ABSTRACT Carissa Carandas were screened for their anticancer activity.

Methanol & Chloroform extract of Carissa carandas was made to observe their effects against nicotine of cigarettes, biri, zarda.Cytotoxic activity & reducing power of plant are seen.the extracts are of leave & fruit of karandas. Surprisingly, the nicotine of tobacco itself has not so significant cytotoxic activity,but the reducing power is good. Further some more experiment will be done on the particular facts.

INTRODUCTION

Smoking, a common bad habit to all over the world beyond gender, nation, race.Millions of people suffering from cancer for that nicotine.It is amatter of concern that, the number of smokers increase day by day.Now a days various smoking aid is available for smoking cessation.the objective of this research is to develop some herbal smoking aid in our country as a reasonable cost in our country.This report is ainitial step of this.

Carissa carandas

Description This species is a rank-growing, straggly, woody, climbing shrub, usually growing to 10 or 15 ft (3-5 m) high, sometimes ascending to the tops of tall trees; and rich in white, gummy latex. The branches, numerous and spreading, forming dense masses, are set with sharp thorns, simple or forked, up to 2 in (5 cm) long, in pairs in the axils of the leaves. The leaves are evergreen, opposite, oval or elliptic, 1 to 3 in (2.5-7.5 cm) long; dark-green, leathery, glossy on the upper surface, lighter green and dull on the underside. The fragrant flowers are tubular with 5 hairy lobes which are twisted to the left in the bud instead of to the right as in other species. They are white, often tinged with pink, and borne in terminal clusters of 2 to 12. The fruit, in clusters of 3 to 10, is oblong, broad-ovoid or round, 1/2 to 1 in (1.25-2.5 cm) long; has fairly thin but tough, purplish-red skin turning dark-purple or nearly black when ripe; smooth, glossy; enclosing very acid to fairly sweet, often bitter, juicy, red or pink, juicy pulp, exuding flecks of latex. There may be 2 to 8 small, flat, brown seeds. Varieties Formerly there were believed to be 2 distinct varieties: C. carandas var. amarawith oval, dark-purple, red-fleshed fruits, of acid flavor; and var. dulcisround, maroon, with pink flesh and sweet-subacid flavor. However, David Sturrock, a Florida horticulturist who took a special interest in the karanda, observed these and other variations throughout seedling populations. Origin and Distribution The karanda is native and common throughout much of India, Burma and Malacca and dry areas of Ceylon; is rather commonly cultivated in these areas as a hedge and for its fruit and the fruit is marketed in villages. It is rare in Malaya except as a potted plant in the north; often grown in Thailand, Cambodia, South Vietnam and in East Africa. It was introduced into Java long ago as a hedge and has run wild around Djakarta. The karanda first fruited in the Philippines in 1915 and P.J. Wester described it in 1918 Fig. 112: The karanda, shrubby or climbing, as "one of the best small fruits introduced is conspicuous when in starry bloom. into the Philippines within recent years." The United States Department of Agriculture received seeds from the Middle Egypt Botanic Garden in 1912 (S.P.I. #34364); from P.J. Wester in the Philippines in 1918as "one of the best small fruits introduced into the Philippines within recent years." The United States Department of Agriculture received seeds from the Middle Egypt Botanic Garden in 1912 (S.P.I. #34364); from P.J. Wester in the Philippines in 1918 (S.P.I. #46636) and again in 1920 (S.P.I. #51005); and a third time in 1925 (S.P.I. #65334). The shrub has been cultivated in a limited way in Florida and California and

some experimental gardens in Trinidad and Puerto Rico. Climate The karanda is more cold-tolerant than the carissa. It grows from sea-level to 2,000 ft (600 m) in the Philippines; but up to an altitude of 6,000 ft (1,800 m) in the Himalayas. Burkill says it is not really suited to the humid climate of Malaya. Like the carissa, its chief requirement is full exposure to sun. Soil The plant grows vigorously in Florida on sand or limestone. In India, it grows wild on the poorest and rockiest soils and is grown as a hedge plant in dry, sandy or rocky soils. It is most fruitful on deep, fertile, well-drained soil but if the soil is too wet, there will be excessive vegetative growth and lower fruit production. Propagation Propagation is usually by seed because cuttings have never rooted readily. Experimental work in India has shown that cuttings from mature plants may not root at all; 20% of hardwood cuttings from trimmed hedges have rooted in November but not when planted earlier. Cuttings from nursery stock gave best results: 10% rooted in late September; 20% in early October; 30% in late October; and 50% in early November. In all cases, cuttings were pre-treated with indolebutyric acid at 500 ppm in 50% alcohol. Sturrock found that tender tip cuttings could be rooted under constant mist; also that the karanda can be grafted onto self-seedlings. It has proved to be a good rootstock for carissa. Culture The plant grows slowly when young. Once well-established, it grows more vigorously and becomes difficult to control. If kept trimmed to encourage new shoots, it will bloom and fruit profusely. Season The karanda may bloom and fruit off and on throughout the year. For use unripe, the fruits are harvested from mid-May to mid-July. The main ripening season is August and September. The 5-pointed calyx remains attached to the plant when the fruit is picked, leaving a gummy aperture at the base. Keeping Quality Freshly-picked ripe fruits can be kept at room temperature only 3 or 4 days before they begin to shrivel. Pests and Diseases Nursery plants are probably prone to the same pests that attack young carissasFungus diseases recorded on the karanda in Florida are algal leaf spot and green scurf caused by Cephaleuros virescens; twig dieback from Diplodia natalensis; and stem canker induced

