Professional Documents
Culture Documents
~`^
Ki` Q P^~=, Ki` Q P^~ ~ O_ ~HQ ql
OK~.
1. ed` ~fi P^~, 2. ~= P^~
ed` ~fi P^~ : O^ =`xH KOk# =Y #
P^~ 1. |Qfi^= : P^
=
P~ `e~[H
Ki` QiOz q=iOKK#flk.
2. ="^= : ="^=
~f Ow`xH ==
3. A~ "^= : D "^=
H~ MO_ QiOz =i =O` `O` QiOz `#.
4. J^~fi#"^= : D "^=
~f "^
xH =O
<Q L"^
, P~ "QQ OQ, 108 Lx` , 18 ~} O^ =`O QiOz
` =Y P^~. 18 ~}# J^ ~} Jx _ JO\~.
^=` P^~ :
1. u
@H=, 2. *`H H^ , 3. JfiQ ~zOz# |^ Ki` , 4. <Q
#_ ~zOz# qeO^#
*#=` P^~ :
1. ^
~zOz# H
` =
, 2. 12 JOQ, 14 kOQ =i
=KO^
_ ~zOz#
i++~fi=.
HH P^~ :
1. ~`^ Ki` "^\ HH QO^= H\_ ~zOz# J~= D QO^O 6000
H H=. D Q O ^O H\_ OQ ^O`xfl J#Q U_ eOQ ^O`xfl q=iOK_.
H#_ ~zOz# ~[`~O y} Hj~ ^ KH =
~ QiOz `*
K#flk. Hfl` _ ~zOz#
~[< H^ =o ~[` KH =
~ Ki` #
QiOz ``#flk. ~q ~zOz# H~`~h
O.
^O_ ~zOz# ^ =~ Ki` Wq =
=O Ki` #
QiOz `K<fl~. He^ ~zOz#
Ja*# O`=, =qHl q`=
, ~
=O=, " ^`=, |`O~= Wq Q=
O
Ki` =Y P^~.
q^t QO^ : w ~K~` =Y"#k "Qh, W`# WO_Q QO^O ~`^O U_
H=x =i x == H^x q=iOK_. "Qh
@b` O QiOz =i
=~
x
H == QiOz PO^
x
H Ou QiOz q=iOK_. w O_` #
x
, ,
Ui< =~ i< Qi q=iOK_. P* `<q_
i
< P Uiuh J< Q O ^O
`"# HO<\ PiH ==#
q=iOK_. NOH KOk# n=O, ==O J< Q O ^,
~`^
O x ^ =` iu
x QiOz q=iOKK#flk. \_\
^xH KOk# `~<^ ''\\
Ki` J< Q O ^O # ~`^
O < ^=
` u
Q` # QiOz q=iOK_. K u
_
J~# < Q =[ fi~
QO QiOz =i ~ O_= KO^
Q qH=
k`x i<
"
=
O QiOz q=iOK_ <OQ ~=~#
_ =i ~ O_= H+, #iO=~ =i
q+=
~#
_ Q`#
O QiOz q=iOK_. K<
z=i u
_ J~# WKO Q ~=~#
_
J#O`~
QO #O_ ~[` =~ =K~xfl JOkOK_. J~^
KOk# J~
x
''H`L O` J< Q O ^O ~`^
O x
QHQ "^
A
QiOz q=iOK_.
~^
''+<= J< Q O ^O =^ Q[h ^O_
` QiOz q=iOK_.
~= P^~ : ~`^
O #~O =\_#
"^\ KH =
i J_. Jx QiOz
`e*
Hxfl #=.
1. = : Wk H~@H H^. 2. Z~Q _ =O^yi PO^
^
H=, 3. 13= +#= ||#= : Wq Xi H=, 4. ~qO^ #= : Wk < H^.
XH@= `Hi ^ q[ QiOz `#= <<
\ #= Q`=` `Hi
QiOz #=, <H #=, H~" _ QiOz ` #= u QO #=. ~ O_=
H+ ^ q[ QiOz `e
#= J~ #=. ~=~#
_ ^ q[
QiOz `e
< =^|<, |#H ~ \ <. 1= ~[~A ^ q[ QiOz
`e
< `O*=~ #=. WH_ $ nfi~O LOk. ~*O^
Kx ^ q[
QiOz `e
#= H<=i #=.
<}= :
O^ <QsH` H= <}= == J= ^ . P~ ~`^
O "^\ iQ
<}=# =kOK~. ~`^
O "^\ iQ Z= "`O "O_ <}=# =kOz#
=O= _. ~`^ Ki` Z= "`O |OQ~ <}= =kOz# =O=
Q . <}=# |\ ^ ~[H PiH =` i` # JOK<" =K.
H@_= : ~ "
+O[^~ #Q~ aOz# ^#Q~, fl# @= JOa =
#= O^
<QsH` QiOz `e*K#flk. @b`= =i N#Q~x H@_# PiH u+`
xH q^#O QiOz `K<fl~. Oz =^ ^ ~fl aOz# =~
=`i ` QiOz q=iOKK#flq. ~`^
Ki` "^\ iQ ^" xiOz#"~
DH. DH `~fi` ~`^
Ki` Ju^ ^"xfl xiOz# =O= Q=
O=.
~`^
Ki` "^\ iQ HO_# `Oz Q# xiOz# =OK=
q+ O_#.
q+ O_# `~fi` HO_# `Oz Q# xiOz# =O= =
.
~`^
QeH i` a#fl`fi O UH`fi =.
= ~fi` O` : Wk ~`^
xH ["#
~H}
# He O k. p#HO #O_ =^ QO
=~ ~`^
O
J<H *` ^O_` O_ = J_O Q xez#q.
QOQO^ "^#O`= : D "^
# O`O
O KO< ~=O`=~#
QO JQ #O
H^. D O`O ~`^
O QO_ =O\k. D O`xfl O`O K #fl =~, Q , _b
# UHOQ ~`^
xfl He ieOK~. D O`O< *#
, ^ =` Jq~q
Oz#q.
U_i O`O : D O`O [xOz# ~[` `= Q i ^ q^#O ^fi~ 647 OII #O_
1206 OII =~ ~`^
xfl =O ^O_
` #O_ H_"~.
^H< O`O : D O`O u
* PH~O H=. D O`O [xOz# =~+ `= Q i
^
q^#O ^fi~ "Qe*ux `#
O K~. ^H <# F_OKx
uflOz# B~OQ*
^H <<
` O J~.
f~ O`O : ~`^
xH q"#
~ =O`O H^. Hh ~` KH =
~ <gH^O @ U<_
^ =OKH=_O` ~`^O ~# ^O J~~Ok. <gH ==@ ^
=Oz#
=
Y KH =
~ HiH K, ~[~[ #~O^ _. ~`^
O <_ 6 =Y *`
H=. ~`^
O <_ 4" J<H =` J<H + J<H "+
=
H=. Zxfl q"^
L<fl ~fO` HeH@
Q x=OK_xfl a#fl`fi O UH`fi O Jx JO\~.
+Q Ki` :
q Pq~q
Oz =O^H@ OII ^\Ok.
|O_O g^ "@"
^\ [xOz# rq
<
Hi .
<
Hi J#O`~=
leH, _<
~, H~ ^
[xOz<_. H . ~fi 35 H
OII =#=_ PH YO_O [xOz<_. H . 5H OII #O_ ~` ^O =#=_
OKiOz#@ P#" a#flk. H.. 40" OII <\H =#=_ x\~Q x|__. D
=#=x eO_~` =#=_ JO\~. 3 H OII #O_ 4 " OII =~ Q rq` Ki` #
+Q Ki` Jx JO\~. Ki` H ~ +Qxfl 3 QQ ql
OK~.
p# +QO : 3 H OII #O_ 10 " OII =~ Ki` H ~ ~` ^O x=OK =#=x
~=uH JO\~. p# +QO =#=_ ~ux=@# LyOK_. D
+Qxfl P~J<fi+} ^ JO\~. D +QO =#=_ ^ ^iOK^
=i
=HOQ x=OK ^` D =#=xH `e=. p# +QO x=@# =^
gOx =
~O H##fl Ki` H ~ ~|~ |
~. p# +QO x=@ <,
\ Xi O` aOz#q. PO^^
O x p# +QO x=@ aOz# Hxfl
=Y^
<Q~#
HO_, ^~, ~[O@, ` O K~, QO`H =Y"#
q. p# +Qxfl
Ki` H ~ 3 QQ ql
OK~. ~fi p# + QO, =^ p# +QO, Jg# ^
L`~ p# + QO.
~fi p# +QO H= 3 H #O_ 1,50,000 OII =~ .
=^ p# +QO H= 1,50,000 OII #O_ 45,000 OII =~ .
L`~ p# +QO H= 45 " #O_ 10 " OII =~ .
=^ +QO 10" #Oz 8" OII. D +QO x=@ H##fl "
` OHe,
D +QO =#=_ H "#
~ux=@# L
yOz<_. ~u x=@` @
H#, =H# _ =#=_ L
yOz<_. D +Qxfl P~ x= ^ JO\~.
D +QO =#=_ =HOQ rqOK_. D +QO OQ=, H@ @, =_
qfi, =` PK~ P~O"<~. D +QO =#=_ x# H#Q<fl_. ~
~ K<
" Kh
O KxH Hy`O, kz
, J~O` ^~ =, `H =O^,
HO
=
=i h\ Q_
~= =i ~[H \ `
ix JOkOK~. giH <fl `e^.
O KO< "^\ iQ @ i =
# Ja=$k K#
^=
K<
. H . . 6= `|O
K<
H#fi+ <, `` J< O_` [xOK~. H#fi+ < H#+
l
xl" =`xfl ~OaOK_.
`` `"~[O J< =`xfl ~OaOK_. K<
# ieOz# z=i =OO =OK =OO. 1911
OII =OK =OO `#
" #\
< zOQy +
H P^fi ~O
*
`fi U~@ J~<~.
K<
U~
#
O` OQ=~ x~fiOz# =H =". 1949 =" K<
H=x q"
xfl
O K H=x `fixfl OK~.
~ <QsH` ^ O^ <QsH` : O^ <QsH` Qi 1821 =K~O JOkOz# =H =<.
=< HO> Z=Q =K~O Wz# =H JQO_~ HxflOQ ". ~ ~<
1904 ~`
~= K\xfl `K_ . ~= Y "@"
^\ _.l. J~#. ~fl< =~<. ^ ~" x`
He 1921 ~ #Q~xfl H#H<fl_ . 192 #O_ 1995 =~ O^ <QsH` O|OkOz#
"~ @}
H#Q#|_q
. O^ <QsH` 1.3 qe< K^~
Hg@~ qi Oz L#flk.
O^ <QsH` L`~ i^ [= Hj~. O^ <QsH` `~ i^ L`~
^
, O^
Hx#flq.
^eg~ : D #Q~O Q[~` ~+O LOk. D #Q~xfl 1990 #O_ 1991 *+, a J< Ki` H ~
H#Q<fl~ . D #Q~O ~`^
O Q O ^ #Q~ H Ju^ #Q~O .
H~ _.l. : D #Q~O H< x O^ ~+O H^. D #Q~xfl Q, l
J^ H#<fl~ . D
#Q~O xiOz# H@_
iQ ~~` xiOK|_#q.
O^ <QsH` i^ : ^=^ #Q~O ~y `~K# Y_=$Q = aOz#q
~`^
O O^ <QsH` Q #Q~ Z=Q aOz# ~+O Q[~`.
O^ <QsH` ~[H iu
: O^<QsH`#
=~ ieOK~. g~ "~, "}[O
Wz# =Y` ^xH W=fi^ . g~ ~y, HOK` `
~K#
P^# "_<~. ~* <
=~, ^
~O x O^<QsH` aOz# =H# ijeOz P~ O|OkOz#
P#" =x eK
<~. O^ <QsH` aOz# =H ^
q_ =H Z=Q
aOz#q.
O^ <QsH` PiH i` :
O KO< "^\ @}
<QsH` O^ <QsH`. gi =Y
=$u ==O, +},
O ^ O`O j`+O =O_O LO__O =#
[ H+O z
Ys, ~c, J< ~ O_ H O_OK~. =$+ =i
^
^ KH <Q O` O^
[
=#
^O K i, Q^= QO@
^ "`O O_OK~. O^
[ H=,
=, K~ = =i Zu` q^#O ^fi~
= h\ ^ O HeOK<fl~ .
O^
[ = =i_ ^u
H ~O "~O K~. O^
[ JO`~` ==~xH ''WH
J< Z_|
O_x L
yOK~.
