CURRENT ELECTRICITY

CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Flow of electric charge constitutes electric current. For a
given conductor, if 'Q' charge flows through a cross-section
of area A in time 't', then the average electric current through
the conductor is given as
I =
t
Q

and its instantaneous value is

dt
dQ
.
Cross-
section
MECHANISM OF CURRENT FLOW IN METALLIC CONDUCTOR
When an external potential difference is applied across a metallic conductor
then an electric field is set up within the conductor.
Applied electric field Force on electrons drift of electrons
Due to the externally applied electric field electrons drift
with an average velocity called drift velocity. This
causes an electric current
Total charge crossing a cross-section in one second is
equal to
I = neAv
d
. Here Av
d
is the volume of a cylinder of
cross-section A length v
d
and ne is charge density of
charge carriers (e.g. electrons).

S
I

v
d
The current density is defined by J = /A
Example1 : A steady current passes through a cylindrical conductor. Is
there an electric field inside the conductor ?
Solution : Yes; No doubt under steady state conditions in electrostatics
when a conductor is charged, electric field inside it is zero as
metal is an equipotential surface. However when a potential
difference is applied across a conductor and a steady current
flows though it, the condition no longer remains static and there
exists an electric field inside the conductor.
OHMS LAW
It states that "the potential difference across a conductor is directly
proportional to the current flowing through it at a given temperature".
At constant temperature ) constant(R
I
V

the constant 'R' is called resistance of the conductor.

Resistivity () and conductivity ():
The resistance R of a given conductor is directly proptinal to length () and
inversitional proptional cross-sectional area (A) such that R =
A

, where =
resistivity of the material of the given conductor. Its S.I. unit is m.
Reciprocal of resistivity is called the electrical conductivity () of the material,
thus
=

1
=
RA

whereas reciprocal of resistance is called conductance of the

given conductor. S.I. unit of conductivity is ( - m)
-1
and is usually written
as mho/m.
Temperature Dependence of Resistivity:
The conductivity of a metal decreases as its temperature is increased. Thus
resistivity increases with the rise in temperature. If
T
and
0
represent the
resistivities at temperatures T and T
0
respectively, then for small temperature
variations,

T
=
0
[1 + (T T
0
)]
Where is called the temperature coefficient of resistivity. The resistivity
varies over a very wide range. For metals (good conductor) 10
-8
-m and
for insulators 10
17
-m
Semiconductors (silicon, germanium ) have intermediate value much smaller
than insulator but much larger than metals. Temperature coefficient of
resistivity is negative for semiconductors and positive for the metals. For
superconductors resistivity is zero.
Thermistor:
A thermistor is a semiconductor electronic device in which the resistance
decreases as its temperature increases. This is used as a thermometer.
The temperature coefficient of resistivity is negative for semiconductors,
hence thermistors are usually prepared from oxides of various metals such as
nickel, iron, cobalt and copper etc. A thermistor is used to detect small
changes in temperature of the order of even 10
-3

0
C.
Colour code for carbon Resistors:
The four bands indicate digit -1, digit-2, multiplier
and tolerance respectively and the values of
different colours are given in the following table.

digit 1
digit 2
multiplier
tolerance
Resistance code (in )
Colour Digit Multiplier Tolerance
Black 0 1
Brown 1 10
Red 2 10
2
Orange 3 10
3
Yellow 4 10
4
Green 5 10
5
Blue 6 10
6
Violet 7 10
7
Gray 8 10
8
White 9 10
9
Gold 0.1 5%
Silver 0.01 10%
Sometimes the carbon resistor indicates only three bands and the tolerance is
missing from the colour code. This means tolerance has to be taken as 20%.
Example2: Find the resistance of a carbon resistor if the colour code
from left to right indicates brown, yellow, green and gold.
Solution: Use diagram

1 4 10
5
t 5%
R = (14 10
5
t 5%)
= (1.4 10
6
+ 0.07 10
6
)
= (1.4 t 0.07)M
KIRCHHOFFS LAWS
Junction Rule:
It is based on the law of conservation of charge. At a junction in a circuit the
sum of incoming currents is always equal to the sum of outgoing currents. In
otherwords the algebraic sum of the currents at a junction is zero.
Loop rule
The algebraic sum of the changes in potential around any closed path is zero.
It is based on the law of conservation of energy.
In case of a resistor of resistance 'R' potential will decrease in the direction
of current. Hence, for the shown conductor
V
a
V
b
= IR
For an emf source, the potential
changes will be obtained as illustrated
below,
a b
I
R
Emf = , internal resistance = r
i
a b
V
a
V
b
= + ir
Emf = , internal resistance = r
i
a b
V
a
V
b
= + ir
Students can use any sign convention which they find easy.
Example3: In the series circuit shown, E,F,G,H are
cells of emf 2V,1V,3V and 1V respectively,
and their internal resistance are 2, 1, 3 and
1 respectively.
Calculate
(i) the potential difference between B and D
and
(ii) the potential difference across the
terminals of each of the cells G and H.





+
+

+
+
E
D C
B A
G
F
H
2
Solution: Let us redraw the circuit.
At junction D, we have applied the
junction rule, whereby we get
current in DB as shown.
Loop BADB
2I
1
- 2 + 1 + I
1
+ 2 (I
1
I
2
) = 0
5I
1
2I
2
= 1
Loop DCBD
3+3I
2
+I
2
+12(I
1
I
2
)=0 6I
2
2I
1
= 2


C
D
I
1

F
G
B A
I1
I1- I2
I2
H
E
2 V
+
2
-
+
1
1V
3
3V
2
1
1V

+
A
13
6
I , A
13
5
I
2 1

(i) V
BD
= 2(I
1
) 2 + 1 + I
1
= 3 I
1
1 =
V
13
2
1
13
5
3
,
_

(ii) Terminal voltage of G = |3 + 3.I

2
| =

,
_

+
13
6
3 3
= V
13
21
Terminal voltage of H =
V
13
19
1 ) I (
13
6
+
.
GROUPING OF RESISTANCES
Resistance in series
Let the equivalent resistance between A
& B equals R
eq
, by definition.
R
eq
=
I
V
. . . (1)
B A
I
R
3
R
2
R
1
V
Using Kirchoff's 2nd rule for the loop shown in figure,
V = IR
1
+ IR
2
+ IR
3
. . . (2)
From (1) and (2) R
eq
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
Resistance in parallel
Here again, R
eq
=
I
V
. . . (1)
I = i
1
+ i
2
+ i
3
=
3 2 1
R
V
R
V
R
V
+ +
. . . (2)
From (1) and (2)
3 2 1 eq
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
+ +
R1
V
I
i3
i2
i1
R2
R3
A B
I
Example 4: Find the equivalent resistance
between A and B in the circuit shown
here. Every resistance shown here has
a magnitude of 2 .