by Dithiorella sp. Food Uses The sweeter types may be eaten raw out-of-hand but the more acid ones are best stewed with plenty of sugar. Even so, the skin may be found tough and slightly bitter. The fruit exudes much gummy latex when being cooked but the rich-red juice becomes clear and is much used in cold beverages. The sirup has been successfully utilized on a small scale by at least one soda-fountain operator in Florida. In Asia, the ripe fruits are utilized in curries, tarts, puddings and chutney. When only slightly underripe, they are made into jelly. Green, sour fruits are made into pickles in India. With skin and seeds removed and seasoned with sugar and cloves, they have been popular as a substitute for apple in tarts. British residents in India undoubtedly favored the karanda as being reminiscent of gooseberries. Food Value Analyses made in India and the Philippines show the following values for the ripe karanda: calories, 338 to 342/lb (745-753/kg); moisture, 83.17-83.24%; protein, 0.390.66%; fat, 2.57-4.63%; carbohydrate, 0.51-0.94%; sugar, 7.35-11.58%; fiber, 0.621.81%; ash, 0.66-0.78 %. Ascorbic acid content has been reported as 9 to 11 mg per 100 g. Other Uses Fruit: The fruits have been employed as agents in tanning and dyeing. Leaves: Karanda leaves have furnished fodder for the tussar silkworm Leaves: Karanda leaves have furnished fodder for the tussar silkworm. Root: A paste of the pounded roots serves as a fly repellent. Wood: The white or yellow wood is hard, smooth and useful for fashioning spoons, combs, household utensils and miscellaneous products of turnery. It is sometimes burned as fuel. Medicinal Uses: The unripe fruit is used medicinally as an astringent. The ripe fruit is taken as an antiscorbutic and remedy for biliousness. The leaf decoction is valued in cases of intermittent fever, diarrhea, oral inflammation and earache. The root is employed as a bitter stomachic and vermifuge and it is an ingredient in a remedy for itches. The roots contain salycylic acid and cardiac glycosides causing a slight decrease in blood pressure. Also reported are carissone; the D-glycoside of B-sitosterol; glucosides of odoroside H; carindone, a terpenoid; lupeol; ursolic acid and its methyl ester; also carinol, a phenolic lignan. Bark, leaves and fruit contain an unnamed alkaloid. Effect of Carissa carandas: Antioxidant: Eight fractions from methanolic and chloroform extracts all showed very strong antioxidant activity. Mixture of compounds in the chloroform and methanolic

extracts showed better antioxidant activity than the isolated fractions. Results suggest that the synergistic effects of the constituents in the choloroform extracts of the unripe fruits showed the best antioxidant activity Anticancer: Study of plant extracts was done on human ovarian carcinoma, Caov-3 and lung cancer cells, NCI. Chloroform extract from leaves showed good anticancer activity against Caov-3 while the n-hexane extract of the unripe fruit showed remarkable activity against the lung cancer cell line. What's in a cigarette? There are more than 4,000 chemicals in cigarette smoke, some of which are well known for their toxicity. Here are just a few:

Nicotine - immediate physiological effects include increased heart rate and a rise in blood pressure Ammonia - also found in toilet cleaners Acetone - found in nail varnish remover Cadmium - a highly poisonous metal used in batteries Vinyl chloride - used to make PVC Napthtalene - used in moth balls Carbon monoxide - poisonous gas that is commonly given off by exhausts and gas fires, fatal in large amounts Tar - thick brown stuff in cigarette smoke that stains fingers and teeth a yellow-brown colour and which deposits in a smoker's lungs, clogging them up Cyanide - a lethal gas used in Second World War gas chambers Formaldehyde - used to preserve dead bodies Arsenic - poison Some cigarettes include flavourings include childhood favourites such as cocoa, vanilla, liquorice, sugar and even honey. Did you know...? Addiction to nicotine is usually established in young smokers within about a year of first experimenting with cigarettes, in many cases before reaching the age at which it is legal to buy cigarettes (on average at 12-13 years of age) It can take less than one pack of cigarettes - on average, just six cigarettes - to suffer withdrawal symptoms if you try to stop, in other words to become addicted Smoking causes permanent changes in brain receptors - once hooked most people will have cravings for nicotine which will never completely leave 80 per cent of ex-smokers will return to a regular habit within one month of having just one cigarette, even if they gave up years before People who smoke mild cigarettes simply drag longer and harder in order to get the same amount of nicotine and as a result they more often develop peripheral lung tumours at the edges of the lungs and vertical pursing lines around their lips Only about five per cent of smokers seek help to quit, even though this can increase their chances of stopping long term to as much as 30 per cent at one year if they get support from a trained adviser and use medications for nicotine dependency Giving up smoking

About half of all smokers make at least one attempt to stop in a given year. A significant number may do well at first - the data varies but some studies suggest that over 40 per cent of those who use all available help, including nicotine replacement treatment and behavioural support, are initially successful. Quitting completely is a different matter. Long-term success is much less common and typically more than 95 per cent relapse within the first year, leaving only two to three per cent of those who try with willpower alone and no support from health professionals or medical treatments as successful long-term quitters Nicotine addiction Nicotine, the active ingredient of tobacco, affects the brain, body and behaviour, including changing heart rate, intestinal action, endocrine functions, brain waves and general arousal. Nicotine effects centrally in the brain producing a mild high that induces craving Nicotine is highly addictive. It is both a stimulant and a sedative to the central nervous system. The ingestion of nicotine results in an almost immediate "kick" because it causes a discharge of epinephrine from the adrenal cortex. This stimulates the central nervous system, and other endocrine glands, which causes a sudden release of glucose. Stimulation is then followed by depression and fatigue, leading the abuser to seek more nicotine. Nicotine is absorbed readily from tobacco smoke in the lungs, and it does not matter whether the tobacco smoke is from cigarettes, cigars, or pipe The primary significance of nicotine in tobacco is to provide pharmacological effects, both acute (mood regulation, weight control) and long-term (reinforcing effects that create a continuing physiological need for nicotine). While nicotine in tobacco has both systemic pharmacological effects and acute sensory effects in the mouth, nose, and throat, the evidence in tobacco industry documents demonstrates that the acute sensory effects of nicotine are secondary in importance to the pharmacological effects of nicotine that underlie consumer satisfaction. Whilst smoking fulfils a psychological need in certain individuals it is only the inhaling cigarette smoker who is likely to gain psychopharmacological satisfaction from nicotine and become dependent on it The tobacco industry distinguishes the role of nicotine from flavorants. A book on flavoring tobacco lists approximately a thousand flavorants, but fails to list nicotine as a flavoring agent. In fact, nicotine's flavor is unpleasant, and the tobacco industry has gone to significant lengths to mask the flavor of increased levels of nicotine in cigarettes There is evidence that some of the sensory effects associated with nicotine, e.g., "irritation and impact," are sought by smokers at least in part because these effects are always followed by the pharmacological effects they seek. Thus, smokers learn to associate the sensory impact of nicotine (burning in the throat) with the resulting psychoactive effects of nicotine, and thus look for these sensory signals in tobacco products. This is known as secondary reinforcement

