E E Q E Q F: Solution of Problem 1

No.
2 Solution of Problem 1
Karabuk University, Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Prof. Mihai Cernat
Physics (PHY 188), Middterm-exam - April 25th, 2012

1. Three particles with electric charge q
A
=+9 nC, q
B
=+30 nC, and q
C
=-12.5 nC are arranged in
vacuum in points A, B, C on the corners of a right triangle. Point A is at the 90 corner, at a
distance d
AB
=40 cm from point B and at a distance of d
AC
=30 cm from point C. Arrange a
Cartesian coordinate system with point A as origin, point B on the Ox axis and point C on the Oy
axis and the determinate the Cartesian components, the magnitude and the direction of the force
acting on particle situated in point B.

( )
( )
( ) [ ]
( )
( ) ( )
[ ]
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) N 2 10 1 . 8 2 270 10 30
m
V
2 270 3 . 0 4 . 0 10 9 3 4
5
5 . 12
3
9
10
9
10 30 10 40
10 30 10 40
10 5 . 12
10 30
10 9
10 9 4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
6 9
2
3 2 2
2 2
3
2
2
2
2
9
2
2
9
9
2 2
2
0
2 2 2
3 2
0
j i j i E q F
j i j i i j i i E
j i j E
d j d i
d d
q
i
d
q
E
d d r d j d i r
i
r
r
d j r
r
r
q
r
r
r
q
E E E
E E q E q F
B
B
B
B
B
AC AB
AB AC
C
AB
A
B
AC AB CB
AC AB
CB
AB
AB
AB
AB
CB
CB
C
AB
AB
AB
A
C A B
C A
B
B
B
B
+ = + = =
+ = + =
+ =
+

+
+
+
+

=
+ = + =
= =
+

= + =
+ = =

No. 2 Solution of Problem 2
Prof. Mihai Cernat

2. Develop the equation which expresses the electric field strength in a certain point produced by a
uniform volume distribution of electrical charge into a sphere, in terms of the volume charge density
v

(or ).

>
=

<
>
=

<
>
=
<
>
=
<
=
= = =
= = =
=
=
=
R r
r
r
r
R
r
r
r
q
R r r
E
R r
r
R
r
q
R r r
r
r
E
R r
R
q
R r
r
r E
R r
R
q
R r
r
q
r E S E S E
r
r
S S
r
r
r E E r
S E
R
q
r N
q
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
el
el
v
el
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
2
3
3
2
3
3
4
3
3
4
3
4
1
3
4
3
4
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
4 d d
d d ) ( radius of sphere
d
3
4
) ( : point n observatio

Notations:
el
- electric flux through a closed surface, Coulomb, C
- closed surface, unity vector of the normal is directed outside
q
- free electric charge placed inside of the closed surface , Coulomb, C

N(r) - observation point
r - position vector, distance, meter, m
S
- surface density of the free electric charge, Coulomb per square meter, C/m
2

R - radius of the sphere, meter, m
dS - surface element, square meter, m
2

- permittivity, Farad per meter, F/m
1
Prof. Mihai Cernat

3. Using the expression of the electric field strength deduced above, express the potential differ-
rence between two points on the symmetry axis, outside the sphere and inside the sphere, respect-
ively. What is the potential of the points on the spherical surface of radius R? What is the potential
of a certain point inside the sphere?

( )
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
3 3
2
3
2
3
2
2 2
2 2
0 0
0
2
3
2
6 2 2 3 3
d
3 3
d
3
sphere the inside ) ( point certain a of potential The
6 2 3
d
3
d
3
, case Second
1 1
3
1
3
d
3
d
3
solution Second
3 4
1
4
d
4
d
4
0
: radius of surface spherical the on points the of potential The
d d
: as expressed be can point certain a of potential the infinity, at potential the zero g Considerin
1 1
4
1
4
d
4
d
4
solution First
, case First
d d d d d
d grad
) ( ) (
3
4
3
0 0
0
r R
R
r r
R r r R r
r
r
r V V
r N
r r
r
r r
r r r
r
r
r V V
R r r
r r
R
r
r
r
R
r
r
R r
r
r
r
r
r
R
V V
R
R
q
R r
q
r
r q
r
r
r
r
r
r
q
V
R
l E l E V V
N
r r
q
r
r
r
q
r
r q
r
r
r
r
r
r
q
V V
R r r
r
r
r
r r E l E V l E V V V
l E V V V E
r B B r A A
R r
r
r
r
R
r
r
r
q
R r r
E
v v v v
r
R
v v
r
R
v
sf A
A B
v
A
B v
r
r
v
r
r
v
B A
B A
B A
v
A
B v
r
r
v
r
r
v
B A
v
R
R
sf
N
N
B A A
B
r
r
r
r
B A
B A
B
A
B
N
A
N
B A
N
N
B A
v
v
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
=
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
=
<
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
=

