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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................... 2 DIFFUSION THROUGH A STAGNANT GAS FILM............................................................................................. 3 SHELL MASS BALANCES; BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: ..................................................................................... 3 Boundary Condition: ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Average Concentration ............................................................................................................................... 11 Applications: ............................................................................................................................................... 15 References: ................................................................................................................................................. 16
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We know several kinds of mass fluxes are in common use. For simplicity, we shall in this chapter use the combined flux N A-that is, the number of moles of A that go through a unit area in unit time, the unit area being fixed in space. We shall relate the molar flux to the concentration gradient for the z-component is:
(1)
The conservation statement may, of course, be expressed in terms of moles. The chemical species A may enter or leave the system by diffusion (i.e., by molecular motion) and also by virtue of the
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CAO
concentration in the bulk fluid stream, and the proportionality constant kc is a "mass transfer coefficient."Equation.1 is analogous to "Newton's law of cooling". The rate of chemical reaction at the surface can be specified. For example, if substance A disappears at a surface by a first-order chemical reaction, then NAO = k constant k1
cA0.
disappearance at a surface is proportional to the surface concentration, the proportionality being a first-order chemical rate coefficient.
Let us now analyze the diffusion system shown in Fig.1 in which liquid A is evaporating into gas B. We imagine there is some device that maintains the liquid level at z interface, the gas-phase concentration of A, expressed as mole
=z1.
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XB XA2 Z2
Z1 ------------ Z=Z1 ----------------------Fig.1: Steady-state diffusion of A through stagnant B with the liquid vapor interface maintained at a
fixed position. The graph shows how the concentration profiles deviate from straight lines because of the convective contribution to the mass flux.
1.0 liquid A
XB1 XA
XA1
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XA2
mole fraction of A at XA2 for z= z2. The entire system is kept at constant temperature and pressure. Gases
When this evaporating system attains a steady state, there is a net motion of A away from the interface and the species B is stationary. Hence the molar flux of A is given by Eq. given below with NBz = 0. Solving for NAz, we get:
(2)
A steady-state mass balance (in molar units) over an increment Az of the column states that the amount of
A entering at plane z equals the amount of A leaving at plane z +z:
S. NAZZ+Z + 0 = 0 (3)
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S[ NAZZ
Taking limit as Z 0
NAZZ+Z ]/S( Z) = 0
For an ideal gas mixture the equation of state is p = cRT, so that at constant temperature and pressure c must be a constant. Furthermore, for gases is very nearly independent of the composition. Therefore, cDAB be moved to the left of the derivative operator to get:
This is a second-order differential equation for the concentration profile expressed as mole fraction of A. Integration with respect to z gives:
..
(5)
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i. ii.
At Z=Z1 At Z=Z2
X A=XA1 ; XA=XA2
(a) (b)
ln (1
XA1) + Ln (1
XA2)= C1 (Z1 Z 2)
ln (1
XA1)
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ln (1
XA1)
ln (1
ln{ (1 XA1)/ (1
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ln{ (1 XA1)/ (1
ln{ (1 XA)/ (1 XA1)}= ln { (1 XA2)/( 1 XA1)} Z1 / (Z1 Z 2) ln{(1 XA2)/( 1 XA1)} Z / (Z1 Z 2)
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Diffusion through a stagnant gas film (1 XA)/ (1 XA1)= { (1 XA2)/( 1 XA1)} { (Z1 Z )/ (Z1 Z 2 )} (6)
(7)
The equation (6) and (7) represent the concentration profile for diffusion through a stagnant medium. The profiles for gas B are obtained by using xB = 1-xA. The concentration profiles are shown in Fig.1. It can be seen there that the slope dxA/dz is not constant although anticipated from Eq.1.
Average Concentration
Once the concentration profiles are known, we can get average values and mass fluxes at surfaces. For example, the average concentration of B in the region between z1, and z2, is obtained as follows:
in which = (z - z1)/(z2 z1) is a dimensionless length variable. This average may be rewritten as
That is, the average value of xB is the logarithmic mean, (xB)lm of the terminal concentrations.
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=
As
Z = Z1 =0
As
Z= Z2 =1
Now
( )
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( (
|01
(8)
Fig.2. Film model for mass transfer; component A is diffusing from the surface into the gas stream through a hypothetical stagnant gas film.
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(10)
This expression gives the evaporation rate in terms of the characteristic driving force xA1 xA2.
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