The tobacco industry's development of nicotine analogues also demonstrates the industry's

interest is in nicotine's pharmacological effects on the central nervous system, rather than in its sensory effects. The focus of industry research has been to develop compounds that will duplicate the pharmacological effects of nicotine on the central nervous system. Nowhere in the referenced tobacco industry documents concerning nicotine analogues is there mention of concern to duplicate any flavor, taste, or other acute sensory effects that may be associated with nicotine

Reduction in heavy or prolonged nicotine use can produce some of the following withdrawal effects; sweating or rapid pulse, increased hand tremor, insomnia, nausea or vomiting, physical agitation, anxiety, transient visual, tactile, or auditory hallucinations or illusions, and grand mal seizure A study by researchers at San Francisco General Hospital found that African Americans take in 30% more nicotine with every cigarette as compared with White or Hispanic Americans. Researchers also found that African Americans metabolize cotinine, a nicotine byproduct, more slowly (1) Nicotine is highly addictive, and American tobacco companies are believed to manipulate the amount of nicotine in cigarettes to maintain customers' addictions. If it can be shown that people buy cigarettes in order to satisfy an addiction, then cigarette sales should have to meet the regulations for selling drugs. This could prevent the sale of cigarettes in the USA, on the grounds that they are unsafe products (2) Cigarettes are relentlessly advertised with highly effective overt and subliminal messages that smoking is good Your physical addiction to nicotine.

Over 13 million smokers try to quit each year, yet less than 5% of those who attempt to quit unaided are cigarette-free after 6-12 months. For one simple reason: a nicotine addiction is harder to beat than most people realize. Nicotine from smoking changes the structure and function of your brain. When the brain stops getting the nicotine it's used to, you begin feeling strong withdrawal cravings. You think you want a cigarette when, actually, your brain wants nicotine. Let's take a look at how nicotine addiction works. Each puff on a cigarette sends nicotine to the brain within 10 seconds. Immediately, we feel more alert and calm. It feels good, so we have another puff. And another. Soon the brain's chemical structure actually changes. It becomes hooked into wanting more and more nicotine to make the effects last.

Smoking habits go beyond nicotine addiction. As the addiction to nicotine sets in, the brain connects your daily routines with cravings to make sure you get a steady flow of nicotine. So there are certain activities, people and places that we learn to associate with tobacco use. These associations act together with nicotine addiction to reinforce your dependence on tobacco. That's why normal everyday activities can trigger the urge to smoke. If you're drinking coffee, or talking on the phone and craving a smoke, it's really your brain looking for a nicotine fix. You may learn to use a cigarette to feel comfortable in social situations, or when tense or bored. You may develop an oral fixation that cigarettes satisfy. To quit smoking you need to overcome both your addiction to nicotine and your personal smoking habits. Here are some of the strategies offered to help people stop smoking. 1. Assessment and advice In most GP surgeries, there are doctors or nurses who offer a brief assessment of a smoker's habit and advice on giving up. This is enough to help about 10 per cent of people to quit completely. Some studies have also shown that telephone contact with an exsmoker can have a positive effect on increasing the proportion of people who are able to quit over the long term. There have also been some encouraging results from studies that have looked at personalised feedback about smoking and a personalised self-help manual. 2. Behavioural treatments These are more intensive approaches that combine assessment and advice with help on people increasing their motivation and skills to resist the urge to light up and to cope with cravings. These behavioural treatments often involve the smoker joining a Quit Smoking group or similar sort of programme where they work alone or with others, with a specially trained therapist. Study results show that about one person in seven is able to abstain for at least six months after taking part. 3. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) NRT works by providing a source of nicotine after the person has stopped smoking, such as nicotine patches. This can be an effective method of reducing withdrawal symptoms and the cravings to smoke. Smokers get used to not having cigarettes, while still having a source of nicotine which they then slowly cut down. With this type of treatment, about 10 per cent of people stop smoking for more than one year (although figures vary), and for every 20 people who use NRT one will become a long term quitter. Other types of nicotine therapy are available - nicotine gum, lozenges, nasal spray, sublingual (under the tongue) tablets and the nicotine inhaler. Some recent studies have looked at combination treatment, which combines patches and gum and these seem to be even more effective than patches alone.

4. Other medicines Bupropion (Zyban) and varenicline (Champix) are other medicines that can help a person stop a nicotine habit. They may be preferred by people who would rather not use nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or who suffer side effects. Bupropion acts on the dopamine system in the brain to help reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings (and also therefore acts as an antidepressant). Generally, people taking this medication find that when they stop smoking the withdrawal symptoms and cravings are much easier to deal with. As with any medicine there may be side effects - for example, some people complain they get a dry mouth and others have trouble sleeping - so it isn't suitable for everyone. For every 15 people who use bupropion, one will become a longterm quitter. Varenicline provides a constant low level stimulation of the nicotine receptors in the brain and makes cigarettes taste awful so the smoker they can't see the point of taking them as there is no nicotine 'hit'. For every eight people who use varenicline, one will become a long-term quitter. (Data from the Cochrane Review 2007). The success rates quoted above are for when one medication is used at a time. It's now known that if two different medicines are used in combination, success rates may be higher.

Physical addiction to nicotine.

Over 13 million smokers try to quit each year, yet less than 5% of those who attempt to quit unaided are cigarette-free after 6-12 months. For one simple reason: a nicotine addiction is harder to beat than most people realize. Nicotine from smoking changes the structure and function of your brain. When the brain stops getting the nicotine it's used to, you begin feeling strong withdrawal cravings. You think you want a cigarette when, actually, your brain wants nicotine. Let's take a look at how nicotine addiction works. Each puff on a cigarette sends nicotine to the brain within 10 seconds. Immediately, we feel more alert and calm. It feels good, so we have another puff. And another. Soon the brain's chemical structure actually changes. It becomes hooked into wanting more and more nicotine to make the effects last.

