SPE 14129 The Role of Reservoir Simulation in Optimal Reservoir Management

by G. W. Thomas, Scientific Software-intercomp

SPE Member

Copyright 1X,

Sockty

of

Petroleum Enginaara

This paper was proaantd at the SPE 19SS International Meeting on petroleum Engineeringheld in Beijing, CMaMarch 17-20, 19SS. The material is subject to correctionby the author. Permission to COPY restrictedto an ab.str~ OfMt more than 300 words, Write SPE. P.O. Sox S33S3S, Richardson. is Taxas 7SCSMS3S. Telex 730SS9 SPE DAL.

SIMULATION AND VIRGIN RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT ABSTRACT This paper discusses the role reservoir simulators play in formulating initial development plans, history matching and optimizing future production and in planning and designing enhanced oil recovery projects. The Hibernia Field in Canada and the Hassi RMel in AIgeria illustrate how simulation can be used to asdst in initial reservoir development. The Lookout Butte F.undle (Alberta) and others are cited to exemplify Optimhsl,fon of future production plans with the aid of simutetion. Finally, applications to several reported EOR projects are briefly discussed with major emptux~is concentrating on the Bati Raman Field in Turkey. INTRODUCTION he purpose of this paper is to provide an overview on the role of reservoir simulation in managing hydrocarbon reservoirs. As pointed out by Coatsl, reservoir simulation, in the broad sense, has been practiced since the 1930%, when some of the first calculetionaI procedures were deveIoped to predict reservoir performance. Here, however, we take a narrower view, and restrict our discussion to applications of numerical reservoir simulation. his involves solving targe s~ algebraic equations on digitaI computers to approximate transient, multiphaee or muIticomponent flow in heterogeneous media. I?tis technoIgy started in the mid to late 1950% and, within the last twenty years, has played an increasingly important-role in the development, planning and management of gas and oiI reservoirs. In the folluwing, we first discus~ the role of reservoir simulation as a tool in planning the initia 1 development of a reservoir. The discussion then turns to their uses as predictive tools when investigating various future operating strategies. Finally, some attention is devoted to their utility in planning and executing enhanced oil recovery schemes. Illustrations in the form of case histories are provided, albeit these are necessarily not detailed because of space limitations. Neverthele$w, sufficient references to recent literature on the subject are given for the interested reader. When a reservoir simulator is employed to assist in ptenning the development of a virgin reservoir, the reservoir description is typically limited. Consequ@ly, only a minimal degree of opt imisat ion is poa%ible. Nevertheless, some useful insights can be cbtained with the aid of a simulator that can minimise the number of decisions one must make in planning field development. In perticuter, the simulator can end should be used to a$sesa sensitivity in computed results to uncertainties in It is the reservoir description and rock-fluid data. surprising how often variations in input data over reasonable ranges of uncertainty, for some reservoirs, yield modest changes in the computed results. On the other hand, it is useful to know, in the early stages of development, where the greatest effort should be concentrated to obtain those data that affect calculated performance the most. Simulation studies at the development stage, because of the uncertainties involved, are regarded as preliminary. Npically, they are periodically updated as more information becomes available; This means that early development plans arising from the first sim?!ation studies should be sufficiently flexible to accom mudate future contingencies as one learns more about the reservoir. This presents a severe challenge where the reservoir in question is highIy complex, large in extent or in a hostiIe environment - all of which may require large investments to put it on production. In cases where the reservoir description and roekfluid properties are reasonably defined, one can we a simutetor to plan well locations and densities aswtming voidege replacement by injection to maintain pres..ure. Such strategies can be compared to primary depletion through the same number of wells to arrive at the best development policy for the reservoir. Arwlication to the Hibcrnia FieId To illustrate, we cite the Hibernia Field off the Ccest of Canada2. me fjeId lies abut 32tI km southeast of St. John%, Newfoundland in a water depth of 80 m. Five welts were drilIed to confirm the existence of substantial hydrocarbon reserves in at least two reservoirs, the Avalon and the Hibernia sendstones. The
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Avalon reservoir appears to be heterogeneous with wide variations in the porosity and permeability, whereas the deeper Hibernia is more homogeneous. Correlations of the limited porosity - permeability data were used to extrapolate Correlations of into areas where data were lacking. verticaI/horizontal permeability ratios were used in a similar manner. A porosity cutoff of 13% was used to define the net pay in the Avalon while 10% was employed in the Hibernia. Average connate and residual oil saturations in the Avalon were estimated at 25%. For the Hibernia, connate water varied from 11 to 15% while 30% average residual oil saturation was assumed. AH evidence indicates that the two reservoirs are The Avalon ccntains an apparent non-corn municating. undersaturated crude oil with a relative density of 0.873. PVT properties for the hydrocarbon were obtained from a drill stem The Hibernia reservoir has more test fluid sample. complicated fluid propties in two separate fault blocks. In one, a saturated crude, probably a volatile oil, of relative density, 0.825, is apparently overlain by what appears to be a gas condensate with a liquid gas content of 0.001 m#/m*. For were generated using this block the fluid properties correlations assuming an initial seturat ion pressure of 40x10 end a sclut ion gasail ratio of 356 m/m. In the other fault block, the oil appears to be undersaturated having a relative density of 0.850, there again, a drill stem test fluid was analysed to determine the PVT properties. The first simulation runs involved 2-dimensional cross-sect ions to generate pseudo functions3~4 for subsequent use in 3+3imensional model% For the Avalon and Hibernia, 21and 5-layer models, respectively, were used to generate These subsequently were pseudo relative permeabiIities. employed in a 28 x 23 x 2 AvaIon model and a 24 x 20 x 2 Hibernia model. h each case, square grid blocks 569 m on a side were employed. Well locations were originally selected to give reasonable pettern coverage over thoseregions where the oil accumulations were considered to be greatest. Completion intervals for producers and injectors were selected such that oil production would be favoured while production of gas and water, where pert inent, was minimised.
were scenarios Four production/injection investigated in the Avalon while four and five were considered for each of the fault blocks in the Hibernia reservoir. Some of the results of the study are shown in Figs. 1-3. In the~ figures W.I. and G.I. refer to flank water and crestal gas injection, respectively. It is seen that in the AvaIon, differences in the water and gas injection cases were insignificant with the present geological description of the reservoir. In the Hibernia, it was found that an ultimate recovery level of 50% of the original oil-in-place may be achieved through an optimised production/injection strategy. The uncertainties in these reauIts are linked to the geological model. Asthe latter is improved in the early development planning process, optimum recovery schemes can be desigiwd to account for the reservoir complexities.