2
2
2
2
O
A B
C
D
Solution: Points C, O & D are at the same potential. Therefore,
resistances AO, AC and AD are in parallel . Similarly BC, BO
and BD are in parallel.
Similarly BC, BO and BD are in parallel.
R
AB
=
3
1
(2) +
3
1
(2)
=
3
4
= 1.33 .
ENERGY, POWER AND HEATING EFFECT
When a current I flows for time t from a source of emf E, then the amount of
charge that flows in time t is Q = It.
Electrical energy delivered W = Q.V = VIt
Thus, Power given to the circuit, = W/t = VI or V
2
/R or I
2
R
In the circuit
E. I = I
2
R + I
2
r, where
EI is the rate at which chemical energy is converted to
electrical energy, I
2
R is power supplied to the external
resistance R and I
2
r is the power dissipated in the internal
resistance of the battery.


R
I
E
r
An electrical current flowing through conductor produces heat in it. This is
known as Joule's effect. The heat developed is given by H = I
2
.R.t joule,
where I = current in ampere , R = resistance in , t = time in second.
Maximum Power Theorem
In a circuit, for what value of the external resistance the
maximum power be drawn from a battery? For the shown
network power developed in resistance R equals
2
2
) r R (
R . E
P
+

I =
r R
E
+
and P = I
2
R )


R
I
E
r
Now, for dP/dR = 0 (for P to be maximum 0
dR
dP
)
0
) r R (
) r R ( ) R ( 2 ) r R (
. E
4
2
2

+
+ +

R + r = 2R R = r
The power output is maximum, when the external resistance equals the
internal resistance.
R = r
Example5 : A copper wire having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 mm
2
and a
length of 0.1 m is initially at 25
o
C and is thermally insulated
from the surroundings. If a current of 10 A is set up in this
wire
(a) Find the time in which the wire starts melting. The change
of resistance of the wire with temperature may be
neglected.
(b) What will this time be, if the length of the wire is
doubled?
Density of Cu = 9 10
3
Kg m
-3
specific heat of Cu = 9 10
-
2
Cal Kg
-1

o
C
-1
, M.P. (Cu) 1075
o
C and specific resistance =
1.6 10
-8
m.
Solution : (a) Mass of Cu = Volume density
= 0.5 10
-6
0.1 9 10
3
= 45 10
-5
Kg.
Rise in temperature = = 1075-25 = 1050
o
C.
Specific heat = 9 10
-2
Kg
-1

o
C 4.2 J
I
2
Rt = mS
R . I
mS
t
2

s 558
10 2 . 3 10 10
09 . 0 1050 10 2 . 4 45
t
10 2 . 3
10 x 5 . 0
1 . 0 10 6 . 1
A
L
R but
3
5
3
6
8

(b) When the length of wire is doubled, R is doubled, but

correspondingly mass is also doubled. Therefore, wire will
start melting in the same time.
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
For a certain adjustment of Q, V
BD
= 0, then no
current flows through the galvanometer.
V
B
= V
D
or V
AB
= V
AD
I
1
.P = I
2
.R
Likewise, V
BC
= V
DC
I
1
.Q = I
2
.S
Dividing, we get,
S
R
Q
P

I1
Q
C
B

G
R
D
I2
I2
S
A
P
GROUPING OF IDENTICAL CELLS
1. Series Grouping
emf of the cell is and internal resistance is r. R is the external resistance,
I is the current
passing through the circuit and n is the total number of cells.
Applying Kirchhoffs law
ir + ir + ........ (to n times ) iR = 0

nr R
n
i
+

I
r


r

R
2. Parallel grouping
Applying Kirchhoffs law
0 IR r
n
I

nR r
n
I
+

R
r

r
r
3. Mixed grouping
Number of rows is m and number of cells in
each row is n
Apllying kirchhoffs law
0 IR r
m
I
n n
I =
nr mR
mn
+

For current through R to be maximum,

mR = nr
R =
m
nr
= one line total internal
resistance/No. of Line


I/m
I/m
I/m
R
RC-CIRCUIT
Charging: Let us assume that the capacitor in the shown network is
uncharged for t < 0. The switch is connected to position 1 at t = 0.
Now, 'C' is getting charged.
If the charge on capacitor at time 't' is q.
writing the loop rule,
C
q
+ IR E = 0
c
q
E
dt
dq
R q EC
dt
dq
RC
dt
RC
1
q C E
dq

C
R S
2

1
I
I
I
Integrating

q
o
t
o
dt
RC
1
q C E
dq
t .
RC
1
| q C E | ln
q
o

RC
t
C E
q C E
ln

[ ]
RC / t
e 1 C E q

At t = 0, q = 0
and at t = , q = E C (the maximum charge.) = q
max
Thus,

R
E
i where e i i
e
R
E
e
RC
q
dt
dq
i
e 1 q q
max
RC / t
max
RC / t RC / t max
RC
t
max


1
1
]
1

t
t
q
q
max
= c
i
imax = /R
Discharging
Consider the same arrangement
as we had in the previous case
with one difference that the
capacitor has charge q
o
for t<0
and the switch is connected to
position 2 at t = 0. If the charge
on capacitor is q at any later
moment t then the loop equation
is given as
Flip the switch to 2
C
I

R
1
2
S
dt
RC
1
q
dq
c
q
dt
dq
R
0 IR
c
q

+
Integrating, at t = 0, q = q
0
t = t, q = q


q
q
t
o
0
dt
RC
1
q
dq

RC / t
0
o
e . q q or
RC
t
q
q
ln


RC / t 0
e
RC
q
i

RC / t
e
RC
EC
i

RC / t
0
e i i


'-ve' sign indicates that the discharging current flows in a
direction opposite to the charging current.
Discharging
t
q
t
i
-imax = /R
O
O
Example6: Calculate the steady-state
current in the 2 resistor
shown. The internal resistance
of the battery is negligible and
the capacitance of the
capacitor is 0.2 F.
2

2.8

B A
0.2
F
3

6V
Solution : The resistance of the parallel combination of 2 and 3
resistors is given by
+ 2 . 1 R
6
5
3
1
2
1
R
1
This resistance is in series with 2.8 giving a total effective
resistance
= 1.2 + 2.8 = 4 .
In the steady state, charge on the capacitor C has stablised and
hence no current passes through 4 resistor which is in series
with the capacitor.
Thus the current through the circuit = 6/4 = 1.5 A,
V
AB
= 1.5 1.2 = 1.8 V, I through 2 resistor = 1.8/2 = 0.9 A.
AMMETER
An Ammeter is an instrument used for measuring current in electrical
circuits. A galvanometer is a low resistance instrument. A large current
passing through it may damage the instrument
Changing the range of an ammeter
Suppose the ammeter gives full scale deflection when a current I
g
flows
through it. Now if we want to convert the reading of the ammeter in such a
manner that it gives full scale deflection for a higher current I in the branch
of the circuit, we connect a small resistance S in parallel to the coil of the
galvanometer, which has a resistance G.
The resistance value is so chosen that out of the total
current I only I
g
flows through the coil and the remaining
current flows through S. As potential difference across S
= potential difference across G.
(I I
g
)S = I
g
G S =