Smoking habits go beyond nicotine addiction.

As the addiction to nicotine sets in, the brain connects your daily routines with cravings to make sure you get a steady flow of nicotine. So there are certain activities, people and places that we learn to associate with tobacco use. These associations act together with nicotine addiction to reinforce your dependence on tobacco. That's why normal everyday activities can trigger the urge to smoke. If you're drinking coffee, or talking on the phone and craving a smoke, it's really your brain looking for a nicotine fix. You may learn to use a cigarette to feel comfortable in social situations, or when tense or bored. You may develop an oral fixation that cigarettes satisfy. To quit smoking you need to overcome both your addiction to nicotine and your personal smoking habits. Here are some of the strategies offered to help people stop smoking. 1. Assessment and advice In most GP surgeries, there are doctors or nurses who offer a brief assessment of a smoker's habit and advice on giving up. This is enough to help about 10 per cent of people to quit completely. Some studies have also shown that telephone contact with an ex-smoker can have a positive effect on increasing the proportion of people who are able to quit over the long term. There have also been some encouraging results from studies that have looked at personalised feedback about smoking and a personalised self-help manual. 2. Behavioural treatments These are more intensive approaches that combine assessment and advice with help on people increasing their motivation and skills to resist the urge to light up and to cope with cravings. These behavioural treatments often involve the smoker joining a Quit Smoking group or similar sort of programme where they work alone or with others, with a specially trained therapist. Study results show that about one person in seven is able to abstain for at least six months after taking part. 3. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) NRT works by providing a source of nicotine after the person has stopped smoking, such as nicotine patches. This can be an effective method of reducing withdrawal symptoms and the cravings to smoke. Smokers get used to not having cigarettes, while still having a source of nicotine which they then slowly cut down. With this type of treatment, about 10 per cent of people stop smoking for more than one year (although figures vary), and for every 20 people who use NRT one will become a long term quitter. Other types of nicotine therapy are available - nicotine gum, lozenges, nasal spray, sublingual (under the tongue) tablets and the nicotine inhaler. Some recent studies have looked at combination treatment, which combines patches and gum and these seem to be even more effective than patches alone.

4. Other medicines Bupropion (Zyban) and varenicline (Champix) are other medicines that can help a person stop a nicotine habit. They may be preferred by people who would rather not use nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or who suffer side effects. Bupropion acts on the dopamine system in the brain to help reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings (and also therefore acts as an antidepressant). Generally, people taking this medication find that when they stop smoking the withdrawal symptoms and cravings are much easier to deal with. As with any medicine there may be side effects - for example, some people complain they get a dry mouth and others have trouble sleeping - so it isn't suitable for everyone. For every 15 people who use bupropion, one will become a long-term quitter. Varenicline provides a constant low level stimulation of the nicotine receptors in the brain and makes cigarettes taste awful so the smoker they can't see the point of taking them as there is no nicotine 'hit'. For every eight people who use varenicline, one will become a long-term quitter. Remember, always consult your doctor first. (Data from the Cochrane Review 2007). The success rates quoted above are for when one medication is used at a time. It's now known that if two different medicines are used in combination, success rates may be higher. Alternative Cancer Treatments My journey into the realm of alternative cancer treatment began in 1996, when I overcame a devastating and "untreatable" cancer by using an "alternative" treatment. Since that time, I have actively researched in order to understand and present the truth about successful alternative cancer treatments. In order to properly understand alternative medicine, we should first understand something about conventional medicine. In the early 1900's, alternative medicine was taught in schools and practiced along side of conventional medicine. Pharmacists made up their own formulations with such medicines as "oil of smoke" and perhaps, a bucket of water on the back porch with nails rusting away to produce an iron tonic. A "bone setter", was an un-lettered practitioner who was relied upon to set broken bones. At one time, cocaine was sold in drug stores as a health aid and radium compounds were available as an internal "patent medicine". We would be rightly shocked to see these things happening today. In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the Wiley act, and what is now called the FDA was born. It has grown from a single chemist who was employed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1862 to be the organization regulating the goods and services that represent one out of every four dollars spent in the U.S. It has gone through the metamorphosis of name changes and re structuring until it now has nearly a million employees and operates on a budget of over a billion dollars a year. I am sure that we all agree that there is an urgent need for government responsibility to minister in the affairs of public safety. We need to know that someone in authority is

regulating the inspection and certification of consumable products and invasive services such as artificial heart valves and internal medicines. Conventional medicine is a captive of the FDA. It can offer no product or perform any service that is not approved by the FDA. On the face of it, this seems to be a very good thing, doesn't it? There are three major considerations that intercede in the process. They are the amoral character of corporate structure, scientific proof of efficacy, and economics. As an example, we know that the De Beers family owns the diamond market. Diamonds are plentiful and inexpensive. They are carted around by the bushel. The market is controlled to elevate the price of a diamond to many times its worth. Considering the emotional value that we place on a diamond, and the special nature of it's representation, it makes no great difference in people's lives if a diamond engagement ring costs many times more than it would otherwise. In fact, the cost may enhance its romantic value. However, when the same kind of purpose is expressed in the vital areas of peoples lives such as health care, an entirely different kind of issue is raised. People do not need diamonds to flourish, but everyone needs health care services. I have no argument with trauma care. Our generation is the most fortunate ever. We have a longer life expectancy and better health than generations before us. Antibiotics and other interventions have provided relief from diseases that have destroyed civilizations in the past. This is largely due to the great improvement in health services provided by corporate America. It is in the area of what we call "alternative" medicine that the difficulty rises. The practices of 100 years ago of using "whatever works" has been replaced by a strict and expensive protocol that requires millions of dollars per item in order for it to be approved. The amoral (operating in a system that does not have "morality" as one of its parameters) nature of business excludes altruism and emphasizes bottom line economics. This is indeed proper and necessary. This is not to say that drug manufacturers are not charitable. They routinely donate drugs and other products to people who are caught up in grave emergencies. However, it is their purpose and practice to emphasize their power in the marketplace. Stockholders expect that their investment interest to be promoted. This results in the "prudent" business practices of increasing market share by overcoming competition. Consider the recent scandal that involved the invasion of the privacy of the patient- doctor relationship by inducing the doctor's office staff to provide the names and prescriptions of patients. Stolen letter heads with messages from their "doctor" instructing them to change their prescription medication to the one offered by the particular manufacturer. This is, hopefully, an isolated incident, but it does point out the extreme degree that manufacturers can and sometimes do take to enhance their market share. It is in this very aggressive atmosphere that alternative medical practice finds itself. Alternative medicine is competition to our conventional medical system. In response to this competition, manufacturers employ every device available to them to oppose the incursion of alternative medicine into the market. Again, that is just plain "good business" and is