=
|
|
\
|

=

=

=
= =
|
|
\
|

=
|
|
\
|

=

=

=
>
= = + =
= =
= =
>
=

<

2
Notations:
q - free electric charge, Coulomb, C
E - electric field strength, Volt per meter, V/m
N(r) - observation point
r - position vector, distance, meter, m
S
- surface density of the free electric charge, Coulomb per square meter, C/m
2

R - radius of the sphere, meter, m
dl - length element, meter, m
V - potential of the electric field, Volt, V

Prof. Mihai Cernat

4. Suppose a parallel-plate capacitor is charged and kept connected to the charging battery.
Next the plate separation is halved. Describe any change in each of the following quantities as
a result of the change in plate separation (neglected edge effects):
a) the charge of the plates
b) the capacitance
c) the field between the plates
d) the potential difference across the capacitor
e) the energy of the capacitor
f) the energy density between the plates

e
e e e
e e
e e e
w
d S
W
d S
We
d S
W
V
W
w
d S
We
V
We
w f
W
U C U
C
U C
W
U C
W e
E
d
U
d
U
E
d
U
E d
U U U U c
q U C U C q U C q a
C
d
S
d
S
C
d
S
C b
S S
d
d
const
C
q
U
4 4
2 /
1
2
' ' '
)
2
2
2
2
2
2
' '
2
)
2
2 / '
'
' )
' ' )
2 2 ' ' ' )
2
2 / '
' '
' )
' '
2
'
.
' '
'
2 2 2
'
2
= = = = = = =
= = = = =
= = = =
= =
= = = =
=
=
= = =
=

Notations:
q - free electric charge, Coulomb, C
C - capacitance, Farad, F
E - electric field strength, Volt per meter, V/m
d - distance, meter, m
U - potential difference, voltage, electric tension, Volt, V
V - volume, cubic meter, m
3

W
e
- energy of electric field, Joule, J
w
e
- volume density of the energy of the electric field, Joule per cubic meter, J/m
3

Prof. Mihai Cernat

5. Constructing a voltmeter. Suppose we will construct a voltmeter that reads a potential difference
(voltage) U
m
when the pointer of the current-detecting device is at full-scale position. We do this by
placing a resistor (called a additional resistor) of resistance R
series
in series with the current-detecting
device, so that part of the potential difference (voltage) across the voltmeter is across the series resistor.
The current-detecting device has a resistance R
d
and the current I
fs
in the device causes a full-scale
deflection of its pointer. The circuit diagram is to draw. The expression of resistance of the additional
resistor R
series
is to be expressed.
Evaluate R
series
for the case where U
m
=10 V, R
d
=19 and I
fs
=50 A. What is the resistance of the
voltmeter R
Vm
in this case?

( )
=
=
= =
=
= + =
=
+ =
4
6
4
6
10 2
10 50
10
981 . 199 19 10 2 19
10 50
10
Vm
series
fs
m
d series Vm
d
fs
m
series
fs d series m
R
R
I
U
R R R
R
I
U
R
I R R U

Notations:
I - intensity of the electric current, Ampere, A
R - electrical resistance, Ohm,
U - potential difference, voltage, electric tension, Volt, V
1
Prof. Mihai Cernat

6. Discharging a capacitor. Consider a capacitor of capacitance C placed in series with a switch S, a resistor
of resistance R. At t<0, the capacitor has the charge q
0
and the switch is open. At t=0, the switch is closed.
a) The diagram of the circuit is to be drawn.
b) The equation of the time variation of the voltage across the capacitor, the equation of the time
variation of the electric charge of the capacitor and the equation of the time variation of the current
are to be developed. Alternatively, the equation of the time variation of the electric charge of the
capacitor, the equation of the voltage across the capacitor and the equation of the time variation of
the current are to be developed.
c) The time variation functions developed above are to be drawn.
d) Numerical application: q
0
=60 C, R=30 k, C=2 F.
i. What is time constant of the circuit?
ii. What are the initial values (immediately after the switch is closed) of the quantities: the
voltage across the capacitor, the charge of the capacitor, the current in the circuit and the
voltage across the resistor?
iii. What are the values at t=60 ms of the same quantities?

