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Indian History

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JkH~ =~}O K~. ~
< z@QOQ P^ H~Q~xfl `Q \_ =i J<H
=Ok POQ
JkH~# HeKO
_. 1934 [#=i 12# ~<# Lif~. ~
<



u
`.
u
` POQ

H

^_K

#, #, ~+# =kOzOk.
u
`

<
_
qOy =~}O zOk.

`q<_ OH~ "^O : OQ O`O #O_ `q<_ =z# `~#O^ | Ki `q<_

OH~"
^xfl ~OaOK_. `q<_
OH~"
^O =Y = z^O|~O , =O
J~. 1911 =O J~ u~#"o O`xH KOk# HH ~ P+# He KO_. D O @##
u~<"o @
H JO\~. D H =O J~ `# tH _ `O^x qOz P``
K <fl_ . =O J~ HiOz# hHO~ |
KiH U_ O=`~ =
* tH
_
O k.

PO^^O OH~"^O : PO^^O <_ u"^OH~Ki. W`# t= Q^=i


l KOk#"_. W`# 1931 ~` Lr= " #O J# O#
O K_. D O
= Jb J# b JkHix KO_xH ^H O ~zOK~. 1935 U 15# <@O|`
_=
QO_
OH~K
i |^~_. <@O|
e _=
x b =~}O K~. D
H tH qkOK|_# "#
~ _ F~QO\ ~=KO^

* #Oz q_^H W`#
PO^ qfiq^O
~ Q xK_.

q^ OH~"^O : ~`^ O fi`O` O H~ q^ LQ" ^ J<H O # O z


~@O ~OaOK~. D q^OQ ~OaOz# "^\ i Q^~ s.

Q^~ s : D s _ ~ ^ . Q^~ sx ~ xH O K~. D s "^\


J^ _ < OQ H fl, "^\
^
# H~^i ~^

. D s 1913 #=O|~ 1#
OK|_Ok. D s "^\ HkHi O_\ Hj~O. ~^ ''Q^~ J# uH#
O K~. Ok, L~, O*a +, WOw+ +
K
iOK|_Ok. Q^~ s
^
# L^ O
fiK-=#`fiO. Q^~ s [~h P^~OQ f<fl~.

~^ : W`_ O* 1884 [xK_. 1905 W`_ L#fl` q^ H~ WOQO_x


PH~ qfiq^xH "_. OrH$+=~ JOkOz# LH~"`#O` q^# J<
f="^H~ @ "QK_. 1908 ~^ < "o Q^~ sx OK_.
~^

fi@~ O_ _ Q^~ sx U~@ K_. *x" #Q~O ~^

=O^=`~O
J# u
H# O z "\x ~ OQ ~`^
xH O_. Q^~ s [~h O`
==_ ^_ Kx uflOz qOKO^~. 1914 PQ 9# 60=Ok q=H~
~`^
xH =z q OKO^~. "^\

O K
^O [~# F_OK|__O ` Q^~ s iQ
q O J~Ok.

^i KOK : W`_ L#fl` q^ H~H J"iH "o ~^



^

Q

q`_ Q^~ s

_<_. [~h O` u~Q@ K POQ# ~` #O_ O< HO`


^iKOK ~@O ~OaOK_. u~Q@ K _xH W`# ~`^
xH =z q O J_.

L^ : W`_ =`xH KOk#"_ `~ "u HO WO=`xfl K <fl_ . ~`^ O


LO_ POQ# OOz fi`O`O H~ ~=< HO` ~@O ~OaOK_. W`_
Jx< WO_< <+# HOQ# U~@K_. W`_ ~zOz# Y q=H~
ixK~.

g~O^<^ K\^ : W`_ L#fl` q^ H~ O_O< "o q=H~ =O` i "o


POQ
=u~H L^=O <fl_ . W`_ i<
#Q~O `fi~ J# u
H# O K_.

~` : 1895 L#fl` q^ WOQO_ "o LQ" kQ =i ~`^ xH =z P `~ "` [<


"o WO
@ifl\ J# u
H# O K~. [<

`fiO D u
H# x+kOK_O ` # WO
J# =~ u
H#O K~. P x< "o ``eH ~`

`fixH
^
# =OuQ xK_.

KO`~=< : `q<_ KOk# q^i W`_ . 1880 ~` fiKO^^ xfl U~@ K_.
i<
_` *` O
xfl U~@ K_. OH~ =< LQ"
^ L^=O q O KO^_.