necessary and to be expected in a competitive market place. It really doesn't make any difference if alternative medicine is more effective, less expensive and kinder to the patient. If it can't be patented and owned by a manufacturer, they will oppose it by every means at their disposal. Please read the section entitled; Why does not your regular doctor not prescribe alternative treatments? Now we get to the point. Alternative medicine is any treatment that is not approved by the FDA. It may be effective or it may be fraud. It encompasses the whole spectrum of consideration from metaphysics to aroma therapy. Because it is un regulated, it can be anything. How can a person determine what is real and effective? It is with this enigma in mind that I have researched in order to find some common attributes that relate to successful alternative cancer treatments and to assemble them into a presentation that offers an overview of those considerations which have, according to my research and experience, provided success. There are several approaches to alternative cancer treatment and there are advocates for all of them with their success stories. I talked to a woman who was rescued by the Hoxsey treatment and has lived for 40 years so far after she was opened up and found to be "full of cancer" and sent home to die. I talked to another woman who had a similar situation and was successfully treated by using Cancell. Many have found success by using Laetrile, Essiac, Taheebo tea, Tian yian, vitamin C, The Rife Machine, MGN-3 and many more. I have learned that a large segment of successful alternative treatments are based upon diet. It is interesting that the FDA will not consider any treatments based upon nutrition. This means that such options will never be tested and approved. Regardless of how effective they may be, your doctor will never be authorized to prescribe them. I have assembled and organized these basic nutritional elements into a plan that has been successfully used by many people for several years. This is not a "hard and fast" program. There are many deviations practiced by different agencies. For instance; some advocates insist upon a totally "vegan" diet. This requires that the patient eat nothing from any animal source. Further, they require that all, (or sometimes 80%), of the food taken be fresh and raw. Other agencies allow some animal protein sources such as two servings of fish a week. There is good reasoning behind both of these options. Many people succeed with a less stringent plan. I find that many people equate "alternative medicine" to the use of medicinal herbs. Herbs can be a very effective and sometimes essential part of a successful program. Many people have had dramatic recoveries from cancer by using herbs alone. Herbal products are allowed on the market if they do not make any medical claims, but are offered as the ubiquitous "dietary supplement". It is up to the user to understand what benefits may be gotten from using the products, as the provider is not allowed to make any health claims. For instance, I recently spoke to the American office of the herbal cancer treatment product, Flor Essence. This is an enhanced version of Essiac, which has an impressive record of success in treating cancer. I said

something about "cancer" and the person on the other end of the phone said; "We are not allowed to say that 'word'." There are several devices and specific plans that are touted as effective cancer treatments. The ones that I know about and that I consider to be one. Smoking & Fertility: Fact 1: Smoking and infertility are connected Can smoking cause infertility when its just secondhand smoke? Absolutely. Your hormones must work in harmony to make a baby. When you smoke or breathe in secondhand smoke, nicotine and other toxic substances in cigarettes upset the natural hormonal balance. These chemicals can cause other problems like ovulation and tubal problems, and even genetic abnormalities in your embryos. Chemicals in cigarette smoke also affect reproductive health by reducing the number of healthy eggs you have, which might lead to infertility, sterility or premature menopause. Exposure to cigarette smoke for even a few days can cause changes in the health of your eggs and embryos Fact 2: Smoking affects Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Can smoking cause infertility with Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)? Again, the answer is yes. Smoking and infertility are linked even for women undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART). Studies show smokers have a reduced chance of success with ART. In fact, smokers usually need more ovulation-inducing medications than their non-smoking peers. This is because of problems with ovulation and egg health. If you smoke and are able to get pregnant with ART, it may take twice as long as usual. Fact 3: Smoking increases the chance of miscarriage Can smoking cause infertility problems like miscarriage? The answer is yes. You may have read the warning labels on cigarette packages. Yet millions of women of childbearing age disregard these warnings and continue to smoke. In doing so, they risk their health and the health of their children and unborn babies. Scientists arent exactly sure how smoking and infertility are linked or why smokers have a higher chance of miscarriage. Preterm labor and ectopic pregnancies are also reported in higher numbers in smokers than in non-smokers. If you are pregnant, stop smoking now. Do it for yourself and your unborn child.

