Vidyalankar Maths Classes Page No..

1
Some Important Formulae, Definitions
and Results in Mathematics
Algebra
1. ( )
2 2 2
2 b ab a b a + + +
2. ( )
2 2 2
2 b ab a b a +
3. ( ) ( ) ab b a b a 4
2 2
+ +
4. ( ) ( ) ab b a b a 4
2 2
+
5. ( )( ) b a b a b a +
2 2
6. ( ) ) ( 2
2 2 2 2
ca bc ab c b a c b a + + + + + + +
7. ( )
3 2 2 3 3
3 3 b ab b a a b a + + + +
8. ( )
3 2 2 3 3
3 3 b ab b a a b a +
9. ) )( (
2 2 3 3
b ab a b a b a + + +
10. ) )( (
2 2 3 3
b ab a b a b a + +
Indices
1.
n m n m
a a a
+

2.
n m n m
a a a

/
3.
mn n m
a a ) (
4. 1
0
a
Ratios and proportions
then
b
If
d
c a

I]
c
d
a
b

( Invertendo ratio)
II]
d
b
c
a

( Alternendo ratio)
III]
d
d c
b
b a +

+
( Componendo ratio)
IV]
d
d c
b
b a

( Dividendo ratio)
V]
d c
d c
b a
b a

+
( Componendo &
Dividendo ratio)
Laws of logorithms
Def:- If m log then x m a
a
x

1]
n m mn
a a a
log log log +
2]
n m n m
a a a
log log / log
3] m n m
a
n
a
log ) ( log
Change of base formula

a b b
m m a
log / log log
4]
a b
b a
log / 1 log
5]
1 log a
a
6]
0 1 log
a
7] x a
x
a

log
Geometry :
1. Distance Formula: If & ) , (
1 1
y x A
& ) , (
2 2
y x B then
) ( ) ( AB AB d
=
2
1 2
2
1 2
) ( ) ( y y x x +
2. Section Formula:
If ) , ( ), , (
2 2 1 1
y x B y x A &
) , ( y x P
divides
segment AB
A] Internally in the ratio m : n then
1
]
1

+
+
+
+

) (
) (
,
) (
) (
) , (
1 2 1 2
n m
ny my
n m
nx mx
y x P
B] Externally in the ratio m : n then
1
]
1

) (
) (
,
) (
) (
) , (
1 2 1 2
n m
ny my
n m
nx mx
y x P
3] Mid Point Formula
If ) , (
1 1
y x A ) , (
2 2
y x B then mid-point P of
segment AB is
] 2 / ) ( , 2 / ) [( ) , (
2 1 2 1
y y x x y x P + +
4] Centroid Formula :
m n

) , (
1 1
y x A
) , ( y x P
) , (
2 2
y x B
m

n

1
1

Vidyalankar Maths Classes Page No..2
3
) (
,
3
) (
) , (
3 2 1 3 2 1
y y y x x x
y x G
+ + + +

5] Standard Circle : A Circle with center at

the origin and radius r is called standard
circle and is given by
2 2 2
r y x +
6] Standard Unit Circle : A circle with center
at the origin and radius one is called standard
unit circle and is given by 1
2 2
+ y x
7] Locus : A locus is a set of point which
satisfy a geometrical condition.
8] Straight Line :
1. Slope of the line is m = tan,
where = inclination
2. If ) , (
1 1
y x P , ) , (
2 2
y x Q
Slope of line
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
PQ

3. Equation of Lines:
a] Equation of X axis is
0 y
and
equation of Y axis is 0 x
b] Equation of any line parallel to X axis is
b y
and Equation of any line parallel to
Y axis is
a x
4. Slope point from: A line having slope m
and passing through the
a] Point ) , (
1 1
y x P is ) (
1 1
x x m y y
b] Origin O (0, 0) is y = mx
5. Slope intercept form : The equation of a line
having slope m and making intercept C on the
Y axis is Y = mx + C
6. Double intercept from : The equation of a
line making intercept a and b on the X and Y
axis respectively is 1 +
b
y
a
x
7. Two point form: The equation of a straight
line passing through the point ) , (
1 1
y x P and
) , (
2 2
y x Q is
2 1
1
2 1
1
x x
x x
y y
y y

