Professional Documents
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Gas turbines - how they work, examples Operating conditions in a gas turbine Materials in turbines and turbine blades Evolution of Ni-base superalloy turbine blades alloy development processing (equiaxed, DS, SC) blade cooling coatings HIPing, liquid metal cooling The future ?
Jane Blackford
Superalloys as a class constitute the currently reigning aristocrats of the metallurgical world. They are the alloys which have made jet flight possible, and they show what can be achieved by drawing together and exploiting all the resources of modern physical and process metallurgy in the pursuit of a very challenging objective.
MV
Equilibrium
Action
Gas turbines
Aircraft
civil military
Industrial
for power generation based on the same principles
mVaircraft
mVjet
Shaft
Turbine
Turbine blades in a jet engine experience: Mechanical forces creep fatigue thermomechanical fatigue High temperature environment oxidation hot corrosion
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Pressure (atmospheres)
0 1500
Temperature (degrees C)
0
From Cervenka, Rolls Royce, 2000
Material Strength
Specific Strength
Titanium Alloy Nickel Alloy
Temperature
From Cervenka, Rolls Royce, 2000
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Investment casting
Vacuum process, reduces oxide contamination Huge advances in process cleanliness made about 20-30 years ago
- led to considerable improvements in blade properties
Controlled cooling (directional solidification) enables microstructural control Cooling channels can be cast into the blade (using a ceramic cored mould) Blades heat treated (solution treatment + aged)
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longitudinal section
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Turbine Cooling
Single pass
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Coatings
coating substrate
environment
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5. Coatings (i) for oxidation (and hot corrosion) resistance Aluminide diffusion coatings (used on ca. 80% HP blades) by pack aluminising process (alternative IVD+HIP) based on NiAl (50m thick) MCrAlY overlay coatings by physical vapour deposition (PVD) process based on MCrAlY (100-200m thick) (ii) thermal barrier coatings (see slide on blade cooling) ceramic materials - e.g. zirconia (0.3-0.4mm thick) used to insulate blade deposited on top of MCrAlY overlay coating
see Nicholls and Stephenson 1991
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6. Novel processing
Hot isostatic pressing (HIPping) Liquid metal cooling (LMC)
Improvement of cast superalloy turbine blade properties by hot isostatic pressing (HIPping)
Cast alloys often contain pores, these are detrimental to the mechanical properties HIP = simultaneous application of high temperature (up to 2000C) and pressure (up to 200MPa) via inert (argon) gas HIPping can remove sealed porosity from castings (cast +HIP = forged) (NB the casting remains solid you dont want it to melt....) 90+% of high pressure turbine blades are HIPped Blades can be rejuvenated by HIPping
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Improvement of cast superalloy turbine blade properties by hot isostatic pressing (HIPping)
To illustrate the effectiveness of the HIP process a 25mm diameter hole was machined in two halves of a stainless steel block 75mm square. The edges of the block were welded together, the air evacuated from the hole and the evacuation pipe sealed to create a subsurface pore. The block was HIPped and subsequently cut in half to reveal fully dense material and complete absence of any pore.
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The future ?
Alloy development
Development of new alloys is a combination of experimental work, modelling and black art Further improvements - YES, but the scope is limited as superalloys now operate at 85-90% of their melting temperature Cheaper alloys Develop concurrently with coating systems
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Process development
Larger blades Process cleanliness LMC? Reduce hot tearing in DS blades Higher production yield of single crystal blades
Computer modelling of single crystal superalloy solidification illustrates how a single grain is selected using the spiral selector the grain has an <001> orientation oriented vertically
from Bhadeshia
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