Fact 4: Men are not immune to smoking and fertility problems Can smoking cause infertility problems in men? You bet. Weve discussed how smoking and fertility problems occur in women. But your partner needs to hear the same message: smoking and infertility are connected. For men, cigarette smoking increases problems such as lower sperm counts and motility, as well as hormonal problems and erectile dysfunction. Fact 5: Stop smoking and fertility returns The good news is that if you stop smoking, fertility returns for most people. Studies show that women who stop smoking for at least two months before trying to get pregnant will increase their chances of conceiving. If youve tried to stop smoking and failed, ask your doctor for help in quitting cigarette smoking. Because cigarette smoking is addictive, its hard to stop smoking without professional help. There are a number of smoking cessation products and programs available to you. If you are having a hard time quitting, let your dreams of having a healthy baby inspire you to stop smoking now. Set a goal to not smoke while you are trying to conceive and during pregnancy. Tobacco smoking in Bangladesh: The data assesses the smoking behaviour among the Bangladesh Secretariat Staff, Dhaka. The findings are based on interviewing 2008 respondents of whom 775 (38.6%) were reported to be smokers. Amongst the three categories of the respondents selected for interview, the prevalence of smoking was the highest (49%) for the respondents belonging to the lowest socio-economic group. The mean age at commencement of smoking was in the neighbourhood of 18 years. Majority of the smokers (76.5%) were motivated by their friends. Advertisement did not appear to have any influence of smoking. Nearly 17% were self motivated. Respondents' current age, level of education and employment status were found to have strong influence on smoking habit. Background.Smoking is now recognized as a major public health problem in the developing world. Despite this, there is a dearth of relevant data on smoking prevalence and on the characteristics and attitudes of smokers: in particular, studies are lacking among teenagers and young adults, the group in which the habit frequently begins. The present study addresses this issue by examining the smoking patterns of a sample of teenagers in Dhaka, Bangladesh, during 1991. Methods.The study investigated smoking behavior and attitudes among two groups of male teenagers: the first consisted of 555 students, ages 1220 years, selected from two metropolitan high schools; the second, chosen to provide a broad comparison group from a different socioeconomic stratum, contained 112 males of similar age residing in an urban slum. Data were collected largely by interview supplemented by some direct observation and relevant secondary data.

Results.The results showed that 29% of the students and 68% of the slum dwellers said they were regular smokers. In addition, the slum youths smoked substantially more and had smoked for longer than the students. While the study suggests both groups of smokers had been influenced to take up smoking by the smoking behavior of peers and parents, peers were more important for the students. Advertising may also have been a important influence on students since smokers in this group could better identify tobacco advertisements compared with their nonsmoking peers. No significant association was found between respondents' knowledge of the health risks of smoking and their actual smoking behavior. Conclusions.This study demonstrates that in Bangladesh, smoking is very common among middle-class male teenagers and even more prevalent among youths from nearby slums. Clearly, local and national programs that draw on relevant knowledge from other countries, but are appropriate to Bangladesh, need to be developed to tackle a major epidemic. Smoking cessation Aid: The best smoking cessation aid on the planet is your own will and determination. If you aren't motivated and committed to kicking the habit, no quit aid can help you. If you are ready to quit, any of them have the potential to work beautifully. That said, a variety of products are on the market today that are designed to help people quit smoking gradually. Choosing one that is right for you is essentially a matter of preference, barring any medical concerns you may have. It's always a good idea to check with your doctor about quit smoking options and discuss what might work best for you before making a decision. A Word about Cold Turkey... Cold turkey is the term used to describe quitting smoking with no help from quit aids of any sort. The advantage of this method is that the majority of nicotine is out of a person's body within a few days. The discomforts can be intense, but physical withdrawal is short. A lot of people quit successfully by going cold turkey. But if this sounds too extreme for your liking, plenty of other options are available to help you withdraw from nicotine more comfortably. Nicotine Replacement Therapy Nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) provide a measured dose of nicotine to help ease the physical symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. Unlike cigarettes, which consist of thousands of poisonous and/or carcinogenic chemicals, NRTs contain only nicotine. When used according to the manufacturer's directions, NRTs allow one to withdraw from nicotine by gradually reducing the amount of it in each dose.

Nicotine Patch Facts Let's take a look at the pros and cons of one of the most popular NRT's(nicotine replacement therapies) available on the market today, the nicotine patch.

A Perspective on Using Nicotine Replacement Therapy One ex-smoker's view on the value of using NRTs to stop smoking. Nicotine Inhaler Facts The nicotine inhaler is a NRT that consists of a plastic cigarette-like tube that houses a replaceable nicotine cartridge and a mouthpiece. The cartridge contains nicotine which is released into the user's mouth and throat when inhaled. Nicotine Lozenge Information The nicotine lozenge is a NRT that comes in the form of a small, candy-like tablet. When placed in the mouth and allowed to dissolve, nicotine is absorbed into the bloodstream. Nicotine Gum Used as a chewing gum, nicotine gum comes in two strengths: 2mg for people who smoke less than 25 cigarettes a day, and 4mg for those who smoke 25 or more cigarettes a day. Nicotine Nasal Spray Nicotine nasal spray is a prescription medicine that reduces cravings to smoke when a nicotine solution is sprayed into the nose. The solution is absorbed into the bloodstream through the nasal mucosa. NRT FAQs Information and frequently asked questions about NRTs

The Downside of NRTs Because NRTs contain nicotine, the addictive component in tobacco, a certain risk of readdiction is involved when using these products. However, if you follow the manufacturer's directions carefully and wean off the NRT of your choice as specified, this can be a safe and comfortable way to end your smoking addiction.

Addicted to Nicotine Gum

Nicotine-Free Quit Aids Several quit smoking aids are available now that do not use nicotine as an active ingredient. The following therapies are given under a doctor's care only.

Bupropion Bupropion hydrochloride, marketed under the names Zyban, Wellbutrin SR, and Wellbutrin XL by GlaxoSmithKline, is an anti-depressant drug that also works well as a smoking cessation aid. It has been shown to dramatically reduce physical withdrawal symptoms associated with nicotine. Varenicline Tartrate Discovered and developed by Pfizer, Inc, varenicline tartrate is marketed under the trademark of Chantix. Approved by the FDA in May 2006, Chantix has the unique ability to partially activate nicotinic receptors in the brain, reducing a person's craving for nicotine when he quits smoking. Additionally, if a person smokes during the course of

varenicline treatment, the drug impedes smoking satisfaction by blocking nicotine from binding with these same receptors.

Varenicline Tartrate Testimonials When evaluating a particular quit smoking therapy, it's helpful to hear how other people have felt when using it. This list of pros and cons comes from those who have used varenicline tartrate to help them quit smoking.

Other Quit Smoking Methods and Remedies

Hypnosis Hypnosis puts people into an altered state of mind where they become more susceptible to suggestion. It can be used to quit smoking, and while it seems to work well for some, it isn't for everyone. Learn what you need to know to decide if it's right for you. Acupuncture Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese medical practice which uses needles placed at specific spots in the skin to treat pain or disease. It can be used to treat addiction to nicotine. Is There a Natural Zyban? Herbal therapies are explored in this article by Cathy Wong.

