests covering about 5,000,000 sq km; the Siberian tiger, the worlds largest cat, is an endangered species. Was an ancient and medieval overland route of about 6,5400 km by which silk was brought from China to Europe in return for trade goods; it ran west via the Gobi Desert, Samrkand, and Antioch to Mediterranean ports in Greece, Italy, the Middle East and Egypt. Buddhism came to China via this route, which was superseded from the 16th century by sea trade. Is in the Egypt linking the Gulf of Suez (an arm of the Red Sea) to the eastern Mediterranean. About 160 km long, the canal cut over 6, 400 km from the route from Britain to India and has been a major commercial waterway since its opening in 1869. It has a minimum, width of 54 m, a depth of almost 12 m. and

Pentagon Sahara Desert

Siberia

Silk Road

Suez Canal

no locks. Work began in 1859 under Ferdinand de Lesseps, In 1875 Britain acquired the canal from the Ottoman ruler of Egypt. In 1956 it was nationalized by President Jamal Abdul Nasir, prompting an invasion by Britian, France and Israel,. After UN intervention, the canal reopened in 1957 under Egyptian control. It remains during closed during the Arab-Israeli War of1967, but cleared in 1974 and reopened in 1975.

WORLD SUMMARY Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Bhutan Bosnia Herzegovina Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Central African Republic Chile China Colombia Congo Republic Croatia Cuba Location In SW Asia SE Europe IN NW Africa form Mediterranean Sea into Sahara Desert In SW Africa on Atlantic coast South of America SW Asia SE of Asia In S Central Europe SW Asia SW Asia in Persian Gulf IN S Asia on N bend of Bay of Bengal E Europe In W Europe on N Sea S Asia On Balkan Peninsula in SE Europe Occupies E half of South America IN SE Asia SE Europe in E Balkan Peninsula on Black Sea SE Asia on Indo China Peninisula N America In Central African Occupies West coast of S South America Occupies most of the habitable maintained of E Asia At the NW corner and South America IN W Central Africa SE Europe In the Caribbean west most of West Indies Capital Kabul Tirane Algeria Luanda Buenos Aires Yarevan Canberra Vienna Baku Manama Dhaka Minsk Brussels Thimphu Sarajevo Brasilia Bender Seri Begawan Sofia Phnom Penh Ottawa Bangui Santiago Beijing Bogota Brazzaville Zagreb Havana Currency Afghani Lek New Kwanza Pesu Dram Australian Dollar Schilling Manat Diner Taka Ruble Franc Ngultrum Marka Real Brunei Dollar Lev Riel Canadian Dollar CFA Franc Peso Yuan Peso CFA Franc Kuna Cuban Paso

Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungry India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea (North ) Korea South Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lebanon Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malaysia Maldives Mauritius Maxine Morocco

In the eastern Mediterranean Sea, off Turkish coast IN E Central Europe In N Europe In NW South America Northeast corner of Africa In E Asia, on SW coast of Red Sea E Europe In East Africa In Western Europe In SW Asia In Central Europe Occupies southern and of Balkan Peninsula in SE Europe IN E Central Europe Occupies most of the Indian Subcontinent in S Asia Archipelago SE of Asian Mainland Between the Middle East and S Asia In the Middle East occupying most of historic Mesopotamia In the Atlantic W of Great Britain Middle East, on E and of Mediterranean Sea IN S Europe, jutting Rome into Mediterranean Sea East coast of Asia In Middle East In Central Asia North E Asia In northern E Asia In Middle East at N and of Persian Gulf In Central Asia E Europe o the Baltic Sea In Middle East On Mediterranean coast of N Africa IN E Europe In W Europe In SE Europe On the SE tip of Asia In the Indian Occupies SW of India In the Indian Occupies E of Madagascar In Southern North America On NW coast of Africa

Nicosia Prague Copenhagen Quito Cairo Asmara Tallian Addis Ababa Paris Tbillsi Berlin Athens Budapest New Delhi Jakarta Tehran Baghdad Dublin Jerusalem Rome Tokyo Amman Almaty Pyongyang Seoul Kuwait City Bishkek Riga Beirut Tripoli Vinius Luxembourg Skopje Kuala Lumpur Male Post Louse Mexico Rabat

Pound Ceska Koruna Krone Sucre Epstein Pound Nafka Kroon Birr Franc Lari Deuschemark Drachma Forint Rupee Rupiah Rial Dinar Pound New Shekel Lira Yen Dinar Tenge Won Won Kuwaiti Dinar Som Lats Pound Dinar Litas Franc Dinar Ringgit Rufiyaa Rupee New Peso Durham

Myanmar (formerly) Burma Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Philippines Poland Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovakia Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uzbekistan Vietnam

Between S and SE Asia Astride the Himalayas Mountains In NW Europe on North Sea In SE Pacific In Central America In the Interior of N Africa On the S coast of W Africa W part of Scandinavian peninsula in NW Europe On SE cost of Arabian Peninsula In W part of South Asia SE of Asia On the Baltic Sea E central Europe Middle East SE Europe, on the Black Sea Stretches from E Europe across N Asia to the Pacific Ocean Occupying most of Arabian Peninsula in Middle East In SE Asia IN E Central Europe Occupies the eastern horn of Africa At the southern of Africa IN SE Europe SE coast of Indian ocean At the E end of Sahara desert On Scandinavian Peninsula in N Europe In Central Europe Middle East Off SE coast of China Central Asia In SE Asia Occupying Asia Minor Ankara stretches into continental Europe In Central Asia In E Central Africa In E Europe Middle East Off NW coast of Europe North America Central Asia SE Asia

Yangen Katmandu Amsterdam Wellington Managua Niamey Abuja Oslo Muscat Islamabad Manila Warsaw Doha Bucharest Moscow Riyadh Singapore Bratislava Mogadishu Pretoria Madrid Colombo Khartoum Stockholm Bem Damascus Taipel Dushanbe Bangkok Ankara Ashgabat Kampala Kiev Abu Dhabi London Washington Tashkent Hanol

Kyat Rupiya Guider Dollar Cordoba France Naira Krone Riyal Omani Rupee Peso Zloty Riyal Leu Ruble Riyal Dollar Koruna Shilling Rand Peseta Rupiyala Pound Krone Franc Syrian Pound New Taiwan D Ruble Baht Lira Manat Shilling Hryvna Durham Pound Dollar Som Dong

Yemen

Middle East on the S coast of the Arabian Peninsula

Sanaa

Rial

IMPORTANT WORLD ORGANIZATION

United Nations (UN) oo. After the failure of League of Nations (19191946), the United Nations Organization was established after the 2nd World War on 24 October 1945. pp. Aim To maintain international peace and promote cooperation in solving international economic, social and humanitarian problems. qq. Members o The Charter was signed by five permanent members of Security Council France, China, USSR, UK and USas well as 46 other signatories. o Currently192 countries are member of UN. rr. Major bodies of UN. Following are major bodies:o Security Council. o General Assembly. o International Court of Justice. o Human Rights Council. o Economic and Social Council. o Trusteeship Council. Organization of the Islamic Countries (OIC) ss. Since 19th Century, many Muslims had aspired to uniting the Muslim Ummah to serve their common political, economic, and social interests. The formation of the OIC took place in the backdrop of the loss of Muslim holy sites in Jerusalem. This cause sufficiently compelled leaders of Muslim nations to meet in Rabat to establish the OIC on 25 September 1969. tt. Aims

o To preserve Islamic social and economic values. o Promote solidarity amongst member states. o Increase co-operation in social, economic, cultural, scientific and political areas. o Hold international peace and security. o Enhance education, particularly in the fields of science and technology. uu. Members. 57 members.

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) vv. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an international organization of states that considered themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power block during the cold war era. It was founded in 1961. ww.Aim. To remain the non-aligned states in power struggle between two major power blocks. xx. Founders of Movement. The movement was largely the brainchild of :o Indias first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. o President of Egypt, Jamal Abdul Nasser. o Yugoslav President, Josip Broz Tito. yy. Members. 118 members. Some important members are Yugoslavia, India, Ghana, Pakistan, Algeria, Bangladesh, Libya, Sri Lanka, Egypt, Indonesia, Cuba, Colombia, Venezuela, South Africa, Iran, Malaysia, and, for some time, China. European Union (EU) zz. The Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 member states, located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, the EU was established by

Treaty of Maastricht in November 1993 upon the foundations of the European Economic Community. aaa.Members. Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and UK.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) bbb.NATO is an inter-governmental military alliance, based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. ccc.NATO Headquarters. NATO Headquarters are in Brussels (Belgium). The organization follows a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. For its first few years, NATO was not much more than a political association. However, the Korean War in 1953 galvanized the member states and an integrated military structure was built up. Presently, NATO forces are operating in Afghanistan. ddd.Member States (28). Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, UK, US, Greece, Turkey, Germany, Spain, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Albania and Croatia. Economic Co-operation Organization (ECO) eee.The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is an inter-governmental organization involving seven Asian and three Eurasian nations. The old name of ECO was RCD (Regional Cooperation for Development). The common objective is to establish a single market for goods and services, much like the European Union. ECO Secretariat and Cultural Department are located in Tehran, its Economic

Bureau is in Turkey and its Scientific Bureau is situated in Pakistan. The organization was founded by Turkey, Iran and Pakistan in 1985. It was renamed as ECO in 1992. fff. Member States (10). Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. It was expanded in 1992. South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) ggg.In the late 1970s, Bangladeshi President Zia Ur Rahman proposed the creation of a trade bloc consisting of South Asian countries. The idea of regional cooperation in South Asia was again mooted in May 1980. The Foreign Secretaries of the seven countries met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981. SAARC was established in 1985. hhh.Objectives. o To promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to improve their quality of life. o To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development. o To promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia. o To strengthen cooperation with other developing countries. o To strengthen cooperation among themselves at international forums on matters of common interest. o To cooperate with international and regional organizations with similar aims and purposes. iii. Members (8). Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan & Sri Lanka.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) jjj. A geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia. It was formed on 8 August 1967. kkk.Aims o To accelerate economic growth. o To ensure social progress. o To ensure cultural development. o To protect peace and stability of region. o To remove differences among member states. Common Wealth (CW) lll. The Commonwealth of Nations is an intergovernmental organization of 54 independent member states. The member states co-operate within a framework of common values and goals as outlined in the Singapore Declaration. These include the promotion of democracy, human rights, good governance, rule of law, individual liberty, egalitarianism, free trade, multilateralism and world peace. mmm.Members: 54

Group of Eight (G-8)

nnn.The Group of Eight is a forum for the governments of the eight richest countries in the world. It was created by France in 1975. ooo.Member States. France, US, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, Canada and Russia. League of Arab States ppp.The Arab League, officially called the League of Arab States is a regional

organization of Arab states in Southwest Asia, and North & Northeast Africa. qqq.Members. It was formed in Cairo on March 22, 1945 with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan after 1946), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria. Yemen joined as a member in May 1945. The Arab League currently has 22 members and four observers. rrr. Aims o To draw closer relations between member states. o To coordinate collaboration between member states. o To safeguard independence and sovereignty. o To consider the affairs and interests of Arab countries. International Monetary Fund (IMF) sss. An international organization that oversees the global financial system by following the macro-economic policies of its member countries, in particular those with an impact on exchange rate and the balance of payments. The International Monetary Fund was created in July 1944. It also offers loans, mainly to poorer countries. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C (US). ttt. Aim. It is an organization formed with a stated objective of stabilizing

international exchange rates, facilitating development and reconstructing world's international payment system. Its other aims are to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty. uuu.Members. 187 countries. World Trade Organization (WTO) vvv.The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. It was founded in 1995. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the worlds trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. WTO is an organization for liberalizing

trade. It is a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements and settle trade disputes. www.Aims
o

Settle trade problems between countries through discussions. To follow the 2 central WTO agreements. To settle disputes through a neutral procedure based on an agreed legal foundation.

o o

Members. 153 countries. Oil and Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) xxx.An intergovernmental organization created at Baghdad Conference in September 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. yyy.Members (12). The five Founding Members were later joined by nine other Members: Qatar, Libya, UAE, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador and Angola. zzz.Aims o To coordinate and unify the petroleum polices of member countries. o Ensure stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers. o Ensure a steady income to producer and a fair return on capital to those investing in the petroleum industry. Organization of African Unity (OAU) aaaa.The Organization of African Unity was established in 1963 in Addis Ababa. bbbb.Members. 53 cccc.Aims o To promote the unity and solidarity among African States. o To co-ordinate and intensify cooperation and efforts for a better life for Africans.

o To defend sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of each member. o To eradicate all forms of colonialism from Africa. o To promote international cooperation with due regard to Charter of UN and Universal Declaration of Human Rights. WORLD BIGGEST COUNTRIES (Population) Country China India US Indonesia Brazil Pakistan Bangladesh Nigeria Russia Japan Population Over 1,337 million Over 1181 million Over 309 million Over 231 million Over 192 million Over 169 million Over 162 million Over 154 million Over 141 million Over 127 million

WORLD BIGGEST COUNTRIES (Area) Country Russia Canada US China Brazil Australia India Argentina Kazakhstan Sudan Area Over 17 million kms Over 9.9 million kms Over 9.6 million kms Over 9.5 million kms Over 8.5 million kms Over 7.6 million kms Over 3.2 million kms Over 2.7 million kms Over 2.7 million kms Over 2.5 million kms

MOST POPULOUS CITIES OF THE WORLD City Tokyo, Japan Mexico City, Mexico New York, US Sao Paulo, Brazil Population Over 34 million Over 18 million Over 18 million Over 17 million

Mumbai, India Delhi, India Calcutta, India Buenos Aires, Argentina Shanghai, China Jakarta, Indonesia Los Angeles, US Dhaka, Bangladesh Osaka, Japan Rio De Janeiro, Brazil Karachi, Pakistan

Over 17 million Over 14 million Over 13 million Over 13 million Over 12 million Over 12 million Over 12 million Over 11 million Over 11 million Over 11 million Over 11 million

WORLD PRINCIPAL DESERTS Country Sahara North Africa Libyan North Africa Great Sandy Desert Australia Great Victoria Australia Syrian Middle East Gobi Mongolia Arabian Desert Saudi Arabia Kalahari Botswana Thar Pakistan, India Namib Namibia PRINCIPAL LAKES OF THE WORLD Caspian Sea, Central Asia Lake Superior, US-Canada Lake Victoria, Tanzania-Uganda Lake Aral, Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan Lake Huron, US-Canada Lake Michigan, US Lake Tanganyika, Tanzania-Congo Lake Baikal, Russia Great Bear, Canada Great Slave, Canada Lake Ontario, US-Canada Great Salt Lake, US Lake Winnipeg, Canada Lake Ladoga, Russia WORLD LAND-LOCKED NATIONS The term Land-Locked Nation is used for those countries which are surrounded by Name

other countries and do not have their own seaports or any link with the oceans or seas of the world. Following are the land-locked nations of the world. dddd.Africa: Uganda, eeee.Asia: Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Swaziland, Ethiopia, Burundi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Afghanistan, Bhutan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Armenia and ffff.Europe: Uzbekistan.

Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Serbia, Hungary, Macedonia, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Moldova, Slovakia Switzerland and Vatican City.

gggg.South America: Bolivia and Paraguay. FAMOUS INTERNATIONAL LINES hhhh.Maginot Line. French line of fortification; built in 1934 and spans from Switzerland to Belgium. iiii. McMahon Line. Boundary line between India and China demarcated in 1914. jjjj. Mannerheim line. Defence line built around 1939 in Finland under Mannerheim, a Finish soldier and statesman. kkkk.Oder-Neisse Line Boundary between Germany and Poland, established after the World War ll. llll. Radcliff Line. Boundary line between Pakistan and India demarcated by Cyril Radcliff. mmmm.Control line. Boundary line between Azad Kashmir and Indian-occupied Kashmir demarcated after 1971 war. nnnn.Curzon line. Polish- Russian frontier named after Lord Curzon. oooo.Durand line. Historic frontier between Pakistan and Afghanistan. pppp.Green line. 1949 Armistice lines established between Israel and its neighbours (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria) after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. qqqq.Hindenburg line. German line of fortification separating Germany from Poland. rrrr.Dateline. Imaginary line on the surface of the Earth opposite the Prime Meridian where the date changes as one travels east or west across it. ssss.16 Parallel. Line that divides Namibia and Angola tttt. 17 Parallel line. Line which once divided North and South Vietnam; abolished in 1975 on unification of the country. uuuu.24th Parallel. Frontier between Pakistan and India after dispute of Rann of Kutch in 1965. vvvv.38th Parallel. Line dividing North and South Korea wwww.49th Parallel. Line dividing US and Canada xxxx. BIGGEST, HIGHEST, LARGEST & LONGEST IN THE

WORLD Tallest Animal Giraffe Largest Archipelago Indonesia Fastest Bird Swift Largest Bird Ostrich Smallest Bird Humming Bird Longest Railway Bridge Huey P.Long Bridge, Louisiana (U.S.A.) Tallest Building Teipei 101, Taiwan Longest Irrigational Canal The Kalakumsky canal Longest Canal Suez canal Highest Capital La Paz (Bolivia) Largest City Tokyo Costliest City Tokyo Highest City Van Chuan (China) Largest Continent Asia Smallest Continent Australia

Biggest Country (Area) Russia Largest Country (population) China Largest Country (electorate) India Largest Creature Blue Whale Largest Delta Sunderban (Bangladesh & India) Largest Desert Sahara (Africa) Largest Desert (Asia) Gobi Largest Dam Grand Coulee Dam (U.S.A.) Highest Dam Hoover Dam (U.S.A.) Largest Diamond The Cullinan Largest Dome Astrodome, in Houston (U.S.A.) Largest Epic Mahabharat Largest Irrigation Scheme Lloyd Barrage, Sukkhur (Pakistan) Largest Island Greenland Largest Sea Mediterranean Sea Deepest Lake

Baikal (Siberia) Largest Lake(Artificial) Lake Mead (Boulder Dam) Highest Lake Titicaca (Bolivia) Largest Lake (Fresh Water) Superior (N.America) Largest Lake (Salt water) Caspian Largest Library United States Library of Congress, Washington D.C. Highest Mountain Peak Everest (Nepal) Longest Mountain Range Andes (S. America) Largest Museum British Museum, London Largest Ocean Pacific Biggest Palace Vatican (Italy) Largest Park Yellow Stone National Park (U.S.A.) Largest Peninsula Arabia Coldest Habitated Place Verkhoyansk (Siberia) Dryest Place Iqique (in Atacama Desert, Chile) Hottest Place Azizia (Libya, Africa)

Rainiest Place Mausinram (Meghalaya, India) Biggest Planet Jupiter Brightest Planet Venus Smallest Planet Pluto Highest Plateau Pamir (Tibet) Longest Platform Kharagpur (India) Longest Railway Trans-Siberian railway Largest Railway Station Grand Central Terminal, Chicago (U.S.A.) Longest River Nile (Africa) Largest River Amazon (S. America) Largest Sea-bird Albatross Brightest Star Sirius Tallest Statue Statue of Motherland, Volgagrad (Russia) Largest Radio Telescope New Mexico (U.S.A.) World's first Tramway New York Longest Railway Tunnel

Tanna (Japan) Longest Road Tunnel Mont Blanc Tunnel between France and Italy Highest Volcano Ojos del Salado (Andes, Ecuador) Most Active Volcano Maunaloa (Hawaii - U.S.A.) Longest Wall Great Wall of China Highest Waterfall Angel (Venezuela) Lowest Body Water Dead Sea Largest Zoo Kruger National Park, South Africa

PART-III (Misc Information) GREAT INVENTIONS Invention Air conditioning Airplane Automobile Hot air balloon Barometer Bicycle Atomic Bomb Year 1902 1903 1889 1783 1643 1818 1945 Inventor Willis Carrier Wilbur & Orville Wright Gottlieb Daimler Joseph & tienne Montgolfier Evangelista Torricelli Drais de Sauerbrun Robert Oppenheimer Country US US Germany France Italy Germany US

Thermonuclear (hydrogen) Bomb Calculus Modern calendar Motion picture camera Chronometer Pendulum clock Quartz clock Animal cloning Computer Dynamite Electrocardiogram Internal combustion engine Jet engine Steam engine Facsimile (fax) Fiber optics Fiberglass Photographic film Flask, vacuum (Thermos) Genetic engineering Helicopter Internet Laser Incandescent light bulb Locomotive Microphone Compound optical microscope Electron microscope Microwave oven Guided missile Motorcycle Pasteurization Periodic table Photocopying (xerography) Photography Movable type Printing press Radar Radio Refrigerator Revolver Richter scale Successful artificial earth satellite Communications satellite Sewing machine Steel-frame skyscraper Carbonated soft drinks

1952 1680s 1582 1895 1762 1656 1927 1970 1974 1867 1903 1859 1930 1698 1842 1955 1938 1884 1892 1973 1940 1969 1958 1879 1829 1878 1600 1933 1945 1942 1885 1864 1864 1937 1837 1450 1904 1896 1842 1835 1935 1957 1960 1830 1884 1772

Edward Teller Sir Isaac Newton Pope Gregory XIII Thomas Alva Edison John Harrison Christian Huygens Warren A Morrison John B Gurdon Micro-instrumentation Telemetry Systems Alfred Nobel Willem Einthoven tienne Lenoir Sir Frank Whittle Thomas Savery Alexander Bain Narinder Kapany Owens Corning (corp.) George Eastman Sir James Dewar Stanley Cohen & Herbert Boyer Igor Sikorsky Advanced Research Projects Agency Gordon Gould Thomas Alva Edison George Stephenson David E Hughes Hans & Zacharias Jansen Ernst Ruska Percy L. Spencer Wernher von Braun Gottlieb Daimler Louis Pasteur Dmitry Mendeleyev Chester Carlson Louis Daguerre Johannes Gutenberg Christian Hlsmeyer Guglielmo Marconi John Gorrie Samuel Colt Charles Richter & Beno Gutenberg Sergey Korolyov John Pierce Barthlemy Thimonnier William Jenney Joseph Priestley

US England Italy US England Netherlands Canada/US UK US Sweden Netherlands France UK England Scotland India US US Scotland US Russia/US US US US England UK/US Netherlands Germany US Germany Germany France Russia US France Germany Germany Italy US US US USSR US France US UK

Stainless steel Stethoscope Submarine Military Tank Telegraph Wired-line telephone Optical telescope Television Thermometer Thermostat Vaccination Electric vacuum cleaner Electric washing machine World Wide Web X-ray imaging

1914 1819 1620 1915 1832 1876 1608 1927 1724 1830 1796 1901 1907 1989 1895

Harry Brearley Ren Lannec Cornelis Drebbel Admiralty Landships Committee Samuel Morse Alexander Graham Bell Hans Lippershey Vladimir Zworykin & Philo Farnsworth Gabriel Fahrenheit Andrew Ure Edward Jenner Herbert Booth Alva Fisher Tim Berners-Lee Wilhelm Rntgen

UK France Netherlands UK US Scotland/US Netherlands USSR, US Italy UK England UK US UK Germany

GREAT DISCOVERIES Invention Year Inventor Blood Circulation 1628 William Harvey Blood Groups 1902 Karl Landsteiner X-rays 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen Germ Theory 1800 Louis Pasteur Vitamins 1900 Frederick Hopkins Penicillin 1920 Alexander Fleming Vaccination 1796 Edward Jenner Insulin 1920 Frederick Banting Oxygen 1770 Joseph Priestley Atomic Theory 1808 John Dalton The Electron 1897 J.J. Thomson Radioactivity 1890s Marie Curie Law of Falling Bodies 1604 Galileo Galilee Universal Gravitation 1666 Isaac Newton Special Relativity 1905 Albert Einstein Neutron 1935 James Chadwick Movement of the Earth 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus Planetary Orbits are Elliptical 1605 Johannes Kepler General Relativity 1919 Albert Einstein Expansion of Universe 1929 Edwin Hubble POLITICAL TERMS Adjournment motion Apartheid Agent Provocateur A point moved by a member of legislature to suspend normal business of the House and discuss a matter of urgent public importance. Policy of racial discrimination practiced by South Africa in the past by segregating the Non-Whites. Means provoking agent; a person sent during conflicts into adversarys ranks,

Attache Bilateral Agreement Coalition Cold War Charged Affairs Coup detat Envoy Genocide Theocracy Veto Amnesty Anarchism Annexation Authoritarian Balance of Power Blockade Bolshevism Buffer State Coexistence Confederation Demagogy Democracy Dictatorship Doves Embargo Fascism Fertile Crescent Fifth Column Free Trade

in the guise of an adherent to provoke compromising actions. A person attached to an ambassador having special knowledge of military, cultural or commercial affairs. An agreement arrived at between two parties. Two or more political parties combine to form a government when one party does not constitute the majority to do so. A state of tension between countries in which each side adopts policies to weakening the other, but falling short of actual war. An official in diplomatic mission who acts in the absence of ambassador. Bringing down a government by use of force. A person in diplomatic mission below the rank of ambassador. Mass killing of a minority or a religious community, e.g. extermination of the Jews by Hitler. A state based on religion e.g. Saudi Arabia and Iran. The right to reject. Generally exercised by a Chief Executive on a bill passed by the legislature. Act of the state pardoning political or other offenders. A political doctrine advocating the abolition of organized authority. Taking possession of territory belonging to another state. Dictatorial form of government, unlike a democratic system based on popular sovereignty. The theory that the strength of one group of powers should be equal to that of the other group, this preventing any domination and ensuring peace. Prevention of supplies from reaching an enemy by sea, either by placing ships outside an enemy port or by an attempt to cut off an entire country. An alternative name for Communism; considered insulting in the West. A state established or preserved between two greater states to prevent direct clashes between them. Existing together, or with each other. An association of several states which unite for the purpose of mutual cooperation and defence. Provoke peoples emotions and prejudices by means of lies and deception Government of the people, by the people and for the people. The absolute rule of a person or group without the consent of people. Individuals who advocate negotiation instead of military threat. Word used as opposite of Hawks, i.e. those who support war or aggressive policy. Preventing movement of ships of a foreign power. Also, suspension of trading with a particular state. A nationalist, anti-Communist, and authoritarian political creed founded by Benito Mussolini in Italy in 1919. The area between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf (present-day Jordan, Syria and Iraq) where the earliest civilizations grew. Once a fertile region, now largely and arid desert region. Secret fighters who bring uprising by spying and carrying out sabotage activities within the government ranks. An economic policy which does not differentiate between foreign goods and