O^ [ kQ=` : H~@Hx H~ Q##O_ |OQ~O, qO^ `~ ~fi `#O_
>\
J< "`x
~~, ~[< x H ` Q #
#O_ ~}, ~y, J x< #O_ `Q#
=, "\
x
#O_ |OQ~= D l #O_ =*, w ^O #O_ QO^ ^
"
, =OQe #O_ #fl
~ "^#
^~# O^
[ kQ=u K <fl~ .
O^
[ ZQ=` : O^
[ # =#
O KOx J<H ^ ZQ=u K~.
O KxH "^@Q ux
JOkOz# ^O ~`^
O . i, Q^= L`` #, ^O` ==
#
=i K~# O^
[ W`~ ^ ZQ=u K
"~.
OH i` : O^ <QsH` @OxH
^` e O^
[ #, Lxfl = ^iOK~.
*< =~ Ja O
H ~O O^
[ O^~ xH ^#` WK~ .
O KxH "^\ iQ
K^~ O QO P@# QiOz `e*#
<QiH` O^ <QsH`. O^
[ Q$ JOH~}
=i Q$ =yH JkH ^#` WK~ . O^
[ L
~.
=` i` : g~ |^=`P~k` , gi
^
# ^=
O J= `e O^
[
^
# ~+^=
_
u. O^
[ "K
@
, ~y K@ H ^# _ lOK~. Q= J< O`O
=e"^ <QsH` :
H . . 1000 OII<\ #O_ 600 OII =~ Q Hxfl =e"^ <QsH` HO JO\~
=e"^ HO P~ a ~x =Q^ =~
"
t
OK~. =Q` O`O
"
t
Oz# W#=
O` =e"^ P~ == x=@, P^# `
~ K<
~. =e"^ P~
QOQ O^ "^
# O`Ox J@g O`xfl `yOz i, Q^=, =i O@#
^ "`O
O_OK~.
~[H iu : =e"^ HO<\ KH =
i qu q^` Q}#O# iQ xifi~O K_. KH =
i
ZH~\ =~\ =\ q~\ J< a~ ^# ^iOz<_. KH =
i `# JkH~ ^~xfl
^
i OK\xH
Jfi"^O, ~[O, "[O "^# Q# x~fiOK_. KH=iH i#
HiOK_xH Q~+ J#Q #fl K
"_, JH<
J#Q ~A
= H _
Jku
,
OQ
` J#Q HkHi, z= J#Q JO`~O yH =Ou Ok qQ
J#Q q^t ==~ =Ou.
"^#
"~ HiOK"~. =e"^ P~ =_ =^ QiOz `e^. =e"^ <QsH`
PO^^
O < x[=^ lx JH J#Q ^< =~ qi OzOk.
PiH iu : =e"^ <QsH`#
2= @}
H ~ }
^ Jx JO\~. =e"^ HO Z= "`O
O@ O_@O =# JO`~` =i q^t "~O Ja=$k KOk#k. Ht, H, ~, OK,
QO^~ `Ht
O` "~ H O^Q Ja=$k KOk#q. =e"^ P~ _+ , H~#, `=
}
J< <}=# L
yOK~. KH =
i
[ #O_ |e, Q, , F_ J< #fl K
"_.
KH =
i
[ #O_ |e, Q, F_ J< #fl K
"_. KH =
i W#= O` q^fiOH~
P^# `
~ K <fl_ . i< O H~ =[O q+ O =i Q =Q
ql
OK|_Ok. q+
xH Jku
q+u
, Q =xH Jku
Q =}.
OH iu : =e"^ HO O ^ =~O ^ Q`O == JkH ^#`. =e"^ P~,
"^ K^=
_xH J#~Q
~#|_~ . q", =~H@
flO, t `, #~|,
H<O =O\ OH ^~K~ =e"^ HO ~O=~<~. |K~O, Q$O
<O J< P=
^~ =e"^ HO< ~OO J~<~
} 4 P=
^~#
\OK~. Hu
=_ P=
^~# PKiOK~. " ~ O_ P=
^~# \OK~.
ZO\ P=
^~# \OKx"~ ^
.
=~O ~+_ HOk =~O
x
q"O K H=_xfl
J#=q"O Jx JO\~. nxx
} JOwHiOK~. HOk =~O ~+_
=~O
x
*#
=`O : H . . 6= `|O J#Q 600 OII HO
O K Ki` J<H =` Pq~q
OK~.
*#
=`O [#fl`fi O J< ^O #O_ \O k. *#
=` Q~=# f~O ~ JO\~. f~O H~
J#Q "~k =O\"_ Jx J~O. *#=`O 24 =Ok f~OH~ H~. "^\ f~OH~_
=$+<
^_. W`x QiOz |Qfi^O
qOK|_Ok. 23= f~O H~ _ ~<^_. ~fi <^_
Jfi
# =i "= H =~_. ~fi<^_ 4 ^O`#
u
kOK_. 1. PH e y
LO_~^, J
O JO\~. 2. J|^O P_~^ ^OQ`#
O K ~^ J#Q JiQ
O.
4. JO :
24= f~O H~ _
~ =~=
# =g~_. H . . 540= OII =~=
# =g~_ " e gOx
O^ J< Q =O [xOK_. =g~x `O_
^~ _
, `e u
j. =g~_ u
H J<
`Q KOk#"_ =g~x `e eKq `Q KOk#"_. =q~x =~ J<fllx J_
[=e. =g~_ `# 30= U\ `# J#fl #Ok=~#
x J#=u` WO\#O_ |^i<_.
=g~_ `# 42= OII L`~ ~`^
O x
=
Y O_` O^ix H<fl_ . =g~x
Q~= Qe=i ` . Qe=i ` _ Jr==`O# O K_. Jr==` =` q`
=$HO JH =$HO . q` [O`= lOH =g~_ `# 42= U@ ~^HeH #n f~=# Q [$OaH
Q =Ox =$HO HO^ i~_
~ <_. =~=
# =g~_ i~_
H=_xfl H =
O
JO\~.
=g~x ^# : H~ MO_, [
^^, "^ PkH`, qQ
P~^#
, ==, O$` +
Pk`xfl =g~_ =u~HOK_. =~=
# =g~_ P`#~#
^O`# #=_. =~=
#
=g~_ |K~O, H#, u~`fl# kOK_. *#=` ^O` OK=` JO\~.
*#
=`O 12 eOQ H=. =g~_ JO JkH ^#` WK_ . L`~ ~`^
O =O`@
*#
=`xfl
K
~O K#
=~=
#_ H . . 468 OII "i J< Q =O _ J< =H
WO\ =~}O K_. =~=
# =g~x =~}O J#O`~O *#
=`O |^ _ @b` #Q~O
*#=` ="xfl x~fiOK_. D ="O *#=`O fi`O|~, kQO|~ J< YQ
pe~Ok. fi`O|~ <_ |^ _. gi ^=_ ~fi<^_. fi`O|~ L`~
~`^
O ~
_
~ . kQO|~ <_ ^
kQO|~ ^=_ =~=
# =g~_.
kQO|~ H~@Hx =} Q O`O ~
_
~ . H . . 161= OII H~" _ =~yi
~fi `O g^ *#
=`O ="O x~fiOK_. H~"L
_ *#
=`O =#
fl peH# JiH\_ .
H . . 5= `|O =a KH =
i J~# k~ [=~_ *#
=`xfl Q[~`
K
~O K_.
*#
=`xfl fiHiOz#
=
Y KH =
~ ~OH =O _#
aOa~_ *#
=`xfl fiHiOK~.
=~=O _#
KO^
Q =
~_ |^
J< O_` x = *#
=`O fiHiOz H~@Hx
=}Q gO KO^
y i ~fi `O
H #
=
`O \Oz =~}O K_. Px =#=_
J~# O
u
*#
=`xfl fiHiOz <Q~#
HO_ =~ qi O*
<
_. O
u
H Q a~ ^ *#
^=`O :
H.. 563 OII Q`=_ <x Oax O`O [xOK_. Q`=x `O_
^~#
_, `e ==. ^^#
_ H `Q KOk#"_. == He`Q KOk#k.
Q`=|^x q+` =O^Q< q=iOz# O_`_ Jt`. Q`=_ 29 OII <Q
O @# K_@O` WO\#O_ |^i<_. `# O @## =ax+
=}O Jx JO\~.
Q`=|^_
1.) uH~
, 2) L^~=` O_` =^ OMO =i Qq^#
<~ <fl_ . 35= U@ |^_
Q
gOx x~O[# P\HO =^ ==_ J< =H O
~qK@ J#Q k=$HO HO^ `
K<
_. =x =~ *` Q`=xH 48 ~A
P~xfl JO^*
O k. 49= ~A# J#Q " H ^ ~q
~A# i~_
J~<_. D O @#
''Ok Jx JO\~. Q`=_ ~kx lOH=#O 5 =Ok
=} `# <~ #fl
q^# kOK_. D O@## ^~KH i=~#O Jx JO\~. Q`=|^_ <Q P~
`# JOQ=~xfl kOK_. W`x `xfl =^=~ ^O`O =i
u
`=`^H
^O`O Jx _ JO\~. Q`=|^x
Q a~ ^ : 1) Y=}, 2) Y*x, 3) JOw~ _,
4) ``Q` _, 5) P
*u =i 6)
O K*u Q`=|^x
^#
=
q` J~#
= ^ J`x t+ P#O^_, Le W`# =OQe"_, JO|e-W"#~H , eOQo_Q[^OQ Q`=|^x
^# = ^ =`xfl fiHiOz# KH =
~ aOa~_,
#l` J*`
` =.
O KO< "^\ i Ju^ O
xfl O z# =H Q`=|^_
. O O "^\
<x Q`q. Q`=|^^L
L`~ ~`^
=
O`@ ^=
`xfl
K
~O K
L`~
^
x
|+ J# #Q~O KO_ J< =H WO\ H . . 483 OII =~}O z<_.
Q`=|^x J#O`~= ^=`O : "^\ ^ =` Owu : H . . 483 OII J*` ` = ~[Q$#Q~O
"@"
^\ ^=
` Owux x~fiOK_. "^\ ^=
` OwuH J^ H =H . "^\
^=
` Owu Le q#
\H#
, P#O^_ ^
\H#
OH#O K<
~.
~ O_= ^=
` Owu Hq H+ _ ~A, D ="O H . . 383 OII x~fiOK|_Ok.
D ="O ^=
`O =Ow `~"
^ J# ~ O_ peH =z#q.
=_= ^=` Owu : H . . 250= OII D ="O x~fiOK|_Ok. D ="O J_
^=
`xfl
O K=`OQ =~x f~xOK_. J_ `~ `<# ^=
`
K
~ xq`O
|~^xH O<"_. J_ O`#"#
=O^ _, O q` ^=
`xfl NOH
K
~O
K<
~. D =O "yo`e Ja^=
\H#
OH#O K#
"_.
<= ^ Ow` : D ="O 500 =Ok
u
x^ <fl~ . D ="O #fl PO^
O _`
uxk PK~ <Q~#_. ^=`O D ="O ##, =Ow# J< YQ
q_~#k. ^=
`O q_=_xH H~ #
= Hx+_, PK~<Q~#
_.
~`^O =Y"# Y : 1. =#O : gi< =Ow JO\~. =# =` J#Q
=~# H~"~ Jx J~O . =# ^O`xfl fiHiOz# "^\ KH =
i Hx+_. =#
i` Q`=|^x
H ^=x = Hez<~. =# =` =YtO QO^~ tO. D
=` JkH~ + O$`O, =# =`xfl K<
K
~O K#
=H H+=`OQ.
##O : ##O J#Q =~H~x "~ Jx J~O . D =` |^x
fl Q~=Q P~kOz<~.
=` JkH~ + e +.
=*#O : D Y"~ H~ MO_[
Q^ JkH ^#` Wz<~. c ~ =i
\\
^O x
[ `OuH
<xfl P^iOK~.
Q KH=i : =~Q 1. #O^ qfiq^xfl OK_. #O^qfiq^xfl OK
qfiq^OQ =i# =H ~=~#
_. #O^ qfiq^xH Q a~ ^ WO_ < PH
~ .
^=
` `= : Jfi _ |^ Ki` , O^~ #O^#O, i`
H ~ }
O J< Q O ^#
~zOK_.
=q` _ =q+O J< Q O ^xfl ~zOK_. PK~ <Q~#
_ q^~ O`xH KOk#"_.