Neutralizing nicotine?

On the surface, the symptoms of epilepsy appear to have little in common with those of addiction. However, a study by scientists at Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York shows that topiramate, an anticonvulsant drug used to treat epilepsy (and sold under the brand name Topamax), might also help curb nicotine addiction in humans. Nicotine is believed to alter brain chemistry by increasing the level of dopamine, a neurotransmitter linked to pleasure and reward responses in humans. However, researchers are also finding that nicotine stimulates other brain chemicals, such as norepinephrine and serotonin. To treat the addiction, according to Wynne Schiffer, a doctoral student in the neurobiology department at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, the chemical response associated with an addictive drug such as nicotine needs to be controlled, while sparing the response linked to everyday events that stimulate pleasurable reactions in the brain. If the chemical response is controlled, then the dopamine level will remain steady and not increase; therefore, the rewarding effect will be blocked and it will be easier for smokers to stop abusing nicotine. In the study led by Schiffer, a group of rats was injected with topiramate and a control group was injected with saline (Synapse 2001, 42, 196198). Researchers then gave both groups an acute dose of nicotine and measured the levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain. Brain chemical levels were also examined in two additional groups: a group of rats given topiramate but not nicotine, and another group given topiramate but pretreated with nicotine 14 days before the experiment. This last preaddicted group served as the model for humans addicted to nicotine.

The rats given the saline and then nicotine showed a significant increase in all three chemicals in the brain, while the preaddicted rats showed an even greater increase in these brain chemicalssimilar to what might occur in a smoker who has a cigarette after a period of not smoking. However, nicotine-related increases of norepinephrine and dopamine were completely blocked in those rats treated with topiramate, and dopamine elevation in the preaddicted rats was significantly modified. However, topiramate did not drastically influence the effect of nicotine on serotonin.

Materials & methods: Preparation of extracts Leaves, unripe and ripe fruits of Carissa carandas were cleaned and dried in the drying cabinet (Protech, Malaysia). The materials (30g) were subjected to chloroform and methanol extraction using soxhiet apparatus. The extracts were concentrated using rotary evaporator (Eyela, U.K.) and evaporated to dryness in a fume cupboard. Fresh

samples of ripe fruits were squeezed to get the juice. The extracts were dissolved in hot water to a final concerntration. Reducing power activity The reducing power of the extracts was determined according to the method of (Oyaizu, 1986). Briefly, different concentrations of the extracts were mixed with 2.5 ml of 0.2 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.6 and 2.5 ml of 1% potassioum ferricyanide solution. After incubation at 50C for 20 min, the mixtures were mixed with 2.5 ml of 10% trichloroacetic acid followed by centrifugation at 650 g for 10 min. The supernatant (2.5 ml) was mixed with 2.5 ml of distilled water and 0.5 ml of 0.1% ferric chloride. The absorbance of this solution was measured at 700 nm. Ascorbic acid served as positive control. Brine shrimp bioassays Only a few species were bioactive against the brine shrimp bioassays at 10 and 100 g extract per ml, and a low relationship between the brine shrimp bioassays and the cytotoxicity assays was found. However, most of the invertebrates presented toxicity in some of the bioassays at 1000 g/ml in a way that was consistent with the citotoxicity results. The macroalgae was the group where least activity was detected. A strong hatch inhibition (hatchability assay) was present in the extracts of the sponges Hyatella sp. (51%), Mycale parishii (64%) and Dysidea sp. (50%), and in the extracts of the gorgonians Lophogorgia sp. (81%), Pacifigorgia adamsii (76%) and Muricea sp. (89%). After 12 h of exposure, the percentage of active species increased very slightly. After 24 h of exposure there were no significant changes in the activity of the extracts, although a few species such as Muricea sp. and Lophogorgia were more active at 48 h than at 24 h. On the other hand, a high lethality was found in the extracts of the gorgonians Pacifigorgia adamsii (68%), Muricea sp. (83%), the tunicate Polyclinum laxum (96%) and the echinoderms Toxopneustes roseus (96%), Isostichopus fuscus (96%) and Pharia pyramidata (93%) .In this case, activity increased significantly with up to 48 h of exposure. With respect to the effect of the time of exposure, in the hatchability test the highest percentage of toxicity was detected at 12 h or 24 h of exposure, and significant changes in toxicity were not detected in subsequent times of exposure. The very low hatching rate detected after the 12 h treatment was probably due to an alteration in the development of Artemia embryos. It has been shown that Artemia is highly vulnerable to toxins at the early developmental stages In contrast, in the brine shrimp lethality test, maximum sensibility was reached after 48 h of exposure (the oldest age class tested by us) At this stage in their life cycle the nauplii have reached their second and third instar and exhibit their greatest sensitivity to test compounds. The hatchability test detected toxicity in a number of species similar to the lethality test, but seemed less sensitive to detect toxicity of macroalgae extracts. In general, the groups with the highest percentage of toxic species, and with the most toxic extracts, were the invertebrates. Some species such as the echinoderms, the sponges Mycale parishii, Dysidea, sp, and the gorgonians Muricea sp. etc, significantly lowered hatching in the hatchability test, interfering with normal development of the nauplii. The echinoderms Toxopneustes roseus, Isostichopus fuscus, etc. presented a high lethality (almost 100%).