Gestapo Hegemony Iron Curtain Isolationism McCarthyism Marxism Pentagon Referendum Socialism Totalitarian Zionism

local ones and thus gives no protection against foreign competitors. German secret police under the Nazis. Powerful influence exercised by one state over others states. The enforced water-tight separation of communist bloc countries in Eastern Europe from Western Capitalist societies by USSR during Cold War. Policy opposing US involvement European affairs. Practiced before WWII Intolerance of liberalism. Unhealthy and paranoid nationalism. Named after Senator Joseph McCarthy in the United States of America. Economic and political principles expounded by Karl Marx; similar to Socialism/Communism. Office of US Department of Defence at Washington DC. Asking people opinion by direct voting. A political and economic theory according to which people own and control production, distribution and exchange. Everyone has equal opportunity to develop his talents and wealth of the community is fairly distributed. Single-party dictatorial system of government with no power or opinion of people. A belief to establish an independent Jewish community in Palestine. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION

Aerodrome Aircraft Carrier Australasia Balfour Declaration Balkan States Balkan Wars Baltic States Benelux Union Big Ben Blitzkrieg Bourgeoisie Bundestag Caribbean Countries

Far East

An area marked for the landing and taking off of the Aero planes. A large naval warship with facilities of parking, landing and taking off of warplanes. The Australasia consists of Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and other islands of the South Pacific Region. A.J Balfour, British Foreign Secretary in 1917 declared that his government favoured the establishment of a state for Jews in Palestine. Balkans is the area which covers SE Europe. It comprises Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia Herzegovina and parts of Rumania and Turkey. These states are known Balkan States. The wars fought between Turkey against the combined forces of Bulgaria and Serbia from 1912 to 1913. The states (Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania) which lie on the South East Coast of Baltic Sea. Union of Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg established in 1948. The huge 14-ton bell in the clock tower of Westminster Palace in London. A German word meaning lightening war. A French citizen of mercantile class. Lower House of German Parliament. Countries lying in Caribbean region (between West Indies, E Central America and N South America). The Caribbean States include Antigua, Baroda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago. Collective the area of East and SE Asia bordering on Pacific Ocean; includes Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, China, Malaysia & Philippines.

Four Freedoms Gallup Poll Hippocrates Khad Lok Sabha Mesopotamia Middle East Monsoon Pulitzer Prizes Rajia Sabha Rashtrapati Bhawan Scandinavia Wars of Roses White House

Basic liberties which everybody has right to, namely, freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want and freedom from fear; popularized by US President F.D Roosevelt. Method of assessing public opinion by questioning a representative sample of population. It was invented by Dr Gallup. Greek physician (460-377 B.C). Popular as Father of Medicine. Secret Service of Afghanistan. Lower house of Indian Parliament. Old name for area between Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Region comprising Iran, countries of Arabian peninsula and the Mediterranean Seaboard viz. Egypt, Jordon, Iraq, Kuwait and Syria. A seasonal wind of Indian sub-continent. Annual awards endowed by Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911) for achievements in Journalism and Literature. Name of the upper house of the Indian Parliament. The official residence of Indian President in New Delhi. Peninsula in NW Europe comprising Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Denmark and Finland. Wars fought between Yorkists and Lancastrians (England) from 1455-1487. Official residence of US President in Washington DC.

SELECTED ABBRIVATIONS A.B.C A.B.M A.C.C A.D A.D.B A.D.C A.E.A A.G.P.R A.H A.I.D A.I.D.S A.L, A.M A.N.F A.P.H.C A.P.I A.P.W.A A.R.D A.S.E.A.N B.B.C Audit Bureau of Circulation; American Broadcasting Company Anti-Ballistic Missile Arab Cooperation Council Anno domini; in the year of our Lord Asian Development Bank Agricultural Development Corporation (Pakistan) Atomic Energy Authority Accountant General Pakistan Revenues Anno Hegira Agency for International Developments (US) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Arab League Ante Maridiem Anti-Narcotic Force All Parties Hurriyat Conference Associated Press of India All Pakistan Womens Association Alliance for the Restoration of Democracy. Association of South East Asian Nations British Broadcasting Corporation

B.C C.A.A C.B.R C.E.C CENTO C.I.A C.O.A.S C.S.P C.S.S E.E.C E.F.T.A F.D.I F.I.A F.I.F.A F.I.R F.P.S.C G.C.C G.H.Q G.M.A.T G.M.T G-77 G-8 I.A.T.A I.B I.L.O I.M.F I.M.O I.R.S.A I.S.I Interpol K.P.T K.R.L. L.A.T.A L.A.N L,T.V M.I M.T.C.R N.A.B N.A.D.R.A N.A.F.T N.A.M N.A.S.A N.A.S.S.C.O.M N.A.T.O N.D.C N.E.S.P.A.K

Before Christ Civil Aviation Authority Central Board of Revenue Chief Election Commissioner Central Treaty Organization Crimes Investigation Agency (Central Intelligence Agency Chief of Army Staff Civil Service of Pakistan Central Superior Service European Economic Community European Free Trade Association Foreign Direct Investment Federal Investigation Agency (Pakistan) Federal International de Football Association First Information Report Federal Public Service Commission The Gulf (Persian) Co-operation Council General Headquarters (Military) Graduate Management Admission Test Greenwich Mean Time Group of 77 Group of eight (8) International Air Transport Association Intelligence Bureau International Labour Organization International Monetary Fund International Maritime Organization Indus River System Authority Inter Services Intelligence International Crimes Police Karachi Port Trust Khan (Abdul Qadeer Khan) Research Laboratories Latin American Free Trade Association Local Area Network (computer) Light Transport Vehicle Military Intelligence Missile Technology Control Regime National Accountability Bureau National Database and Registration Authority North American Free Trade Agreement Non Aligned Movement National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Association of Software and Services Companies North Atlantic Treaty Organization National Defence Council- National Defence College National Engineering Services of Pakistan

N.G.R.A N.H O.K O.S.D P.A.W.E P.C.S.I.R P.I.D.C P.L.A P.L.O P.M P.O.W P.P.A P.P.L P.P.C.S P.R.C.S P.T.C.L P.T.D.C RADAR S.A.A.R.C U.A.E U.N.E.S.C.O U.N.H.C.R U.N.I.C.E.F U.S.A.I.D V.O.A V.O.G W.A.N.A W.A.P.D.A W.H.O W.T.O

National Gas Regulatory Authority Nishan-e-Haider All Correct, All Right Officer on Special Duty Pakistan Association of Women Entrepreneurs Pakistan Council for Scientific and industrial Research Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation Palestine Liberation Army Palestine Liberation Organization Post Meridiem Prisoner of War Pakistan Press Association Pakistan petroleum Limited Punjab Public Service Commission Pakistan Red Crescent Society Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation Radio, Angle, Direction and Range South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation United Arab Emirates United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nationals Human Rights Commission United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund United States Agency for International Development Voice of America Voice of Germany West Asia and North Africa Water and Power Development Authority World Health Organization World Trade Organization

PART-IV IMPORTANT EVENTS OF 20TH CENTURY

1900 Boxer Rebellion -The Boxers called themselves "I Ho Ch'uan," and their goal was the removal of foreign influence from China. At the beginning of that year, the Boxers began to attack and kill foreigners throughout China. The Imperial army, together with the Boxers, laid siege to the foreign legations in Peking. The European nations, along with the

United States and Japan, sent a force of 10,000 men, in an attempt to lift the siege. The force took 52 days to fight its way to Peking. On August 14th, the troops entered Peking and relieved the embattled legations. 1900 The Boer War -The Boer War was fought between Great Britain, the Boers of Transvaal (South Africa), and the nearby Orange Free State. The Boers demanded that Britain withdraw its troops, who were protecting the many British citizens who had come to the country. After achieving initial success, the Boers were defeated by reinforced British troops led by Field Marshal Frederick Marshalls. 1901 Australia Created - By virtue of an act of Parliament passed in July 1900, the Commonwealth of Australia came into being. The Commonwealth was created by uniting six separate former British colonies. There was a population of 3,772,000 (not including Aborigines). 1903 Panama Canal Constructed - The United States immediately recognized a new regime in Panama. The regime broke away from Columbia after Columbia rejectedthe HaysHerran Agreement for building a canal. Immediately upon recognition, the United States began negotiating for rights to build a canal across the isthmus. It received those rights, and construction began. 1904 Russo-Japanese War -The Russo-Japanese war erupted when negotiations over Korea and Manchuria broke down. The Japanese began the war with a successful surprise attack on the Russian fleet at Port Arthur. The port was then blockaded by the Japanese. Russian attempts to break the blockade failed after the battleship Petropavlosk was lost. Russia was also unsuccessful in ground battles with the Japanese, and eventually the Japanese surrounded Port Arthur both on land and at sea. 1906 Universal Suffrage Finland - Finland became the first country in Europe to give its women the right to vote. Within a year, there were women members of the Finnish Parliament.

1906 All India Muslim League - The Muslims of India founded the All India League. The League's goal was to strengthen the ties between India and the British Empire. India's Muslims created the League to counteract the growing strength of the Hindus. The League became the political vehicle of the Muslims of India. 1908 Dollar Diplomacy -"Dollar Diplomacy" received its terminology from the policy of additional support by the government for American enterprises abroad. This was particularly apparent in American relations with China. There, the American government intervened directly with the Chinese government on behalf of American bankers. 1911 Tripolitan War - The Italians declared war on Turkey in September. The Italians were interested in annexing Libya, the only available land in North Africa. All of the European powers opposed the action, but none were sufficiently motivated to take any action. The Italians expected the war to be brief, but it took them over a year to achieve victory against stiff opposition. 1912 War in The Balkans -War in the Balkans had been brewing since the spring, when an alliance was signed between Serbia and Bulgaria. Additional alliances were signed between Greece, Montenegro and Serbia. Together, these countries made demands on Turkey that were guaranteed to lead to war. Serbia and Greece subsequently declared war on Turkey. A Turkish attack on Bulgaria was a total failure and the Turks fell back to defensive lines outside Constantinople. The Serbs attacked deep into Macedonia. Greeks reached Salonika. With the Turkish Empire in Europe overrun, an armistice was signed. 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand Assassinated - Prince Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was assassinated in Sarajevo. The Archduke had been on a visit to Bosnia. The assassin was a Serbian nationalist whose co-conspirators were in Belgrade. The Serbians wanted to detach Bosnia from the Austro- Hungarian Empire.

1914 Austria Declares War on Serbia - In the aftermath of the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, Austria made ten demands of Serbia. These included the suppression of all publications critical of Austria-Hungary and the withdrawal of schoolbooks filled with propaganda against the Empire. Army officers, school teachers and government officials holding these views would have to be dismissed. Specific individuals would be targeted for arrest. Finally, an Austrian official would be appointed to monitor the fulfillment of these demands. The Serbians accepted all but the last demand. 1914 Germany Declares War -When the Russians came to the defense of the Serbs, the Germans had no choice but to go to war to defend their Austrian allies. Their strategy for war against Russia was the Schefffein Plan which called for an initial attack against France, Russia's ally. So, even though Germany had no dispute with France at the time, it still declared war against France. 1917 Russian Revolution - The February Revolution (which actually took place in March) began as a series of riots protesting food shortages and the ongoing unpopular war. Czar Nicholas II ordered the Dumas, the Russian Parliament, disbanded. Members of the Dumas refused to obey the dissolution order. When Nicholas called on the army to put down the rioters, the army mutinied. Nicholas II was forced to abdicate. A provisional government was formed, the most influential member being Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky. 1917 US Enter W.W.I - On April 6th, the US declared war on Germany. The vote was 90 to 6 in the Senate, and 373 to 50 in the House. The increase in U-Boat activity by Germany, combined with the interception of the Zimmerman telegram (which promised Mexico it would regain part of the United States if it entered the war on the German side), precipitated the final American decision to go to war. 1918 Wilson Announces 14 Point Plan - U.S. President Woodrow Wilson put forth fourteen points that he believed could be the basis for a settlement of the Great War. 1918 Armistice Signed in Europe - On November 11; an armistice was signed, bringing