( )
0
0
condition initial order; first of equation al differenti linear 0
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
0
d
d
d
d
d
d
d 0
flows current closed is 0
flows current no open is 0
C C
C C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C C
C C C R
C C C S e
U u
T
u
t
u
C R T u
t
u
T u
t
u
C R u R
t
u
C
t
u
C
t
u C
t
q
i t i u u R i u u
S t
U u u u U S t
= = +
= + = + = + =
= = = = + = + =
=
= + = = <
\
|
= + =
= = = +

|
\
|
= = + = =
= +
T
t
k u u t u
u
t
u
t
T
u
t
u
t
T
t
k e k u const
T
t
u
T
t
u
u
T
u
t
u
C C C
C
C C C
T
t
C C
C
C
C C
exp ) (
equation homogenous non the of solution general the
0 0
d
d
0
d
d
) (for equation homogenous non the of solution particular a
exp ln
d d
variables separable with equation al differenti 0
d
d
equation homogenous the of solution general the
2 1
2
2 2 2
1 1
1
1
1 1

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 (
charge) electric of ion (conservat law n commutatio second
C C t C t C
C C t C t C
t t
U u t u t u
U C u C t u C t u C
q q t q t q
= =
= =
= =
= + =
= + =
= + =

2
( )
|
\
|
= |
\
|
= =
(
\
|
=
(
\
|
= =
|
\
|
=
= = = =
T
t
R
U
T
t
T
U C
t
u
C t i
T
t
q
T
t
U C t u C t q
T
t
U t u
U k k k U u
C
C
C
C C
C C
C C C
exp exp
1
d
d
) (
exp 1 exp 1 ) ( ) (
exp ) (
0 exp ) 0 (
0
0
0 0
0
0 0

Alternatively:

0 0
0
condition initial order; first of equation al differenti linear 0
d
d
d
d
d
d
0 0
d
d
0
flows current closed is 0
0 flows current no open is 0
C
C
C C C R
C C C S
U C q q
T
q
t
q
C R T q
t
q
T q
t
q
C R u C C R i
t
q
i
C
q
u u R i u u
S t
U u u u S t
= = = +
= + = + = + =
= = + = + =
=
= + = = <

|
\
|
= + =
= = = +
|
\
|
= = + = =
= +
T
t
k q q t q
q
t
q
t
T
q
t
q
T
t
k e k q const
T
t
q
T
t
q
q
T
q
t
q
T
t
exp ) (
0 0
d
d
0
d
d
equation homogenous non
exp ln
d d
variables separable with equation al differenti 0
d
d
equation homogenous
2 1
2
2 2 2
1 1
1
1

( ) ( )
0 0 0
) 0 (
charge) electric of ion (conservat law n commutatio second
q q t q t q
t t
= =
= + =

( )
|
\
|
= |
\
|
= |
\
|
= =
|
\
|
= |
\
|
= =
|
\
|
=
= = = =
T
t
R
U
T
t
RC
U C
T
t
T
q
t
q
t i
T
t
U
T
t
C
q
C
t q
t u
T
t
q t q
q k k k q q
C C
C C
exp exp exp
d
d
) (
exp exp
) (
) (
exp ) (
0 exp ) 0 (
0 0 0
0
0
0
0 0

3
c) Numerical application
(i) ms 60 10 60 10 2 10 30
3 6 3
= = = =

C R T
(ii) drawing
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
=
=
= = =
3
3
3
6
3
6
6
0 0 0
10 60
exp 10 ) (
10 60
exp 10 60 ) (
10 60
exp 30 ) (
V 30
10 2
10 60
C 60 if
t
t i
t
t q
t
t u
U U C q
C
C C

(iii) Initial values
q
0
=0, U
C0
=0, i
0
=1 mA, U
R0
=U
e
=R i
0
=30 V

(iv) after 60 ms
exp(-1)= 1/e1/2,7182818280.36787955

q(60 ms)6010
-6
0.36787955 22.072 C,
u
C
(60 ms)300.3678795511.036 V,
i(60 ms)10
-3
0.367879550,368 mA

Notations:
q - (free) electric charge, Coulomb, C
i, I - intensity of the electric current, Ampere, A
R - resistance, Ohm,
C - capacitance, Farad, F
T - time constant, second, s
u, U - potential difference, voltage, electric tension, Volt, V

E E Q E Q F: Solution of Problem 1

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No.

- free electric charge placed inside of the closed surface , Coulomb, C

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