Analog Electronic Circuits

Lesson 1 Introduction to Amplifiers

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Outline
Amplifiers, where are they? Ideal Amplifier Practical Amplifier Differential Amplifier Cascading Amplifiers

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Amplifiers, Where are they?

Obviously, Audio Amplifiers, Mobile Audio, Home Entertainment, Musical Instruments EEG / ECG Machines Radio Transmitters / Receivers Process Instrumentation and Measurement
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Amplifiers, General Symbol

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Ideal Amplifier
Linear Gain (Amplification)
Output = Input X A regardless of outside factors like change in temperature or supply voltage

Infinite Input Impedance (Zi)

No effect on the circuit it is connected to

Zero Output Impedance (Zo)

All power transferred to the Load

100% Efficient, no wasted power

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Ideal Amplifier
Infinite Bandwidth
Output = Input x A at any frequency Operates as an amplifier to an applied DC signal Phase shift between input and output constant at any frequency Cannot oscillate because of feedback

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Gain (A)

Phase ()

Freq (Hz)

Freq (Hz)
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Practical Amplifier
Linear Gain (Amplification)
Design considerations minimize external effects using feedback, usually reducing per-stage Gain

Measurable Input Impedance (Zi)

Design matches or bridges impedance with signal source

Measurable Output Impedance (Zo)

Impedance depends on design, usually to maximize power to load or maximize efficiency

Biasing and Zo cause loss of efficiency

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Practical Amplifier
Limited Bandwidth (Frequency Response)
Output varies according to input frequency Coupling Capacitors limit low Hz response Stray capacitance limit high Hz response Directly Coupled amplifiers pass DC signal Phase shift between input and output varies by frequency Designed to avoid possibility of oscillation caused by phase shift and feedback
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Gain (A)

Phase ()

Freq (Hz)

Freq (Hz)
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Differential Amplifier
Has two inputs labeled + Output amplified difference between inputs Vo = A x (Vi+ - Vi-) Does not amplify common mode signals Vo = 0 where Vi+ = Vi-

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Cascading Amplifier Stages

Difficult / Impossible to design a single stage amplifier that can provide high voltage and power gain with practical Zi and Zo while maintaining usable bandwidth More economical to use several inexpensive transistors in design rather than a single expensive transistor Amplifiers designed in Stages that progressively amplify the signal
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Cascading Amplifier Stages

First stage, impedance matching, high voltage gain, minimize / filter noise Intermediate stage(s), further voltage gain Current Gain stage Power Stage

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Cascading Amplifier Stages

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Review
Amplifiers, where are they? Ideal Amplifier Practical Amplifier Differential Amplifier Cascading Amplifiers

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Credits and Attributions

Reference Texts:
Boylestad, R.L., Nashelsky, L., (2009). Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory (10th ed.) Floyd, T.L., (2012). Electronic Devices: conventional current version (9th ed.)

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Copyright (c) 2012 by Mladen Hruska. This work is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Canada license All images, diagrams, charts, etc. are the copyright work of Mladen Hruska if not immediately attributed otherwise For more information: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/ca/

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2012 Mladen Hruska This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Canada License.