,
_

g
g
I I
G I


G
I
S
I
g

I
(I-I
g
)
So, effectively this ammeter will measure current up to I ampere and its
effective resistance
=

,
_

+ G S
GS
.
In practice G is large as compared to S. Therefore the effective resistance of
the ammeter equals R
A
S, which is small. An ideal ammeter has zero
resistance.
VOLTMETER
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring potential difference across
the two ends of a current carrying conductor. It is connected in parallel with
the conductor across which the potential difference is to be measured. The
current through the conductor should not change on connecting the voltmeter,
and so the voltmeter should draw a very small current, i.e. its resistance has
to be high.
When a galvanometer is used to measure potential difference across the ends
of a current carrying conductor, a high resistance R is connected in series
with the galvanometer.
Consider the diagram
shown. Suppose the
galvanometer gives full scale
deflection when a current I
g
passes through its coil. If G
is resistance of the
galvanometer coil then:
VOLTMETER

G
I
g

R

V
Potential difference to be measured = V =
) R G ( I
g
+
R =
g
I
V
- G
So, effectively the voltmeter has resistance = R
v
= (G + R)
In practice R
v
is very large compared to G. An ideal voltmeter should possess
infinite resistance.
POTENTIOMETER
A potentiometer is used to compare electromotive forces of two cells or to
measure the internal resistance of a cell.
Principle:
The potentiometer is based upon the principle that when a constant current is
passed through a wire of uniform cross sectional area, the potential drop
across any portion of the wire is directly proportional to its length.
Consider the network shown in the
diagram :
Here,
( )
1
2 1
B A
R
R R R
E
V V

,
_

+ +

E
R
2
I
A
B R1
I
I
I
R
(Fig. i)
Now, let us consider that an EMF source having EMF same as (V
A
V
B
)
calculated above and internal resistance r connected in parallel to R
1
.
Suppose that a current I
2
passes through the EMF source

E
A
B I
1
(I1+I2)
I2
E', r

C
(Fig. ii)

R
R2 R1

We have, applying Kirchoffs rules, the following equations
R
2
(I
1
+I
2
) + R
1
I
1
+ R (I
1
+ I
2
) = E . . . (i)
R
1
I
1
= I
2
r + E . . . (ii)
Solving (i) & (ii) we get
I
2
=
[ ] [ ] R R R r R R R
) R R R ( ' E ER
2 1 2 1
2 1 1
+ + + +
+ +

For the chosen value of E' that is
1
2 1
R
R R R
E

,
_

+ +
we get I
2
= 0
Thus, taking a length of uniform resistance wire between A and C instead of
the two resistors R
1
& R
2
, it is possible to get zero (null) deflection in the
galvanometer in the circuit shown below, provided that.
E
1
< IR
AC

E
R
2
A
B
(I
1
+I
2
)
I
E1
C
(Fig. iii)
G
P

1
R
R2
Let
1
be the length AB of the wire, corresponding to zero deflection in
galvanometer, and let B be the point where the movable pointer P (also
called Jockey) makes contact with wire AC. If the same experiment is
repeated but with another cell of EMF E
2
, we will be getting a different length

2
at the instant galvanometer shows null deflection. If in both the cases the
rheostat R is kept unchanged,

2
1
2
1
E
E

.
The arrangement shown in figure (iii) is called Potentiometer and we use it to
measure EMF using the above relationship.
Application :
A potentiometer can be used to compare emfs of two cells or to measure
internal resistance of a cell. The method to compare the emfs of two cells has
already been explained. When we want to measure the internal resistance of
a cell, consider the following formula :
r =
S S 1
V
E
2
2 1

,
_

,
_

,
where r = internal resistance of the cell, E = EMF, V = potential difference
across the cell during current flow, S = resistance of resistance box,
1
,
2
are two balancing lengths.
Example7: A potentiometer wire of length 100 cm has a total resistance
of 10. It is connected in series with a resistance R and a
cell of emf 2 volts and of negligible internal resistance. A cell
of emf 10 mV is balanced against a length of 40cm of
potentiometer wire. What is the value of the external
resistance R ?
Solution : As shown in the figure, if R is
the unknown resistance, the
current in the circuit
I =
) R 10 (
2
) R r (
V
+

+

G
B
A
40 cm
100 cm
R
C
10 mV
2V
Now as the 100 cm wire has a resistance of 10 , the resistance
of 40 cm of wire will be 40 (10/100) = 4 ohm.
Potential drop across 40 cm wire will be V = I 4
but here V = 10 mv (given)
Hence,
3
10 10

=
4
) R 10 (
2

+
i.e. R = 790 .
OBJECTIVE
1: A copper wire of diameter 1.02 mm carries a current of 1.7 amp.
Find the drift velocity (v
d
) of electrons in the wire.
Given n, number density of electrons in copper = 8.5 10
28
/m
3
.
(A) 1.75 mm/sec (B) 1.25 mm/sec
(C) 2.5 mm/sec (D) 1.5 mm/sec
Ans. (d)
Solution: I = 1.7 A
J = current density
=
2 3 2
) 10 51 . 0 (
7 . 1
r
I

= nev
d

= 8.5 10
28
(1.6 10
-19
) v
d

v
d
=
19 28 2 3
10 6 . 1 10 5 . 8 ) 10 51 . 0 (
7 . 1


= 1.5 10
-3
m/sec. = 1.5 mm/sec.
2: A cylindrical conductor of length
and inner radius R
1
and
outer radius R
2
has specific
resistance . A cell of emf
is connected across the
two lateral faces of the
conductor. Find the current
drown from the cell.

dx
x
R
2

R
1


(A) I =

,
_

1
2
R
R
ln
2 l
(B) I =

,
_

2
1
ln
2
R
R
l

(C) I =
2
1
2
ln
2

,
_

R
R
l

(D) I =

,
_

1
2
ln
2
R
R

Ans. (a)
Solution: Consider the differential element of the cylinder as shown in the
figure.
)
a
R (
x 2
dx
R
2
1
R
R
l
l

R =
,
_

1
2
R
R
ln
2 l
I =
R

I =

,
_

1
2
R
R
ln
2 l
3: A copper wire of resistance 4 is melted and redrawn to thrice its
original length. Find the resistance of stretched wire.
(A) 40 (B) 60
(C) 45 (D) 36
Ans. (d)
Solution : Since volume of the wire does not change.

1
A
1
=
2
A
2
where
1
and A
1
are the initial length and cross-
section of the wire, and
2
and A
2
are the final length and cross-
section.

1
2
2
1
A
A

l
l
. . . (1)
R
1
=
1
1
A
l
and R
2
=
2
2
A
l

2
1 1
l
l
l
l
l
l

2 1
2
2
1
2
1
A
A
R
R
. . . (2)

2
2
2
1
l
l

2
1
R
R
as
2
= 3
1

R
2
= 9R
1
= (9 4) = 36
4: An electric bulb rated 220 v and 60 W is connected in series with
another electric bulb rated 220 v and 40 W. The combination
is connected across 220 volt source of e.m.f. Which bulb will
glow more?
(A)
2 1
P P >
(B)
2 1
P P <
(C)
2 1
P P
(D)
2 1
/ P P
Ans. (b)
Solution :
P
V
R
2

resistance of first bulb is

1
2
1
P
V
R
and resistance of the second bulb is
2
2
2
P
V
R
In series same current will pass through each bulb
Power developed across first is
1
2
2
1
P
V
I P
and that across second is
2
2
2
2
P
V
I P

1
2
'
2
'
1
P
P
P
P

as
1 2
P P <

1
P
P
1
2
<

1
P
P
2
1
<

2 1
P P <
The bulb rated 220 V & 40 W will glow more.
5: A battery of emf 1.4 V and internal resistance 2 is connected to a
100 resistor through an ammeter. The resistance of the
ammeter is 4/3 . A voltmeter is also connected to find the
potential difference across the resistor.
The ammeter reads 0.02A. What is the resistance of the voltmeter?
(A) 200 (B) 300
(C) 400 (D) 150
Ans. (a)
6: A battery of emf 1.4 V and internal resistance 2 is connected to a
100 resistor through an ammeter. The resistance of the
ammeter is 4/3 . A voltmeter is also connected to find the
potential difference across the resistor.
(iii) The voltmeter reads 1.10 V. What is the error in reading?
(A) 0. 3 V (B) 0.43 V
(C) 0.53 V (D) 0.23 V
Ans. (d)
Solution: 5 & 6

A
V
4/3
100
E = 1.4V
r =2
(ii)

1
]
1

+
+

1
]
1

+
+
v
v
v
v
R 100
R 100
3
4
+ 2
V 4 . 1
A 02 . 0
ce tan resis Total
Emf
I
R 100
R 100
3
4
+ 2 = circuit the in resistance Total

R
v
= 200
(iii) Potential difference across the voltmeter =
1
]
1

+ 200 100
200 x 100
. 02 . 0

=1.33 V.
Voltmeter reading = 1.10 V

Error = 1.33 - 1.10 = 0.23 V.

7: Five equal resistances each of value R
are connected to form a network
as shown in figure. Calculate the
equivalent resistance of the
network between the points B
and D.


R
R R
R
R
C A
D
B
(A) ( ) R q
BD
2
3
Re (B) ( ) R q
BD
2
5
Re
(C) ( ) R
2
1
q Re
BD
(D) ( ) R q
BD
2
7
Re
Ans. (c)
Solution : The circuit can be redrawn as in the
figure.
(a) for points B and D, resistance (P+R),
G an (Q+S) are in parallel.
With P = Q = R = S = G = R
So,
( ) R
1
R 2
1
R 2
1
q Re
1
BD
+ +
i.e.
( ) R
2
1
q Re
BD


B
D
C A
Q=R
P=R
G=R
S=R
R
8: Five equal resistances each of value R
are connected to form a network
as shown in figure. Calculate the
equivalent resistance of the
network between the points A
and C, and A


R
R R
R
R
C A
D
B
(A) R (B) R/2
(C) 2 R (D) 5 R
Ans. (a)
Solution : for points A and C, the given network is balanced wheatstone
bridge as
S
R
Q
P

. So excluding G, (P+Q) is in parallel with

(R+S)
i.e.
( ) R 2
1
R 2
1
q Re
1
AC
+
i.e. (Req)
AC
= R
9: Five equal resistances each of value R
are connected to form a network
as shown in figure. Calculate the
equivalent resistance of the
network between the points A
and C


R
R R
R
R
C A
D
B
(A) R
8
5
(B) R
8
6
(C) R
8
7
(D) R
8
9
Ans. (a)
Solution : for points A and B, starting from opposite side of AB, (Q+S) in
parallel with G gives
R
BCD
= R
3
2
R R 2
R R 2

R
BCD
in series with R gives
R
BDO
= R
3
5
R R
3
2
+
And R
BDO
in parallel with P gives the equivalent resistance
between AB, i.e. (Req)
AB
=
( )
( ) R R 3 / 5
R R 3 / 5
+

i.e. (Req)
AB
= R
8
5
10: Figure shows a potentiometer circuit for
determining the internal
resistance of a cell. When switch
S is open, the balance point is
found to be at 76.3 cm of the wire.
When switch S is closed and the
value of R is 4.0 , the balance
point shifts to 60.0 cm. Find the
internal resistance of cell E .

R
S
A
E
B
G
J J
E
(A)
1
(B)
1 . 1
(C)
1 . 2
(D)
1 . 5
Ans. (b)
Solution :
I
V E
r

R 1
V
E
r
,
_

,
But /
V
E
, hence

,
_

,
_

1 . 1
0 . 60
0 . 60 3 . 76
0 . 4

R r
11: In the circuit shown in figure each cell
has emf 5V and has an internal
resistance of 0.2 ohm. What is the
reading of ideal voltmeter V.
V
+

(A) 0V (B) 1V
(C) 2V (D) 5V
Ans. (a)
Solution: As internal resistance of an ideal voltmeter is infinite, the
resistance of the battery across which it is connected will not
change by its presence as

+
1
r
1
r
1
1
r' = r
Now as the given 8 batteries are discharging in series i.e.
E
eq
= 8 5 = 40 V and r
eq
= 8 0.2 = 1.6
so current in the circuit I =
6 . 1
40
r
E
eq
eq

= 25 A
Hence potential difference across the required battery
v = E Ir = 5 25 0.2 = 0V.
12: When two resistances X and Y are put in the left hand and right
hand gaps in a wheatstone meter bridge, the null point is at
60cm. If X is shunted by a resistance equal to half of itself
then find the shift in the null point.
(A) 26.7 cm (B) 36.7 cm
(C) 46.7 cm (D) 96.7 cm
Ans. (a)
Solution: Arrangement is shown in the
figure.
2
3
40
60
Y
X
. . . . (1)
When X is shunted then resistance
in the left gap becomes
3
X
2
X
X
2
X
. X
' X
+

. . . (2)
40 cm 60 cm
A
X/2
X Y
Now
cm 33.3 = l
l
l
l
l

,
_

) 100 ( 2
3
3
1
) 100 ( Y
3
X
Shift = 60 33.3 = 26.7 cm.
13 : Each resistor in the network of the
given figure has a resistance of
10. The resistance between
points A and B is

A C D
E F
B



(A) 10 (B) 20
(C) 30 (D) 40
Solution: Resistors in arms CD and EF are in series which add up to
10+10=20 .
Resistors in arms CE and EF are also in series which add upto 20
Hence resistance between points C and F, is given by
20
1
20
1
R
1
+ or
R = 10
Hence, resistance between A and B
= 10 + 10 + 10 = 30
(C)
14: In a gas discharge tube if 3 10
18
electrons are flowing per sec
from left to right and 2 10
18
protons are flowing per second
from right to left through a given cross section. The
magnitude and direction of current through the cross
section
(A) 0.48, left to right (B) 0.48 A, right to left
(C) 0.80A, left to right (D) 0.80 A, right to left
Solution : As current is rate of flow of charge in the direction in which
positive charge will move, the current due to electron will be
i
e
=
t
q n
e e
= 3 10
18
1.6 10
19

= 0.48 A (Opposite to the motion of electrons, i.e. right to left)
Current due to protons
i
p
=
t
q n
p p
= 2 10
18
1.6 10
19

= 0.32 A (Right to left)
so total I = i
e
+ i
p
= 0.48 + 0.32
= 0.80 A (Right to left)
Hence correct answer is (D)
15 : The current in a wire varies with time according to the
equation I = 4 + 2t, where I is in ampere and t is in sec.
The quantity of charge which has passed through a
cross-section of the wire during the time t = 2 sec to t = 6
sec will be
(A) 60 coulomb (B) 24coulomb
(C) 48 coulomb (D) 30 coulomb
Solution : Let dq be the charge which has passed in a small interval of
time dt, then dq = idt = (4 + 2t)dt
Hence total charge passed between interval t = 2 sec and t = 6
sec
q =

+
6
2
dt ) t 2 4 (
= 48 coulomb
(C)
16 : A uniform copper wire of length 1 m and cross-sectional area
2 7
m 10 5

carries a current of 1 A. Assuming that there are
28
10 8 free electrons per m
3
in copper, how long will an
electron take to drift from one end of the wire to the other?
(A)
3
10 8 . 0 sec (B)
3
10 6 . 1 sec
(C)
3
10 2 . 3 sec (D)
3
10 4 . 6 sec
Solution : The drift velocity of electrons is given by
enA
I
V
d

If is the length of the wire, the time taken is
1
10 5 10 8 10 6 . 1 1
I
A n e
V
t
7 28 19
d




=
3
10 4 . 6 sec
(D)
17 : A electric current of 16 A exists in a metal wire of cross section
10
6
m
2
and length 1m. Assuming one free electrons per
atom, the drift speed of the free electrons in the wire will be
(Density of metal =5 10
3
kg/m
3
, atomic weight = 60)
(A) 5 10
3
m/s (B) 2 10
3
m/s
(C) 4 10
3
m/s (D) 7.5 10
3
m/s
Solution : According to Avogadro's hypothesis
M
m
N
N
A

so n =
v
N
N
A

M
N
VM
m
A

Hence total number of atoms n =

3
3 23
10 60
10 5 10 6

= 5 10
28
/m
3
As I = n
e
eA v
d

Hence drift velocity v
d
=
eA n
I
e
v
d
=
6 19 28
10 10 6 . 1 10 5
16


= 2 10
3
m/s
(B)
18: A copper wire is stretched to make it 0.1 % longer. The percentage
change in its resistance is
(A) 0.2 % increase (B) 0.2% decrease
(C) 0.1 % increase (D) 0.1 % decrease
Solution : For a given wire, R =
s
L
with L s = volume = V = constant
so that R =
V
L
2
R
R
= 2
L
L
= 2 (0.1 %)
= 0.2 % (increase)
(A)
19 : The driver cell of a potentiometer has an emf of 2V and negligible
internal resistance. The potentiometer wire has a resistance
of 5 and is 1m long. The resistance which must be
connected in series with the wire so as to have a potential
difference of 5mV across the whole wire is
(A) 1985 (B) 1990
(C) 1995 (D) 2000
Solution : In order to have a potential drop of 5 mV = V 10 5
3
across a
wire of resistance 5 , the current flowing in the wire should be
A 10 1
5
10 5
I
3
3

If R is the resistance to be connected in series with the wire,

then
3
10 1
5 R
2


+
which gives R = 1995
(C)
20 : A battery of 10 volt is connected to a resistance of 20 ohm
through a variable resistance R. The amount of charge
which has passed in the circuit in 4 minutes, if the variable
resistance R is increased at the rate of 5 ohm/min.
(A) 120 coulomb (B) 120 log
e
2 coulomb
(C)
2
e
log
120
coulomb (D)
2
e
log
60
coulomb
Solution : I=
R
V
dt
dq

R
V
dt
dR
.
dR
dq

dq = 12 V
R
dR
q = 12 V

40
20
R
dR
= 12 V (log
e
40 log
e
20)
= 12 10 log
e
2
(B)
21: In the given circuit, R
1
= 10 , R
2
=6 and
E = 10 V.
Then effective resistance
(A) Effective resistance of the circuit
is 20
(B) Effective resistance of the circuit is
30
(C) Effective resistance of the circuit is
40
(D) Effective resistance of the circuit is
50
A
2
A
1
A
3
R
1 R
1 R
1
R
1
R
2 R
2
R
2
R
1
R
1
R
1 R
1
Solution: Potential difference across R
2
resistances is zero, therefore
current in three branches is zero,
therefore current in two branch
containing R
1
will be same,
simplified circuit will be
A2
A1
10 10
10 10
10 10 10
10
10 V
Effective resistance of the circuit R
eff
=
40 40
40 40
+

= 20
current through the circuit I =
20
10
= (1/2) amp
Hence reading of A
1
= amp.
Hence reading of A
2
=1/4 amp.
(A)
22: In the given circuit, R
1
= 10 , R
2
=6 and
E = 10 V.
Then reading of A
1

(A) Reading of A
1
is 1 amp.
(B) Reading of A
1
is 1/2 amp.
(C) Reading of A
1
is 2 amp.
(D) Reading of A
1
is 3 amp.
A
2
A
1
A
3
R
1 R
1 R
1
R
1
R
2 R
2
R
2
R
1
R
1
R
1 R
1
Solution: Potential difference across R
2
resistances is zero, therefore
current in three branches is zero,
therefore current in two branch
containing R
1
will be same,
simplified circuit will be
A2
A1
10 10
10 10
10 10 10
10
10 V
Effective resistance of the circuit R
eff
=
40 40
40 40
+

= 20
current through the circuit I =
20
10
= (1/2) amp
Hence reading of A
1
= amp.
Hence reading of A
2
=1/4 amp.
(B)
23: In the given circuit, R
1
= 10 , R
2
=6 and
E = 10 V.
Then reading of A
2
(A) Reading of A
2
is 1 amp
(B) Reading of A
2
is 2 amp
(C) Reading of A
2
is 1/4 amp.
(D) Reading of A
2
is 3 amp
A
2
A
1
A
3
R
1 R
1 R
1
R
1
R
2 R
2
R
2
R
1
R
1
R
1 R
1
Solution: Potential difference across R
2
resistances is zero, therefore
current in three branches is zero,
therefore current in two branch
containing R
1
will be same,
simplified circuit will be
A2
A1
10 10
10 10
10 10 10
10
10 V
Effective resistance of the circuit R
eff
=
40 40
40 40
+

= 20
current through the circuit I =
20
10
= (1/2) amp
Hence reading of A
1
= amp.
Hence reading of A
2
=1/4 amp.
(c)
24: One billion electrons pass from A to B in 1 ms. What is the
direction and magnitude of current?
(A) 1.6 A (B) 0.8 A
(C) 0.16 A (D) 1.6 A
Solution : A 10 x 6 . 1
10
) C 10 x 6 . 1 ( ) 10 (
t
Ne
i
7
3
19 9

i = 0.16 A.
The current flows from B to A.
(C)
25: An electron gun in a TV set shoots out a beam of electrons. The
beam current is 10A. How many electrons strike the TV
screen each second?
(A) 2.78 10
14
(B) 6.3 10
13
(C) 6.78 10
4
(D) electron will not reach
Solution: (B) The number of electrons per second
N = I/e = (1.0 10
5
C/s)/(1.6 10
19
C) = 6.3 10
13
electrons per
second.
26: In above question, how much charge strikes the screen in a
minute?
(A) 600C (B) 600C
(C) 1300C (D) 1300C
Solution: (A) The charge Q striking the screen obeys |Q| = IT = (10 C/s)
(60 s) = 600 C. Since the charges are electrons, the actual
charge is Q = 600 C.
27: A copper bus bar carrying 1200 A has a potential drop of 1.2 mV
along 24 cm of its length. What is the resistance per m of the
car?
(A) 5.2 (B) 3.2
(C) 8 (D) 4.2
Solution: (D) From Ohms law, applied to 24 cm of the bar, V
24
= IR
24
, or
(1.2 10
3
V) = (1200 A) R, and R
24
= 1.0 . By proportion, R
100
= (100/24) R
24
= 4.2
28: A 20cmlong copper tube has an inner diameter of 0.85 cm and an
outer diameter of 1.10 cm. Find its electric resistance when
used lengthwise.( = 1.7 10
8
)
(A) 51.2 (B) 89
(C) 80 (D) 42
Solution: (B) R= (L / A). The crosssectional area is [(1.10
2
0.85
2
)]/(4
10
4
)] = 3.83 10
5
m
2
; then with L = 0.20 m and = 1.7 10
8
,
then we get R = 89.
29: At what value of resistance R
x
in the circuit in the figure will the
total resistance between points A and B is R?
R
R
x
R

A
B
2R 2R 2R
R R
(A) R( )
3 1
(B) R( )
3 1 +
(C) R
( )
3 1
2
+
(D) R
( )
( )
3 1
3 1

+
Solution: (A)
If R
x
=
( )
x
x
R 2R R
R 2R R
+
+ +
or R
x
2
+ 2RR
x
2R
2
= 0
On solving and rejecting the negative root
of the quadratic equation, we have
R
x
= R( )
3 1
30: What will be the I
1
for the following circuit.
(A) 0.444 (B) 0 A
(C) 0.222 (D) 0.222
Solution: The loop equations are: 6 + 6 10I
4
= 0, so I
4
=
0. (This result tells us that I
1
and I
2
flow through their
respective 3 )
+6 3I
1
+ 12I
3
= 0
6 12I
3
3I
2
= 0
3
I
1
I
2
I
3
6 V
E
12
3
10
4
I

6 V
R

A
B
2R

x
R
x
R

A
B

The point equation is I

2
= I
1
+ I
3
. Solve simultaneously to find I
1
,
I
2
, I
3
and I
4
, 0.222, 0.222, 0.444 and 0 A. Hence the correct
choice is (C)
31: What will be the I
2
for the following circuit.
(A) 0.222 (B) 0.212
(C) 0.222 (D) 0.222
Solution: The loop equations are: 6 + 6 10I
4
= 0, so
I
4
= 0. (This result tells us that I
1
and I
2
flow
through their respective 3 )
+6 3I
1
+ 12I
3
= 0
6 12I
3
3I
2
= 0
The point equation is I
2
= I
1
+ I
3
. Solve simultaneously to find I
1
,
I
2
, I
3
and I
4
, 0.222, 0.222, 0.444 and 0 A. Hence the correct
choice is (C)
32: What will be the I
3
for the following circuit.
(A) 0.222 (B) 0.444
(C) 0.444 (D) 0.444
Solution: The loop equations are: 6 + 6 10I
4
= 0, so
I
4
= 0. (This result tells us that I
1
and I
2
flow
through their respective 3 )
+6 3I
1
+ 12I
3
= 0
6 12I
3
3I
2
= 0
The point equation is I
2
= I
1
+ I
3
. Solve simultaneously to find I
1
,
I
2
, I
3
and I
4
, 0.222, 0.222, 0.444 and 0 A. Hence the correct
choice is (C)
33: What will be the I
4
for the following circuit.
(A) 1 A
(B) 0.222
(C) 0 A
(D) 2 A
Solution: The loop equations are: 6 + 6 10I
4
= 0, so I
4
= 0.
(This result tells us that I
1
and I
2
flow through their
respective 3 )
+6 3I
1
+ 12I
3
= 0
6 12I
3
3I
2
= 0
The point equation is I
2
= I
1
+ I
3
. Solve simultaneously to find I
1
,
I
2
, I
3
and I
4
, 0.222, 0.222, 0.444 and 0 A. Hence the correct
choice is (C)
34: Three resistances of 4 each are connected as
shown in figure. If the point D divides the
resistance into two equal halves, the resistance
between points B and C will be
(A) 12 (B) 6
B
C
4
4
4
4
3
I
1
I
2
I
3
6 V
E
12
3
10
4
I

6V
3
I
1
I
2
I
3
6 V
E
12
3
10
4
I

6V
3
I
1
I
2
I
3
6 V
E
12
3
10
4
I

6V
(C) 3 (D)
8
3

Solution: The circuit can be rearranged as shown in Fig.

because it is Wheatstones Bridge circuit
The resistance between points B and C is
given by
( ) ( )
1 1 1
R 4 4 2 2
+
+ +
or R =
8
3
. Hence the correct choice is (d)
35: What will be the equivalent resistance of the
network shown in the figure between the
terminals 1 and 2.
(A)
2
5
R (B)
8
5
R
(C)
7
5
R (D) none
Solution: (C) This is the familiar problem, which can be solved using
Kirchhoffs rule. Here, the problem is going to be simplified using
Deltastar Transformation. Before going through the solution, let
us understand this DeltaStar Transformation. This figure (a)
and (b) show the Delta and Star respectively.
1
R
2
R
a
b c
a
R
b
R
c
c
R
a
b
3
R
(a) (b)
For obtaining the expression for equivalent we first derive
expression for resistance between points of terminals and then
equating the expression for resistance of the corresponding
terminals of two circuits.
Now for Delta Configuration the equivalent resistance between a
and c,
R
a
=
1 2
1 2 3
RR
R R R + +
R
b
=
1 3
1 2 3
R R
R R R + +
R
c
=
2 3
1 2 3
R R
R R R + +
The given network can be reduced in the form as shown using
series and parallel grouping.
4
4 2
2
A B
C
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
4
3
2
1
2R
R
4 3
2
1
R
R
2R
2R
R
4 3
2
1
R/4 R/2
R/2
(c) (d)
Using DeltaStar Transformation, the figure (c) can be reduced
to figure (d). Now the reduced network is very simple and using
series and parallel grouping, the equivalent resistance between
terminal 1 and 2 becomes
7
5
R.
CMP I: A cell having a steady emf of 2volt is connected across the
potentiometer wire of length 10m. The potentiometer wire is
of manganine and having of 11.5 /m. A new resistance of 5
with negligible length is put in series with the
potentiometer wire.
36: What is total resistance of wire?
(A) 11.5 (B) 115
(C) 1150m (D) 120
Solution: Resistance per unit length of wire = 11.5/m
Length of wire = 10 m
Resistance of wire = 11.5 10
= 115
Total resistance = 115 + 5
= 120
Hence correct choice is (D)
37: What is potential gradient when 5 resistance is not
connected
(A) 0.2 V/m (B) 0.4 V/m
(C) 0 V/m (D) 1.38 V/m
Solution: Fall in potential per meter =
appliedvoltage
lengthof wireof potential
= 2/10 =
0.2 v/m
potential gradient = 0.2 V/m
Hence correct choice is (A)
38: What is potential gradient after connect 5 resistance.
(A) 0.2 V/m (B) 0.15 V/m
(C) 0.104 V/m (D) 2.0 V/m
Solution:
115
5
2V
wire length 10 m
Voltage across 115 resistance =

+
2 115 230 23
V
115 5 220 22
Potential gradient =
voltage across potentiometer
lengthof wireof potential

=
23/ 22
0.104 V/ m
10
Hence correct choice is (C)
CMP II: An ammeter and a voltmeter are connected in series to a
battery with an emf E = 6 volt when a certain resistance is
connected in parallel with voltmeter, the reading of latter
decreases two times, where as the reading of the ammeter
increasing the same number of times.
39: What is ratio of resistance of voltmeter to resistance of ammeter
(A) 2 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/3 (D) 3
40: What will be voltmeter reading before the connecting of the
resistance.
(A) 1 V (B) 2 V
(C) 3 V (D) 4 V
41: What will be voltmeter reading after the connecting of the
resistance.
(A) 1 V (B) 2 V
(C) 4 V (D) 3 V
Solution: Suppose R
A
= Resistance of ammeter, R
v
= resistance of
Voltmeter In the first case current is the circuit
A V
i
( R R )

+
6
.(1)
And voltage across voltmeter V = 6 Voltage across ammeter
V = 6 iR
A
A
A V
V R
( R R )

+
6
6
.(2)
In the second case reading of ammeter becomes two times i.e.
the total resistance become half while the resistance of ammeter
remains unchanged. Hence
A V
i
( R R ) /

+
6
2
=
A V
i
( R R )

+
12
and voltage across voltmeter V = 6 i R
A
A V
V'
( R R )

+
12
6
..(3)
It is given that
V
V'
2
(4)
1

1
+
]

+
6
6
12
6
2
A V A
A V
R R R
( R R )
[From (2) and (3)]

+
1
3
A
A V
R
R R
2
V
A
R
R
(Ans. of Question 39)
Substituting this value into equation (3)
V 6 12 1/3 V 2 (Ans. of Question 40)
From Eq, (4)
V 4 (Ans. of Question 41)
42: In the Bohr model, the electron of a hydrogen atom
moves in a circular orbit of radius 5.3 10
11
m with a
speed of 2.2 10
6
m/s. Determine its frequency f and the
current I in the orbit.
(A) 1.06 mA (B) 2.06 mA
(C) 0.06 mA (D) 3.06 mA
Solution: f =
6
11
2.2 10 m/ s
2 (5.3 10 m)

2 r
= 6.6 10
15
rev/s
Each time the electron goes around the orbit, it carries a
charge e around the loop. The charge passing a point on the
loop each second is
current = I = ef = (1.6 10
19
C) (6.6 10
15
s
1
) = 1.06 mA. Note
that the current flows in the opposite direction to the electron,
which is negatively charged.
(A)
43: A wire carries a current of 2.0 A. What is the charge that
has flowed through its crosssection in 1.0 s. How many
electrons does this correspond to?
(A) 3.0 C, 1.25 10
19
(B) 2.0 C, 1.25 10
19
(C) 4.0 C, 1.25 10
19
(D) 2.0 C, 5.25 10
19
Solution: i =
q
t
q = it = (2.0 a) (1.0s) = 2.0 C
q = ne
n =
19
q 2.0
e 1.6 10

= 1.25 10
19

(B)
44: A current of 7.5 A is maintained in a wire for 45s. In this
time (a) how much charge and (b) how many electrons
flow through the wire?
(A) 400.5C, 2.1 10
21
(B) 300.5C, 2.1 10
21
(C) 337.5C, 2.1 10
21
(D) 700.5C, 2.1 10
21
Solution: (a) q = It = (7.5A) (45 s) = 337.5C
(b) The number of electrons N is given by
N =
19
337.5C
1.6 10 C

q
e
= 2.1 10
21
where e = 1.6 10
19
C is the charge of an electron.
(C)
45: What will be the current if charge q revolves with the frequency f?
(A) f (B) q / f
(C) q (D) qf
Solution:i = qf
(D)
46: Calculate the mean free time between collision in copper at room
temperature? and electron average collision per second.
(A) 2.4 10
14
s (B) 4 10
14
s
(C) 5.4 10
14
s (D) .4 10
14
s
Solution: n = 8.5 10
28
m
3

= 1.72 10
8

e = 1.60 10
19
c and m = 9.11 10
31
kg
T =
2
m
ne
= 2.4 10
14
s
Taking the reciprocal of this time, we find that each
electron average about 4 10
13
collision every second.
(A)
47: A coil of wire has a resistance of 25.00 at 20C and a
resistance of resistance of 25.17 at 35C. What is its
temperature coefficient of resistance?
(A) 4.5 10
4
C
1
(B) 5 10
4
C
1
(C) 0.5 10
4
C
1
(D) 4.0 10
4
C
1
.
Solution: R = R
o
[1+ (TT
0
)], or = R/(R
0
T), with R = RR
0
= 0.17
and T = T T
0
= 15C. Then = (0.17)/(25.00 15) =
4.5 10
4
C
1
.
(A)
48: The three resistors in Fig. are R
1
= 25 , R
2
= 50 , and R
3
= 100 .
What is the total resistance of the circuit?
(A) 50.3 (B) 60.3
(C) 58.3 (D) 80.3
Solution: The sum of R
2
and R
3
in parallel is
2 3
1 1 1 1 1 3
R R R 50 100 100
+ +

or R = 33.3
Since R is in series with R
1
, the total resistance of the
circuit is R = R + R
1
= 33.3 + 25 = 58.3
(C)
49: The three resistors in Fig. are R
1
= 25 , R
2
= 50 , and R
3
= 100 .
What are the currents l
1
, l
2
and l
3
for a 12V battery?
Solution : I =
E 12V
R 58.3

= 0.206 A
(A) 0.206 A, 0.137, 0.0685 A
(B) 0.506 A, 0.137, 0.0685 A
(C) 0.606 A, 0.137, 0.0685 A
(D) 0.706 A, 0.137, 0.0685 A
The potential V across R
2
and R
3
is V =
E R
1
I = 12 V (25)(0.206 A) = 6.85 V. Therefore,
I
2
=
2
V 6.85V
R 50

= 0.137 A I
3
=
3
V 6.85V
R 100

= 0.0685 A
(A)
50: What is total resistance across AB in the following
network.
A B 4
4
2
8
8
D
C
(A) 6.4 (B) 2.4
(C) 7.4 (D) 5.4
Solution: We cant apply Wheatstones bridge condition because
4 2
8 8

1
I
2
I
2
R
1
R
I
E 12V
3
R
1
I
2
I
2
R
1
R
I
E 12V
3
R
Break delta ACD into star Y connection, For that assign
1,2 and 3 like following fig.
A B 4
4
2
8
8
D
C
3
2
1
R
1
=
12 13
12 13 23
R R
R R R

+ +
=
4 2 8
4 2 4 10

+ +
= 0.8
R
2
=
R R
R R R

+ +
12 23
12 23 13
=
4 4 16
4 2 4 10

+ +
= 1.6
R
3
=
R R
R R R

+ +
23 13
12 23 13
=
4 2 8
4 2 4 10

+ +
= 0.8
Connect R
1
, R
2
and R
3
like following fig.
A B 4
2
8
8
D
C
2
R
1
.
6

1
R 0.8
3
R 0.8
1
2
3
4
remove delta circuit from above fig., we get

A B
8
8 0.8
1.6
0.8
resistance across A and B is
R = 0.8 + [(8 + 1.6) || (0.8 + 8)]
=
( )
( )
9.6 8.8
0.8
9.6 8.8
1
+
1
+
1
]
= 5.4 (D)
51: Find the effective resistance between points A and B of the network
shown if Fig.
3
A B
C
D E
F
6

3
3
3
3
3
6

(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) 7
Solution: Resistors AF and FE of 3 each are in series with each
other.
Therefore, the network AEF is a parallel combination of two 6
resistors. Thus the resistance between points A and E
is given by
3
A B
C
D E
F
6

3
3
3
3
3
6

AE
1 1 1
R 6 6
+
giving RAE = 3 . The network reduces to that shown in
Fig. (a). Similarly the resistances between points A
(A)
52: Kirchhoffs current law obeys conservation of
(A) charge (B) momentum
(C) energy (D) none of these.
Solution: (A)
53: The slide wire Wheatstone bridge
shown in Fig. is balanced when the
uniform slide wire AB is divided as
shown. Find the value of the
resistance X.
(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 2 (D) 7
Solution:
L
60cm
40cm
N 3
D
G
M
B A
X

X L 40cm
3 M 60cm

or X = 2 (C)
54: A dry cell delivering 2 A has terminal voltage 1.14V. What is the
internal resistance of the cell if its opencircuit voltage is
1.59 V?
(A) 5.09 (B) 6.09
(C) 7.09 (D) 0.09
Solution: The opencircuit voltage is simply the emf of the cell, so V =
E ir with
V = 1.41 V, i = 2 A,
E = 1.59 V. 1.41 = 1.159 2r, and r = 0.09
55. The sensitivity of a galvanometer of resistance 406 ohm is
increased by 30 times. The shunt used is
(A) 88 (B) 14
(C) 6 (D) 16 .
Solution : (B)
g
i
i
= 30. The shunt S =
226
14
29

g
g
Gi
i i
.
56. The sensitivity of a galvanometer of resistance 8722 is
decreased by 90 times. The shunt used is
(A) 88 (B) 90
(C) 94 (D) 98 .
Solution : (D) Here
1
(90)
g
i
i
.
1
G (90)
S 98
89
/ i
90

g g
g g
Gi Gi
i i 1 i
57. A wire l = 8.00 m long, of uniform cross-sectional area A = 8.00
mm
2
, has a conductance of G = 2.45
1
. What is the resistivity
of the material of the wire ?
(A) 2.1 10
7
S (B) 3.1 10
7
S
(C) 4.1 10
7
S (D) 5.1 10
7
S.
Solution : (C)
6
7
R A 8.00 10
4.1 10 S
A Gl 2.45 8.00

58. A wire 250 cm long and 1 mm2 in cross-section carries a current

of 4 A when connected to a 2 V battery. The resistivity of the
wire is
(A) 0.2 10
6
m (B) 2 10
7
m
(C) 5 10
6
m (D) 4 10
6
m
Solution : (A) R =
A
l

6
1
10
A
2
P 100S
250

l

59. An electrical cable of copper has just one wire of radius 9 mm.
Its resistance is 5 . This single wire of cable is replaced by 6
different well-insulated copper wires each of radius 3 mm. The
total resistance of the cable will now be equal to?
(A) 7.5 (B) 45
(C) 90 (D) 270
Solution : (A)
Sl 5 11 81
R or S
l

1
S 5 81
R 45
9



l l
l
1 6 45
or R 7.5 .
R 45 5

60. When cells are arranged in parallel
(A) the current capacity decreases
(B) the current capacity increases
(C) the e.m.f. increases
(D) the e.m.f. decreases.
Solution : (B) When cells are connected in parallel, the current capacity
increases.