`"# KH =
i J~# [N `Hi PK~ <Q~=
x P^iOK_. PK~ <Q~#
_ ~zOz#
QO^ ~q`, Y, P~Q=O[i, P^qH"^, ~~`flH~}O ^ ~u~`flH~O
` OH~ "^~#k PK~ <Q~#
_ ~zOz# Q O ^-PK~ <Q~x
H WO_ < S<
<
J< a~^ H^. W`_ #"^O J< ^O`xfl ukOK_. =Y P~fi^ "^_#
K~ _ ^=
`xfl P^iOK_. K~ _ K~H
O ` J< Q O ^O ~zOK_. `~ O `=_#
kQQ _ ^=
`xfl P^iOK_.
^=` tH : ^ =` tH #
3 ~HQ ql
Oz<~.
Z)
QO^~ tH : D tH# ~`^xH iKO K# =H JQO_~ D tH#
~`^
O
K
~O K#
=H Hx+_. QO^~ tH ~~ "_<~.
a)
=^~ tH : =^~ tH Z~ KH~~# "_<~. D tH Q`= |^x
)
J=~=u tH : D tH #
Ja=$k K#
=O= `"#. J=~=u =O tH
`~~x =i # KH ~~x "_<~. D tH |^x
qQ
O
fQ JOH~}
,
JOH~}
Hx O k.
^=` H@_ : ^=
` H@_
# 3 ~HQ ql
Oz<~.
Z)
: Wq |^x
J= xiOK|_#q. Oz =^
^
, ~<^-L`~
^
#
J_ ~ ^ x +q` $OQ_ `"# DH KH =
~ xiOK~.
a)
K`#= : K` O J#Q ^=
` ~<
=Ok~O.
)
q~O : q~O J#Q ^=
` qOu Q$=
^=` `#O : < *uH KOk# `~=#_ 500 #O_ 515 OII=~ ~`^
O
^O_u
^=
` q` H ` # JxflO\x ^K<fl_ . < *u <_#
q~_ 515 OII
#O_ 535 OII =~ L`~ ~`^Ox ^H`xflO\x ^K<fl_. O^ =`
Q`=|^x
^=
`~OQ =i<~. =^ Qi
<
^H_
J~# H
~ d a~, OQ,
Xi, O`Ox ^=` H`x JxflO\x ^fiOO K_. #O^, qH"t L^O_, [Q`
qfiq^ `<
xH H~ _ H
~ de. H
~ de Hxfl " =Ok ^=
` O_` #
=kOK_. H
~ de
=O = |^_
\#
^O ^=
`O JO`iOz~Ok.
^~ *#^ : =e"~ P~ `= `= ^ K 16 ~*Q qalOK|_~.
~`^
O "=O`O Q =Y"#
*#^ QO^~, HO[.
* fi= `
H ~O
=*xfl ieOz# *#^ ~, OK, =r, = "^#
q. ^H}
~`^
O Q UHH
*#^O JH. Wk x*=^ lx ^< O`xH KOkOk. ^~ =*#^
"^\Q Ja=$k KOk# *#^O =Q^. =Q^ aOK W# Q# =Q^ gO Q
#^ O^ =# =Q^ H =
OQ Ja=$k KOkOk.
CHAPTER - 2
^xH KH =
i J~
O K *`
` ~OaOK_. H . . 330 OII JQO_~ "@"
^\
=_= _ i# F_Oz W~H, i, e<
, Dl ^# `O K <fl_ . "_=
_ i "` ` ~`^
i^ =~ JQO_~ `# ~*xfl qi O* _. =_= _ i<
`` sH =[=O` J[ O~ =[O He~Ok. 327 eOW Pfi#O "~
JQO_~ <, H |
~ #= QO_ ~`^
O xH
"
t
OK_. JQO_~ tQ_
J<
=H O` +=u J# ~*xfl PHq
OK_. JQO_~
<
^H 1.
~_H , 2. q+
<
JQO_~ =@, Hu
H, Wa *` "ix F_Oz "i ~*# PHq
OK_ JQO_~ JOa
O` 326 OII rO#k X_#
[iy#
_
^O H~= =[ KH =
i J~#
~`O x F_OK_. JQO_~ ~`O ^~ "z `# Q ez# Hxfl
Q
~`O# `_Q xqOK_. JQO_~ JOax F_Oz uiy J`xfl HqOz ~+
ixQ xqOK_. ^##O^x ~`fi O QiOz `#fl JQO_~ L`~ ~`^
O
^O_` O_< w ^xH
#=_. ~`^
O
^O_
` zflOQ JQO_~ 12
#=# "~Oz<_ ~`^
O Q K#fl
Q# JQO_~ 6 ~Q ql
OK_.
324 OII ~`^
O #O_
}=~# JQO_~ 323 OII ax #Q~O fi
Jfi` Q~ =~}O K_. JQO_~ =# ~f <}O# =kOK ^u
x =i
QO^~t H QiOz <~ <fl~ . JQO_~ =~}#O`~O J`x =*xfl J`x
<
^
J<H =HQ ql
Oz OK<fl~ . W~<, W~H, i, <
, "= ~`^
xfl
xH@~ QK<fl_. w Ki`H~ ~`^ ~K# =Y` +Oz<~. "Qh, ,
Zi, HiH
, =~=[O QiOz =Y"#
=K~O JOkOK~.
=~ =O =[= :
~`^
xfl He ieOz# "^\ =OO =~=OO. ~`^
O Ki` J`O` H On`" #
,
* fi=`" #
L^Qfi=`" #
i# JOkOz#"~ =~.
6 H
<
xfl U~@ K Hx ^##O^x =kOz L`~ ~`^
xfl iQ PHq
OK_. [
,
\
~ J< Ki` H ~ Ja O
H ~O KO^
Q =~_ L`~ ~`^
O #O_ ^H}
~`^
O
=~ *`
` #
x~fiOz Hj~, JO, HoOQ, H<=i q# ~`^
xfl iQ PHq
OK_.
KO^
Q =~xH w Wz# a~ ^ O_H @. H . . 305 [iy# ^O KO^
Q =
~_
H xY~~# F_Oz J`x =~ <= q"O K<fl_. KO^Q_ H xH~~
#O_ H|, HO`
~, PHO^ ~, ~\ O`# O^_. KO^
Q =~_ ~`^
xfl
He ieOz# "@"
^\ KH =
i. KO^
Q #
H i# HiOz# J`x
^
#=Ou
H\_. =~ =[O 12 OII H~=H@H= OqOz#q. KO^Q =~_
H~ =H@H= #O_
[ # ~HO KH |^
J< O_` x K~ = *#
=`O fiHiOK_.
H.. 298 KO^Q =~_ Y# =`O \Oz KO^yi ~fi`O =~}OK_. KO^Q
=~_ i< O H~H `# =*xfl 4 ~Q ql
OK_. Jq 1. `Ht
, 2. L[~x,
3. `e, 4 =~y i.
aO^~ : H . . 298 #O_ 293 =~ ieOz#"_ aO^~_. W`xH Q a~ ^ Jq`
`
J#Q ` q^fiO _ Jx J~O . aO^~_ ~ O_ =^ =^ Q 16 ~*# F_Oz#@
`~<^ PO\
H ~~O #_<
_. PO\
H ~i _"
H aO^~x P#O
~iQ Q_ _. aO^~x
^ =~_#
=_ `Ht
=~A aO^~x
~ O_= =~_#
J_ L[~xH ~A. `Ht
O`O =~ u~Q@ K Q P
u~Q@# J}z"z# =H J_.
aO^~_ Jr=H =`xfl PKiOz L`~ ~`^
O =O`@
K
~O K_. aO^~x
HO<\
=
Y O_` _ OQo "=
. aO^~_ j=_x KH =
iQ K H . . 273=
OII =~}OK_. 273 #O_ 269 OII =~ Q j=_H J_H =^ "~`fi~
~O=
~Ok. J_ ~^Qx
O` `# ` =O^ix =kOz ~`^
xH KH =
i
J~<_.
J_ : H . . 269 #O_ 232 =~ i# H= Jx H= W`x a~ ^ ^"<O
^i,
^i J_, JH =^~ "^#
q. ^=
` Q O ^ J_ 99 =Ok ^~ #
=kOz ~*xH =z#@ `e*
K#flk. ^=
`. Q O ^ Jx QiOz KO_ JH,
H JH Jx
qOK|_Ok. ^##O^x =~}#O`~O fi`O`_ J~# HoOQ"_ =~
"~xfl J_QJ_Q< xOuOz<_. J_ <Q*u "ix J#Q HoOQ "ix F_OK\xH
261 OII HoOQ
^O
H \
O z<_. ^W J< O`O [iy# ^O J_ HoOQ
*u "ix iQ F_Oz Hxfl " =Ok =~}xH H~ _ J~<_. HoOQ
^O J#O`~O
Jx i=~#
O HeyOz# <
~ xQ^. LQ _
J< O_` x K~ =#
J_ ^=
`xfl fiHiOK_. O^iOz#@ q=iOz# J_ L`~ ~`^
O x ^
}# ^ ` K_=OkQ
[ # H~<fl_ . J_ ^= J< ^O`xfl kOK_.
D ^O`O
[ hu=O`OQ rqOKx H~<fl_ . ^= ^O`O
K
~O K _xH ^~ O
==` J< L^Q# xqOK_.
Jku
Q =x.
<u,
<u Jx HO
x
H == iQ x~
QO J~Ok.
^
x =^~ O`O #Oz ` Oz<~. J_ `# t< x~}O w ^` #
L
yOK_. Jx < "_# + 1. |
, 2. H~, 3. w , |
ex 1837
Kkq# Ki` H ~_ *"
<
. |
e Z_= #O_ _H ~|_`Ok. H~e _ #O_
Z_= ~|_`Ok. ~`^O "= O`O aOz# HO^~ #O w+
~|_Ok. J_ =^
^
x ~ ~ Q "~Oz# #= Jx ~fi ` #=
Qi q=iOKK#flk. J_ #O
H ~O Jr=H=` ^ J<H Q# xiOK_. J_
`#`# ^~ ~H _Q
~O@ "~Oz# #= ~<^ #=. J_ Q`=|^x
}O H^. S`~
} H . . 1000= OII ~zOK|_#k. H\_ `# J~
Q O ^O PO^ Qi q=iOK_. "Qh
, Zi< `= Q O ^ PO^
x
H == QiOz
q=iOK~. "`# ~zOz# Q+
u
, Q}_ ~zOz# |$` H^ =O[i, "`#
~zOz# H=` `"# HO<\ =lH PiH i` Qi q=iO k. ~ =~
O$`O ~zOz# HO`O ` "H~}
= O$` "H~}
O Qi q=iO k. PK~ <Q~#
_
~zOz# *~q`, H, =^qH"^, ~~`flH~=, P~Q=O[i `"# <\
q*# Ja=$k =i ^=
` iu
Qi q=i#
flk. <H, <}Q\, uQO , QO@e
#= `"# KH =
~ Qi q=i#
flk. w ~=< ^ aOz# `"#
KH =
~ <}= `"# PiH == Qi q=i#
flk. 30 =Ok ~A =*xfl 450
OII ieOK~x `O k. H . . 230 #O_ H . . 225= OII =~ `"# ^H}
~`^
xfl He ieOK~. Jx =~}#O`~O =~ Jk`xfl =u~HOz `"#
=*xfl O K_. `"# =OxH = ~+_ N=Y_, W`xx q_ _
Jx JO\~. W`x <}= HsO#Q~ lx H\eOQ =i =#Q@ J< O`O
aOz#q. W`x ~[^x ^~}
H @ ^ ^#H@HO ^ J=~=u. N=Y_ HsO#Q~, #O_,
NHO, J=~=u, QO@~ l =~ `# =*xfl qi O* _. =~+#
ieOK
=~k _ =~#
<QiH# N=Yx =~_#
XH@= `Hi H q"O K~.
XH@= H$+_ : NH$+ =~}#O`~O J`x `=_# XH@= H$+_ XH@= `Hi `~ # i#
x~fiOK_. XH@= H$+_
`# =*xfl =~+ x <H =~ qi O* _. XH@= H$+
=~}#O`~O N =Yx =~_#
XH@= `Hi KH =
i J~<_.
XH@= `Hi : `"# KH=~ "^\ Q"_ XH@= `Hi W`xH =He
H~" _, +q` $ OQ_. Ju Q
#
O XH@= `Hi #~^ #k kQ= QO #O_ H<=i
=~ Q
Q# PHq
OK_. XH@= `Hi H~" x K` F_OK|_ f~~ = @}
#
H
_. XH@= `Hi `# ^ q[ zflOQ Jfi" Qxfl x~fiOK_. XH@=
`Hi Q a~ ^
~ ^H}
ku.