The high incidence of toxicity in sponges and echinoderms seems to be an effective defense mechanism against many predation fishes, which increases closer to the tropics (almost 100% of all species tested) For the past 30 years, the Artemia nauplii have been used to detect general toxicity .in teratology screens and in ecotoxicology From a pharmacological point of view, a good relationship has been found with the brine shrimp lethality test to detect antitumoral compounds in terrestrial plant extracts . These two bioassays show that standard tests employing organisms such as brine shrimp are useful in identifying metabolites with a high potential for activity against marine organisms. Our results show that the shrimp hatchability test together with the lethality test could be an easy bioassay to screen marine natural products. Methods Collection and preparation of extracts 4 species of sponges, 3 gorgonians, 6 echinoderms, 1 tunicate, and 6 macroalgae were collected by snorkeling and scuba diving from low tide to a depth of 20 m along the Mexican Pacific coast. The specimens of each species were freeze-dried and ground together. The lyophilized material (25 g) was extracted three times with 2-PrOH (1/20) w/v. The extracts were evaporated under reduced pressure and dissolved in acetone/methanol (1:1) to prepare the stock solution. Preparation of the bioassays The tests were conducted in multiwell plates in filtered (0.45 m pore diameter) and sterilized seawater (final volume 5 ml). Each of the extracts for each species was tested at 1000, 100 and 10 g of extract per ml. The concentrations were obtained by transferring the corresponding volume from the stock solution to different wells for evaporation .After evaporation, 5 ml of seawater were added to each well with gentle shaking to ensure that the compounds diffused adequately in the aqueous solution. Four replicates were used for each treatment and control. The control was performed by adding the solvent used to dissolve the extracts in the assays, and it was allowed to evaporate. Before the assays, the average time of appearance of the first free nauplii and the subsequent developmental stages was calculated. The first cysts hatched approximately after 12 h of incubation (average time); the maximum percentage of instar II (55.33%) appeared 12 h later (24 h after the start of incubation). All the tests were performed in a temperature-controlled room at 28C, under a continuous light regime. The extracts were subjected to the following tests: Brine shrimp hatchability test The brine shrimp hatchability test is based on Migliore et al. They calculated the hatch, harvesting the free nauplii from 1 g of cysts on a Millipore 45 m filter, weighed and placed in a desiccator at 60 C for 24 h to obtain the dry weight. In our case, the percentages of hatchability were calculated by comparing the number of free nauplii in each treatment with the number of free nauplii in the control and the whole procedure was standardized (see below).

Following the procedure in Amat 0.5 g of dried cysts were separated from their shells using the commercial brine shrimp hatchers solution. After that, the cysts were hatched in seawater (1 g cyst per liter) at 28C, under conditions of continuous illumination and strong aeration. After 2 h aliquots measuring 250 l were placed in each well where the extracts had previously been deposited, and they were incubated at the same conditions of temperature and illumination under gentle shaking. After 12, 24 and 48 h of exposure the free nauplii were counted under a stereoscopic microscope. The percentages of hatchability were calculated by comparing the number of free nauplii in each treatment with the number of free nauplii in the control. Later the percentage of hatch inhibition (%HI) was calculated as: % HI = % hatchability in the control - % hatchability in each treatment. Brine shrimp lethality test Dried cysts were performed as indicated above, and incubated (1 g cyst per liter) in a hatcher at 2830C with strong aeration, under a continuous light regime. Approximately 12 h after hatching the phototropic nauplii were collected with a pipette from the lighted side and concentrated in a small vial. Ten brine shrimp were transferred to each well using adequate pipettes. Each test consisted of exposing groups of 10 Artemia aged 12 h to various concentrations of the toxic compound. The toxicity was determined after 12 h (mainly nauplii in instar I/II), 24 h (nauplii in instar II/III) and 48 h (mainly nauplii in instar III/IV) of exposure. The numbers of survivors were counted and percentage of deaths were calculated. Larvae were considered dead if they did not exhibit any internal or external movement during several seconds of observation. The larvae did not receive food. To ensure that the mortality observed in the bioassay could be attributed to bioactive compounds and not to starvation; we compared the dead larvae in each treatment to the dead larvae in the control. In any case, hatched brine shrimp nauplii can survive for up to 48 h without food because they still feed on their yolk-sac.However, in cases where control deaths were detected, the percentage of mortality (% M) was calculated as: % M = percentage of survival in the control - percentage of survival in the treatment. Bioassays for cytotoxicity The cytotoxicity of the extracts was assessed employing two human cell lines: lung carcinoma (A-549), and colon carcinoma (HT-29). A colorimetric type of assay using a sulforhodamine B (SRB) reaction was adapted for a quantitative measurement of cell growth and viability, following the technique described by Skehan et al. Cells were seeded in 96-well microtiter plates, at 5 103 cells per well in aliquots of 190 l, and they were allowed to attach to the plate surface by growing in a drug free medium for 18 hours. Afterward, samples were added in aliquots of 10 l (dissolved in DMSO/H2O 1:9). After 48 hours of exposure, the cytotoxicity was measured by the SRB methodology: cells were fixed by adding 50 l of cold 50% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and incubating for 60 minutes at 4C. Plates were washed with deionized water and dried. One hundred l of SRB solution (0.4% w/v in 1% acetic acid) was added to each microtiter well, and incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. Unbound SRB was removed by washing with 1% acetic acid. Plates were air dried and bound stain was dissolved with Tris buffer. Optical densities were read on an automated spectrophotometric plate reader at a single wavelength of 490 nm. Data analysis was generated automatically by LIMS implementation at PharmaMar and some

parameters for cellular responses were calculated. The activity of the isopropanolic extracts was given in % GI (growth inhibition) for each concentration tested (50, 17 and 5 g per ml). Values could be as follows: - negative GI = no growth inhibition < 50% GI = week growth inhibition 50 to 100% GI = moderate to high growth inhibition (ACTIVE, growth inhibition effect) 100% GI = Total growth inhibition (ACTIVE, cytostatic effect) >100% GI = Cell killing (ACTIVE, cytotoxic effect). Nicotine extraction Process: Tobacco+NaOH+distilled water

Filter

Percolated with ether

Extract

Nicotine + Organic compound

Evaporation

Nicotine

Results & discussions: Cytotoxicity of Nicotine: conc 1 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 no of naupli 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 no of naupli 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 living Dead naupli 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 % mortality 0 0 0 0 10% 0 0 0

Reducing power: Extract methanol Chloroform Karanda 60.0 0.5 90.0 0.3 Nicotine 50.0 0.2 40.0 0.4

Discussion: 1.It is surprising that nicotine alone is not responsible for cytotoxicity. 2.Karanda has good antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Further, work will be continued on it & effort will be given on formulation development. property. May be it can neutralize nicotines harmful

References: