FLUID MACHINES

TURBINE
Turbine is a prime mover to subtract energy from fluid. Energy from water will be changed to mechanical energy. Turbines are subdivided into impulse and reaction machines. In impulse turbines, the total head available is first converted into the kinetic energy. The fluid energy which is reduced on passing through the runner in entirely kinetic, it follows that the absolute velocity at outlet is smaller than the absolute velocity at inlet (jet velocity). The fluid pressure is atmospheric throughout and the velocity is constant except for a slight reduction due to friction. Example : Pelton wheel

Part four : Reaction Turbine Francis Turbine

FLUID MACHINES

In the reaction turbines, the fluid passes first through a ring of stationary guide vanes in which only part of the available total head is converted into kinetic energy. The guide vanes discharge directly into the runner along the whole of its periphery, so that the fluid entering the runner has pressure energy as well as kinetic energy. The pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy in the runner. Therefore, the relative velocity is not constant but increases through the runner. There is, therefore, a pressure difference across the runner. Example : Francis turbine

Part four : Reaction Turbine Francis Turbine

FLUID MACHINES

FRANCIS TURBINE
Main parts : 1. spiral 2. guide vanes 3. runner / impeller 4. draft tube

Part four : Reaction Turbine Francis Turbine

FLUID MACHINES

Net head :

H input

Pi Vi =H = + + Zi g 2 g

Part four : Reaction Turbine Francis Turbine

FLUID MACHINES

Velocity triangle :

Part four : Reaction Turbine Francis Turbine

FLUID MACHINES

Part four : Reaction Turbine Francis Turbine

FLUID MACHINES

Eulers head :

Vw1U1 HE = g
Hydraulic efficiency :

Vw1U1 Vw 2U 2 h = gH
Mechanical efficiency :

mech

Po = 1 gQ g (Vw1U1 Vw 2U 2 )

Overall efficiency :

Po o = gQH

Part four : Reaction Turbine Francis Turbine

FLUID MACHINES

PELTON WHEEL
Main parts :

1. jet nozzle 2. runner / impeller 3. bucket

Part four : Impulse Turbine Pelton Wheel

FLUID MACHINES

Velocity triangle :

at inlet :

Vr1 = V1 U1 and Vw1 = V1

at outlet :

Vr 2 = k Vr1 Vw 2 = U 2 k Vr1 cos(180 )

Power :

P = QU (V1 U )[1 + k cos(180 )]

Part four : Impulse Turbine Pelton Wheel

FLUID MACHINES

EFFICIENCY OF PELTON WHEEL 1. hydraulic efficiency

2U (V1 U )[1 + k cos(180 )] h = V12

velocity at maximum hydraulic efficiency :

V1 U= 2

Part four : Impulse Turbine Pelton Wheel

FLUID MACHINES

maximum hydraulic efficiency :

h =

1 + k cos(180 ) 2

power at max hydraulic efficiency :

Pmax

V12 = Q 4

[1 + k cos(180 )]

Part four : Impulse Turbine Pelton Wheel

FLUID MACHINES

2. mechanical efficiency

mech

P = QU (V1 U )[1 + k cos(180 )]

3. volumetric efficiency

Qa v = Q

4. overall efficiency

P o = gQH

Part four : Impulse Turbine Pelton Wheel

FLUID MACHINES

Hydraulic efficiency :

Vw1U1 Vw 2U 2 h = gH

Mechanical efficiency :

mech

Po = 1 gQ g (Vw1U1 Vw 2U 2 )

Overall efficiency :

Po o = gQH

Part four : Impulse Turbine Pelton Wheel