=`xfl fiHiOK_.
~O\ `= ~`^
O H
" t
Oz H
=
=`xfl
K
~O K_. ~`^
O
H
=
=`xfl
K
~O K#
"^\ =H
~O\ `=.
: - OQ=QO
~zOK|_#q. `~ `=_#
kQflQ _ D HO <\"_.
~ `ex ~f_ D
HO<_ <fl# H#<fl_.
HO qQ
O aOzOk. Q KH =
~ `= H@_
Z=Q Z~= ~~x L
yOK~.
Q =xH Jku
Q =}. ~=~#
_
<
xH JkH ^#` WK_ . `#
#
O XH H Jfi^=
,
50" H |= H^. ~=~#
x HO tH Ju Hi#
OQ H=. <== k=iH
J= L#flk. ~=~#
_ fiOQ Hq O_` _. W`# O$`O <Q#O^#O, ~`fl=e,
^i Q O ^ ~zOK_. W`x P#O
=
Y O_` _ #_, =~_ =`O_
=i k"H~ _ "^#
"~ LO_"~.
u
J~^ OII XHi ~=~#
_
Q
#Q~O ="H i+`# x~fiOK_. 6# ="Hi+` <OQ, ^$=#_,
~K~ J< O_`_ [~ J~<~. 6# "Hi+` H< #Q~O 75 ~A
x~fiOK~. ~=~#
x HO == =Y` ^ . f Q=#O J= L#fl@
Hxfl P^~ aOK~. Jq
$ H~=
~#
x =~}#O`~O P# ~ =u f Q=#O
K Ok. ~=~#
x HO Q[~` W`_
i =
k
KOkOk. OQ `^#
O i =
k
. +
u =O O^~ O^ =` . <OQ
=O = ~=~#
_ ^O
=`xfl P^iOK_. #O^ qfiq^ +} H~H ~=~#x 100 Q= P^xfl
H \~OK_. ~=~#
_ #O^ #Q~O ^~ QO* J< Q O ^xfl xiOK_. ^~ _,
+|^_
=O\ =Y"#
= #O^ q^O< q^# J OK~. <OQ 643
OII =~ ~`^
O < Q_
657 OII ^=
` Q O ^` 150 |^x
^`=` K<
"_ .
<OQ K<
KH =
i` ~`^
xH ~~O O_. 657 OII ~=~#
x =~}O`
+
u =OO iQ `#
O J~Ok. +
u =OO `#
O `~fi` L`~
~`^
O J<H
~[` ~* "e#q.
#iO=~ NOH
^O_u =~= =~ OKO_= =|e~O =
` x~fiOK_
=i U_Q_# xiOK_. <\ =|e~O #Q~xfl #iO=~ xiOK_. 642 OII
<OQ O=~ P<xfl O^iOK_. #iO=~ P# O_` _ ~q. H~`~h
O
J< Q O ^xfl ~zOK_. #iO=~ HO HOz Q q^HO^O Q xezOk. HOzH Q a~^
^H}
~`^
Ht HOz q^# J Oz#
=
Y O_` _ ^~ _.
H \
O z# ^q KH KH =
i XH@= qH=
k`_.
~O_= #iO=~ : W`x i< H= 685 #O_ 730 =~ W`xH Q a~^ ~[O,
W`# =
=`xfl P^iOK_. ~ O_= #iO=~ =|e~O f~ ^"xfl, HOz H
^"xfl xiOK_ ~ O_= #iO=~ #O_ J< O_` xfl +OK_. ^O_ J=Ou O^~
H^, ^ =~ Ki` Q O ^# ~zOK_.
~O_= ~"fi~ =~ :
: - WO =[=
O KxH ~ fifi~_ XH_, J`_ J H . . 622 ==^
=
H =H #Q~O #O_ =n<
#Q~xH i_. D O @## l
. 622 OII6 WO HO_~ ~O=
~#k =n<
#Q~xH Q =~
~ =`
=
H #Q~=
. 633 OII E< 8 <\H
=
H k J~a#
iQ PHq
OK_. =^
=
H =~}#O`~O J`x
u
xkx Hb JO\~. "^\ Hb J|
H~. J|H~ WK *^
O` Y~<# OH#O K_ Y~< 114 ~ H=. 90
~ ==^ H =H rW`O QiOz 20 ~ =n< rq`O QiOz q=i#
flk.
J^q^OQ =~`O XH H H H=. =~`xfl [O` Jx_ JO\~.
=~`O Q =
n` Qi
qOK|_Ok. Q =
n` 701 H H=. ~=}O 24"
H H=.
=^ Qlx : Qlx J< O`O <\ J x< H^. Qlx J< O`xH "^\ KH = i J~l <.
J~l
< =~}#O`~O J`x J_#
H l
< KH =
i J~<_. H l
< =~}#O`~O Ql<
q^<
`q L =xfl\ J# a~ ^` =*xH KH =
i J~<~. ~`^
O^
^_ WO =` q~} H}` Qlx ~`^O ^O_`_. Qlx [=Hj~ ^O_u
O^"t =O$xH KOk# P#O^_x, [_x, Y_x, u
K# _x <Q
^ F_Oz =kOK_. 1018 OII =^ Qlx =^~ #Q~O x ^" Jxfl
^K<fl_ . 1025 #O_ 1027 OII ~ O_ ^ ^fi~ Qlx =<^ ^"xfl iQ
^K<fl_ . =<^ ^" ^_ ~`^
Ki` Ju^ ^_ Qlx Ku F_OK|_
Q*~` KH =
i XH@= c=_.
x e\ J< O_` x Ja O
H ~O Qlx ~`^
O
17 ~ ^O_`_ . Qlx `# z=i ^O_
` \ J# *ux F_OK_. =^ Qlx` @
~`^
xH =z# O_` J~
x, ~ ^
, J~
x H` L O^ J< Q O ^xfl ~zOK_.
~ ^
#= J# Q O ^xfl ~zOK_. J ~
x `# Q O ^O ~`^
O x
Q, YQ
i*#O Qi q=iOK_. Qlxx F_Oz# UHH ~f_ q^^~ _, q^^~ _ KO^
=OxH KOk#"_. 1035 OII ylx =~}O K_.
^=
` # ~`^
xfl =ke K<
, < =O\ ^ i~. 1205 Qi JH`Q
=~}O z Y`|k< J|H ~`^
O WO =*xfl O K_.
P~" : W`x i< HO 1210 #O_ 1211 =~ . P~" `|n< J|H =~_.
W`_ J=~_
H=_O` ~~ J|H J_#
_ q# _e O<xH KH =
ix
K~.
< : 1245 #O_ 1285 =~ , < Wfii `Q KOk#"_. < z#fl`# O W~Hx |
J< O`O xQ Jq" |__ W`xx W_ q+ H#Q K_. W_ q+ =~#
q"O K #fl < ~l,
< =^ i< HO H
j ` +Oz `#
a_#
#~ n< =~}#O`~O KH =
i J_. < 40 =Ok zx # "^@
=kOK_. zx =Y= +
~M<, `y M<# 1276 =kOK_. k"x Jh* J#
x
H Y# < k"h D |s^ J# Q_K~ Y# U~@ K Q_K~ Y O`
`# ` =# JO^ix =kOK_. < q J< ^i ^_ ^OQ# J}z"_. <
~KiHO ^=^`kH~O J< ^xfl lb WO y JO\~. `= =[O i< ^` # _
"
\_ . Jq J#Q OQ #=~O K _O 2.
|
J#Q KH =
i ^# =^__
O
3. AO| J#Q KH =
i KuxQx O#O Qx =^__
O . < HO =OQ ~`^
O
dr =OO : 1290 #O_ 1320 =~ . [n< dr, W`# 1296 =~ ~`^ xfl eOK_.
[n< dr =Oz KH =
i, Ou~ _, W`_ H~ ~+ i_ J~# =eH KE#
F_Oz J`x ~xfl PHq
Oz KO O_ =k_. W`x HO =OQ ~`^
O
^O_`~ .
[n< =OQ# F_Oz "iH WO =`O WK_ . =OQ <_ J~# Lfi `#
z#fl =~# Wz q"O K_. Lfi J#K~# # =O JO\~. [n<
k=
< J< O_` _x KO_.
JLn< dr : 1296 #O_ 1316 =~ . W`xH Q a~^ HO ^~ D ~. J#Q ~ O_=
JQO _~ Jx J~O `# "^\ ^O JLn< r Q[~`# PHq
OK_. 1299 Q[~`
KH =
i H~ }^=_. `# ~ H=^q ^=^q` He ^= =*xH i~. Q[~`
JLn< drH ^~H#
=H =eH H ~. JLn< dr 30 " =Ok # =O # =kOK_.
1301 JLn< dr ~}`O
~ H@
^O_u Og~^=
xfl F_OK_. 1303 ~} ^ }
H~H JLn< dr Ku F_OK|_ =~}OK_. ~} kx B~ `# `# Hx
=~}O zOk. ar
^= ~[ ^O_u ~=KO^
^=xfl, OH~^
=
xfl F_Oz ~=KO^
^=xfl
`# =O`=Q =~<fl_. H=^=xfl JLn< dr ^=~^=xfl d M< q"O
K <fl~ . =eH H ~ 1308 HHf ~[O ^O_u ~ O_=
` ~ ^
xfl F_Oz O_
=[ KH =
i J_. JLn< dr
O` HeQ tH qkOz, =~\ [iQ
"# JiH\ =~\OQ O~} =# =#= JO^ q^OQ K_. JLn<
dr =[O
qx JO`\x
HOz JO^ QO =O` t = K_. dr _b
J^
~ fi*# xiOK_ =i i J# #Q~xfl xiOK_. dr =~}#O`~O =~H ,
~ KH =
~ J~. 1320 OII yn< `QH H ~ # =kOz `QH =Oxfl
OK_.
`QH =OO : (1320 #O_ 1414 =~ ) yn< `QH : 1320 #O_ 1325 =~ W`#
H~# J# `Q KOk#"_. W`_ JLn< dr O` H =
OQ Zky O* O`xH
Q=~fl~Q xqOK|__ . JLn< dr "~ _#
H ~ # =kOz KH =
i J_. `QH
^
#Q~xfl xiOz `# ~*^xQ =~ <fl_ . Q~ ^fi~ `Ou ` ==#
"
\_ . W`_
`Ou ` ==#
~OaOK_. W`x =~_ *<M< ^ =^ *< `QH OQ,
`fi L^Q Jqhu =# 70 H @OH x~
QO J~. i< i< O
H~H `QH ~[^xx _e #O_ ^=yi ^ ^`^ =~_ . "~H O_` _ J~# W|<
|@\ JaO
H ~O ~[^x =~ ==~O Hxfl " K<
KH =
i | M< K<
Hy` H~ xx
"
+
\_ . J`xx P^~ OQ fx `QQ ~`^
O ~y, HOK <}=#
"
\_ . D <}O =^}
xO`}
H =_O` 55 L`~ ~`^
O
u
O^ Q
=
@OHOQ =i~Ok. 1336 =II i~|H~ =^ c< `QH# ZkiOz
q[#Q~ =*xfl OK~. 1347 JLn< <QOQ`QH# ZkiOz q[#Q~
=*xfl O K~. `QH W~<x H~< O` KH =
i J
`
^O_`x `H O ~zOz
3H 50" =Ok x# XH O=`~O r`O =O^Q Wz qs` ^~ =# ~^~
`flxfl =#<fl_ . `QH = O` qOx H~*fi J# *u"i
^O_u "ix
F_Oz ~ \O J~# L` O` = ~fi `# ^\ `#
<
xfl iQ H
_. `#
" =# `QH q~^ " x_Q z `QQ Q =|_<_. q<
\
\, `~H~
J< Q O ^O =^ c< `QH H qq^ " QiOz q=iOK~. 1351 `QH O^
O`O
^O_u ^@ J# J@gO`O =~}O K_.
~* `QH : (1351 #O_ 1388 =~ ) : W`x `e ac< W" O^= ~ * `QH 1353
OQ
^O_`_ . OQ
P~<
^ qx l, e*` XO^O K <fl_ .
1361 ~ * O^ O`O
^O_u J@g O`O ^i ` P~ < J@g O`O JO`
OKiOK_. _b #O_ =eH H|
<
xfl OOK_ P
#
O O` O^ O`xH
K~ x "i` _ XO^O K <fl_ . 1359 ~ * Xi
^O_u 3= #^=xfl
F_Oz [Q<fl^ fiq ^"xfl ^K<fl_ . ~ 1366 <Q~H @
^O_u *fi=Y
^"xfl ^K<fl_ . D *fi=H ^"Ox 400 Q O ^# ~ * `QH Z`H _ .