8. Normal form: If the perpendicular drawn

from the origin to the line has length p and
inclination then equation of line is-
x cos + y sin = p
9. General Equation: General equation of line
is -
Ax + By + C = 0, A,B,C R & A 0,B 0
a) Slope of line Ax + By + C = 0 is
y of t Coefficien
x of t Coefficien

B
A
m
10. Acute angle between two lines having
slope
2 1
&m m is
2 1
2 1
1
tan
m m
m m
+

11. Two lines with slope
2 1
&m m are
a] Parallel if
2 1
m m
b] Perpendicular if 1
2 1
m m
12. Perpendicular distance of a point ) , (
1 1
y x P
from the line ax + by + c = 0
2 2
1 1
b a
c by ax
l
+
+ +

13. The condition for concurrency of three

lines
2 2 2 1 1 1
, c y b x a c y b x a + +

3 3 3
c y b x a +
is

0
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1

c b a
c b a
c b a
Vidyalankar Maths Classes Page No..3
Mensuration:
1. Area of rectangle = length breadth
2. Area of square = (side)
2
3. Area of square = (diagonal)
2
4. Perimeter of rectangle= 2 (length + breadth)
5. Perimeter of square = 4 length of side
6. Area of triangle = base height
7. Area of equilateral triangle =
4
3
(side)
2
8. Altitude of equilateral triangle
=
2
3
(side)
2
9. Area of parallelogram = base altitude
10. Area of rhombus
= product of diagonals
11. Side of rhombus =
2
2
2
1
d d +
2 1
&d d = diagonals
12. Area of trapezium =
(sum of parallel sides) height
13. Circumference of circle = 2r
14. Area of circle = r
2
15. Surface area of cube = 6(side)
2
16. Volume of cube = (side)
3
17. Curved surface area of cylinder = 2rh
18. Total surface of cylinder = 2rh + 2r
2
19. Volume of cylinder = r
2
h
20. Volume of cone = 1/3 r
2
h
21. Lateral surface of cone = rl
22. Total surface of cone = rl + r
2
23. Total surface of sphere = 4r
2
24. Volume of sphere = 4/3 r
3
25. Length of the arc = S = r.
Trigonometry

1.
r
y

hypotenuse the of length
to side opposite the of length
sin

2.
r
x

hypotenuse the of length
to side adjacent the of length
cos

3.

cos
sin
tan
x
y

to side adjacent the of length

to side opposite the of length
Relation between trigonometric functions:
1.

cos
sin
tan
2.

sin
cos
cot
3.

tan
1
cot
4.

cos
1
sec
5.

sin
1
cosec
6. 1 sin / 1 sin cos . sin ec
7. 1 cos / 1 cos sec . cos
8. 1 tan / 1 tan cot . tan
Vidyalankar Maths Classes Page No..4
Signs of Trigonometric Ratios:

Value of trigonometric Ratios
Angle()
Ratio
0
0
) 6 / (
30
0
) 4 / (
45
0
) 3 / (
60
0
) 2 / (
90
0

sin 0 2 / 1
2 / 1 2 / 3 1
cos 1 2 / 3 2 / 1
2 / 1 0
tan 0 3 / 1 1 3 N.D.
Fundamental Identities
1. sin
2
+ cos
2
= 1
sin
2
= 1 - cos
2

cos
2
= 1 - sin
2

2. 1 + tan
2
= sec
2

tan
2
= sec
2
- 1
1 = sec
2
- tan
2

3. 1 + cot
2
= cosec
2

cot
2
= cosec
2
-1
1 = cosec
2
- cot
2

4. sin(-

) = - sin

cosec(-

) = - cosec
5. cos(-

) = cos

sec(-

) = sec
6. tan(-

) = - tan

cot(-

) = - cot( )
7. sin(/2 +

) = cos

sin(/2 -

) = cos

8. cos(/2 +

) = - sin

cos(/2 -

) = sin

9. tan(/2 +

) = - cot

tan(/2 -

) = cot

10. cot(/2 +

) = - tan

cot(/2 -

) = tan

11. sec(/2 +

) = - cosec

sec(/2 -

) = cosec

12. cosec(/2 +

) = sec

cosec(/2 -

) = sec

13. sin( +

) = - sin

sin(-

) = sin

14. cos( +

) = - cos

cos( -

) = - cos

15. tan( +

) = tan

tan( -

) = - tan

16. cot( +

) = cot

cot( -

) = - cot

17. sec( +

) = - sec

sec( -

) = - sec

18. cosec( +

) = - cosec

cosec( -

) = cosec

19. sin(A+B) = sin A.cos B + cosA . sin B

20. sin(A-B) = sin A.cos B - cosA . sin B
21. cos(A+B) = cos A.cos B - sinA . sin B
22. cos(A-B) = cos A.cos B + sinA . sin B
23.
B A
B A
tan . tan 1
B tan A tan
) tan(

+
+

B A
B A
tan . tan 1
B tan - A tan
) tan(
+

Vidyalankar Maths Classes Page No..5
24.
B A
B A
cot cot
B cot . A cot - 1
) cot(
+
+

A B
B A
cot cot
B cot . A cot 1
) cot(

+

25.
A
A A A
2
tan 1
2tanA
cos . sin 2 2 sin
+

26.
) 2 / ( tan 1
2tan(A/2)
) 2 / cos( ). 2 / sin( 2 sin
2
A
A A A
+

27. A A A
3
sin 4 sin 3 3 sin
28. A A A
2 2
sin cos 2 cos
A
2
sin 2 1 1 cos 2
2
A
A
A
2
2
tan 1
tan 1
+

29. ) 2 / ( sin ) 2 / ( cos cos

2 2
A A A
) 2 / ( sin 2 1
2
A 1 ) 2 / ( cos 2
2
A
) 2 / ( tan 1
) 2 / ( tan 1
2
2
A
A
+

30. A A A cos 3 cos 4 3 cos

3

31.
A
A
A
2
tan 1
tan 2
2 tan

32.
) 2 / ( tan 1
) 2 / tan( 2
tan
2
A
A
A

33.
A
A A
A
2
3
tan 3 1
tan tan 3
3 tan

34.
2
) sin (cos 2 sin 1 A A A + +
35.
2
) sin (cos 2 sin 1 A A A
36.
2
)] 2 / sin( ) 2 / [cos( sin 1 A A A + +
37.
2
)] 2 / sin( ) 2 / [cos( sin 1 A A A
38. A A
2
cos 2 2 cos 1 + or
2 / ) 2 cos 1 ( cos
2
A A +
39. ) 2 / ( cos 2 cos 1
2
A A + or
2 / ) cos 1 ( ) 2 / ( cos
2
A A +
40. A A
2
sin 2 2 cos 1 or
2 / ) 2 cos 1 ( sin
2
A A
41. ) 2 / ( sin 2 cos 1
2
A A or
2 / ) cos 1 ( ) 2 / ( sin
2
A A
42.
) sin( ) sin( cos . sin 2 B A B A B A + +
43.
) sin( ) sin( sin . cos 2 B A B A B A +
44.
) cos( ) cos( cos . cos 2 B A B A B A + +
45.
) cos( ) cos( sin . sin 2 B A B A B A +
46.

,
_

,
_

+
+
2
cos .
2
sin 2 sin sin
D C D C
D C
47.

,
_

,
_

+

2
sin .
2
cos 2 sin sin
D C D C
D C
48.

,
_

,
_

+
+
2
cos .
2
cos 2 cos cos
D C D C
D C
49.

,
_

,
_

+

2
sin .
2
sin 2 cos cos
D C D C
D C
Sine, Cosine and Projection Rule:
If A,B,C are measure of the angles of ABC
and a, b, c are the length of the sides opposite
to these angles A,B,C respectively, then
A] Sine Rule:
C
c
B
b
A
a
sin sin sin

B] Cosine Rule:
1.
2
cos
2 2 2
bc
a c b
A
+

2.
2
cos
2 2 2
ca
b a c
B
+

3.
2
cos
2 2 2
ab
c b a
C
+

C] Projection Rule :
1. a = b cos C + c cos B
2. b = c cos A + a cos C
3. c = a cos B + b cos A
Area of triangle is denoted by & is given
by
1. = bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sin C
2. ) )( )( ( c s b s a s s
3. = abc/4R R- circum radius
2s = a + b + c
Vidyalankar Maths Classes Page No..6
Inverse Trigonometric Function:
1] x x

) (sin sin
1
x x

) (cos cos
1
x x

) (tan tan
1
x x

) (cot cot
1
x x

) (sec sec
1
x ecx ec

) (cos cos
1
2] x x

) sin(sin
1
x x

) cos(cos
1
x x

) tan(tan
1
x x

) cot(cot
1
x x

) sec(sec
1
x x ec ec

) (cos cos
1
3] x x
1 1
sin ) ( sin

,
x x
1 1
cos ) ( cos


x x
1 1
tan ) ( tan

,
x x
1 1
cot ) ( cot


4] , cos ) / 1 ( sin
1 1
x ec x

x x ec
1 1
sin ) / 1 ( cos

x x
1 1
sec ) / 1 ( cos

x x
1 1
cos ) / 1 ( sec

x x
1 1
cot ) / 1 ( tan

,
x x
1 1
tan ) / 1 ( cot

5] 2 / cos sin
1 1
+

x x
2 / cot tan
1 1
+

x x
2 / sec cos
1 1
+

x x ec
6] [ ] y x xy y x
1 1 1
tan tan ) 1 /( ) ( tan

+ +
[ ] y x xy y x
1 1 1
tan tan ) 1 /( ) ( tan

+
Measures of Angles:
A] 1 Complete rotation = 360 degree = 360
0

B] 1
0
= 60 minutes = 60
C] 1 = 60 seconds = 60
D]
c
=180
0
Set is a collection of well-defined objects.
N-Set of all natural numbers = {1,2,3,4,..}
W-Set of all whole numbers ={0,1,2,}
I-Set of all integers = {.,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,..}
Q-Set of all rational numbers = {p/q p,q are
integers, q 0}
1] Complement of the set A is denoted by A
and is given by
A={x/x X, x A}
a) (A) = A b) X= , - empty set
2] Union of sets is denoted by A B and is
defined by A B = {x/x A, or x B or
both x A and x B }
a) Cumulative law: A B = B A
b) Associative law:
(A B)C = A (B C)
3] Intersection of sets is denoted by AB and
is defined by AB = {x/x A, & x B}
a) Cumulative law: A B = B A
b) Associative law:
(A B) C = A (B C)
4] Distribution Law: IF A, B,C are subsets of
universal set X, then
a) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
b) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
5] Demorgans: If A and B are two subsets of
universal set X, then
a) (AB) = A B
b) (AB) = A B
c)
6] If A and B are finite sets, then
n(AB)=n(A)+n(B)-n(AB)
7] Closed interval is denoted by (a,b) and is
given by
[a,b] = {xR/a x b}
8] Open interval is denoted by (a,b) and is
given by
(a,b) = {xR/a < x < b}
9] Functions: Let A & B are two non empty
sets if every elements of the set A is related to
one and only one (unique) element of the Set B
then such a relation is called function from the
set A to the set B where a is domain and B is
called Range of f is denoted by f (A) and is
given by,
f(A) = {f(x)/x A }
10] Even Function: A function f is said to be
even function if f(-x) = f(x) for all x
11] Odd Function: A function f is said to be
an odd function if f(-x) = -f(x) for all x
Vidyalankar Maths Classes Page No..7
12] An equation which is of the form
ax
2
+ bx +c= 0 where, a,b,c are R and a 0
is called quadratic equation.
13] The root of quadratic equation
ax
2
+bx+c = 0 are
a
ac b b
a
ac b b
2
4
&
2
4
2 2

+

Nature of the Root:
a) If ) 4 (b & 0 4
2 2
ac ac b > is real
number & the roots will be real and
unequal.
b) If & 0 4
2
ac b roots will be real
and equal each root being equal
14] If
a
ac b b
a
ac b b
2
4
&
2
4
2 2

+

are the roots of the quadratic equation
0
2
+ + c bx ax then,
a) Sum of the roots =
a
b
+
2
x of t coefficien
x of t coefficien -

b) Product of the roots =
a
c

2
x of t coefficien
erm constant t
.
15] Cube roots of unit means x
3
= 1 and its
roots are 1
2
3 1

2
3 1
2
i i

+

and sum of the cube roots of unit is zero I
1 + +
2
= 0
16] Arithmetic Progression: A sequence
{t
n
} or {t
n
}is said to be in Arithmetic
Progression (A.P.) if the difference between
any two successive terms is constant i.e.
n n
t t
+1
for all n. The constant difference is
called the common difference and is denoted
by d.
a) n
th
term in A.P. = t
n
= a + (n-1)d
a- first term, d- common difference
b) Sum of the first n term in arithmetic
progression is denoted by S
n
and is
given by
S
n
=n/2[2a+(n-1)d]
17] Geometric Progression: A sequence {t
n
}
or {t
n
}is said to be in G.P.if the ratio between
any two successive terms is i.e.(t
n+1
/t
n
) is
constant. The constant ratio is called common
ration in G.P. and usually denoted by r .
a) n
th
term in G.P. = T
n
= a(r)
n-1
b) Sum of the first n terms in geometric
progression is denoted by S
n
and is
given by,
1 r where
) 1 (
) 1 (
<

r
r a
S
n
n
1 r where
) 1 (
) 1 (
>

r
r a
S
n
n
18] a) Sum of first n natural numbers is

+
+ + +
n
r
n n
n r
1
2
) 1 (
..... 3 2 1
b) Sum of squares of first n natural numbers is

+ +
+ + +
n
r
n n n
n r
1
2 2 2 2 2
6
) 1 2 )( 1 (
..... 3 2 1
c) Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers is

1
]
1

+
+ + +
n
r
n n n n
n r
1
2
2
3 3 3 3 3
2
) 1 (
4
) 1 (
.. 3 2 1
19] Factional Notation : The product of first n-
natural numbers is called n factorial or
factorial n and is given by n! 1 2 3 . n.
20] Permutation : A permutation of n objects
taken r at a time is the arrangement of r objects
taken out of n given objects and is denoted by
r
n
p and is given by
)! (
!
r n
n
P
r
n

a)
n
n
p = n! b) 0! = 1 c) 1
0
p
n
21] Combination: A combination of n district
objects taken r at a time is the selection of r
objects taken r out of n given affects and is
denoted by
r
n
C and is given by.
)! ( !
!
r n r
n
C
r
n

1 1
0
1

n
n n
n
n n
C n C
C C
! 2
) 1 (
2 2



n n
C C
n
n n
! 3
) 2 )( 1 (
3 3



n n n
C C
n
n n
Vidyalankar Maths Classes Page No..8
22] Principal of Mathematical Induction: Let
p(n) be a statement (result) associated with
every natural number n if,
a) P(1) is true i.e. statement is true for n=1
b) P(k+1) is true if P(k) is true for some natural
number k
Then P(n) is true for all natural number n
23] Binomial Theorem:
a]
..... ) (
2 2
2
1 1
1
0
0
2
a x C a x C a x C a x
n n n n n n
+ + +
b]
..... ) (
2 2
2
1
1
0
0
+ +

a x C a x C a x C a x
n n n n n n n
* Pascals Triangle :
1) ( ) 1 1 :
1
b a +
2) ( ) 1 2 1 :
2
b a +
3) ( ) 1 3 3 1 :
3
b a +
4) ( ) 1 4 6 4 1 :
4
b a +
5) ( ) 1 5 10 10 5 1 :
5
b a +
6) ( ) 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 :
6
b a +
7) ( ) 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1 :
7
b a +
Determinant :
2 1 2 1
2 2
1 1
a b b a
b a
b a


ii) The Determinant of order 3 is,
3 3
2 2
1
3 3
2 2
1
3 3
2 2
1
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
b a
b a
c
c a
c a
b
c b
c b
a
c b a
c b a
c b a
+

) ( ) ( ) (
2 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 1
b a b a c c a c a b c b c b a +
Properties of Determinant:
1. The value of a determinant remains
unchanged if its rows and columns are
interchanged.
2. If any two rows (or columns) of a
determinant are interchanged then the
value of a determinant changes in sign
only.
3. If any two rows (or columns) of a
determinant are identical, then the value of
determinant is zero.
4. If all elements of any row (or columns) are
multiplied by some number k, then the
value of the new determinant is k times the
value of the original determinant.
5. If each element of any row (or column) of
a determinant is expressed as a sum of two
terms then the determinant can be
expressed as a sum of two determinants.
6. If each element of any row (or column) of
a determinant s multiplied by some
constant and these products are added to
the corresponding elements of any other
row (or column) then the value of
determinant remains unchanged.
Derivative :
If
) (x f y
then
) (
'
x f
0
lim
h

h
x f h x f ) ( ) ( +
This
definition of derivative is called first principle
of derivative
1] 0 ) tan ( t cons
dx
d

2] 1 ) ( x
dx
d
3]
1
) (

n n
nx x
dx
d

4] ( ) 2
1 1
x
x
dx
d

5]
x
x
dx
d
2
1
) (

6] x x
dx
d
cos ) (sin
7] x x
dx
d
sin ) (cos
8] x x
dx
d
2
sec ) (tan
9] x ec x
dx
d
2
cos ) (cot
Vidyalankar Maths Classes Page No..9
10] x x x
dx
d
tan . sec ) (sec
11] x ecx x ec
dx
d
cot . cos ) (cos
12]
x x x
dx
d
2
1 1

,
_

13]
x x
e e
dx
d
) (
14] a a a
dx
d
x x
log ) (
15] x x
dx
d
/ 1 ) (log
16]
2
1
1
1
) (sin
x
x
dx
d

17]
2
1
1
1
) (cos
x
x
dx
d

18]
2
1
1
1
) (tan
x
x
dx
d
+

19]
2
1
1
1
) (cot
x
x
dx
d
+

20]
1
1
) (sec
2
1

x x
x
dx
d
21]
1
1
) (cos
2
1

x x
x ec
dx
d
Derivative of Composite Function:
1] [ ] ) ( ) ( ) (
1
a b ax n b ax
dx
d
n n
+ +
2] [ ] ) ( ' )] ( [ )] ( [
1
x f x f n x f
dx
d
n n

3]
( ) a
b ax b ax dx
d
.
) (
1
) (
1
2
+

1
]
1

+
4]
[ ] ) ( '
)] ( [
1
)] ( [
1

2
x f
x f x f dx
d

5]
[ ] ) (
2
1
b ax a
b ax
dx
d
+
+
6]
[ ] [ ] ) ( '
) ( 2
1
f(x) ( x f
x f
dx
d

7]
[ ] ) (
) (
1
b) log(ax a
b ax dx
d
+
+
8]
[ ] [ ] ) ( '
) (
1
log[f(x) x f
x f dx
d

9] a(A) .log a ] [a
B AX B) AX + +

dx
d
10] [ ] (x) ' f .loga a ] [a
f(x) f(x)

dx
d
11] b).a cos(ax b)] [sin(ax + +
dx
d
12] [ ] [ ] (x) ' f' f(x) cos sin[f(x)]
dx
d
13] [ ] (x) ' f e ] [e
f(x) f(x)

dx
d
14] (a) a ] [e
b ax b) ax + +

dx
d
Rules of Derivatives: If u and v are derivable
functions of x, Then
1) Derivative of sum
v u y +

dx
dv
dx
du
dx
dy
+
2) Derivative of difference
v u y
Then,
dx
dv
dx
du
dx
dy

3) Derivative of product y = u v Then,
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u
dx
dy
. . +
4) Derivative of quotient y = u/v Then,
2
/ . / .
v
dx dv u dx du v
dx
dy

Vidyalankar Maths Classes Page No..10

Standard Integrates:
1.

constant dx 0
2.

+ c x dx 1
3.

+
+

+
c
n
x
x
n
n
1
dx
1
4.

+ c x x log dx . / 1
5.

+ c e e
x x
dx

6.

+ c
a
a
a
x
x
log
dx
7.

+ c x dx x 2 / 1
8.

+ c x x cos dx sin
9.

+ c x x sin dx cos
10.

+ c x x | sec | log dx tan

11.

+ c | sin x | log dx cot x

12.

+ + c | tanx x sec | log dx sec x

c x + + | ) 4 / 2 / tan( | log
13.

+ c | x cot x cosec | log dx cos ecx

14.

+ c x x tan dx sec
2
15.

+ c x x ec cot dx cos
2
16.

+ c x x sec dx .tan x sec

17.

+ c ecx ecx cos dx .cot x cos

18.

c x
x
1
2
sin dx
1
1
19.

c x
x
1
2
cos dx
1
1
20.

+
+

c x
x
1
2
tan dx
1
1
21.

+
+

c x
x
1
2
cot dx
1
1
22.

c x
x x
1
2
sec dx
1
1
23.

c x ec
x x
1
2
cos dx
1
1
Integrals of composite Function:
1.

+
+
+
+
+
c
n a
b ax
dx b ax
n
n

) 1 (
) (
) (
1
2.

+ +
+
c a b ax
b ax
/ 1 . | | log dx
1
3.

+
+ +
c a e dx e
b ax b ax
/ 1 .
4.

+
+
+
c
a A
a
dx a
B Ax
b Ax
log .
5.

+ + + c a b ax dx b ax / 1 ). cos( ) sin(
6.

+ + + c a b ax dx b ax / 1 ). sin( ) cos(
7.

+ + + c a b ax dx b ax / 1 ). tan( ) ( sec
2
8.

+ + + c a b ax dx b ax ec / 1 ). cot( ) ( cos
2
9.

+ + dx b ax b ax ) tan( ). sec(


c a b ax + + / 1 ). sec(
10.

+ + dx b ax b ax ec ) cot( ). ( cos

c
a
b ax ec
+
+

) ( cos
11.

+ + + c a b ax dx b ax / 1 ). sec( | log ) tan(

12.

+ dx b ax ) cot(

c a b ax + + / 1 . | ) sin( | log
13.

+
c
n
x f
dx x f x f
n
n
1
)] ( [
) ( ' . )] ( [
1
14.

+ c x f dx
x f
x f
| ) ( | log
) (
) ( '
15.
+ c x f dx
x f
x f
) ( 2
) (
) ( '
Vidyalankar Maths Classes Page No..11
Standard Integrals Involving Radicals:
1.

c a x
x a
dx
) / ( sin
1
2 2
2.

+
+

c a x a
a x
dx
) / ( tan . / 1
1
2 2
3.

+ + +
+
c a x x
a x
dx
| | log
2 2
2 2
4.

+ +

c a x x
a x
dx
| | log
2 2
2 2
5.

+
+

c
a x
a x
a
a x
dx
log 2 / 1
2 2
6.

c
x a
x a
a
x a
dx
log 2 / 1
2 2
Integration by Part :
1
]
1

dx IIdx I II I ) (
dx
d
- dx II I dx .
1.

dx x a
2 2
c a x
a
x a
x
+ +

) / ( sin
2 2
1
2
2 2
2.

+ dx a x
2 2
c a x x
a
a x
x
+ + + + + | | log
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
3.

dx a x
2 2
c a x x
a
a x
x
+ + | | log
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
4.

+ + c x f e dx x f x f e
x x
) ( )] ( ' ) ( [
Reduction Formula:
1.

xdx
n
sin

xdx
n
n
n
x x x
n
n
2
1
sin
1 sin . cos
2.

xdx
n
cos

+ xdx
n
n
n
x x
n
n
2
1
cos
1 cos . sin
Comparative Study of standard Equation of Parabola, Ellipse and Hyperbola
Circle, Parabola, Ellipse and Hyperbola
Equation of Tangent at P ) , (
1 1
y x Condition for Tangency
2
1 1
a yy xx +
2
1 m a c + t
) ( 2
1 1
x x a yy + m a c /
1
2
1
2
1
+
b
yy
a
xx
2 2 2
b m a a c + t
1
2
1
2
1

b
yy
a
xx
2 2 2
b m a a c t
Standard Equation
Curve Cartesian form Parametric form
Circle
2 2 2
a y x + sin , cos a y a x
Parabola ax y 4
2
at y at x 2 ,
2

Ellipse 1
2
2
2
2
+
b
y
a
x
sin , cos b y a x
Hyperbola 1
2
2
2
2

b
y
a
x
tan , sec b y a x
Vidyalankar Maths Classes Page No..12
Parabola Ellipse Hyperbola
Standard Equation 4ax y
2
1
y
x
2
2
2
2
+
b a
1
y
x
2
2
2
2

b a
Eccentricity 1 e 1 < e 1 > e
Relational Between
a,b&c
- ) e 1 ( a b
2 2 2
) 1 e ( a b
2 2 2

Centre - (0,0) (0,0)
Vertices (0,0)
A(a,0) A(-a,0)
B(0,b) B(0,-b)
A(a,0) A(-a,0)
B(0,b) B(0,-b)
Foci (0,0) (ae,0)(-ae,0) (ae,0)(-ae,0)
Equations of
directrices
0 + a x e a x / t e a x / t
Axis x-axis
Major axis =2a
(along|x-axis)
Minor axis =2b
(along y axis)
Transverse axis = 2a
(along x-axis)
Conjugate axis =2b
(along y-axis)
Length of Latus
Rectum
4a
a
b
2
2
a
b
2
2
Symmetry About x axis
About origin and both
axis
About origin and both
axis
Distance between
foci
-- 2ae 2ae
Distance between
Directrices
--
e
a 2
e
a 2