the war in Europe to a conclusion. Five million allies and 3.4 million members of the central powers were killed in the conflict. Of that total, 50,585 Americans were killed in the war. 1919 Versailles Peace Conference -On June 29, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed, thereby officially ending World War I. Under the treaty's terms, Germany was forced to cede substantial territories, including Alsace-Lorraine. West Prussia was given to Poland, and the Polish "corridor to the sea" was created. The Saar, a coal-rich territory, was put under French control for 15 years, and the Rhineland was to be occupied by the Allies for 15 years, and then permanently demilitarized. Germany was to maintain an army no larger than 100,000 men, with no air force, and a navy of 6 ships. Germany was also forced to pay reparations of 20 billion marks. Lastly, the League of Nations was created. 1919 Massacre in Amritsar Erupts -The British instituted the anti-sedition Rowlatt Acts, which gave the government the power to intern agitators without trial. Mohandas Gandhi called for a day of work stoppages and fasting throughout India. This call, however, led to demonstrations and rioting. On April 13th, British General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on demonstrators at Amritsar in the Punjab of India. Three hundred and seventy-nine people were killed and nearly twelve-hundred were wounded. This marked a turning point for anti-British sentiments in India. From this point, public sympathy was firmly with the Nationalists who were demanding independence. 1920 Palestine Becomes British Mandate - Under terms agreed to at the Versailles Conference, the British government was given the mandate for Palestine. The conditions of the mandate were to be based on the terms set forth in the Balfour Declaration, with the exception that the Declaration would not apply to the area of Transjordan. 1922 Mussolini Seizes Power in Italy - In October, tens of thousands of Fascist supporters of Mussolini marched on Rome, demanding power. The government of Premier Facta requested the implementation of martial law, but King Emmanuel refused to sign the decree, leading to Facta's resignation. Emmanuel appointed Mussolini Prime Minister, and

gave him dictatorial powers in an effort to restore order. 1923 Treaty of Lausanne - After an unsuccessful military campaign against the Greeks, Turkey concluded a peace treaty with the Allies. Under the terms of the agreement, Turkey gave up all claim to non-Turkish territories lost in the course of World War I. It recovered however, Eastern Thrace. In the Agean, it received Imbros and Tenedos, but the rest of the islands went to Greece. Turkey paid no reparations. The Dardenelles were demilitarized, and open to all ships in time of peace and all neutral ships in time of war. 1924 Ibn Saud Takes Mecca - Ibn Saud had undertaken a campaign to unify Saudi Arabia. In October 1924, Ibn Saud captured Mecca, thereby coming close to achieving his goal. The next year, Medina and Jidda surrendered to Ibn Saud and, in January 1926, Ibn Saud became the King of the Hijaz. 1927 Television Invented - The first public demonstration of television was given when a speech of Commerce Secretary Hoover, given in Washington, was shown simultaneously to a group of investors in New York. The medium would eventually change the world. 1929 Stock Market Crash - The 1920's had been years of speculation on Wall Street. This all came to an end, however, on October 29th, on what became known as "Black Tuesday." By November 13th, the stock market had lost $30 billion in its market value -- a total of 40% of its value. The stock market crash was the first event of the Great Depression. 1933 Hitler Becomes Chancellor of Germany - Presidential elections were held in March 1932. Hitler's vigorous denunciation of the Versailles Treaty, together with his denunciation of Jews, was hugely popular in a Germany suffering from high unemployment and inflation. This appeal, however, failed to win him the election. General Hindenberg won instead. 1935 Germany Rejects Versailles Treaty - Adolf Hitler announced, on March 16th, that he was abrogating those portions of the Versailles Treaty that limited the size and weapons

of the German armed forces. 1936 Oil Found in Saudi Arabia - In 1936, Standard Oil of California discovered oil under the Saudi desert. The discovery of oil tranformed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia into one of the richest nations on earth. 1938 Germany Seizes Austria - "Anschluss" -On March 12, 1938, German troops invaded Austria. Hitler was received with great enthusiasm by the Austrian people, and he immediately announced that Austria had become part of the German Reich. The laws of Germany, including its anti-Semitic acts, were swiftly applied in Austria. 1939 Germans Enter Prague - In March 1939, the remaining parts of Czechoslovakia were dismembered by the Germans. The excuse used was the firing of the Premier of Slovakia. Prague was occupied and Czechoslovakian independence ended. The occupation of Czechoslovakia dashed the hopes of those who believed Hitler's ambitions were limited to merely uniting Germanic lands. 1939 Soviet-German Non-Aggression Treaty - In a stunning move, the Nazis and the Soviet Union signed a Non-Aggression Pact. The pact, whose terms were kept secret at the time, called for the dividing up of lands between Germany and the Soviet Union. Germany was to receive Western Poland and Lithuania, while the Soviet Union would get Eastern Poland, Estonia, Latvia and Finland. 1939 Germany Invades Poland - The German-Polish Crisis began in March, when the German government demanded that Danzig be turned over to Germany. In addition, the Germans demanded the right to construct an extra-territorial railroad across the corridor. The Poles refused, and the French and British pledged to aid the Poles. After the signing of the Non-Aggression Pact, all attempts at negotiations failed and the Germans and Poles mobilized for war. The British and the French did the same, reasserting that they would come to the defense of Poland. On September 1st, the Germans attacked, and on September 3rd, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany.

1941 Pearl Harbor - The American decision to impose sanctions on Japan, in response to the Japanese invasion of Indo-China, convinced Japanese leaders that war with the United States was inevitable. While the Japanese continued to negotiate in Washington, plans went ahead for military action. The Japanese were convinced that they could not win a war of attrition with the United States, so they planned a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, hoping that a decisive victory would be achieved, which would force the United States to negotiate. The Japanese attack was executed with precision and, despite having broken the Japanese code, the Americans at Pearl Harbor were caught unprepared, and the attack was successful. 1942 British are Victorious at El Alamein - German forces, under the command of Rommel, met the British forces, under the command of General Montgomery at El Alamein. Montgomery had a two-to-one advantage in tanks, and was victorious. The victory in El Alamain eliminated the German threat to the Suez Canal and the Middle East. 1944 D-Day - On June 6, 1944, 45 Allied divisions, with almost 3 million men led by General Eisenhower, began landing on Normandy Beach in France. Within three weeks, Allied troops had captured all of the Normandy peninsula and port of Cherbourg. By the end of August, Paris was liberated, and Allied forces continued toward Germany. 1944 Bretton Woods Conference - The United States was committed to establishing a framework for the post-war world that would ensure economic development and stability. In July 1944, it sponsored the U.N. Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. 1945 Yalta Conference - President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and Marshal Stalin, met at Yalta in the Southern Soviet Union. The meeting was a continuation of the earlier dialogue between Churchill and Stalin. In that meeting, Churchill and Stalin had discussed spheres of influence in post-war Europe, and Churchill was reported to have written down a list of countries in which he recorded both nations and percentages. Accordingly, he wrote down: Romania-90%, Soviets-10%, Allied Yugoslavia-50%, Allies-

50%. 1945 Germany Surrenders - On May 8, German forces officially surrendered. Signing for the Germans was Chief of Staff General Jodl. The surrender ceremony took place at Eisenhower's headquarters at Reims. 1945 Atomic Bomb Dropped on Hiroshima - On August 6, the US Airforce dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The city was destroyed and over 70,000 were killed immediately from the effects of the blast. Three days later, a second bomb destroyed Nagasaki. 1946 First Meeting of UN General Assembly - The first meeting of the UN General Assembly took place in London. Trygve Lie, a Norwegian diplomat, was elected the first Secretary General of the UN. 1946 First Electronic Computer - The first all-electronic computer was designed by John William Mauchly. The computer, called the ENIAC, weighed 30 tons. 1947 Marshall Plan Unveiled - On June 5th, Marshall gave a commencement address at Harvard. He stated: "It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed, not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desertion and chaos." 1948 South Africa Embraces Apartheid -In a general election, the coalition of United and Labor Parties, under Prime Minister Smuts, was defeated by a Nationalist Afrikaaner bloc, led by Daniel Malan. Malan's new government had been elected on a platform of racial segregation (apartheid), and soon this policy was implemented. The government outlawed marriages between whites and non-whites. It also passed the Group Areas Bill that divided the country into zones for separate ethnic groups.

1949 NATO Founded - The Berlin Blockade provided compelling evidence that, in order to deter the Soviets from further aggression, an alliance was necessary between nations of Western Europe and the United States. On April 4, 1949, the foreign ministers of Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United States formally signed the North Atlantic Treaty. The key paragraph was Article 5. It stated that "an armed attack against one or more of the European signatories or the North American signatories would be considered an attack against all of them." 1949 Communist Victory in China - The Nationalist Army essentially disintegrated after the fall of Tientsin and Peking. By July, the Nationalists announced that they would begin to withdraw to Taiwan. On October 1st, the People's Republic of China was officially proclaimed, with Peking as its capital. 1952 Polio Vaccine invented and developed in 1952 by Jonas Salk. 1953 Korean Armistice - On July 27, after three years, one month, and two days of fighting, the Korean War officially ended. The United States suffered 33,327 deaths and 102,000 wounded. The cost of the war was over $18 billion. 1956 Suez War - Following the Israeli War of Independence, the British, Americans and French, by mutual agreement, did not supply either the Israelis or the Arabs with significant quantities of armaments. In October 1955, Egypt signed an arms deal with Czechoslovakia, which provided Egypt with very significant quantities of weaponry. The arms deal, combined with continued fedayeen (armed terrorist) raids in southern Israel, convinced Israeli leaders that steps would have to be taken to alleviate the situation and that this would have to be done before Egyptian forces were able to achieve strategic predominance in the area. 1957 Sputnick Launched by Russians - On October 4, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite into space. The satellite, with a diameter of 22 inches, marked the beginning of the Space Age.

1959 Castro Seizes Power in Cuba - On January 1st, Fidel Castro marched into Havana after Cuban dictator Batista had fled. Castro, who had led the successful revolution against Batista, was widely welcomed-- even by the U.S. Castro soon signed a friendship treaty with the Soviet Union. He also confiscated large agrarian holdings. As far as the United States was concerned, these two actions transformed Castro from a freedom fighter into a Communist. 1960 U-2 Downed - A U-2 spy plane, piloted by Francis Gary Powers, was shot down by the Soviet Union. The downing resulted in the complete failure of the four-part summit meeting held in Paris on May 17, when President Eisenhower refused Khruschev's demand for an apology for past aggression against the USSR. 1961 Berlin Crisis-building of the Wall - From the time of the Vienna summit, East German exodus to West Germany began to skyrocket. The Soviets began to talk about war and, in July, the Soviets detonated the largest atomic bomb ever exploded, weighing in at 60 megatons. On August 13, the Berlin Wall went up, dividing East and West Berlin and ending the flow of refugees out of East Germany. 1962 Border War between China and India - China and India disputed their mutual border. The terrain was mountainous and often difficult to defend. In 1962, battles broke out between the two countries. On October 20, China launched a full scale attack on Indian positions. The Chinese routed the Indians, and India asked for US support. Two days later, the Chinese announced that they were implementing a cease-fire and withdrawing. 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis - In late August, 1962, American spy planes detected the building of missile sights in Cuba. Initially the government believed that these sites were defensive in nature. In fact, the Soviets, under Khrushchev, had decided to redress the strategic gap between the two world powers in one quick swoop by placing missiles in Cuba, thus providing the US with a very limited warning if attacked.

1963 March on Washington - Two hundred thousand people participated in the largest non-violent demonstration ever held to support the passage of civil rights legislation. At the rally, Dr. Martin Luther King stated: "I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: we hold these truths to be self evident; that all men are created equal." 1967 Che Guevera Killed in Bolivia - Ernesto "Che" Guevera was killed by Bolivian troops hunting down Bolivian rebels. Guevera, who was Argentinean by birth, was a close aide to Fidel Castro, and was responsible for exporting the revolution to countries in South America. 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassinated - On April 4, a lone assassin killed Dr. Martin Luther King, America's leading civil rights activist. Dr. King had been on the forefront of the non-violent struggle to obtain civil rights for Blacks. James Earl Ray was later convicted of the assassination. 1969 Concorde Airborne - On March 2, the first prototype of the Concorde made its maiden flight. The Concorde was the product of a joint venture of the British and French Aerospace industries. It took over 20 years to bring the plane from the drawing boards to commercial flight. The Concorde entered commercial service in 1975. The Concorde is configured to carry 128 passengers, and is flown daily by Air France and British Airways on TransAtlantic flights. 1969 Apollo 11 - Apollo 11, with Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin Aldrin, Jr., lifted off for the moon on July 16. On July 20t, while on the far side of the moon, the lunar module, called "Eagle," separated from the "Columbia." After a careful visual inspection, Eagle fired its engine and began its descent. Despite four-alarm bells and a descent that took the lunar module to a boulder-strewn area, Armstong landed the Eagle on Tranquilty Base. Six and a half hours after landing, Armstrong made his descent to the moon surface and made the famous statement: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." After 21 hours and 36 minutes, Eagle fired its ascent engines and rendezvoused

with the Columbia for the return flight. The astronauts returned to earth on July 24, welcomed as heroes. 1972 Nixon Visits China - In 1969, President Nixon began making moves to establish some level of relations with the China. China responded to the American initiative after its border-dispute with the Soviet Union almost escalated into war. At the same time, the US removed the 19-year-old patrol of the Taiwan Straits. 1975 Pol Pot Takes Over Cambodia - On April 17, Communist forces captured Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia. The new communist regime was headed by Pol Pot, who ruthlessly tried to remake Cambodia. He implemented the forced relocation of millions of people, resulting in the deaths of at least hundreds of thousands of individuals. The world stood by as the deaths mounted. 1979 Soviets invade Afghanistan - Soviet troops poured into Afghanistan to support Hafizullah Amin, who had recently unseated Mohammed Taraki. The Soviets quickly sent 40,000 troops, but were unable to put down the rebellion launched by Taraki loyalists. The United States and Islamic countries began giving aid to the rebels, who were called the Mujahedeen. Afghanistan soon became the "Soviet Vietnam," tying up ever greater numbers of Soviet troops and resulting in countless body bags being sent back to Russia. 1979 Shah of Iran Ousted - Throughout 1978, demonstrations increased against the rule of the Shah. These demonstrations were fueled by religious leaders who opposed the Shah's Western outlook. The exiled Ayatollah Khomeini was especially effective in stirring opposition to the Shah. In August, a movie theater was set on fire by extremists in Abadan. On September 8, the Army opened fire on demonstrators, killing hundreds. 1980 Iraq- Iran War Breaks Out - Iraq invaded Iran. Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein decided to attack Iran for a number of reasons. Saddam feared the effect fundamentalism would have on the Shi'ite majority of his country. Furthermore, Iraq and Iran had had longstanding border disputes. Saddam also believed that the anarchy gripping Iran--

especially within the armed forces--made this an especially propitious moment to attack. The war lasted until 1988, and it is estimated that over 450,000 people died on both sides. 1982 Lebanon Phalanges Massacre at Sabre and Shatilla - On September 16, Lebanese Christian troops entered the refugee camps of Sabra and Shatilla. There, they opened fire on Palestinian civilians, killing hundreds. The Israelis were not directly involved in the massacres, but their presence nearby and their tactical control of the area resulted in sharp criticism of the Israeli Army at home and abroad. An Israeli commission of inquiry laid the blame on a number of Israelis, including Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon. 1982 War in the Falkland Islands - On April 2, the Argentinean military seized the Falkland Islands off the coast of Argentina. The islands had been administered by Great Britain. The Argentineans claimed the islands were part of Argentina and renamed them "The Malvinas." The British government announced that they would send a task force to recapture the islands.. 1986 Soviets Nuclear Disaster At Chernobyl - A Soviet nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear plant in the Ukraine, not far from Kiev, exploded, releasing fatal radiation to the surrounding areas. The disaster at Chernobyl was important, not just to the over 100,000 that would eventually be affected by the radiation, but for its overall impact on Soviet citizens. The initial explosion was ignored both locally and in Moscow. Only when Scandinavian monitors noticed the high level of radiation did Soviet officials admit what had happened and begin evacuating residents from the affected areas. 1986 Iran Contra Deal - The Reagan Administration confirmed that it had been selling arms to Iran, which was fighting a war with Iraq, in an effort to obtain the release of American hostages in Lebanon. Money from the sales was used to help the Contras fighting the Sandinista regime in Nicaragua. 1987 Gorbechav Campaigns for Glasnonst and Perosroika - Mikhail Gorbachev called for multi-party representation in local elections within the Soviet Union. The multi-party

elections brought the first taste of democracy to the Soviets. 1987 Intifada Begins - When an Israeli truck in the Gaza Strip hit and killed four people, Palestinians responded by violent protests. The violent protests led by the youth became known and the "Intifada." The Israelis found it very difficult to put down the uprising. 1988 Soviets Pull Out of Afghanistan - The Soviets agreed to remove their troops from Afghanistan. There was a total of 120,000 troops in Afghanistan at the time. The Soviet losses were estimated at 16,000 soldiers killed during the war in Afghanistan. 1989 Berlin Wall Comes Down - On October 18, the regime of Erich Hoenecker, the Communist leader of East Germany, fell. It succumbed to increasing riots, as well as a flood of East Germans leaving via the open borders of Hungary. On November 10, the new government announced the end of all travel restrictions, and soon thousands of Berliners took part in taking down the Berlin Wall that had divided the city for 27 years. 1989 Pro- Democracy Rallies in Tiananmen Square - In April; students in Peking began a series of demonstrations demanding democratization of China. These demonstrations culminated in the occupation of Tiananmen Square, the central square in Peking. As the student rally continued, a power struggle ensued inside the Chinese government. The hardliners won, and the order went out to clear the square. This was done with considerable loss of life. Mass arrests of the protesters followed. These events were broadcast live on television throughout the world. 1990 Germany United - On October 3, East and West Germany formally reunited. The newly-reunited Germany ended the division of Germany created with the end of World War II. 1990 Nelson Mandela Freed - Nelson Mandela, leader of the African National Congress, was released after spending 27 years behind prison walls. Mandela was released by President F.W. DeKlerk, as the first step in the creation of a multi-racial democracy.

1990 Gulf War Begins - On August 2, Iraq attacked Kuwait. Iraqi President Saddam Hussein had a number of claims against Kuwait, but most important among them was Iraq's longstanding assertion that Kuwait was actually part of Iraq. The U.N. Security Council passed a resolution demanding Iraqi withdrawal, and the US rushed troops to Saudi Arabia to defend it against an expected Iraqi attack. US President Bush put together an international coalition that massed in Saudi Arabia to force Iraq out of Kuwait. 1991 USSR Comes to a formal End - On December 21 representatives of 11 former Soviet Republics met in Alma Ata and signed the founding "Declaration of the Commonwealth of Independant States" a loose confederation of the former Republics. Four days later, Gorbachev announced his resignation and the Soviet Union ceased to exist. 1993 Israel and PLO Reach Accord - Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization reached an accord on an Israeli withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank town of Jericho. This interim agreement called for further negotiations on the status of the rest of the West Bank. The tentative agreement was signed in Washington on September 13; the full accord was signed in Cairo in May 1994. 1994 Nelson Mandela is Elected President of South Africa - Nelson Mandela was elected the first black leader of South Africa, after the country had its first free multiracial election. F.W. De Klerk became one of the Deputy Premiers. 1996 Taliban Capture Afghanistan - At the end of September, the Taliban captured Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan. The Taliban originated from a group of students studying at a fundamentalist Islamic school. In a period of two years, the insurgents took control of two-thirds of Afghanistan. Their advance was nearly unopposed. Many welcomed the Taliban, as they brought the first stability to Afghanistan since the Soviet invasion of 1979. However, the Taliban instituted strict Islamic law in all areas that they controlled, and were ruthless to their opponents. Seen in this picture is the public hanging of the former President of Afghanistan, Najibullah, and his brother, who had been living in

the UN compound in Kabul. The Taliban faced substantial opposition in the northern provinces, where opponents to the Taliban united in October to fight them. 1997 Britain Turns over Hong Kong to China - The long rule of Britain over Hong Kong came to an end on July 1, 1997. On that day, the sovereignty of the colony was turned over to China. China had agreed to maintain greater freedom in Hong Kong than was allowed in China itself. 1998 Northern Ireland Peace - Representatives of the Catholics and Protestants of Ireland, together with representatives of the Irish Republic and the United Kingdom, signed a major peace accord. US envoy former Senator Mitchell brokered the accord, and it was hoped it would bring to an end the bloodshed in Northern Ireland. 1999 Kosovo - Before the rise of Milosevic in Yugoslavia, the province of Kosovo, which was primarily populated by Moslem ethnic Albanians, had been granted extensive autonomy. Milosevic rescinded that autonomy, which resulted in growing resentment of Serbian control. It led to the rise of the KLA, which was dedicated to Kosovo independence. In order to avoid the slaughter that had taken place in Bosnia, NATO became actively involved in negotiating a peace settlement between the KLA and the Serbs. An agreement was reached between the KLA and the Serbs, which was accepted by the KLA and rejected by the Yugoslav government. NATO demanded that the Serbs accept the agreement and, when they refused, NATO began a bombing campaign that lasted 79 days. During the campaign, the Serbs engaged in an active campaign of ethnic cleansing of Kosovo, killing at least 10,000 ethnic Albanians. The bombing campaign, in which the US lost only two planes and no pilots, achieved its goal, and the Serbs withdrew from Kosovo, to be replaced by NATO peace-keeping forces.

PART-V IMPORTANT POLITICAL EVENTS AND ISSUES

The Objectives Resolution The Objectives Resolution was adopted on 12 March 1949 by the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. The resolution, proposed by the Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan,

proclaimed that the future constitution of Pakistan would not be modelled entirely on a European pattern, but on the ideology and democratic faith of Islam. It is also known as Magna Carta of Pakistan. The Objectives Resolution proclaimed the following principles: 1. Sovereignty belongs to Allah alone but He has delegated it to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him as a sacred trust. 2. The State shall exercise its powers and authority through the chosen representatives of the people. 3. The principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam, shall be fully observed. 4. Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accordance with the teachings of Islam as set out in the Qur'an and Sunnah. 5. Adequate provision shall be made for the minorities to freely profess and practice their religions and develop their cultures. 6. Pakistan shall be a federation. 7. Fundamental rights shall be guaranteed. 8. The judiciary shall be independent. The Objectives Resolution, which combines features of both Western and Islamic democracy, is one of the most important documents in the constitutional history of Pakistan. At the time it was passed, Liaquat Ali Khan called it "the most important occasion in the life of this country, next in importance only to the achievement of independence". It is included in the Annex of the current Constitution of Pakistan by virtue of Article 2A of the Constitution. One Unit

Pakistan was without a constitution, even after eight years of existence. The main reason was believed to be the fact that there were two unequal wings of Pakistan separated from each other by more than a thousand miles. To diminish the differences between the two regions, the Government of Pakistan decided that all the four provinces and states of West Pakistan should be merged into one unit. To this end, Prime Minister Muhammad Ali made the first official announcement on November 22, 1954, enumerating the benefits of having one unit or province. On September 30, 1955, the Assembly passed the bill merging 310,000 square miles into a single province, with Lahore as its provincial capital. West Pakistan had formerly comprised three Governor's provinces, Chief Commissioner's province, a number of states that had acceded to Pakistan, and the tribal areas. Geographically, they formed a homogenous block with easy communication, but with marked linguistic and ethnic distinctions. The result of the new bill was to unify these various units into one province to be known as West Pakistan. The Bill was hailed as a measure of administrative rationalization as it was likely to reduce the administrative expenditure. It was claimed that one unit of West Pakistan would eliminate the curse of provincial prejudices. The problem of representation of various units in the proposed Federal Legislature had been a big hurdle in the way of making a Constitution and it was said that with the removal of this hurdle, the formation of the Constitution would now speed up. Dr. Khan Sahib was appointed as the first Chief Minister of the One Unit, while Mushtaq Ahmad Gurmani was appointed as the first Governor of West Pakistan. Dr. Khan Sahib's ministry, however, came to an end when the President himself took over the administration. Subsequently, Sardar Abdur Rashid and Muzzaffar Ali Qazilbash were appointed Chief Ministers of that province in succession. While the One Unit scheme in West Pakistan could be supported on various grounds, the method of its establishment was not free from criticism. The government wanted to introduce the One Unit Scheme by an executive decree, which it could not do. So the Central Government dismissed the Ministry in Punjab, Sindh and former N W F P. One Unit continued until General Yahya Khan dissolved it on July 1, 1970. First Martial law Martial law is the imposition of military rule by military authorities over designated

regions on an emergency basis usually temporarily onlywhen the civilian government or civilian authorities fail to function effectively (to maintain order and security, and provide essential services), when there are extensive riots and protests, or when the disobedience of the law becomes widespread. In most cases, military forces are deployed to quiet the crowds, to secure government buildings and key or sensitive locations, and to maintain order. Generally, military personnel replace civil authorities and perform some or all of their functions. The constitution could be suspended, and in full-scale martial law, the highest ranking military General would take over, or be installed, as the military governor or as head of the government, thus removing all power from the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the federal government. Martial law has been declared in Pakistan three times. In the first instance President Iskander Mirza abrogated the Constitution in 1958 and declared martial law over the country. Second time was when General Yahya Khan declared martial law in March 1969. Third time it was declared by the General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. In 1999 General Pervaiz Musharraf dislodged the elected prime minister Nawaz Sharif and became the Chief Executive of the country. Ayub Khan Muhammad Ayub Khan (May 14, 1907 April 19, 1974) was the first military ruler of Pakistan, serving as the second President of Pakistan (19581969). He became the Pakistan Army's first native Commander-in- Chief in 1951, and was the youngest full general and only Field Marshal in Pakistan's military history. As a result of his having control of the Pakistan Army, Ayub deposed Mirza on October 27 in a bloodless coup. In 1960, he held an indirect referendum of his term in power. Functioning as a kind of Electoral College, close to 80,000 Basic Democrats elected were allowed to vote yes or no to the question. Ayub Khan introduced the Muslim Family Laws and land reforms. He undertook major economic reforms by encouraging the businessmen to launch new ventures which laid down industrial base in the country. Basic premise of this approach was trickle down but the benefits of that boom could not benefit the common people which ultimately resulted into political discontent. He also shifted capital from Karachi to Islamabad. At

political front Ayub Khan denied space to his political opponents. 1965 war with India was a major event of Ayub era. In post war era, Tashkand Agreement was signed by Indian Prime Minister Shastri and President Ayub, which was not welcome by majority in Pakistan. That was exploited by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, who later on led a political movement against him. On foreign policy front he cultivated close military ties with the United States to act as bulwark against communism. He signed Indus water treaty with India with the mediation of World Bank to resolve the lingering water dispute. Ayub Khans foreign minister took initiative to improve ties with China by resolving border claims. Indus Water Treaty (1960) The Indo-Pak dispute over the sharing of the Indus River system has not been as contentious as one would expect it to have been. The Indus Water Treaty of 1960, between India and Pakistan is cited as one of the few examples of successful resolution of a major dispute over an international river basin. It is the largest, contiguous irrigation system in the world, with a command area of about 20 million hectares and annual irrigation capacity of over 12 million hectares. The partition of the Indian sub-continent in 1947 put the headwater of the basin in India, while Pakistan received the lower part of the basin. A serious dispute over the river-water occurred in 1948, when India cut off water supplies to some Pakistani canals at the start of the summer irrigation season. The consequent negotiations between the two countries did not resolve the problem. The water flow cut off by India affected 5.5 percent of Pakistans culticated area and put tremendous strains on the new country. After nine years of negotiations, the Indus Waters Treaty was finally signed on September 19, 1960, with the cooperation of the World Bank. The salient features of the Indus Waters Treaty are: yyyy.Three Eastern rivers namely Ravi, Sutlej and Beas were given to India. zzzz.Three Western rivers, Indus, Jhelum and Chenab were given to Pakistan. aaaaa.Pakistan to meet the requirements of its Eastern river canals from the Western rivers by constructing replacement works. bbbbb.Safeguards incorporated in the treaty to ensure unrestricted flow of waters in the Western rivers.

ccccc.Both parties were to regularly exchange flow-data of rivers, canals and streams. ddddd.A permanent Indus Waters Commission was constituted to resolve the disputes between the parties. The Treaty set out the procedure for settlement of the differences and disputes. It also provided for settlement of disputes through the International Court of Arbitration. Thus, future prospects persuaded the two countries to agree to a partition of the Indus Basin water. Both countries were expected to exploit their respective water shares with the help of an Indus Basin Development Fund to be administered by the World Bank. 1965 Indo-Pak War The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April and September 1965 between India and Pakistan. This conflict became known as the Second Kashmir War fought by India and Pakistan over the disputed region of Kashmir, the first having been fought in 1947. The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in Kashmir and along the International Border between India and Pakistan. This war saw the largest escalation of troops in Kashmir since the Partition of British India in 1947, a number that was overshadowed only during the 20012002 military standoff between India and Pakistan. Most of the battles were fought by opposing infantry and armoured units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations. Pakistan had made progress in areas such as Tithwal, Uri and Punch and India had captured the Haji Pir Pass, eight kilometers into Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. On September 1, 1965, Pakistan launched a counterattack, called Operation Grand Slam, with the objective to capture the vital town of Akhnoor in Jammu, which would sever communications and cut off supply routes to Indian troops. India crossed the International Border on the Western front on September 6, marking an official beginning of the war. India's 1st Armoured Division, labelled the "pride of the Indian Army", launched an offensive towards Sialkot. The Division divided itself into two prongs, was forced back by the Pakistani 6th armoured division at Chawinda and was forced to withdraw after

suffering heavy losses of nearly 100 tanks. The Pakistanis followed up their success by launching Operation Windup, which forced the Indians back farther. Similarly, Pakistan's pride, the 1st Armoured Division, pushed an offensive towards Khem Karan, with the intent to capture Amritsar (a major city in Punjab, India) and the bridge on River Beas to Jalandhar. The war was heading for a stalemate, with both nations holding territory of the other. Later on former Soviet Union offered her good offices for mediation between India and Pakistan which resulted in Tashkand Agreement. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (January 5, 1928April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the fourth President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. He was the founder of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), the largest and most influential political party in Pakistan. His daughter Benazir Bhutto also served twice as prime minister; she was assassinated on December 27, 2007. He gave the third Constitution to the country and established civilian authority over the armed forces in the political setup. In early 1972, Bhutto nationalized ten categories of major industries and withdrew Pakistan from the Commonwealth of Nations and SEATO. On March 1, he introduced extensive land reforms. On July 2, 1972, he signed the Simla Agreement with India for exchange of the occupied territories and release of Prisoners of War. After the 1973 Constitution was promulgated, Bhutto was elected by the House to be the Prime Minister, and he was sworn in on August 14, 1973. Zulifikar Ali Bhutto was the founder of Pakistan's nuclear programme. Simla Agreement The Simla Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan on July 2, 1972. It followed from the war between the two nations in the previous year that had led to the independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh. The agreement laid down the principles that should govern their future relations. It also conceived steps to be taken for further normalization of mutual relations. Most importantly, it bound the two countries to settle

their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiation. Both sides further undertake to refrain from threat or the use of force in violation of Line of Control. The agreement also paved the way for diplomatic recognition of Bangladesh by Pakistan. The agreement has been the basis of all subsequent bilateral talks between India and Pakistan, though it has not prevented the relationship between the two countries from deteriorating to the point of armed conflict. The treaty was signed in Simla, India, by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the President of Pakistan, and Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India. Judicial Crises in Pakistan Judicial crisis in Pakistan started when former president Mr. Pervez Musharraf filed a petition against the Chief Justice of Pakistan Mr. Iftikhar Chaudhary. On March 9, 2007, Chaudhry was suspended by Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf. It was the first time in the 60-year history of the Pakistani Supreme Court that a Chief Justice was suspended. This action resulted in the movement initiated by all lawyers in Pakistan who stood against Musharraf and demanded restoration of the suspended judges. This created instability in the country. The other political parties also supported the judges and resulted in various activities such as long march, country wide protests, political unrest, suspension of overall judiciary functions etc. Many of the analysts view the judicial crisis as one of the major reasons for the downfall and resignation of Musharraf. This crisis resulted in decline in investment. On July 20, 2007, Iftikhar Chaudhry was reinstated to his position as Chief Justice in a ruling by the thirteen-member bench of the Supreme Court headed by Justice Khalil ur Rehman Ramday. Later on in November 2007 emergency was imposed by General Musharraf and again Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhary was dislodged from his office.The Lawyers' Movement announced a "long march" for the restoration of the judges, especially Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry from 12 to 16 March 2009. The government of Pakistan refused to reinstate the judges and declared section 144 in effect in three of the four provinces of Pakistan thereby forbidding any form of gatherings of the "long march". Arrangements were made to block all roads and other means of transport to prevent the lawyers from reaching the federal capital, Islamabad. Workers of the main political parties in opposition and the lawyers movement as well as other known persons from the civil

society were arrested. Despite these efforts, the movement continued and was able to break through the blockade in Lahore en route to Islamabad in the night between 15 and 16 March 2009. On March 16, 2009, the prime minister of Pakistan restored Chaudhary Iftikahar as Chief Justice of Pakistan through an executive order. Energy Crisis in Pakistan The current energy crisis in Pakistan is the most galling problem of Pakistans history. Serious energy shortage, massive load-shedding and lowest ever strategic oilresources are emerging as major risk to the economic growth of the country. The situation, it appears, will not be any better in the days ahead given the political uncertainty and policy-planning-failure over the last few years. In the wake of the looming energy crisis in the country, the supply-end has to be substantially increased on a war footing in order to avoid any severe consequences that such a massive shortage of energy as experienced in the recent months could damage the socio-economics and the sovereignty of the country. The multi-dimensional on going energy crisis has been having a knock on the life of every Pakistani and has shaped up into a matter of national concern. In the present age, without sufficient energy, the wheel cant run on the roads, industry and agriculture cant sustain, hospitals and operation theaters cant function, schools and laboratories cant work and public and private sector businesses grind to a halt. This is indeed the situation which is prevailing in Pakistan at the moment. The shortage of sufficient and affordable energy has not left any of the above-mentioned institutions to operate smoothly. Pakistan is generating only 6000 MW of hydropower against the potential of forty thousand. This is the cheapest source of renewable energy and is also environment friendly. It has a potential of more than 41, 722 MW. The installed power generation capacity at the end of 2005 was, 19,560 MW, of which 65% was thermal, 33 % was hydroelectric and 2.4 % nuclear. The 33 % share of hydro-electricity power amounts to only 6,595 MW. We should not forget the fact that the projected lifetime of the existing natural gas and oil is just over 15 and nine years respectively. The average cost of hydel energy generation in Pakistan was Rs 0.50 per kilowatt hour in 2000-01. The annual per capita electricity consumption in Pakistan is around 320 KWH, and this only caters for 60 % of the population. Forty percent (40%) of Pakistanis still have no access to electricity. In view of these facts, the best solution to Pakistans energy/electricity crisis is hydropower. An

abundant, cheap, environment friendly and renewable source of energy has remained untapped. To meet Pakistans power requirements, WAPDA and the ministry of Water and Power developed a strategy called the Hydropower Development Vision 2025 in the year 2001. In vision 2025, a short term plan was developed and the commissioning date of 8 hydel projects with a total generation capacity of 716 MW was fixed on June 2006. These projects were proposed and designed as a run of river plants meaning one with little or no storage capacity, and in which no big reservoir is to be constructed. But unfortunately, with the exception of Ghazi Barotha, none of these projects could be completed. This root cause of the failure to provide the needed energy is lack of strategy for implementation. Sir Creek The Sir Creek is a 96 km disputed water strip between India and Pakistan in the Rann of Kutch marshlands. The creek, which opens up into the Arabian Sea, divides the Kutch region of the Indian state of Gujarat with the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located at approximately 2358N 6848E23.967N 68.8E. Originally and locally it is called 'Baan Ganga'. Sir Creek is named after the British representative. The long-standing dispute hinges in the actual demarcation "from the mouth of Sir Creek to the top of Sir Creek, and from the top of Sir Creek eastward to a point on the line designated on the Western Terminus". From this point onwards, the boundary is unambiguously fixed as defined by the Tribunal Award of 1968. The creek itself is located in the uninhabited marshlands. During the monsoon season between June and September, the creek floods its banks and envelops the low-lying salty mudflats around it. During the winter season, the area is home to flamingoes and other migratory birds. The dispute lies in the interpretation of the boundary line between Kutch and Sindh as depicted in a 1914 and 1925 map showing the Kori Creek as part of Sind province. At that time, the provincial region was a part of Bombay Presidency of British India. After India's independence in 1947, Sindh became a part of Pakistan while Kutch remained a part of India. India supports its stance by citing the Thalweg Doctrine in International Law. The law states that river boundaries between two states may be, if the two states agree, divided by the mid-channel. Though Pakistan does not dispute the 1925 map, it maintains that the Doctrine is not applicable in this case as it only applies to bodies of water that are

navigable, which the Sir Creek is not. India rejects the Pakistani stance by maintaining the fact that the creek is navigable in high tide, and that fishing trawlers use it to go out to sea. In April 1965, a dispute there contributed to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Later the same year, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson successfully persuaded both countries to end hostilities and set up a tribunal to resolve the dispute. A verdict was reached in 1968 which saw Pakistan getting 10% of its claim of 9,000 km (3,500 sq. miles). Siachen Glacier The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya Mountains at about 3530N 7700E35.5N 77.0E, just east of the Line of Control between India-Pakistan. India controls all of the Siachen Glacier itself, including all tributary glaciers. At 70 kms long, it is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and secondlongest in the world's non-polar areas. It falls from an altitude of 5,753 m (18,875 ft) above sea level at its head at Indira Col (pass) on the China border down to 3,620 m (11,875 ft) at its terminus. The Siachen Glacier lies immediately south of the great watershed that separates China from the Indian subcontinent in the extensively glaciated portion of the Karakoram that is sometimes called the "Third Pole." The world's highest battlefield is also located on the glacier at a height of 21,000 feet (6400 m) above the sea level. The glacier's region is the highest battleground on earth, where India and Pakistan have fought intermittently since April 1984. Both countries maintain permanent military presence in the region at a height of over 6,000 metres (20,000 ft). The site is one of the most eminent examples of mountain warfare. Balochistan Crises Pakistan, since her inception has been facing problems of national integration to a varying degree. The major religious, ethnic, linguistic and regional groups, whose loyalties are regional rather than national, have often remained in conflict with a larger sense of national identity. The country also, confronted such turmoil on more than one occasions in the past, former East Pakistan debacle and Balochistan Insurgency of the 70s are cases in point where the internal front challenged the external front. It can be said justly that, no

major investment in the economical as well as in the political field has been made in Balochistan since 1973. Tribal peculiarities, domestic political landscape, and external influences are note-mentioning for such disturbances which have never been addressed. Balochistan insurgency can therefore be termed as a case study in this respect. In the recent past, re emergence of the same phenomena has been observed. It must be remembered that the mistakes committed in 70s must now be turned to use, we may have millions of reasons for failure, but not a single excuse. The post 9/11 world has special interest in the region where we stand today, mainly due to the conflicting economic interests, race for the energy resources and emergence of new economic giants. To address the grievances of the people of Balochistan, the government of Pakistan should engage all the stakeholders of the province to evolve a viable solution. Solution should also be found for the problems of those groups who believe that only use of force can empower them. They should be persuaded to shun their violent struggle and to participate the electoral politics. Kala Bagh Dam The site of Kalabagh Dam is located 15 miles above the town of Kalabagh on the Indus river. The KBD will generate 3600 MW electricity. It is comparable to Tarbela (3478 MW),Mangla (1000 MW) and Warsak (240 MW). Thus it is going to be the largest hyrdo-electric project of Pakistan. Moreover the dam has the capacity to irrigate 24 lakh acres of land. The supporters of the KBD are of the opinion that all propaganda against the Dam is totally baseless and is merely a conspiracy against the Federation and Punjab. They say that the utility and feasibility of the project has been verified by the World Bank. The Dam does not pose any threat to any small province at all. According to the experts the project will neither cause floods nor any salinity and water logging problems because the normal reservoir water level shall remain 10 miles downstream of Nowshera. The KBD will submerge a total number of 27500 acres out of which 24500 acres belong to Punjab and 3000 acres to NWFP. Moreover out of the 250000 people to be dislocated in total area of 83000 acres the majority would come form Punjab. In addition the supporters of the Dam contend that there is no possibility of violation of any international principle because the 1991 water accord lays down the shares of all the provinces. Similarly a minimum quantity

of 10 MAF will continue to fall into the Arabian Sea even after the construction of the Dam and the fish production below Kotri will not be affected. Meaning of National Integration and Cohesion Integration means to become united. It is a process through which the parts are merged into a whole. For example, the smaller units are integrated into the whole. Integration also means the reconciliation of the interests of different parts or groups for the benefit of whole system or nation so that there could develop a national interest. National integration also means to integrate all the social and political groups of a society to form a nation. The prosperity of any country is not possible without national unity and cohesion. The Pakistani nation' comprises different areas and the people of different races. They speak different languages like Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto and Balochi but Islam is the common religion among them. It is the' base of national brotherhood and integration. Urdu was a medium of interaction among the people of different areas at the time of emergence of Pakistan; therefore, it was declared the national language of Pakistan. Today the regional and sub-national groups are at work to fan the centripetal sentiments, which have profound potential to damage federation. Militants also pose a serious threat to our social fiber and economic development which can further block our progress and prosperity. To defeat forces of extremism and regionalism, we must stand united. People's Republic of ChinaPakistan Pak-China relations dated back to early 1950s. Pakistan always supported Chinas claim over Taiwan. Following the 1962 Sino-Indian War, Pakistan's relations with the PRC became stronger and since then, the two countries have regularly exchanged high-level visits resulting in a variety of agreements. The PRC has provided economic, military and technical assistance to Pakistan. The relationship has been described by Hu Jintao as "higher than the mountains and deeper than oceans". Favourable relations with China have been a pillar of Pakistan's foreign policy. China strongly supported Pakistan's opposition to Soviet Union involvement in Afghanistan and was perceived by Pakistan as a regional counterweight to India. The

People's Republic of China's military relationship with Pakistan's military has often been regarded by the leaders of both countries as all weather and time tested. This relationship between two Asian countries, who are joined with a common border, is important in the world's geo-strategic alliances. The policy of having good relations between the armed forces was taken by the leaders to counter the balance of power in Asia. On the one hand Indian and Soviet Union, and on the other hand Pakistan and China's policies to counter it. In recent years this relationship has deepened even further by having defence agreements between Pakistan and China. China has been a steady source of military equipment to the Pakistani Army and has also helped Pakistan to set-up mass weapon production factories and has given technology assistance and modernized facilities as well. In the last 20 years, the countries are involved in the joint venture of several projects to enhance military and weaponry systems, which includes JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft, K-8 Karakorum advance training aircraft, space technology, AWACS, Al-Khalid tank and Babur cruise missile. The armies have a schedule for organising joint military exercises. China is the largest investor in the Gwadar Deep Sea Port, which is strategically located at the mouth of the Strait of Hormuz. In the past, China played a major role in the development of Pakistan's nuclear infrastructure, especially when increasingly stringent export controls in Western Countries made it difficult for Pakistan to acquire materials and uranium enriching equipment from elsewhere. China has supplied Pakistan with equipment to enrich its indigenous uranium to weapons grade. China also provided technical and material support in the completion of the Chasma Nuclear Power Reactor and plutonium reprocessing facility, which was built in the mid 1990s. China has also launched Pakistan's first satellite to orbit in 1990 because Pakistan had no Spaceport. However, Pakistan does have a space program, the Pakistan's Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) . Korean War (195053) The Korean War (195053) was a military conflict between the Republic of Korea, it was supported by the United Nations, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and People's Republic of China (PRC), with air support from the Soviet Union. The war began

on 25 June 1950 and an armistice was signed on 27 July 1953. The war was a result of the political division of Korea by agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War. The Korean peninsula had been ruled by Japan from 1910 until the end of that war. In 1945, following the surrender of Japan, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th parallel, with United States troops occupying the southern part and Soviet troops occupying the northern part. The failure to hold free elections throughout the Korean Peninsula in 1948 deepened the division between the two sides, and the North established a Communist government. The 38th Parallel became a political border between the two Koreas. Although reunification negotiations continued in the months preceding the war, tension intensified. Cross-border skirmishes and raids at the 38th Parallel persisted. The situation escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950. It was the first significant armed conflict of the Cold War. The United Nations, particularly the United States, came to the aid of the South Koreans in repelling the invasion. After early defeats by the North Korean military, when a rapid UN counter-offensive repelled the North Koreans past the 38th Parallel and almost to the Yalu River, the People's Republic of China (PRC) came to the aid of Communist North. With Communist China's entry into the conflict, the fighting took on a more dangerous tone. The rapid Chinese counter-offensive repelled the United Nations forces past the 38th Parallel. The Soviet Union materially aided North Korea and China. The threat of a nuclear world war eventually ceased with an armistice that restored the border between the Koreas near to the 38th Parallel and created the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), a 2.5-mile (4.0 km) wide buffer zone between the two Koreas. Central Treaty Organization The Central Treaty Organization (also referred to as CENTO, original name was Middle East Treaty Organization or METO, also known as the Baghdad Pact) was adopted in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. It was dissolved in 1979. U.S. pressure and promises of military and economic aid were key in the negotiations leading to the agreement, although the United States could not initially participate "for purely technical reasons of budgeting procedures." In 1958, the United

States joined the military committee of the alliance. It is generally viewed as one of the least successful of the Cold War alliances. The organization's headquarters were initially located in Baghdad (Iraq) 19551958 and Ankara (Turkey) 19581979. Cyprus was also an important location for CENTO due to its positioning within the Middle East and the British Sovereign Base Areas situated on the island. Modeled after the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), CENTO committed the nations to mutual cooperation and protection, as well as non-intervention in each other's affairs. Its goal was to contain the Soviet Union (USSR) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southwestern frontier. Similarly, it was known as the 'Northern Tier' to prevent Soviet expansion into the Middle East. Unlike NATO, CENTO did not have a unified military command structure, nor were many U.S. or UK military bases established in member countries, although the U.S. had communications and electronic intelligence facilities in Iran, and operated U-2 intelligence flights over the USSR from bases in Pakistan. The Middle East and South Asia became extremely volatile areas during the 1960s with the ongoing Arab-Israeli Conflict and the Indo-Pakistani Wars. CENTO was unwilling to get deeply involved in either dispute. In 1965 and 1971, Pakistan tried unsuccessfully to get assistance in its wars with India through CENTO, but this was rejected under the idea that CENTO was aimed at containing the USSR, not India. Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) The Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) was an international organisation for collective defense which was signed on September 8, 1954. The formal institution of SEATO was established at a meeting of treaty partners in Bangkok in February 1955. It was primarily created to block further communist gains in Southeast Asia. The organization's headquarters were located in Bangkok, Thailand. SEATO was dissolved on June 30, 1977. SEATO was planned to be a Southeast Asian version of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), in which the military forces of each member would be coordinated to provide for the collective defense of the members' country. SEATO did use portions of the military forces of its members in annual joint training maneuvers. SEATO was created as part of the Truman Doctrine of creating anti-communist

bilateral and collective defense treaties. The membership of SEATO reflected a mid-1950s' combination of "out of area" powers and "in area" pro-Western nations. France, the United Kingdom, and the United States represented the strongest Western powers. Australia, Thailand, the Philippines, and New Zealand represented Europeanized or pro-Western nations in the Southeast Asian area. Pakistan was included not only because East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) was geographically close to Southeast Asia, but possibly because Pakistan was a member of the pro-Western Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) alliance. Thus the pro-Western, anticommunist military alliances of the Mid-east and Southeast Asia were linked by the membership of Pakistan in both. Unlike the NATO alliance, SEATO had no joint commands with standing forces. Also unlike NATO, an attack on one member was not automatically considered an attack on all. Kashmir Conflict The Kashmir conflict refers to the territorial dispute over Kashmir, the north western most region of South Asia. The parties to the dispute are India, Pakistan, China, and the people of Kashmir. India claims the entire former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir and presently administers approximately 43% of the region including most of Jammu, Kashmir Valley, Ladakh and the Siachen Glacier. India's claim is contested by Pakistan which controls approximately 37% of Kashmir, mainly Azad Kashmir and the northern areas of Gilgit and Baltistan. In addition, China controls 20% of Kashmir including Aksai Chin which it occupied following the brief Sino-Indian War of 1962 and the Trans-Karakoram Tract. India's official position is that Kashmir is an integral part of India. Pakistan's official position is that Kashmir is a disputed territory whose final status must be determined by the people of Kashmir. China's official position is that Aksai Chin is a part of Tibet, which is a part of China. Certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India and Pakistan. India and Pakistan have fought three wars over Kashmir: in 1947, 1965, and 1999. India and China have clashed once, in 1962 over Aksai Chin as well as the northeastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. India and Pakistan have also been involved in several skirmishes over the Siachen Glacier.

Since 1987, disputed State elections have resulted in some of the state's legislative assembly forming militant wings, creating the catalyst for the insurgency. The turmoil in Jammu and Kashmir has resulted in thousands of deaths, but has become less deadly in recent years. On the other hand, there have been protest movements in Indian Administered Kashmir since 1989. The movements were created to voice Kashmir's disputes and grievances with the Indian government, specifically the Indian Military. Pakistan and India has started composite dialogue to resolve long standing issues including core issue of Kashmir. Composite dialogues could not produce desired results because of intransigence attitude of India. After Mumbai attacks in 2008, India has refused to start composite dialogue with Pakistan, till the time Pakistan addresses their concerns. IsraeliPalestinian Conflict The IsraeliPalestinian conflict is the ongoing dispute between Israelis and Palestinians, an enduring and explosive conflict. There has been four Arab-Israel Wars1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973, but these failed to resolve the conflict. The conflict is wideranging, and the term is also used in reference to the earlier phases of the same conflict, between Jewish and the majority Arab population living in Palestine under Ottoman or British rule. It forms part of the wider, and generally earlier, ArabIsraeli conflict. The remaining key issues are: mutual recognition, borders, security, water rights, control of Jerusalem, Israeli settlements, Palestinian freedom of movement and legalities concerning refugees. The violence resulting from the conflict has prompted international actions, as well as other security and human rights concerns, both within and between both sides, and internationally. Many attempts have been made to broker a two-state solution, which would entail the creation of an independent Palestinian state alongside an independent Jewish state or next to the State of Israel (after Israel's establishment in 1948). A majority of Palestinians and Israelis view the West Bank and Gaza Strip as an acceptable location of the Palestinian state in a two-state solution. However, there are significant areas of disagreement over the shape of any final agreement and also regarding the level of credibility each side sees in the other in upholding basic commitments. An alternative is the one-state or binational

solution, whereby all of Israel, the Gaza Strip, and West Bank would become a bi-national state with equal rights for all. There are prominent international actors involved in the conflict. The two parties engaged in direct negotiation are the Israeli government, currently led by Benjamin Netanyahu, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), currently headed by Mahmoud Abbas. The official negotiations are mediated by an international contingent known as the Quartet on the Middle East (the Quartet) represented by a special envoy that consists of the United States, Russia, the European Union, and the United Nations. The Arab League is another important actor, which has proposed an alternative peace plan. Egypt, a founding member of the Arab League, has historically been a key participant. Since 2003, the Palestinian side has been fractured by conflict between the two major factions: Fatah, the traditionally dominant party, and its later electoral challenger, Hamas. Following Hamas' seizure of power in the Gaza Strip in June 2007, the territory controlled by the Palestinian National Authority (the Palestinian interim government) is split between Fatah in the West Bank, and Hamas in the Gaza Strip. The division of governance between the parties has effectively resulted in the collapse of bipartisan governance of the Palestinian National Authority (PA). War on Terror The War on Terror (also known as the Global War on Terror or the War on Terrorism) is an ongoing international military campaign led by the United States of America and the United Kingdom with the support of other NATO and non-NATO countries. The campaign was launched in 2001 with the US/UK invasion of Afghanistan in response to the September 11 terrorist attacks. Since then, other operations have commenced, the largest being the War in Iraq, beginning with a 2003 invasion. Originally, it was waged against al-Qaeda and other terrorist organizations with the purpose of eliminating them. The phrase War on Terror was first used by former US President George W. Bush and other high-ranking US officials to denote a global military, political, legal and ideological struggle against organizations designated as terrorist and regimes that were

accused of having a connection with them or providing them with support or were perceived, or presented as posing a threat to the US and its allies in general. It was typically used with a particular focus on militant Islamists and al-Qaeda. The George W. Bush administration defined the following objectives in the War on Terror: 1. Defeat terrorists like Osama Bin Laden, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and destroy their organizations. 2. Identify, locate and destroy terrorists along with their organizations. 3. Deny sponsorship, support and sanctuary to terrorists. 4. Following are other objectives of Bush administration in Iraq:a. End the state sponsorship of terrorism. b. Establish and maintain an international standard of accountability with regard to combating terrorism. c. Strengthen and sustain the international effort to fight terrorism. d. Work with willing and able states. e. Enable weak states. f. Persuade reluctant states. g. Compel unwilling states. h. Interdict and disrupt material support for terrorists. eeeee.Eliminate terrorist sanctuaries and havens. 5. Diminish the underlying conditions that terrorists seek to exploit. a. Partner with the international community to strengthen weak states and prevent (re)emergence of terrorism. b. Win the war of ideals.

c. d. e. f.

Defend US citizens and interests at home and abroad. Implement the National Strategy for Homeland Security. Attain domain awareness. Enhance measures to ensure the integrity, reliability, and availability of critical physical and information-based infrastructures at home and abroad.

g. h.

Integrate measures to protect US citizens abroad. Ensure an integrated incident management capability.

Two major operations of War on Terror are Operation Active Endeavour and Operation Enduring Freedom. War on terror and unilateral invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan by USled forces has widen the chasm between West and Muslim world. Prevalent perception in Muslim world about American actions is that ongoing is to damage the interests of Muslims across the globe. War in Afghanistan The War in Afghanistan began on October 7, 2001, as the US military's Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) was launched, with the collaboration British military, in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the US. The UK has, since 2002, led its own military operation, Operation Herrick, as part of the same war in Afghanistan. The character of the war evolved from a violent struggle against Al-Qaeda and its Taliban supporters to a complex counterinsurgency effort. The first phase of the war was the aftermath of the attacks of September 11, 2001, when the United States launched Operation Enduring Freedom, to remove the safe haven to Al-Qaeda and its use of the Afghan territory as a base of operations for terrorist activities. In that first phase, U.S. and coalition forces, working with the Afghan opposition forces of the Northern Alliance, quickly ousted the Taliban regime. During the following Karzai administration, the character of the war shifted to an effort aimed at smothering insurgency, in which the insurgents preferred not to directly confront the International Security

Assistance Force (ISAF) troops, but blended into the local population and mainly used improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and suicide bombings. The stated aim of the invasion was to find Osama bin Laden and other high-ranking Al-Qaeda members to be put on trial, to destroy the organization of Al-Qaeda, and to remove the Taliban regime which supported and gave safe harbour to it. Another ongoing operation is the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), which was established by the UN Security Council at the end of December 2001 to secure Kabul and the surrounding areas. NATO assumed control of ISAF in 2003. By July 23, 2009, ISAF had around 64,500 troops from 42 countries, with NATO members providing the core of the force. The NATO commitment is particularly important to the United States because it gives international legitimacy to the war. The United States has approximately 29,950 troops in ISAF. The initial attack removed the Taliban from power, but Taliban forces have since regained strength. Since 2006, Afghanistan has seen threats to its stability from increased Taliban-led insurgent activity, record high levels of illegal drug production, and a fragile government with limited control outside of Kabul. On December 1, 2009, US President Barack Obama announced that he would escalate US military involvement by deploying an additional 30,000 soldiers over a period of six months. He also proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date. On January 26, 2010, at the International Conference on Afghanistan in London, which brought together some 70 countries and organizations, Afghan President Hamid Karzai told world leaders that he intended to reach out to the top echelons of the Taliban within a few weeks with a peace initiative. Karzai set the framework for dialogue with Taliban leaders when he called on the group's leadership to take part in a "loya jirga"or large assembly of eldersto initiate peace talks. Iraq War The Iraq War, also known as the Occupation of Iraq, The Second Gulf War, Operation Iraqi Freedom, or Operation New Dawn is an ongoing military campaign which began on March 20, 2003, with the invasion of Iraq by a multinational force led by troops from the United States and the United Kingdom. Prior to the war, the governments of the

United States and the United Kingdom claimed that Iraq's alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) posed a threat to their security and that of their coalition/regional allies. In 2002, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1441 which called for Iraq to completely cooperate with UN weapon inspectors to verify that Iraq was not in possession of WMD and cruise missiles. The United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) found no evidence of WMD, but could not verify the accuracy of Iraq's weapon declarations. Lead weapons inspector Hans Blix advised the UN Security Council that while Iraq was cooperating in terms of access, Iraq's declarations with regards to WMD could not be verified. The invasion of Iraq led to an occupation and the eventual capture of President Saddam Hussein, who was later tried in an Iraqi court of law and executed by the new Iraqi government. The Iraqi Parliament also ratified a Strategic Framework Agreement with the U.S., aimed at ensuring cooperation in constitutional rights, threat deterrence, education, energy development, and other areas. In late February 2009, new US President Barack Obama announced an 18-month withdrawal window for combat forces, with approximately 50,000 troops remaining in the country "to advise and train Iraqi security forces and to provide intelligence and surveillance". General Ray Odierno, the top US military commander in Iraq, said he believes all U.S. troops will be out of the country by the end of 2011, while UK forces ended combat operations on April 30, 2009. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki has said he supports the accelerated pullout of US forces. Global warming Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. Most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the 20th century was caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, which results from human activity such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation. Global dimming, a result of increasing concentrations of atmospheric aerosols that block sunlight from reaching the surface, has partially countered the effects of greenhouse gas induced warming.

An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation, probably including expansion of subtropical deserts. Warming is expected to be strongest in the Arctic and would be associated with continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely effects include changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, species extinctions, and changes in agricultural yields. Warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe, though the nature of these regional variations is uncertain. Nevertheless, political and public debate continues. The Kyoto Protocol is aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentration to prevent a "dangerous anthropogenic interference" As of November 2009, 187 states have signed and ratified the protocol. Greenhouse effect schematic showing energy flows between space, the atmosphere, and earth's surface. Energy exchanges are expressed in watts per square meter (W/m2). The greenhouse effect is the process by which absorption and emission of infrared radiation by gases in the atmosphere warm a planet's lower atmosphere and surface. It was proposed by Joseph Fourier in 1824 and was first investigated quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896. The question in terms of global warming is how the strength of the presumed greenhouse effect changes when human activity increases the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change. Emissions scenarios, estimates of changes in future emission levels of greenhouse gases, have been projected that depend upon uncertain economic, sociological, technological, and natural developments. The destruction of stratospheric ozone by chlorofluorocarbons is sometimes mentioned in relation to global warming. Emerging China The emergence of China as a superpower in the 21st century is a hot topic in the international affairs. China is a big country with a total landmass of 9.597 million sq km and a population of 1.3 billion. A country boasting one of the most ancient civilizations and a written history going back almost 4000 years, China today looks in many ways as much a part of the modern world as any other developed country. The big powers of the West led by US were hostile to Communist China and from day one pursued a policy of containment

and isolation. In the 1970s, the dynamics of international politics brought China and the United States closer. This rapprochement was motivated by their strategic convergence in relation to the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The decade saw the recognition of the PRC by the US and some other leading Western countries, the establishment of diplomatic relations, the acceptance by the United States of the one-China principle and the Peking-based administration as its legitimate government. The death of Mao Zedong, the architect of the Communist Revolution and the coming into power of the second-generation leadership under Deng Xiaoping ushered in a new era for China. With this leadership transition, a new China emerged. The basic elements of these reforms are economic opening up, a rule-based leadership transition, and a new vigorous and friendly diplomacy; thus making China an active partner and stakeholder in the international system.

Indo US Civil Nuclear Deal and its Implications The events of 9/11 drastically changed the geo-strategic environment at the global level. Pakistan decided to support the United States (US) led war against terrorism and achieved focal status because of its contribution to curb terrorism worldwide. Although, India availed all opportunities to malign Pakistan on account of terrorism and extremism but has been unable to isolate Pakistan from the international community. The signing of Indo US nuclear deal in July 2005 has set a new road map for future strategic partnership between the two countries. This agreement once implemented would enable India to acquire high-tech conventional and non-conventional warheads. The civil nuclear agreement, as part of energy dialogue has fascinated the focus of entire world due to its serious implications on global non-proliferation regime and South Asian security environment. The agreement would facilitate India to procure civil nuclear technology from America and other members of Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG). At the same time it tends to recognize Indian status as a nuclear state. Under these environments Iranian nuclear crisis has further complicated the already fragile international politics between US and other Middle Eastern countries. The US accuses Iran of supporting Hammas and other Islamic Jehadi organizations. Many western

countries also perceive that Iranian nuclear weapons could find there way into the hands of terrorists militant organizations. A nuclear-armed Iran would dramatically change the balance of power in the Middle East, thereby weakening US and Israels influence. In October 2006, the US congress passed a bill of economic sanctions against all such countries, which are involved in transfer of technology/nuclear trade with Iran. This development has dragged Russia and China directly into ongoing Iranian crisis. Indo US Strategic Partnership After World War II, the United States claimed to be leader of the free world, and the champion of democracy, human rights and liberalism. Through-out the same span of time India has maintained a democratic political system with an agenda of so-called secularism despite economic challenges coupled with a volatile regional security environment. They did not share a common geopolitical world view. However, the end of cold war led to a gradual improvement in Indo-US relation these shifts came to a halt in May 1998 when India conducted nuclear tests. Two years later in March 2000 president Clinton visited India, the first visit by a US president in over 20 years. Since then the IndoUS relations have developed at an unprecedented pace especially in politico-military sphere. September 2001 further galvanized this growing closeness. The results have been an unprecedental cooperation on defence issues and indications are that this is going to intensify further. Despite Pakistan being an important US ally in fight against international terrorism, Indo-US relations are developing in a strategic alliance. In the light of going strategic relation with US, India is not only making advanced new weapons and developing its missile technology further but also buying the most sophisticated weapons from all over the world. The latest is the Falcon Radar System mounted on Russian planes. Through this huge build-up, India is trying to pose serious impact on deterrence stability in South Asia especially for Pakistan. Defining the outline of strategic partnership, US National Security Strategy 2002, declared that USA had undertaken a transformation of its bilateral relations with India based on a conviction that US interests require a strong relationship with India. This includes document stressed share value of the two countries and their common global interests which include: -

a. b. c.

The free flow of commerce especially in the vital sea lanes of the Indian Ocean. Fighting terrorism. Creating a strategic stable Asia.

In January 2004, President Bush and Vajpayee formally launched the Next Steps in Strategic Partnership (NSSP) which sought to address long standing Indian interests by expanding bilateral co-operation in the areas of : a. b. c. Civilian Nuclear Activities. Civilian Space Programmes. High Technology Trade.

Irans Nuclear Stand-off Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, King of Iran (1941-1979) had initiated building of nuclear reactors and research facilities in mid-1960s. Iran signed the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) on 1 July 1968, which came into effect on 5 March 1970. The NPT allows its signatories to build any nuclear facility and enrich uranium for peaceful purposes. The nuclear stand-off between Iran and the Western powers started in 2003 when International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) reported that Iran had a hidden uranium enrichment programme for the past 18 years. The IAEA demanded from Iran to reveal all the details of its nuclear activities. Hence, Iran allowed the UN inspectors to visit its nuclear facilities. Iran has declared that its enrichment programme is designed to provide fuel for future power plants and that it has no intention to build nuclear weapons. IAEA reports have not given any positive or concrete evidence indicating that Irans nuclear programme is for military purposes. The US and its allies are of the opinion that Irans objective in enriching uranium is to build a nuclear device and that Iran is secretly working to achieve this objective. US President George W. Bush labeled Iran, Iraq and North Korea as an axis of evil. In April 2006, Iranian President Muhammad Ahmadinejad announced Iran had successfully enriched uranium. The US and the EU have offered a package of trade and other incentives persuading Iran to suspend its nuclear enrichment programme. The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in its resolution 1696 adopted on 31 July 2006 demanded of Iran to halt

enrichment. Iran has failed to comply with the UNSC deadline to suspend uranium enrichment. It is prepared to talk on its nuclear programme but is unwilling to halt enrichment that, it claims, is meant for peaceful purposes. It considers nuclear enrichment as its legal right under the NPT. The UNSC has imposed multiple sanctions on Iran. Economic Problems of Pakistan Following are the economic problems of Pakistan. fffff. Inflation ggggg. Power shortage hhhhh. Poverty iiiii. Poor performance of agriculture sector jjjjj. Unemployment and under employment kkkkk. Foreign debt lllll. Budget deficit mmmmm. Tax evasion nnnnn. Trade imbalance ooooo. Less foreign direct investment ppppp. Cut in social development program qqqqq. Non development expenditure rrrrr. Poor infrastructure sssss. Poor technological base ttttt. Defense vs development uuuuu. Smuggling vvvvv. Slow paced privatization wwwww. One crop country xxxxx. Expensive output Remedial Measures Following are the remedial measures to fix the economic problems:yyyyy. Judicious allocation of resources zzzzz. Transparency aaaaaa. Stoppage of leakage and pilferage of funds

bbbbbb. dddddd.

Audit and accountability Long term rational policies

cccccc. Strict vigilance on the border eeeeee. Establishing special industrial zones ffffff. Improving technical education j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. u. Strong social security network Creating more employment opportunities More spending in social development sector Initiating agriculture reforms Constructing more dams for cheap electricity Promoting culture of austerity Diversifying export Controlling consumer culture Building reliable and efficient infrastructure Strict financial control by state bank of Pakistan Re branding image of Pakistan Bring political stability and improving law and order situation