MAMMAL HEART

Divide into 4 chambers Separated by valves to prevent backflow of blood-blood flows only in single direction Tricuspid and mitral(bicuspid) valveatrioventricular valve Tricuspid separates the right atrium and right ventricle

After rapid filling, the oxygenated blood flows to the aorta through aortic valve. The aorta transports the oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. Blood which flows to all parts of the body except lungs is known as systemic circulation. The blood which flows from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is known as pulmonary circulation. Pulmonary artery is the only artery which carries deoxygenated blood. Pulmonary vein is the only vein which carries oxygenated blood.

The system is also known as close double circulation The blood flows through the heart twice in blood vessels. Also known as double circulatory system and 2 pressure system. The ventricles have the higher pressure than the atrium

Mitral separates the left atrium and left ventricle. Pulmonary and aortic valvesemilunar valves Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium through superior and inferior vena cava. The blood flows to right ventricle through tricuspid valve. After rapid filling,the deoxygenated blood flows to the pulmonary artery via pulmonary valve in order to the lungs From the lungs, the oxygenated blood flows into the heart through

CARDIAC CYCLE

Cardiac Cycle is the sequence of contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers during one heartbeat.

Two terms used:Systole Diastole

Systole : contraction of heart muscle Diastole: relaxation of heart muscle Three stages in CARDIAC CYCLE : Atrial and Ventricular diastole Atrial systole Ventricular systole

Atrial and Ventricle diastole Both the atria and ventricle muscle are relaxed. Blood will flow with high pressure from veins to atria. When volume is increase the pressure will decrease when muscle are relax. When blood flow to from atrium to ventricle the atrioventricular (AV) valves will open to blood to enter the heart.

Atrial Systole Atria muscles contract and the ventricle muscles stay relaxed. Blood will move from the atrium to the ventricle if the higher pressure in atrium and low pressure in ventricle. In this stage volume of chambers will decrease so increasing in pressure.

Ventricle Systole Blood will flows from the ventricles to the arteries. In this stage the ventricle muscles are contracted and the atrial muscles will relaxes. Blood will move out from the ventricle to the ateries if high pressure in ventricles. Volume will decrease therefore increase in pressure forcing the AV valves shut.

Pressure changes Through the Heart during CARDIAC CYCLE

*The first, "early diastole", is when the semilunar valves close, the atrioventricular (AV) valve open, and the whole heart is relaxed. *The second, "atrial systole", is when the atrium contracts, the AV valves open, and blood flows from atrium to the ventricle. *The third, "isovolumic ventricular contraction", is when the ventricles begin to contract, the AV and semilunar valves close, and there is no change in volume. *The fourth, "ventricular ejection", is when the ventricles are empty and contracting, and the semilunar valves are open.

*During the fifth stage, "Isovolumic ventricular relaxation", pressure decreases, no blood enters the ventricles, the ventricles stop contracting and begin to relax, and the semilunar valves close due to the pressure of blood in the aorta.*Throughout the cardiac cycle, blood pressure increases and decreases.

*The cardiac cycle is coordinated by a series of electrical impulses that are produced by specialized heart cells found within the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node. *The cardiac muscle is composed of myocytes which initiate their own contraction without help of external nerves (with the exception of modifying the heart rate due to metabolic demand).

*Under normal circumstances, each cycle takes approximately one second.

Electrical Impulse
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is an indirect measure of the electrical activity of the heart. The activity can be measured by placing leads on the surface of the skin. The ECG is made up of five points P, Q, R, S and T. The points are grouped together to represent important electrical events in the heart. A normal healthy hearts ecg is represented by 3 distinct waves: The P wave The QRS complex and The T wave.

*The P wave represents atrial depolarization followed by atrial contraction. *The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization followed by ventricular ejection. *The T wave represents ventricular repolarization. *Other than the three mentioned above there are other significant pieces to the ecg: The PR segment is the AV nodal delay. *The ST segment is the time it takes for the ventricles to contract and empty. *The TP interval is the time during which the ventricles are relaxing and filling

Questions And Answers

4 3 5 2

WHAT IS CARDIAC CYCLE? (10m) The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events in one heartbeat.It can be divided into three stages: 1) Diastole: the chambers of the heart (atria and ventricles) are relaxed and filling up with blood from the veins. The atrioventricular valves (bicuspid on the left and tricuspid on the right) are open and the semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) are closed. This stage lasts for about 0.4 second. 2) Atrial systole: the atria contract and top up the ventricles. This takes about 0.1 second. 3) Ventricular systole: the ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart into the arteries. During this stage the atrioventricular valves are closed and the semilunar valves are open. This takes about 0.3 second.

What effect would thinner muscles in the left ventricle have on tissue fluid? Would you expect more elastic tissue in the wall of aorta or the pulmonary artery? Explain your answer. (7m) If the left ventricle had thinner muscle,then it would contract with less force and blood would be travelling at a low pressure. Lower hydrostatic pressure at the capillaries would result in less tissue fluid being formed as there is less push through the squamous epithelium. The aorta should have more elastic tissue in its wall to cope with the higher pressure generated by contraction of the left ventricle. This has thicker muscle and will contract with more force than the right ventricle, which pumps blood into the pulmonary artery.

What are the advantage of a double circulation over a single circulation ? (3m)

A double circulation allows a two-pressure system with higher pressure to the body cells and lower to the lungs, so preventing damage there. A double circulation therefore allows oxygenated blood to be pumped efficiently to the body cells under pressure, a single circulation does not. High pressure to the tissue allows the formation of tissue fluid which is essential for exchange of materials between the body cells and the blood.

How would you expect blood to emerge of you cut an artery and why ? (2m)

If you cut an artery,the blood will come out in spurts in time with the contraction of the ventricles. The blood will be under high pressure.

Describe the path the electrical impulse that travels through the heart? (5m)

Starts in the sino atrial node, spreading across the atria muscles to the atrio-ventricular node. From there, it travels along Purkinje fibres to the ventricle muscles.

What is the cycle of the blood flow through the heart? (5m)

Right atrium >Tricuspid valve> right ventricles > pulmonary semilunar valve > pulmonary arteri > lungs > pulmonary vein > left atrium > Bicuspid (mitral) valve > left ventricle > Aortic semilunar valve > aorta > arteries > arteriole > capillaries > venules > veins > Vena cava >right atrium out to the rest of the body

How are electrical impulses conducted through heart muscle? (3m) The sinoatrial (SA) node (known as the heart's pacemaker) in the wall of the right atrium is where signal originate lead to contraction. The SA node causes the atria to contract ( down from the top) , forcing blood into the ventricles. The atrioventrical (AV) node pases the electrical signal from the atria to the ventricles, then to the Bundle of His passes the electrical signal to the Purkinje fibers. The Purkinje fiber pass the electrical signal to the heart muscle in the ventricles. The ventricles contract.

First, identify the three pressures shown on the worksheet. These pressure are: (3m) left atrial pressure left ventricular pressure aortic pressure

1) If communication between the SA node and the AV node becomes blocked which is most certainly affected: a) the ventricles will contract at a slower rate b) afterload will increase c) the atria will contract at a slower rate d) stroke volume will increase e) all of the above 2) If there is a blockage between the AV node and AV bundle, how will this affect the appearance of the ECG: a) P-R interval would be smaller b) QRS interval would be longer c) there would be more P waves than QRS complexes d) there would be more QRS complexes than P waves e) the T wave would not be present

3) What effect would compressing the inferior vena cava just below the diaphragm have on cardiac function: a) stroke volume would decrease b) cardiac output would decrease c) sympathetic stimulation of the heart would eventually increase d) heart rate would eventually increase e) all of the above

4) Blood returning from the lungs enters the heart through the: a) pulmonary semilunar valve b) mitral valve c) right ventricle d) left atrium e) vena cava

5) During ventricular systole: a) the atria are contracting b) the AV valves are closed c) the pressure inside the ventricles is less than in the atria d) the mitral valve is closed e) blood is ejected into the atria 6) In general, veins exhibit this characteristic when compared to arteries: a) are thinner walled b) have more smooth muscle in the tunica media c) carry faster moving blood d) have thicker endothelium e) are more elastic

7) The T wave on an ECG represents:: a) ventricular depolarization b) ventricular repolarization c) atrial depolarization d) atrial repolarization e) ventricular systole

8)Which has longer duration of action A. systole B. diastole C. both are same

9. What kept blood move from left atrium to left ventricle? A. Different in viscosity B. Energy involvement C. Different in pressure

10) The first sound we heard using stethescope is most likely because of... A. Open of AV valve B. Open of aortic valve C. Closure of AV valve D. Closure of aortic valve

11. The highest rate of increased pressure happens in .. A. Right ventricle B. Right atrium C. Left atrium D. Left ventricle

12. Why did the AV valves closed during the beginning of ventricular contraction? A. The pressure in left ventricle is higher than the pressure in left atrium B. The pressure in left atrium is higher than the pressure in left ventricle C. The pressure in the left ventricle is the same as the pressure in the left atrium

13)The pressure inside the aorta equals the prssure in the left ventricle. Is this possible? A. No B. Yes

14. During what stage does the Ventricular Volume curve drops sharply? A. Ejection stage B. Atrial contraction C. Passive filling D. Isovolumic Contraction E. Isovolumic Relaxation

20. What do you expect at the beginning of ventricular contraction? A. AV valves open B. AV valves close