#
O K~ <fl_ .
#
O "~` fi q^<xfl
"
\_ .
x
r` |^
=#
WK ^u
x ~ * `QH ~OaOK_. ~ * P^ J< "O_ <}xfl, aH J< ~y <}xfl
"
\_ . x~^Q H~ W`# ZO~"O\
~# U~@ K_. =O OH =
O
H~H J<H P` # xiK_. W`x fiKi` ''` u ~ * ~ * <Q~H @
#O_ f=z# O$u Q O ^# iH +H `~ =
K~OK_. `QH =OO z=i
KH=i #~n< =^ `QH.
^
# =Ou, W`_ PiH ==~# _ xOuOK"_. n"< D Js* J#Q ~H}
Y
=Ou k"< D i` J#Q q^j==~ =Ou. ^~ J#Q WO ==~ x~fiOK
=Ou, k"h D W"fi J#Q L`~
` `~ =Ou. k"x Mp J#Q <Y =Ou. < =r~
J#Q L
^
# =Ou. k"h |s^ J#Q Q_K~ ==~ =Ou. i< O H~H _b
# `= =*xfl WH, J#
x
H ~*Q ==iOK~. WH Jku =H. JLn<
dr WH ==#
~^ K `# =*xfl 11 ~Q ql
OK_. `QH HO D ~
OY 23
iyOk. ~xH Pk` O =OK =H =~A, =~A H O^O = =Ou
=O_e H^. ~# +HQ qlOK~. +H JkuQ +H. +H# ~Q} J#Q
=O_Q ql
OK~. ~Q }
Jku #Q^~. ~#
Q^~ i# HiOK_xH
H<^~, J"~, Mr J< =O` HiOK "~. Jg~ ~"< ==~ =Ou. Mr
<==~ =Ou. i# z=i qQO Q =O. Q =xH Jku KH^~. KH^~
i# HiOK =H \fii. JLn< M, =^ c< `QH ^
<
xfl +Oz
x
<~ Q r` WK~ . ~ * `QH
#
O "~` fi q^<xfl
"
\,
x
= WK
^u
x
"
\_ . _b # HO tH Hi#
OQ H=. _b # HO =Y =$u
==O. O@ Q^=, *#fl, _b # i, K<
, i =i \\
^`
"~O K~. gi =Y kQ=` Q~ . ZQ=` #=O^, he=O^, #=
=i ^O` ==
_b # HO Q[~` OQ ~ # = i =
k
KOk#k. _b #
[ #Oz J<H ~H #fl# = K~. ~[Hi@Ox
u
~`flO
: - =~+
uflOz t"r Ku =~}O K_. t"rH J M
< =^ ~~O #_#
=H Y$r
~. J M
< ` J#O`~O t"r ~ \O J~# L` O` "Q =[O
^O_`_ .
1663 t"r B~OQ*|
"#== J~# + M<# F_OK_. 1664 t"r W<`M<#
F_Oz ~` #Q~O XH H\ ~x ^K<fl_ . 1665 B~OQ*|
<
^ _ ~**<
OQ ~* t"rx F_Oz ~O^~
O kH XOK_. 1666 " 9# PQ H@# O`iOz# t"r
Or B~OQ*
Ku |OkOK|__ . 1666 * #Oz ` OK#fl t"r `# Q@ #fl
H@xfl uiy O^_. 1670 ~` #Q~xfl ~ O_=i ^K<fl_ . 1674 E< 16# t"r
~Q_ K`u ` "x ^q P^fi~O \a+HO K<fl_. t"r K`u, ~[H~,
`H ~ J# a~ ^ H=. D \a+
HxH [~#
POQ
_ PHO _ KH =
i J~# `~ "`
t"r QO_ KH =
i J~# J| < `x`
x
H XO^O K <fl_ . J| <
`x =O` J~# J#fl, =^#fl JOkOz# O` t"r H~@H
^O_u ^Q~ |O^"#
"
~ . L~*# O`Q ql
OK_. O`xH Jku
=H^kHi, i#
z=i qQO Q =O. Q =xH Jku
> > i# HiOK =H Hi. t"r Hf
J< iH~O ` =[Ox
QO JO` HeOK_. O_ O@# |\ t"r =_= =O`
t = K_. t"r W`~ O` ^O_u#
_ "i #O_ = K
#fl# K` Jx
JO\~. K` J< #fl# t"r "i P^O #O_ 4= =O` = K
"_. t"r Q~"~O
fiO`
[ KeO K #fl# ~ +
=d Jx JO\~. ~ +
=d #fl 1/10 = =O` =
K
"_. t"r JLn< dr. = +
~ = ^
<
xfl U~@ K_. 25=Ok
<
xH Jku
H
<_ Jx eK"_. 5=Ok < Jkux =O^~ Jx eK"~. 5 =Ok
=O^~ Jku
x z=^~. 10=Ok z=^~ Jku
x [i Jx eK"~. 5 =Ok
[i Jku
OK [i Jx eK"~. OK [iH Jku
~fl` Jx eK"~. ~fl`
Jku
<u. t"r `# rq`HO 280 H@# xiOK_. t"r Y~< JkH ^#`
WK"_. t"r H#Q~O Ju^ <H H O^xfl xiOK_.
~*~O : W`_ 1689 #O_ 1700 =~ eOK_. ~*~O t"r =_= ~ =~_.
~*~O i# HiOz# =Y = ~OKO^
u
, ^<l^", Y<r POy.
~OKO^
` J^# ` J# Q O ^xfl ~zOK_.
`~~ : D" ~*~O ~ `# =~_#
~ O_= t"r `~ # `~~ i# ==~
x~fiOzOk. `~~H, i# HiOz# <_ ^<r^", Y<r POy
XH@= |#~K =^e" |_ = ^<r^", Y<rPOw |rqfi<^ O`
H _ J< O`O [iy# ^=
`~~x F_OK_. = q[O =Y` +Oz#
=*xH Jku
*
O Q. *
O Q =~}#O`~O J`x =~_#
Dfi~O Q, =^<
O Q =^
"~` fi ~ ~O=
~Ok. "~` fi ~\xfl P~Q K #fl =~+ ''JO|~ =*xfl
^K<fl~. ""_ ~"OQ, HOQ =^ ~@O ~O=~Ok. =~+ ""_#
_ iQ ^K<fl~ . 1761 =_= x@ ^O ~[` =~+ HiOK^
.
1748 OII ''Ln~ J# O`O =^ [iy# ^O =~+ ^~^, x*O
|^[=<# F_OK~. 1752 OII "Q =r~ ~ [ OQ |r |r~"`
x
H XO^O
K Hx J^ J Jb ^_ #O_ "Q =*xfl H_=x Hi<~. =^ LH#,
=r~ _ =~+ `
fl OQ Q_
<
_. ''#c* L^^ J# O* i_ J^
J Pbx ~`^
O
^O_`=
x PfixOK_. J^ P Jb J`x =~_#
`
~
~`^
O
^O_u<
_. 1761= =_= x@ ^O ~ O_= P" =i =~+
iQ F_OK|_~ . =_=x@ ^xH <H`fi O =Oz# }fi =~_ ^t=~".
=_= x@ ^O =~+ [@ , |O^ ~[` =HiOK^
. =~+
''y~ ^q
^<xfl =ke@_O =# JP Ku F_~. =~+ <#
Q H fi,
Ok ^xfl =^< =ke "_O =# =~+ F_~. =~+
F_=_O |r|r~" =~}O K_.
CHAPTER - 6
: - H L^= =i =~+
=~+ H L^=O : W`_ =~+ H L^=O "^\" _. W`_ "~n H J< Q O ^xfl
~zOK_. "~ nH# =~+ a JO\~. W`_ =~+ H L^=xfl K~OK_.
Hc~ : W`# }^uH [xOz =O K<` Hix WO\ iQ_ W`x Q~= ~=#O^_.
W`# qQ
~^## iQ =u~HOK_. ~~ ^=_ LO> <# HO_< l# J<fl_ .
Hc~ J#K~ # Hc~ Of Jx JO\~. W`x ~K#
# a[\ JO\~. HO ^~ _ Hc~ #
f=OQ tHO K_. W`# O^=O SH` @__ . Hc~ =k Q~M
~ gOx
=~ J# O`O H^.
=
Y JO^Hq
zH=i H;#~O _, zH=i H;#~O O a< KO^
PO^^
O
~ \Oz#_ J`x POQ
O Qxfl `QH `~=
K<
_. ~^ JH~ =Ho_.
g~ : W" ~^_ J< ~[` =OxH KOk#k. g~~ `O_ ~`< OQ. W" ~ *~A.
g~~ H$+
H x
K
~O KO k. D"
~=#O^_ = K~x
=O H^. ~`^
Ki` < "^\ iQ ^=xfl
#
flO K H=_xH [ # ~OaOz# =H g~~. g~q
H$+Hx ~[<, =^^ ~ K~O KOk.
H ~ ~ : D Y# O z# =H + H J| ~`^ O H ~ # O z# =H "~n<
d. "~n< d ^~ Jr~ H^. W`x t+ `|n< H
~.
O O~} L^==
#~^r
=#O J# ^xfl i<
<
J#
O z ^O #O_ \O k. i<
<
J#Q =m [xOK_O Jx
J~O . 1453 `~+ H#O\< #Q~xfl PHq
OK_O D #Q~O x w , ~=< O_`
S~ i~. #~r=
#O "^@Q W@b ~O|O J~Ok. #~r=
#O
=O =#
S~ Jx YO_HO> =O^O[ LOk. ~`^
O #~r=
#O "^@Q OQ ~+O
~O|O J~Ok.
H =KO^ < : W`_ 1857 | =[O K~_. 1860 H =KO^ < O ` # O K_.
H =KO^
<
=O =# WO@~ H =~* O`~ q"O K@O # K~. H = KO^
<
1870 WOQO_ ~} Hx q" Qi q=iOK_. 1872 H= KO^< =
q" Qi+ = K\xfl K~. D K\xfl LO Oz KO^
< `# "#
~ =~ J~#
a~x HK O`xH KOk# =~A Wz q"O K_. H =KO^
<# =u~HOz#
J`x J#K~ 1778 ^~ |
=[O O K~. ^~ |
=[O =Y <
t=<^, P#O^"<, |=*xfl fiHiOz# PO^ =#fl |K, HO^i
g~eOQO, ~u "OH@~`flO <_. HO^~ g~eOQO Q a~^ ^H} ~`^
Dfi~KO^q^Q~.
t+_ fiq q"H#O^_.
fiq q"H#O^ : q"H#O^x [##O 1863 OII =~}O 1902 OII q"H#O^_ "^@Q ^~}
|
=[O _ J~<_. 1882 ~=H$+ ~=
O
O Q = PHi`_ J`xH
t+_~<_. 1892 Jl`O Q "~ #~O^<
^^` q"H#O^xQ
~=~ <fl_ .
q"H#O^_ 1893 zHQ #Q~O [iy# ~fi `= " <xH [< O^ =` Q`#
O
Qi, ~`* u B#fl`fi O QiOz q=iOK_. 1893-1897 =~ q"H#O^_ J"iH Q_ _.
q"H#O^_ Hei #Q~O Ou P=
xfl O K_. < < OH #Q~O "^O`H O^xfl
O K_. 1897 "
~ ~=H$+ ~=
O =~xfl O K_. q"H#O^_ H~ , qfi=#
`fiO QiOz
K
~O K_. K` #
kz
=i O^ WO =` D ^xH PH~}
O
Jx
H \
O K_. 1900 i #Q~O [iy# ~fi =` " <xH [~ O^=` Q`#
O
Qi
O yOK_. q"H#O^_
`fi ~u J# u
H# POQO O K_. L^^
J#
u
H# OQb O K_. q"H#O^x
t+~ ~ x"k`. H<=ix XH tg^
~#fl q"H#O^_ K HO `
K_. P t q"H#O^x ~H =
#O xiOK|_Ok.
q"H#O^_ OQ P ^ << J# Q xfl ~zOK_.
~ x"k` : D" [##O 1862 =~}O 1911. ~ x"k` J
~ =~~ \ <| Ze[`.
D" ^O S~O_. D" 1898 ~`^xH =z HH` POQ=^=O ~#
~OaOzOk. 1899 1905 HH` O`O
Q "k Oq
Oz#_ k` O
JOkOzOk. D" ^"
P WO_ <
J# Q O ^O ~zOzOk.
=O`
K
~O KO k. z`~ l =^# , L`~
^
x <~ H, <~ O$`
q^OQ Ja=$k KOkOk. JxaO\
~ t+_ l_ H$+=
i.
^ L`~
^
x k|Ok J< Q =O ="" WO =`xfl ~`^
O #~i OK_xH
`fl ~OaOK~. g~ Y~< , l^ J`kH =Y` WK~ . k|Ok L^=H~
l^# =ke ~` *f HQ ^fi~ =`"
~`^
xH fi`O` O k
O ^x #=~.
H \
O K#fl =O g~ QO J^.
CHAPTER - 7
: - 1857 ~ u~Q@
1857 ~ u~Q@#
^
=
fi`O`
O Q =OQ Ja=iOz# =H g~^"^~ ^~H.
1857 HO> =O^ 1806 OII `q<_x "~ ~ u~Q@ K~. D u~Q@#
POQ
J}z"~. 1824 |~H
~ ~ u~Q@ K~. 1844 L`~
^
x
7= |\e< KOk# ~ u~Q@ K~. D u~Q@ Jxfl\x
POQ
`O^~Q
J}z"~.
`
, he=O^ =O\ O@# ~`^
O |=O`OQ
"
\~ . ~`^
O #O_ WOQO_
ZQ=u J ~ <==`
#fl# = K~. ~f q^j "~ K
O>
Yz`O Q POQ
<H< L
yOK< K@O K~. WOQO_ iqH q=
O q[=O`O
H=_O` WOQO_ #O_ = kQ=u J~. POQ
= i =
# ^\H `@Hx
~`^ K<` Hi, HH~ ~`^xfl =ke NOH, WO_<+, ^H}H
=~. H~fl"e
"
\#
fi`
q t q^#O =# OQ, c~, Xix
~ ` `=
=# =ke ~ ` bQ =i~. O*, PQ O`O
"
\#
=fii
^u = z#flH~ ~` `= =# JQ=~ "i Ku H~. iqH q=
=O POQ
~`^
O J<H i =
# O z W#= Q, Q## ^K<fl~ .
i =
xK
~f ZO\ q^, "^
, Q$^ # HeOK^
.
=`xfl
K
~O K < J#=u O^~. 1829 f Q=#O ~^ K _O 1835F POQ
+#
~*+Q
H \
O K_O , 1844 POQ q^# J Oz# "iH
`fi L^Q W=fi_O.
O^=
=`O #O_ H
=
=`xH =i# "iH "~` fi `_ O_ K@O K _O. q`O`=
#ifiq"O J#=u W=fi@O =O\ H~} =# O^= =O `= O$u =O@
He `O^< =O U~_O k. 1856 QO_ *u Q #~ `# x+k K@O K~. D
O @#` QO_"~ POQ
~\xH ^
_
~ .
x
OY 1 H 60 " =~ H^. POQ
x
xfl ~ Jx ~f
x
xfl ~ Jx
eK"~. ~Q rq`xfl ~OaOz# ~f_ ~Q< ^g q~=} K
"_. POQ
~`
x
xQ~ Jx eK"~. POQ
J^# ^` q+ O ~f
x
@
q=H` KOK~. 1856 OH
<
K\O
H ~O O^
x
=O
x
W|O^
Q~<~. O^ x =^O ^@_O =O x +qOQ KH=@O W|OkH~
O@#. H= =` ^ xH ta~ "tOz =` K~xfl K~.
q`O K H _. r#`= JOkOz# =K~O` POQ
[#~ h <H`fi O
_b H
"
t
Oz 25 " =Ok _b
[ # =kOz ~ O_= |^~ J`x =~# |OkOK~.
@< J# POQ
JkHi |^~ W^~ =~# HeKO ~ |^~# |~x
~OQ * O_. 1862 ~ O_= |^~ ~OQ * =~}O K_.
* ^ u~Q :
* ^ u~Q@ <H`fi O =Oz# =H =efi J^. W`xH
<<, `Ou` O JOkOK~. J^ =~}O` POQ *^#
PHqOK~.
L^= :
=~+ L^= : =~+ L^= <_ JO^ ~ 1920 JO^ ~ =~+
=u~H L^=xfl ~OaOK_. 1924 JO^ ~ |+$` `Hiy #
O K_. 1927
|+$u ~` J# u
H# =~i O K_. 1927 JO^ ~ =* =`OQ# O K_.
1935 JO^~ [#` "~uH# OK_. =_ ~O_ >| ="O #fl
Q<_ JO^ ~. 1942 P WO_
..
_
~ +<#
O K_. 1945 JO^ ~
Z_H+< \
x
O K_. ~` ~*OQO JO^ ~ H
jH ` +Oz# JO^ ~
fi`O` O J#O`~O `e <Y =Ou J_. W`# `# z=i ^ ^=
`xfl fiHiOK_.
~` *f^=O
1885 U.F. " P^fi ~O _|.. #i J^ H` #
~f HOQ U~>O k. ~`* f
HOQ U~@HO> =O^ =^, O~, OQ ~ POQ
=u~HOQ J<H O
O K|_#q. D O `= H# kOKH ~#q. POQ
~f ~@O
K
x x~OKH=_O
=
Y ` +Oz# JO.
1. ~`^
O ~[H OQ UHH~ }
H=_O 2. ~f JK` q^# J OK_O , 3. u
H
` =i Q` Ki` , 4. O O~
==, 5.
O K =i J"iH q"
~O|O, 6.
e@< J#iOz# *u =u~H q^<. WO@=O\ H~} =# ~f POQ
~\xH #fl^=
~<~.
`fiO *f "^xfl
kOK_O <~O Q
H \
O zOk. 1900
`fi L^Q *f HOQ
="O #~^x POQ
K@O K~. q`"^ q^<# J=H"^ q^<Q
=# *f < U.F. " : U.F. " 1892 [xOK_. 1912 =~}O K_. 1849
q sfi L^yQ " ~`^xH =K_. U.F. " *u JOH~O x =H.
~f K` #
O HeyOz fi`O` OQ =O "
#_O Kx H~<fl_ . i@< H
K
~
=u~H q^<# U.F. " =u~HOz ^#` x ^q
H |kb K |__ . 1882 ^g
^
# H~^iQ xK_.
_|.. #i : 1885 L
KO^
#i ~` *f HOQ J^ H` =OK_. `# =^x
^^~ <~l : <~l r=#O 1825 OII W`_ ~tH =`xH KOk#"_ 1885 O_<
"o D WO_
J +<#
O K_. 1892 WOQO_ H=< ZxflH ~f
=# POQ
^$+H fH _ . H=< ZxflH #
"^\ ~f_ <~l. POQ
# ~`^
xH ^=_ Wz# =~O Jx <~l `e_. 1906 HH` ="O <~l
fi~[O J# ^xfl "__. ~`^
O a
\+ "~ fi`O` O Q fi`OQ `~ x`O
QH$+ Q : 1866 [##O 1915 =~}O. W`_ =~+ x ~`flyi O`xH KOk#"_.
Q
~Q< J< H PiH PK~xQ `# rq`xfl ~OaOz 1902 J^ H
x
J_. = QqO^~#
_
=O =# Q ~`~ [H
H
"
t
OK_. 1899
W`_ O~ # ZxflH
_. 1905 <~ #Q~O [iy# ~f *f HOQ
="xH J^ H` =OK_. 1912 ^H}
H ~ \Oz ~f Z^~O@#fl H#
H~ K_. 1905 W`_ ~ fiO\ P WO_
\
J# O#
} #Q~O O K_.
QOQ^~ uH Ja O
H ~O Q ^_=
O_ P WO_
, ^ A=ei P =~+ Jx
HiOK|__.
QH$+ Q, =`QOk ~[H Q~= ~ O^<
^ #i : 1845 #O_ 1925 =~
[##=~}. 1871 ~O^<^ #i q ifi# =ke\ ~f ~[HH
"
t
OK_. 1876 ~ O^<
^ #i O~ #Q~O WO_ < J +< J# O#
O K_. 1895-1902 ~ O^<
^ #i ~` *f HOQ J^ _
_. W`xH Q
a~ ^ WO_ < ~ . ~ O^<
^ #i
W@b UHH~ }
=Y ` +Oz# =zx
=O
H^. 1919 W`# POQ
"
\#
=O>H K"
~ O~} =iOK_. D O @#`
HOQ s ~ O^<
^ #ix iQ =u~HOK~. HOQ sH ~r<= K <+#
e~+< _~+< J# sx OK_. POQ ~O^<^ #iH ''~ J< a~^# WK~.
W`# ''U <+<
"HOQ J< Q O ^xfl ~zOK_.
K
~O K#
<_ a< KO^
. W`# qY@flO, HH<_, =~OQ
O yK_.
a< KO^
POQ
O Q# `QH `~ =
K#
=H zH=i H;#iOO O`.
a< KO^ OQ# qx L`l`_ J~# ~[=O_ >xOQ H q^i Q_K~
i~fi`=
~=. ~[=O_ H
x
=~ O@~ Q_K~ #
J`x J#K~ # H
K
~O K#
u
H =O^=`~O , QO^~. =O^=`~O L^=xfl `#
O K _xH POQ
J<H @
xfl<~. 1906 POQ
` O` PQM< f" L P^fi ~O =O bQ
OK|_Ok. 1907 ~` ="O q`"^ Ju"^ pe~. 1908
QOQ^~ uH `# H s u
H HH` @
tH
_
$kfi~" #
O
"O~_.
D "xfl "
#O^Q# POQ
uH# ~[^O <~O HO^ J~ K P~ OII *
tH#
qkOK~. uH =O_ * w`~ O, Pi\H " P ^"^
J# Q O ^#
~zOK_. =O^=`~O L^=xfl J}z "_xH POQ 1909 OII qO\=~
O~}# "\ =O `H"# x[H=~# U~@K~. 1911 WOQO_
~A 5= *~ ~`^
xH _b ^~~ x~fiOz 1911 _
O|~ 11# OQ q[ ## ~^
K~. 1911 OQ #O_ JO# q_n XH ~+O Q =~~ . OQ #O_ a~, Fi,
K\ <Q ~# ql
Oz =~H ~+O Q K~. 1912 =i 22# ~`^
~[^xx HH`
#O_ _bH JkHiHOQ =~~. 5= *~ ~`^xfl O^iOz#O^ Q~Q POQ
O~ Q \ " P WO_
# xiOK~. 5= *~ ~` ^xfl O^iOK_xfl ~ iOKx
~gO^<
^ \Q~ [#Q}=# w`xfl ~zOK_.
=# *f <
[u~ : W`x [##O 1865 =~}O 1928. [u~ O* ~+O x ~ * ~
l [xOK~. [u~ `O_ ~^H+< `e Qa^q. L#fl` q^# JOz#
[u~ 1882 P~=[O K~~. W`# O* H~ <"kQ K~~.
1888 J^ HOQ ="O [u~ HOQ `fiO fiHiOK~. OQ W\b
_# * =[h [u~H P^~ _. ~`^xH q*#, J~#,
H~
` # ^fi~ fi`O` O ~^x z` k` xK#
_ =`"
~`^
xH fi`O` O =O ^x
[u~ #=_. ~ ^#O^ POQ"kH H# U~@ K_O
[u~ =Y` +OK_. [u ~
q` _ ~ ^ J^ M<.
[u~ 1907 J~ K |_ uH H$+ = q_^ J_. ~` fi`O` OQ =O
K
~O K_. ~`^
fi`O` =~ W`~ ^
O J=~O Jx #q uH
J"iH, WOQO_ ^ ~ \Oz "i O H~_. QOQ^~ uH# H=#_Q,
q#@< Ki
~<fl_ . H i u
H fi~[O < [# <# ^xx kOz f~`#x ZQu
K\_. uH Q a~ ^ Hs@O x~A, JOu [#_, J~KH" ^` , ^
=~A.
uH " ~ bQ L^=xfl ~`^
O JO`
K
~O K_. 1920 PQ 1# uH =~}O K_.
a< KO^ : [##O 1858 =~}O 1932. a< KO^ <\ |OQ^ x O* J< Q =O
[xOK_. L#fl` q^# J Oz# a< KO^
HOQ s `fiO Ok Ju"kQ
~O^_.
W`_ ~ O^<
^ #i ^fi~
~} Ok 1901 a< KO^
# WO_
J# u
H#
POQO O K_. 1907 ^H}
~`^
xfl O^iOz# KO^
=O^=`~ L^=xfl
K
~O
K_. a< KO^ ~^~H J# OQ uH# _ ~zOK_. W`_ =`QOn
~OaOz# x~H~}
L^=xfl =u~HOK_. " r H$+=
~ Pfi#O "~ WOQO_
^xH "o# KO^
J`x` Ja ^
U~_O ` ~` uiy =K_ . a< KO^
""i P "
>"
J# rq` Ki` #
~zOK_. KO^
# OQ _< Jx q.H. K@i
~<fl_ . OQ q"
#H `Q q#=~
~<fl_ . *f
=
H XH_ Q J~qO^ +
~<fl_.
J~qO^ + : W`x [##O 1872 =~}O 1950 W`_ HOa_ qfiq^O L#fl` q^#
J OK_. H~ y<, ^~ J# u
H ^fi~ J~qO^ + `# ^O`#
K
~O K_.
1894 #O ~ F J# jiH# O^ H uH ~zOz q`"^ "#
=u~HOK_. W`_ =O^=~`O , QO^~ J# u
H# O K_. Je~ @
H
^
# xOk`_ J_. ~[H
#O_ H =
OQ "^
ey# + O_Ki
_"<
J#
``fixfl K~O K_. J~qO^ + ^ _"<, O`< P Q, ^ H\P^ "^, Z
P< ^w`, qu J# Q O ^# ~zOK_.
"^\
O K
^O ~O ^ POQ
[~# Ku J<H J[ KqK~. 1914
=O_b * #O_ q_^ J~# uH D =O< POQ
Xu_ f=<
~f
fi`O` O =O ^x #=_.
H \
O K_. D O @#` O`+Oz# uH O~ L^=xfl H =
OQ xe" _.
H =
OQ xe"
O k. 1917 ~` *f HOQ J^ ~ J~#k. O~ bQ L^=O
=O =# O^= =O UHOJ~. POQ
1919 =O>H K=~ O~}#
"
\~ . "^\
O K
^O J#O`~O POQ
~`^
O LQ"
^ H~H =
K~ Q
J=HO LO^x qOK~. =i ~ q=
O
=O =# ~f u~Q@ K
J=HO
LO^x qOK~. 1918 ~` =i #Q~ He a
\+ ~"
O\ ~` K\xfl
"
\~ . 1919 ~` K@O K@~
O |_@H =zOk. D K@O
H ~O L~yO, ^~fl
x~fiOK~^. J#=#O =z# "ix J~ K
JkH~O POQ
O^~. ~`
K\xfl =u~H
1919 U 6# x~#
^
~ # x~fiOK~. 1919 U 10= ` ,
n<
H P^fi~O L^=H~ O* x~#
^
i OK~. POQ
` # HK # J~
K~. 1919 U 13# [e< " Q O`O ^^ 20 " =Ok
[ H#fl
P^fi ~O ="O J~<~. =O^
KiH O_ [#~ _ ~ qKH}
~ `OQ H
[i 4=O^ =Ok L^=H~ =~}xH H~ _
_. =`QOn, .P~.^, "u
< JOK<
H ~O _ ~ Ku 1200 =Ok =~}O K_. POQ
[e<" Q ^~O `~O
x"kH W=fi_xH O@~ Hq+<# xqOK~. O@~ Hq+< "~ D O@##
J#HO_ [iy# ~@Q q=iOK~. POQ
_ 10" |=#O Wz <xOK~.
1940 L^O OQ [#~ _ ~# He KO_.
g~^"^~ =~~ : W`_ =~+ x <H O`O 1886 lxK_. W`x ^~ Q}+
=~~, <~} =~~. W`_ QOQ^~ uH =
q`_ J~<_. 1899 =~~
q`"
J# ~ O#
O K_. q`"
1907 <\H Ja#= ~`Q =iOk. =~~
ix
z# =H * =lx. ~`^
O "^\ ~ O = q`"
.
OQ OH~"^O : OQ
OH~"
^xH P^_ aO^<
^ ^`. g~O^ =~ +.
a
O^<
^ ^` q"H#O^x ^~ _. g~O^<
^ + J~qO^ + ^~ _. 1902 gi~=~
He J#+# qu J# ~ O#
O K~. g~ ^^ 500 J#j# O # U~@
K~. J#jH qu
=O ~`^
O x qq^ O` LQ"
^ H~H =
x~fiOK|_#q.
=#
q`_~<_. W`# P~#
,
` J# u
H xK_ 1924 O^< iaH
\
x
W`# U~@K_. 1925 Wk O^< +e iaH \
Q =~~ . 1926
O* ~` ["< |Q`
O Q U~@ K_. 1928 ~*Q ~, Y^", Q `
O Q, P*^
KO^
Y
~ He O_~#
He KO~. Q `
O Q H >
fi ~^` ` He 1929 U 9# WOHfi
lO^^ J< x<^O` H O^ #
O| q~~. WOHfi lO^^ J#Q q=
O
=ie Jx J~O . # H Z~ H~
` x qi<~. O| H~
` qi# `~ "`
i J=HO L#fl \H gi POQ
^iH~ 1929 JH|~ 27# Q `
O Q, ~*Q ~,
Y^" LitH qk#
fl@
H \
O K~. |~H fi~ ^` nO`~ tH qkOK~. Q `
O Q#
q_^ K
x ~ * 63 ~A x~~nH K =~}O z# <_ [u<^.
1931 [iy# QOn Zifi< [_O|_H QOn |Q`
O Q J`x q` QiOz KiOK^
. 1931
=i 23# =Q~ < Lif|_~ . gix O* ~+O x ~ * ~ #Q~O Y##O
K~.
u
fl P*^ O`#x =^#O K_ . [_ 15 H~_ ^|# tHQ qkOK_.
u
H~_
^| =` QOnrH * Jx K_ . D O @# ^fi~< W`xH P*^ Jx a~^ =zOk. P*^
J#Q ^~ e Jx J~O .
u
`.
u
` POQ
H
^_K
#, #, ~+# =kOzOk.
u
`
<
_
qOy =~}O zOk.
OH~"
^xfl ~OaOK_. `q<_
OH~"
^O =Y = z^O|~O , =O
J~. 1911 =O J~ u~#"o O`xH KOk# HH ~ P+# He KO_. D O @##
u~<"o @
H JO\~. D H =O J~ `# tH _ `O^x qOz P``
K <fl_ . =O J~ HiOz# hHO~ |
KiH U_ O=`~ =
* tH
_
O k.
KO`~=< : `q<_ KOk# q^i W`_ . 1880 ~` fiKO^^ xfl U~@ K_.
i<
_` *` O
xfl U~@ K_. OH~ =< LQ"
^ L^=O q O KO^_.
u
[ K~. 1920 =i 1# Jd ~` H` k<`"
xfl [i<~. 1920 E< 2# QOnr `#
H` L^=O ~`^
=
O` qi OzOk. 1920 uH =~}O K_O ` ~` ~[H
H
ZO\ W|O^ O_
"
t
OK_. 1920 <Q ~ #Q ~ #Q~O ~` *f HOQ
< ="O J~<~. D ="O x~H~}
L^=O Qi f~xOK~. D
="O q^j =# |+iOKx, ==
# |+iOKx, ~`flO ^fi~ # =H_xfl
~`^
=
O`
K
~O K
x POQ
Wz# a~ ^#
O ` # uiy WK
x
f~xOK~. fi^j ~ , fi^j H, fi^j <<, fi^j i =
O Kx
x~~ OK~. <Q ~ ="O x~
O
H ~O =` ~`^
=
O` x~H~}
L^=O
~O=
~Ok. =`QOn JO^x <"^ <<#, q^~ ~ #
H# |+iOK~. =`QOn U~@ K#
fi~[xkH PO^ H\~
q~OQ
WK~ . =`QOn q["_# ~ \Oz#_ Oyo "OH *f `Hxfl ~OkOK_.
1921 OI7 =`QOn
=O` ^y~ QH$+
p~
~ O`O L^=xfl
~OaOK_. QOn i` ~fi `<x
g~ K^i
^#
Ok_ #fl ZQ"` L^=xH
<H`fi O =OK_. QOn i` H<flQO \ #O` fl_ O`O i `Q xH <H`fi O
=OK_. =` ~`^
=
O` POQ
i# == O aOz~Ok. W` ^ #O_
~` ^xH =K kQ=` _ iQ `y ~. PO^ x~H~}
L^=xH
<H`fiO =Oz# =H HO_ "OH@. 1922 Ji `~=~A =#O O`O
POQ
=u~HOQ u~Q@ ~OaOK~.
1922 |=i 5# L`~^x KiK~ O`O L^=H~ b +< x \
POQ
b JkH~# r=^ #O K~. D O @#` =`QOn L^=O O`O
J=`O^x qOz x~H~} L^=xfl J~O`~OQ xe"_. QOn L^=xfl
xe"
_xfl PH H
OQ [u~ =iOK_. "u <
, z`~ O [< ^ =O\
< =` QOn` qk
Oz fi~[ sx O K~. 1923 x~H~}
L^=O
e`OQ POQ
JO> =u~HO ~OO J~Ok. =i x~H~}
L^=xfl ~`^
Ki` `e
* L^=OQ =iOK~. OQWO_
u
H POQ
# =u~H
"O
~#O^ =`QOnx J~ K P~ O=`~ * tH qkOK~. z`~ O [<^, "u
<
P^fi ~O U~_ fi~* s
` H ZxflH x i# Qfi= J~<~.
~f fiO
u
u HeOK_xH i# Qfi=O HeOK_xH POQ
*<
=
<
J^H`# =< Hq+<# U~@ K~. =< Hq+< OY 7. 1927 =< Hq+<
~`^
xH =K~ . O~, =^
=
< Hq+<#
~f iP =u~HOK~.
@OQ@i
H O O`
=
< Hq+<#
=u~HOz PO^ u~Qx <_ J~<_.
[u~
=
< Hq+<#
=u~HOKx O_~ J# ~ Ku Q_<
_.
=
< Hq+< =u~HOQ <
XH x"kH# `
~ K_. <
x"kH# =u~HOQ =^
Jbl<fl 14 `# ukOK_. =< Hq+< "~ x"kH# WOQO_ `fiO "iH
=iOK~. [=~ < P^fi~O O~ fi~[ f~<xfl HOQ < K~.
a
\+ i## =#O
`\ =#=xfl Q =
O`xfl J<O K#
> J< =# <
U~_Ok.
L `Q
O - # LO # L^=O
H : L K\xfl LO OK@O, =^<xfl x+kOK@O, q^j =# |+iOK@O, #fl
ZQ@_O,
`fi ~ , H~ # |+iOK@O 1930 =i 12# 78 L^=H~` He
|^i# QOn U 6# =^f
~xH Ki <xfl LO Oz L# `
~K_. ~ =
u
#O_ 385 Hg@~ #_z =^f
~O K~_. =`QOnx #=x ~`^
=
O` L
`QO K|_ [ <xfl LOOz L `~ K~. i^ O`O L
`Q
xH <_ M< J| Q~ M
<. M< J| Q~ M< J#K~ # Z~K
H^=
~ _~ \" Jx JO\~. W`xH Q a~ ^ ^ M<. ~lx <_ =`QOnx #=x
^~ = L_ x HQ\O k. PO^ O`O L `Q
xH <_ HO_ "OH@ .
1930 POQ
O_< #Q~O "^\ ~O_ >| ="xfl x~fiOK~. D ="O
89 =Ok ~`
u
x^ <fl~ . "^\ ~O_ >| ="xfl HOQ s |+iOzOk.
"^\ ~O_ >| ="O
o =~_ x
o =O\^x
~*O^
^ "MxOK~. L
`QO =O` O~ #Q~O< 16 # q =`|_~. POQ
`Q
#, L^= H~# J~ K "i P #_ PHq
OK<fl~ . POQ
UHOQ
HOQ s P
^_ K L^=H~# J~K
~. L^=H~ 5b
+
#
#
`Q \~ . L `Q
O HO 60" =Ok L^=H~ J~ K |_~ . ~
< `#
J#K~ ` He z@QOQ P^ H~Q~xH x
\~ . L `Q
HO KO^
Y
~
P*^ `# J#K~ ` He POQ
# He KO_. 1931 QOnr =i Wifi< =^
F_O|_H [iyOk. D F_O|_H
H ~O Wifi< L
t ~^ K_. =i J~ K |_#
H~H~ # =ke\ "i P # "iH uiy WK_. 1931 =`QOn ~ O_= ~O_ >|
="O <fl_ . QOn Q `
O Q# H__xH U=`O
uflOK^
. ~ O_= ~O_ >|
="O QOn, =^ Jbl<fl, ~lx <_ <fl~ . ~ O_= ~O_ >| ="O
QOn JO^ ~ =^ Ja ^ =K~. ~ O_= ~O_ >| ="O J#O`~O ~`^
O
=z# QOnrx `# J#K~# POQ J~ K~. OQ ~+O POQ xH
i# x~fiOK~. 1932 POQ
4 Pi<<
*s K XH H W~" " =Ok ~f#
J~ K ^~}OQ OOK~. W^ =O c<^ J# q^i Q=~fl~ [#~ *H<
O|^_ K_. =i HH<_ #Q~O _ POQ
O| ^_ [iy#q. 1932
[iy# =_= ~O_ >| ="O HOQ |+iOK~. 1932 POQ
H=# J"~#
H \
O K~. 1932 JO^
~ QOn =^ } F_O|_H [iyOk. 1933 E
14# QOn L` Q
xfl xe" _. QOn L `Q
O e `OQ POQ
1935 OII
~`
`fi K\xfl
"
\~ . D K@O
H ~O ~`^
O x a
\+ e` ~ ZxflH
x~fiOK|_#q. ~`^Ox J<H ~ HOQ s"~ q[O kOz i#
~OaOK~. HOQ e` =Y=O` `= ~ H q^ q^<xfl
"
\~ . =i
H \
O zOk. D O @#` HOQ e` =Y=O` ` `= ^=
~r<= K~. 1940
QOn =HQ ` `Q
xfl ~OaOK~. QOn `~ # =HQ` `Q
O #fl <_ PK~
q<
". 1940 <\H ~ O_=
O K
^O [~# Ku iQ F_OK|_ ^O <. WOQO_
^
# =Ou q#\<
Ki ~f#
#
flO K H=_xH
uflOz q OKO^_. ~fi~
H sx O z# <`r + KO^
1941 ~`^
O #O_ ` OKx [~h ^xH
i_. @~ =eq <`rH O K _xH x~HiOK_O ` ~ "o# <`r
e< O ^HH=_O` [< =K_. 1942 OII <\H POQ ~O_= OK
^O PiHO Q `#
O J~<~. 1942 =i 22# H
~~O ~`^
xH ~H H
~ O_=
O K
^O =yH ~f fiO
u
u He#x
H \
O K_. D O @#` `$
KO^x QOn H
~~xfl Kx
O ~z# K =O\^x
Ja=iOK_.
O K
^O [~h, W\b [< iQ F_~. 1945 PQ 18# q=#
=
^O
<`r + KO^
=~}O K_. ~ O_=
O K ^O J#O`~O POQ
JQ~ [ ^#
O KOH # *u"~ *u q=H#
Z^~O@#fl "~ ^H PH . ^H}
PH x ~f
fi` *f =# J<H W|O^# Z^~<fl~ . 1894 " 22# QOn WO_ <
@HOQ
J# O#
O K_. QOn \ ~zOz# ''^ HOQ_"
P ^ Q_ q`W< J# Q O ^xfl
Kkq q`_~<_ =i *< _< ~zOz# P<@^ J# QO^xfl _ Kkq
q`_
_. `# "#
K
~O K _xH QOn ^H}
PH x
H J# P=
xfl O K_.
=`QOn WO_ < Fx< J# u
H# O z `# "# ^H}
PH
K
~O K_.
^H}
PH ~f F@ "
O> =_ O_ KeO K= =zOk. ~f ^H}
= Q# QOnH POQ
H [ ~--O^ a~ ^ WK~ . H [ ~ O^ J#Q O^ ^
OO Jx J~O . =`QOn `Q
xfl J#H}
O `
Oz# <_ QH$+ QH. 1912
QH ^H}
PH ~ \Oz ~f _ `#fl H Qi H~ K_. 1915 [#=i 9#
QOn ~`^
xH =K_ . 1915 Q[~` ~ =
u P=
O O K_. 1916 c~
KOk# ~r" H =` QOnx KO~< PfixOK_.
"
\~ . f< Hu J#Q c~x
f
~ ` `=
q =_= =O` he =O^ O@
"
e. he =O^ O@ =# ~ ` J<H W|O^# Z^~<fl~ . QOn, *.q. H$x, ~*O^
^,
=^" ^ =O\ <` He KO~< ~ \Oz `Q
O ~OaOK~. POQ
< " Hq+< xqOz Hq+< ~ "~ f< Hf q^<xfl ~^ K
~. D O @#
QOn kOz# `eq[O. 1917 QOn P^^x # q =~~ "`#
O
OKx
`Q
O ~OaOz q[O kOK_. 1918 QOn Q[~`x H _ J< O`O ~ `
~} t = K~OK_xH `Q
O K q[O kOK_. QOnx J~#
Qfl < Jx
~#flk + KO^
. QOn #=r=<, i[< OQ WO_
J# u
H O K_. QOn
1927, 1929 =^ ''^ i P " ZH
~ O\ q` @
` J# fi Ki` #
~zOK_. Q[~f
+ ~# W Q O ^xfl POQ
+H `~ =
K#
QOn H~^i =^" ^. QOn rq`
Ki` #
J#"^O K#
=H N~=. 1940 QOk O^fi~* =i `Q
W< O``
J# Q O ^# ~zOK_. ~`^
Ki` Q`=|^_
`~fi` Q =H QOn.
"f < : 1861 [##O. 1931 =~}O. 1916 "f HOQ s K~_. 1919
WO_
O_O\ J# u
H# O K_. 1928 ~` *f HOQ J^ _ J~<_. "f
<
1930 O` W J~#
^ =
<xfl HOQ sH WK_ .
`fiO =O^ LOK_. 1940 =i 20# W`_
` H H< WK_ . =^ Jb l<fl
=O =# ~`^
O =`O ukH# ~ O_ =HQ ql
OK|_Ok.
CHAPTER -
H~fl "e : 1786 #O_ 1793 =~ , ~f# #=x UHH Q=~fl~ [#~ H~fl "e. W`#
~`^
O q sfi ==#
"
\_ . 1793 fi`
q t q^<xfl
"
\_ .
1790 #O_ 1792 =~ [iy# =_= "
~ ^O H~fl "e \ < # F_Oz
N~OQ@
}
O Ok ^fi~ QO "
~ ~*xfl PHq
OK_.
~ *< ~ : (1793 #O_ 1798) =~ , ~`^ Ki` UHH `@ Q=~fl~ [#~ *<~. W`x
i# HO J^ J^b =#=_ [g~ ~`^
O
^O_u F_O|__ .
" (1798 #O_ 1805 ~=) : 1799 [iy# <= "~ ^O " \ <#
=kOz "
~# PHq
OK_. 1803, 1805 =~ [iy# ~ O_= =~+ ^O "
=~+
~~# F_Oz QO =~+# PHqOK_. #H~ ^u Ki# "^\ KH=i
x*OJbM< 1798. x*OJbM< POQ H_, H~fl, J#O`~~O, |i l#
=iOK<fl_. g\< ^` =O_ JO\~. # H~ ^u =~+ `O*=~
KH =
i =i |~H
~ KH =
i a~~ KH =
~ K~~.
~ XH@= qO\ (1807 - 1813 =~ ) : ~ XH@= qO\ ~OlO` OQ` J=$`~ Ok K <fl_ .
~f q^ Ja=$kH~H 1813 qO\ XH H ~# H \~OK_.
~OQ (1813 #O_ 1823 =~) : W`_ J#iOz# q^<xfl i<\ S+< q^#O
JO\~ J#Q Q_gk e q^#O.
O Q 1817 #O_ 1818 [iy# =_= =~+ ^O
=~+# F_Oz iQ =~+# PHqOK_. W`_ = #Q~xfl `# "q q_Q
=~ <fl_ .
O Q |O_i J< ^i^_ ^OQ# J}z"_. W`x i# HO<
`= =< ~= l ~ ` fii ^u
x
"
\_ .
qe" O\OQ (1828 #O_ 1833) : OQ z=i Q=~fl~ [#~Q W`# xK_. 1833 #O_
1835 =~ ~`^
O "^\ Q=~fl~ [#~Q xK_. qe" O\OQ ~f q` _.
W`# 1829 ~*~"<~ O` f Q=<xfl ~^ K_. W`_ ^Q # ^i
^_ ^OQ# "< J# JkHi O` J}z"_. ~f Ja=$k KO^O>
POQ
q^ J=~=
x #q "H Hq+< xqOK_. "H Hq+< ~ "~ W`_
POQ
+# 1835 ~[+Q
H \
O K_.
~ JHO_ 1836 #O_ 1842 : ~ JHO_ 1836 #O_ 1842 =~ [iy# "^\ J x<
^O [iy# J x< x J<H
Q# PHq
OK<fl_ . W`x i#HO 1839
~Ol`O Q =~}O K_.
~ iOQ (1844 #O_ 1848) : iOQ QO_ *ux #~ `# x+kOK_. W`# 18451846 =~ [iy# "^\ ^O # F_Oz ~ OkH XOK_.
" #
~ MxOQ (1858 #O_ 1862) : 1861 WO_ < Hx K@O H ~O ~f #=O_e
"O HeOK~.
~ e@< 1876 #O_ 1880 =~ : e@< ~f u H# x+k K@O K_. 1877 WOQO_
~} ~`^
O ^~~ x~fiOzOk. D ^~~ WOQO_ ~} ~`^
=~} Jx a~^
OkOk.
Hi,
J<H J=H HeOK_. 1881F W`x P^fi ~O [< H
H~}
OQ x~fiOK|_Ok. 1881 a
\+ e` [< 254 qe#. 1882 i|< xH
fii# K@O K_. i|< Q a~^ xH fii# `=_. ~f q^a=$k
H~H 1882 OII O@~ Hq+<#
xqOz#"_ ~ i|<. 1883 W~ a#
"
\
POQ
#O_ =u~H` Z^~x `# ^q
H ~r<= K ~`^
O #O_ "o_.
~< _<, (1888 #O_ 1894 =~) : W`_ 1891 Hs K\xfl K_ 1892 WO_ <
Hx PH
H ~O ~f # =O_e Z= =OkH `fiO JOkOK|_#k. 1893
OII ~` P x< =^ xO`}
~ Y# QiOK_xH _~O_ Hg+< U~@ K_.
~qO\ (1905 #O_ 1910) : 1905 =O^=`~O L^=O =i fi^j L^=O "^O k.
1906 PQM<, b= P^fi ~O =O bQ O K|_Ok. 1907 [iy# ~` ="O
HOQ < q`"^, Ju"^Q pe~. 1908 ~[^O <~O
uH J~
K |__ . 1909 qO\=~ O~}
"
@|_~.
~ Wifi< (1926 - 1931 =~) : W`xH Q a~^ H+< ". 1927 ~`^xH =<
Hq+< =zOk. 1927 P WO_ \ H#~< U~>Ok. D ="xH J^_
[=~ <. 1928 < i~ =iOK|_Ok. 1928 =^ Jb l<fl i~
=iOK|_Ok. 1929 ~fi~* f~#O K|_Ok. 1930 =i 12# QOn ^O_`
~OaOK_. 1930 U 6# QOn <xfl L Oz L `
s K_. 1930 "^\ ~O_
>| ="O U~@Ok. 1931 O_< [iy# ~ O_= ~O_ >| ="xH QOn [~
J_. 1931 QOn Zifi< F_O|_H [iyOk. 1932 =_= ~O_ >| ="O ~ "eO Q
@< J^ H` #
U~>O k. 1932 QOn JO^ ~ =^ } F_O|_H [iyOk. 1932 H=#
J"~
H \
O K|_Ok. 1933 L `Q
O xe"
|_Ok. 1935 ~`
`fi K@O K |_k
.
eOQe`Q (1936 - 1943 =~) : 1937 ~`^ O x J<H ~\ HOQ `fi U~># q.
HOQ =Y=O` QOn H H#fl
H q^q^<xfl Q = fi~*xfl `= ~
K
~O
K~. 1939 ~O_= OK^O ~O=~Ok. POQ ~`^xfl [~hH, W@bH
`~[OQ H\OK~. D O@#` HOQ s =Y=O` `= ^= ~r<=
K~.1940
` H H< q"^O ~O=
~Ok. 1941 ~`^
O #O_ + KO^
~i J_. 1942 ~`^
xH H
~~O =zOk. 1942 Hfi\ WO_
L^=O
~O=
~Ok. 1942 <`r + KO^
P^fi ~O P*^ O^ *
x
~`^
O
^_ K~.