"_" H= : 1861 D" O~ ~tH @O|O [xOzOk. "_" H= ~ ~" r.


W`_ POQ
J#K~ _ H=_O` H= J`xH q_ WzOk. }
Q "k Oq
Oz#_
"iH
= K `#
Q "k i# _O k
Q "k #O K H=_xH WOQO_ "o#
H= q=
H~` O|O^O
@ Ok.
CHAPTER -

: - QOnQO (1920 #O_ 1947 =~)

1919 [e<"Q L^O`O` =#xH Q~ #


=`QOn POQ

=u~HOQ Ju^
L^=O ~OaOKx x~xH =K_. W^ =O POQ @ix Hb ^qx
~^K

_O`

O KOx =O POQ

q"^xfl =u~HOK~. ~`^
O x =O
1919 Hb ^q
x uiy #~^i OKx ~@O ~OaOK~. 1919 O~, Hfl
H` Hq\ U~@ J~#q. 1919 #=O|~ 23,24,# O~ #Q~O H O^ H` Hq\
U~>O k. D Hq\ "< J| H" J*^ Jb ^~ [~` "bh, Jl` M< =Y
.
1919 J=$`~ HOQ ="O He ^q
x #~^i OK =~ ~_`=x HOQ

u
[ K~. 1920 =i 1# Jd ~` H` k<`"
xfl [i<~. 1920 E< 2# QOnr `#
H` L^=O ~`^
=
O` qi OzOk. 1920 uH =~}O K_O ` ~` ~[H
H
ZO\ W|O^ O_
"
t
OK_. 1920 <Q ~ #Q ~ #Q~O ~` *f HOQ
< ="O J~<~. D ="O x~H~}
L^=O Qi f~xOK~. D
="O q^j =# |+iOKx, ==
# |+iOKx, ~`flO ^fi~ # =H_xfl

~`^
=
O`
K
~O K
x POQ

Wz# a~ ^#
O ` # uiy WK
x
f~xOK~. fi^j ~ , fi^j H, fi^j <<, fi^j i =
O Kx
x~~ OK~. <Q ~ ="O x~
O
H ~O =` ~`^
=
O` x~H~}
L^=O
~O=
~Ok. =`QOn JO^x <"^ <<#, q^~ ~ #
H# |+iOK~. =`QOn U~@ K#
fi~[xkH PO^ H\~
q~OQ
WK~ . =`QOn q["_# ~ \Oz#_ Oyo "OH *f `Hxfl ~OkOK_.
1921 OI7 =`QOn

=O` ^y~ QH$+
p~
~ O`O L^=xfl
~OaOK_. QOn i` ~fi `<x
g~ K^i
^#
Ok_ #fl ZQ"` L^=xH
<H`fi O =OK_. QOn i` H<flQO \ #O` fl_ O`O i `Q xH <H`fi O
=OK_. =` ~`^
=
O` POQ
i# == O aOz~Ok. W` ^ #O_
~` ^xH =K kQ=` _ iQ `y ~. PO^ x~H~}
L^=xH
<H`fiO =Oz# =H HO_ "OH@. 1922 Ji `~=~A =#O O`O
POQ

=u~HOQ u~Q@ ~OaOK~.
1922 |=i 5# L`~^x KiK~ O`O L^=H~ b +< x \
POQ
b JkH~# r=^ #O K~. D O @#` =`QOn L^=O O`O
J=`O^x qOz x~H~} L^=xfl J~O`~OQ xe"_. QOn L^=xfl
xe"
_xfl PH H

OQ [u~ =iOK_. "u <

, z`~ O [< ^ =O\
< =` QOn` qk
Oz fi~[ sx O K~. 1923 x~H~}
L^=O
e`OQ POQ

JO> =u~HO ~OO J~Ok. =i x~H~}
L^=xfl ~`^

Ki` `e
* L^=OQ =iOK~. OQWO_
u
H POQ

# =u~H
"O
~#O^ =`QOnx J~ K P~ O=`~ * tH qkOK~. z`~ O [<^, "u
<

P^fi ~O U~_ fi~* s
` H ZxflH x i# Qfi= J~<~.
~f fiO
u
u HeOK_xH i# Qfi=O HeOK_xH POQ

*<
=
<
J^H`# =< Hq+<# U~@ K~. =< Hq+< OY 7. 1927 =< Hq+<
~`^
xH =K~ . O~, =^
=
< Hq+<#
~f iP =u~HOK~.
@OQ@i
H O O`
=
< Hq+<#
=u~HOz PO^ u~Qx <_ J~<_.
[u~
=
< Hq+<#
=u~HOKx O_~ J# ~ Ku Q_<
_.

=
< Hq+< =u~HOQ <

XH x"kH# `
~ K_. <

x"kH# =u~HOQ =^
Jbl<fl 14 `# ukOK_. =< Hq+< "~ x"kH# WOQO_ `fiO "iH
=iOK~. [=~ < P^fi~O O~ fi~[ f~<xfl HOQ < K~.
a
\+ i## =#O
`\ =#=xfl Q =
O`xfl J<O K#
> J< =# <
U~_Ok.

L `Q
O - # LO # L^=O
H : L K\xfl LO OK@O, =^<xfl x+kOK@O, q^j =# |+iOK@O, #fl
ZQ@_O,

`fi ~ , H~ # |+iOK@O 1930 =i 12# 78 L^=H~` He
|^i# QOn U 6# =^f
~xH Ki <xfl LO Oz L# `
~K_. ~ =
u
#O_ 385 Hg@~ #_z =^f
~O K~_. =`QOnx #=x ~`^
=
O` L
`QO K|_ [ <xfl LOOz L `~ K~. i^ O`O L
`Q
xH <_ M< J| Q~ M
<. M< J| Q~ M< J#K~ # Z~K
H^=

~ _~ \" Jx JO\~. W`xH Q a~ ^ ^ M<. ~lx <_ =`QOnx #=x
^~ = L_ x HQ\O k. PO^ O`O L `Q
xH <_ HO_ "OH@ .
1930 POQ

O_< #Q~O "^\ ~O_ >| ="xfl x~fiOK~. D ="O
89 =Ok ~`
u
x^ <fl~ . "^\ ~O_ >| ="xfl HOQ s |+iOzOk.
"^\ ~O_ >| ="O
o =~_ x
o =O\^x
~*O^

^ "MxOK~. L
`QO =O` O~ #Q~O< 16 # q =`|_~. POQ
`Q
#, L^= H~# J~ K "i P #_ PHq
OK<fl~ . POQ

UHOQ
HOQ s P
^_ K L^=H~# J~K
~. L^=H~ 5b
+
#
#

`Q \~ . L `Q
O HO 60" =Ok L^=H~ J~ K |_~ . ~
< `#
J#K~ ` He z@QOQ P^ H~Q~xH x
\~ . L `Q
HO KO^
Y
~
P*^ `# J#K~ ` He POQ

# He KO_. 1931 QOnr =i Wifi< =^
F_O|_H [iyOk. D F_O|_H
H ~O Wifi< L
t ~^ K_. =i J~ K |_#
H~H~ # =ke\ "i P # "iH uiy WK_. 1931 =`QOn ~ O_= ~O_ >|
="O <fl_ . QOn Q `
O Q# H__xH U=`O

uflOK^
. ~ O_= ~O_ >|
="O QOn, =^ Jbl<fl, ~lx <_ <fl~ . ~ O_= ~O_ >| ="O
QOn JO^ ~ =^ Ja ^ =K~. ~ O_= ~O_ >| ="O J#O`~O ~`^
O
=z# QOnrx `# J#K~# POQ J~ K~. OQ ~+O POQ xH
i# x~fiOK~. 1932 POQ

4 Pi<<
*s K XH H W~" " =Ok ~f#
J~ K ^~}OQ OOK~. W^ =O c<^ J# q^i Q=~fl~ [#~ *H<


O|^_ K_. =i HH<_ #Q~O _ POQ

O| ^_ [iy#q. 1932
[iy# =_= ~O_ >| ="O HOQ |+iOK~. 1932 POQ
H=# J"~#

H \
O K~. 1932 JO^
~ QOn =^ } F_O|_H [iyOk. 1933 E
14# QOn L` Q
xfl xe" _. QOn L `Q
O e `OQ POQ

1935 OII
~`

`fi K\xfl
"

\~ . D K@O
H ~O ~`^
O x a
\+ e` ~ ZxflH
x~fiOK|_#q. ~`^Ox J<H ~ HOQ s"~ q[O kOz i#
~OaOK~. HOQ e` =Y=O` `= ~ H q^ q^<xfl
"

\~ . =i

H Q#fl Q = OK~f == =i Q = fi~*xfl q[=O`O K _xH



uflOK~.
1939 ~ O_=

O K
^O [~h, W@b, [< XH"
WOQO_, < =~H "
# xez
^xfl P~OaOK~. 1939 ~` ~[H
|_
iy~# <_ <`r +
KO^

. W`# QOnr J#K~ _ J~# Q~A \a
` ~=# F_Oz HOQ s
u~Qx <_ J~<_. 1939 POQ

~`^
xfl [~h, W@b, [< ^ ` =Q

H \
O zOk. D O @#` HOQ e` =Y=O` ` `= ^=
~r<= K~. 1940
QOn =HQ ` `Q
xfl ~OaOK~. QOn `~ # =HQ` `Q
O #fl <_ PK~
q<
". 1940 <\H ~ O_=

O K
^O [~# Ku iQ F_OK|_ ^O <. WOQO_

^
# =Ou q#\<
Ki ~f#

#
flO K H=_xH

uflOz q OKO^_. ~fi~
H sx O z# <`r + KO^

1941 ~`^
O #O_ ` OKx [~h ^xH
i_. @~ =eq <`rH O K _xH x~HiOK_O ` ~ "o# <`r
e< O ^HH=_O` [< =K_. 1942 OII <\H POQ ~O_= OK
^O PiHO Q `#
O J~<~. 1942 =i 22# H
~~O ~`^
xH ~H H
~ O_=


O K
^O =yH ~f fiO
u
u He#x
H \
O K_. D O @#` `$
KO^x QOn H
~~xfl Kx
O ~z# K =O\^x
Ja=iOK_.

Hfi\ WO_ L^=O 1942 PQ 8 : 1942 PQ 8# HOQ < O~ #Q~O =""


=`QOn P^fi ~O Hfi\ WO_
L^=xfl f~xOK~. QOn WH_ ''_ P~ _ J< x<^xfl
WK_ . POQ

HOQ x =Y <O^ix J~ K~. 1857 u~Q@
< O_
[ Uq^OQ L^=O <fl~ J^q^OQ L^=H~ < O_
POQ

u~Q|
_~ . <`r + KO^

~* ai O` P*^ O^, **#
U~@ K x [< "~OkOz# O` JO_=< xM~ n=# PHq
OK_. <`r
+ KO^ ~`^O "^\ ^xQ JO_=< xM~ n= ^q =} fiH~O
K~. =Y <O` * LO__O ` J~} J Jb, K` H$h =O\ <~
P^fi ~O ~f POQ

u~Q|
_~ . L^=H~ ~ fi ==#
, `Ou ` ==#
,
>eQ ==#
z<fla#
flO K~. POQ

~ O_ < Hfi\ WO_
L^=xfl iQ
J}z"~. Hfi\ WO_
L^=O `O^~Q `#
==fi_xH Q =Y"#
H~}. 1. L^=H~
=^ ~ #

}
oH H =_O, 2. =Y"#
< J~ H|__O , 3. ZQ= `~Q u
"~ Hfi\
WO_
L^=xfl =iOKH =_O. 4. =O L^=xH ^~OQ LO__O . D L^=O =#
Hxfl " =Ok ~f POQ

Ku ` QqOK|_~ . 1942 S~ Ki` P

YO_O `#==`#fl ^O [<. J"iH "~ POQ HiOK_O` ~O_=


O K
^O [~h, W\b [< iQ F_~. 1945 PQ 18# q=#
=
^O
<`r + KO^

=~}O K_. ~ O_=

O K ^O J#O`~O POQ

JQ~ [ ^#

H~ =_= <xH kQ*i~. =^ Jb l<fl ~`^


O "~@^# `
Oz

` H K~ #<fl_ . 1945 SH~[ qu Pq~q


OzOk. 1945 WOQO_ |~ s
<_#
\b
^
# =Ou J_. \b ~`^
xH fi`O` O W=fi_xH =Y` K_.
1946 Ha<\ q+< ~`^
xH =zOk. ~`^
O ~*OQ ~K#
~O=
~<~.
=O bQ K~ =# ~`^xfl qlOK< x~xH POQ =K~. =O\ @<
=`O ukH# ~`^
xfl ~ O_ =HQ ql
OK_.
=`QOn : [##O 1869 =~}O 1948. =`QOn rq`O
Q

=O K# <@H
` iO^
, H
^, =
}x H^. QOnr P^~ ^=_ N~=_. WOQO_ "o L#fl`q ^#
JOK=x zOz# =H =Or^". WOQO_ "=O^ =_ "Q# fH=h
=`QOn `eH K # =H #i fiq. i+~ q^# J OK_O QOnrH PiH O
K#
=H =$+ #O^_. 1890 i+~ q^# i K#
=`_ ~`^
O H
"
+
O z
"^@ ~*H\ `~ "` O~ H
x~fiOK_. O~ #Q~O QOn ~*KO^

J# =H

=O =# ` =, JO Qi `#fl~ . ^^ J| HO
h "~ `= H #
"kOK_xH QOnx ^H}
H PfixOK~. 1893 U QOn ^H}
H J_Q
\_ .


O KOH # *u"~ *u q=H#
Z^~O@#fl "~ ^H PH . ^H}
PH x ~f
fi` *f =# J<H W|O^# Z^~<fl~ . 1894 " 22# QOn WO_ <
@HOQ
J# O#
O K_. QOn \ ~zOz# ''^ HOQ_"
P ^ Q_ q`W< J# Q O ^xfl
Kkq q`_~<_ =i *< _< ~zOz# P<@^ J# QO^xfl _ Kkq


q`_
_. `# "#
K
~O K _xH QOn ^H}
PH x
H J# P=
xfl O K_.
=`QOn WO_ < Fx< J# u
H# O z `# "# ^H}
PH
K
~O K_.
^H}
PH ~f F@ "
O> =_ O_ KeO K= =zOk. ~f ^H}

PH OKiOK<fl QiO H~ fH"e# iu


U~_O k. QOn L^= e `OQ POQ


~f =u~HOQ L#fl J<H K\# ~^ K~. =`xH `Q O J# ^xfl zOz#
=H =^< QOn, QOn ^H}
PH Ou# ^ Ou
<
xfl U~@ K_. QOn ^H}

PH ~ fi` *f =^ [iy# ^O Q_#


"iH
= JOkOK_. D

= Q# QOnH POQ

H [ ~--O^ a~ ^ WK~ . H [ ~ O^ J#Q O^ ^

OO Jx J~O . =`QOn `Q
xfl J#H}
O `
Oz# <_ QH$+ QH. 1912
QH ^H}
PH ~ \Oz ~f _ `#fl H Qi H~ K_. 1915 [#=i 9#
QOn ~`^
xH =K_ . 1915 Q[~` ~ =
u P=
O O K_. 1916 c~
KOk# ~r" H =` QOnx KO~< PfixOK_.

KO~< L^=O : 1916 c~x KO~< O`O POQ



f<Hu
J# H` q^<xfl

"

\~ . f< Hu J#Q c~x
f
~ ` `=
q =_= =O` he =O^ O@

"
e. he =O^ O@ =# ~ ` J<H W|O^# Z^~<fl~ . QOn, *.q. H$x, ~*O^

^,
=^" ^ =O\ <` He KO~< ~ \Oz `Q
O ~OaOK~. POQ


< " Hq+< xqOz Hq+< ~ "~ f< Hf q^<xfl ~^ K
~. D O @#
QOn kOz# `eq[O. 1917 QOn P^^x # q =~~ "`#
O
OKx
`Q
O ~OaOz q[O kOK_. 1918 QOn Q[~`x H _ J< O`O ~ `
~} t = K~OK_xH `Q
O K q[O kOK_. QOnx J~#
Qfl < Jx

~#fl"_ Nx"Ki. QOnx =`xQ


~#fl"_ ~gO^<
^ \Q~. QOnx *u`Q

~#flk + KO^

. QOn #=r=<, i[< OQ WO_
J# u
H O K_. QOn
1927, 1929 =^ ''^ i P " ZH
~ O\ q` @
` J# fi Ki` #
~zOK_. Q[~f
+ ~# W Q O ^xfl POQ
+H `~ =
K#
QOn H~^i =^" ^. QOn rq`
Ki` #
J#"^O K#
=H N~=. 1940 QOk O^fi~* =i `Q
W< O``
J# Q O ^# ~zOK_. ~`^
Ki` Q`=|^_
`~fi` Q =H QOn.

"f < : 1861 [##O. 1931 =~}O. 1916 "f HOQ s K~_. 1919
WO_
O_O\ J# u
H# O K_. 1928 ~` *f HOQ J^ _ J~<_. "f
<

1930 O` W J~#
^ =
<xfl HOQ sH WK_ .

=^ Jb l<fl : 1876 [##O 1948 =~}O. W`_ QH$+ Q = q`_ J~ ~`


~[H
H
"
t
OK_. 1916 W`# =O bQ J^ _ J~<_. W`_ O ~ bQ
L^=O =Y` +OK_. 1929 [=~ <
x"kH =u~HOQ 14 _=O_#


`fiO =O^ LOK_. 1940 =i 20# W`_
` H H< WK_ . =^ Jb l<fl


=O =# ~`^
O =`O ukH# ~ O_ =HQ ql
OK|_Ok.
CHAPTER -

: - Q=~fl~ [#~ - " Ki`

1773 <\H ~`^


O OQ Q=~fl~ [#~ == J= H^. OQ z=i Q=~fl~ "~fl
OQ. 1773 ~Q\OQ K@O H~O OQ Q=~fl~ == ~^ J~ OQ Q=~fl~ [#~ ==
~OO J~Ok. ~Q\OQ K@O H~O OQ "^\ Q=~fl~ [#~ "~fl OQ. OQ
"^\ Q=~fl~ ~|~ H".
"~fl
O Q : 1773 #O_ 1775 =~ . "~
O Q OQ ^fiO^fi i# ~^ K_. 1781
K@O
H ~O W`_ JkH~ +Q
"

\_ .
O Q q H q
# <===#
"~ K
f~ K
^u
~OaOK_. "~fl
O Q
u
O=`~ O
q t "O "
^u
x ~OaOK_.
1775 #O_ 1782 =~ [iy# "^\ =~+ ^O "~fl
O Q =Y ` +Oz
=~+ # OkH XOK_. 1780 #O_ 1784 =~ [iy# ~ O_= "

~ ^O
"~fl
O Q =Y ` +Oz \ <#
=OQ
~ OkH XOK_. 1784 ~ q"

*< U+\H \ # "~fl OQ `O ZO` LOk. "~fl OQ Q a~^ =.

H~fl "e : 1786 #O_ 1793 =~ , ~f# #=x UHH Q=~fl~ [#~ H~fl "e. W`#
~`^
O q sfi ==#

"

\_ . 1793 fi`
q t q^<xfl
"

\_ .
1790 #O_ 1792 =~ [iy# =_= "

~ ^O H~fl "e \ < # F_Oz
N~OQ@
}
O Ok ^fi~ QO "

~ ~*xfl PHq
OK_.

~ *< ~ : (1793 #O_ 1798) =~ , ~`^ Ki` UHH `@ Q=~fl~ [#~ *<~. W`x
i# HO J^ J^b =#=_ [g~ ~`^
O
^O_u F_O|__ .

" (1798 #O_ 1805 ~=) : 1799 [iy# <= "~ ^O " \ <#
=kOz "

~# PHq
OK_. 1803, 1805 =~ [iy# ~ O_= =~+ ^O "
=~+
~~# F_Oz QO =~+# PHqOK_. #H~ ^u Ki# "^\ KH=i
x*OJbM< 1798. x*OJbM< POQ H_, H~fl, J#O`~~O, |i l#
=iOK<fl_. g\< ^` =O_ JO\~. # H~ ^u =~+ `O*=~
KH =
i =i |~H
~ KH =
i a~~ KH =
~ K~~.

*~ ~ (1805 #O_ 1807) : W`x i# HO `q<_x "~ ~ u~Q@


K~.

~ XH@= qO\ (1807 - 1813 =~ ) : ~ XH@= qO\ ~OlO` OQ` J=$`~ Ok K <fl_ .
~f q^ Ja=$kH~H 1813 qO\ XH H ~# H \~OK_.

~OQ (1813 #O_ 1823 =~) : W`_ J#iOz# q^<xfl i<\ S+< q^#O
JO\~ J#Q Q_gk e q^#O.
O Q 1817 #O_ 1818 [iy# =_= =~+ ^O
=~+# F_Oz iQ =~+# PHqOK_. W`_ = #Q~xfl `# "q q_Q
=~ <fl_ .
O Q |O_i J< ^i^_ ^OQ# J}z"_. W`x i# HO<
`= =< ~= l ~ ` fii ^u
x
"

\_ .

~ J=~ : W`x HO ~ 1824 u~Q@ K~. J=~ 1824 #O_ 1826


=~ [iy# "^\ |~ ^O |~x f~ O`hfl PHq
OK_.

qe" O\OQ (1828 #O_ 1833) : OQ z=i Q=~fl~ [#~Q W`# xK_. 1833 #O_
1835 =~ ~`^
O "^\ Q=~fl~ [#~Q xK_. qe" O\OQ ~f q` _.
W`# 1829 ~*~"<~ O` f Q=<xfl ~^ K_. W`_ ^Q # ^i
^_ ^OQ# "< J# JkHi O` J}z"_. ~f Ja=$k KO^O>
POQ
q^ J=~=
x #q "H Hq+< xqOK_. "H Hq+< ~ "~ W`_
POQ
+# 1835 ~[+Q
H \
O K_.

~ JHO_ 1836 #O_ 1842 : ~ JHO_ 1836 #O_ 1842 =~ [iy# "^\ J x<
^O [iy# J x< x J<H
Q# PHq
OK<fl_ . W`x i#HO 1839
~Ol`O Q =~}O K_.

~ iOQ (1844 #O_ 1848) : iOQ QO_ *ux #~ `# x+kOK_. W`# 18451846 =~ [iy# "^\ ^O # F_Oz ~ OkH XOK_.

~ _l 1848 #O_ 1856 : 1848-1849 =~ [iy# ~ O_= ^O # F_Oz


O* iQ PHq
OK_. ~[OH =
} ^O`O ^fi~ J<H =*# PHq
OK_. 1853
~fi ==#, >eQ ==# "\# "_ _l. _fil `fi L^Q tH} W=fi_xH
aH =~ _~"
O\# U~@ K_. W`_ L`~ ~`^
O Ju^ ~_ =~# xiOK_.

~ MxOQ 1856-1857 : W` _ 1857 O~, = ^ , H H ` #Q ~ =_


qfiq^# O K_. W`x i< HO ~ u~Q@ ~O|O J~ W`x
HO< J}z" |_Ok.

" #
~ MxOQ (1858 #O_ 1862) : 1861 WO_ < Hx K@O H ~O ~f #=O_e
"O HeOK~.

~ HO_ Ze< 1862 : Ze< JkH~OH =z# Hk ~A =~}O K_.


~ _xfl< : W`# 1862 #O_ 1864 =~ " Q xK_.
*< ~fi< 1864 #O_ 1869 : W`x P^fi~O =^, O~, HH` #Q~O =_
H~ O K|_#q.

~ = 1869 #O_ 1872 : 1870 ~, H O^ _\ # "~ K~. 1872 ~ "


JO_=< xM~ n= `QqOK|__ . ~f Ku [< H
H~}
K#
"_
~ =.

~ <~ : W`# 1872 #O_ 1875 =~ " Q xK_. W`x i# HO WOQO_


~A U_= Z_fi~ ~`^
xfl O^iOK_.

~ e@< 1876 #O_ 1880 =~ : e@< ~f u H# x+k K@O K_. 1877 WOQO_
~} ~`^
O ^~~ x~fiOzOk. D ^~~ WOQO_ ~} ~`^

=~} Jx a~^
OkOk.

~ i|< 1880 - 1884 =~ : 1881 i|< "^@ Hs K\xfl "\_ D K\xfl

Hi,
J<H J=H HeOK_. 1881F W`x P^fi ~O [< H
H~}

OQ x~fiOK|_Ok. 1881 a
\+ e` [< 254 qe#. 1882 i|< xH
fii# K@O K_. i|< Q a~^ xH fii# `=_. ~f q^a=$k
H~H 1882 OII O@~ Hq+<#
xqOz#"_ ~ i|<. 1883 W~ a#
"

\
POQ

#O_ =u~H` Z^~x `# ^q
H ~r<= K ~`^
O #O_ "o_.

~ _ 1884 - 1888 : 1885 U.*. " P^fi ~O _|.. #i J^ H` # ~f *f


HOQ U~@~Ok. _ ~ O_= ="O #fl HOQ < qO^ WK_ .

~< _<, (1888 #O_ 1894 =~) : W`_ 1891 Hs K\xfl K_ 1892 WO_ <
Hx PH
H ~O ~f # =O_e Z= =OkH `fiO JOkOK|_#k. 1893
OII ~` P x< =^ xO`}
~ Y# QiOK_xH _~O_ Hg+< U~@ K_.

~ Ze< : W`x HO 1897 W^~ a \+ JkH~ } #Q~O He KO|_~ .


~ H~< (1899 #O_ 1905 =~) : 1902 OII H~< qfiq^ J^ #O H~H `= ~ Q
P^fi ~O Hq\x xqOK_. H~<
1904 OII qfi q^ K@O =i ~= K\xfl
K_. H~<
a~x O`O == i^## U~@ K_. 1905 OQ#
qlOK_.

~qO\ (1905 #O_ 1910) : 1905 =O^=`~O L^=O =i fi^j L^=O "^O k.
1906 PQM<, b= P^fi ~O =O bQ O K|_Ok. 1907 [iy# ~` ="O
HOQ < q`"^, Ju"^Q pe~. 1908 ~[^O <~O
uH J~
K |__ . 1909 qO\=~ O~}
"

@|_~.

~ iOK 1910 - 1916 : 1911 WOQO_ KH = i S^= *~ J`x ~ " ~`^ xH =z


^~~ x~fiOK~. 1911 5= *~ OQ q[ ## ~^ K ~`^
~[^xx HH` #O_
_bH =~~ . 1915 QOn ^H}
PH #O_ ~`^
xH =K_ . 1915 QH$+ QH
=~}OK_.

~ K"~ 1916 - 1921 : W`x i# HO 1916 U QOQ^~ uH =~+


O~ bQ L^=xfl ~OaOzOk. W`x i# HO< =`QOn KO~< K_
J^#Q~ [iy# ~ ` ~@O x q[O kOK_. 1917 =O\OQ
H @
# "=_Ok.
1919 ~` K@O , 1919 U 13# [e<" Q ^~O`O, 1920 uH =~}O, 1920
<Q ~ ="O x~
O
H ~O x~H~}
L^=O ~O=
~Ok.

~ s_OQ 1921 - 1926 : 1922 | =i 5# KsK~ O @# x~H~} L^=O. 1922

OI7 z`~ O [<, "f <


QOnx =u~HOz fi~[ sx O K_. 1925 P~...
~+
fiO
" O U~>O k. 1925 H=x+ s O K|_Ok.

~ Wifi< (1926 - 1931 =~) : W`xH Q a~^ H+< ". 1927 ~`^xH =<
Hq+< =zOk. 1927 P WO_ \ H#~< U~>Ok. D ="xH J^_
[=~ <. 1928 < i~ =iOK|_Ok. 1928 =^ Jb l<fl i~
=iOK|_Ok. 1929 ~fi~* f~#O K|_Ok. 1930 =i 12# QOn ^O_`
~OaOK_. 1930 U 6# QOn <xfl L Oz L `
s K_. 1930 "^\ ~O_
>| ="O U~@Ok. 1931 O_< [iy# ~ O_= ~O_ >| ="xH QOn [~
J_. 1931 QOn Zifi< F_O|_H [iyOk. 1932 =_= ~O_ >| ="O ~ "eO Q
@< J^ H` #
U~>O k. 1932 QOn JO^ ~ =^ } F_O|_H [iyOk. 1932 H=#
J"~
H \
O K|_Ok. 1933 L `Q
O xe"
|_Ok. 1935 ~`

`fi K@O K |_k
.

eOQe`Q (1936 - 1943 =~) : 1937 ~`^ O x J<H ~\ HOQ `fi U~># q.
HOQ =Y=O` QOn H H#fl
H q^q^<xfl Q = fi~*xfl `= ~
K
~O
K~. 1939 ~O_= OK^O ~O=~Ok. POQ ~`^xfl [~hH, W@bH
`~[OQ H\OK~. D O@#` HOQ s =Y=O` `= ^= ~r<=
K~.1940
` H H< q"^O ~O=
~Ok. 1941 ~`^
O #O_ + KO^


~i J_. 1942 ~`^
xH H
~~O =zOk. 1942 Hfi\ WO_
L^=O
~O=
~Ok. 1942 <`r + KO^

P^fi ~O P*^ O^ *
x
~`^
O

^_ K~.

~ "" 1943 - 1947 : ~`^ q[ # Qi ~[QKs XH ~ ` ~ K~. 1945


OII ""
}
eH
H \
O K|_Ok. 1946 O~ #Q~O ~` <H^ O u~Q@ KO k.
1946 ~`^
xH Ha<\ ~~O =zOk. 1946 PQ 17# =O
` H K~k#O
xzOk.

"O\ @< : 1947 =i #O_ PQ =~ : "O\ @< PQ 14# H< =~\~A


~`^
#H fi`O` O Wz ~`^
O #Oz "o~.
--- The End ---

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