Applications to Gas Condensate Systems In the Hibernia Field, a black-oil reservoir simulator was employed to arrive at preliminary development decisions. This 1s frequently done even though the reservoir may contain fluids that undergo substantial compositional changes during production. The motivation for doing so is most often due to lack of data precisely defining the compositional behaviour of the fluids in the early development stages. Moreover, black-il simulators can still provide usefuI information in such systems at substantially lea.. cost than a compositional simuIator5. EventuaNy, however, resources must be devoted early on to the correct characterisation of the fluids and definition of their phase behaviour. As exampIes, we cite two large gas condensate reservoirs. The first, the Has..i RMel is located in Algeria6. The field was discovered in 1953 and contained about 1.7 x 1012 mS of retrograde condensate gas at 32x10S kPa. The reservoir has a surface area of 4800 km. Because of its vast reserves and closeness to ports, an ambitious development plan was executed in the earIy 1970%baaed on a bleck-oit simulation study. At the time, only 20 wells had been drilIed and the geological description was limited. Consequently, full continuity of the reservoir was assumed. The objective was to produce a fixed daily rate of rich gas, extract the condensate, market scma of the- dry gas end reinject the rest to recover any condensate dropout that might occur. For this purpose, a line drive gas injection scheme was implemented. Haaei RMel now has about 200 welLs and giant plants for ga? treatment and gas injection. production todate is 5 to 6% of the initial gas reserves. During the development drilling, en oil ring of 0.82 relative density and 15.2 m thickness was discovered - hence Haasi RIMel can be regarded as a volatile oil reservoir with a huge rich gas cap. A fault system was also discovered that was subsequently better defined by seismic investigation. Some revisions were made in the geological description of the field when 100 weUa were in place. The subsequent need is to @rform a major update using information from all welt., the production history, the seismic surveys and state-of-the-art simulation tooLs. In particular, the effects of the faults and retrograde condensation and revapourisation need to be examined in detail. The appropriatenes~ of the line drive is aLsc in question. In such an update, one first determines to what extent, if any, he can use previous seismic, geological and petrophysical interpretations. With regard to a retrograde condensate, the effect of liquid dropout on well deliverability is also an important issue. Moreover, where cycling is performed, one would like to know what the .~timum is to maximise Iiquid revapouriaation. Again, in reservoirs with thin oil zones overlain by massive gas reserves - and possibly underlying water - the probebitity of coning can be high should producing weila be completed in the oil zone. The question arises, can the oil be recovered through displacement or vapouriaat ion by selective completion of dry gas injection welLs, as an alternative to producing directly from the oil zone?

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Finally, given a certain well pattern - like the line drive in the Has$i RMel - is it the optimum in view of possible geological discontinu{ties such as faults, pinchouts etc? These and similar issues constitute the natural province for reservoir simulators and sometimes definitive answers can emerge from carefully constructed models. The issues of lSquid dropout, revapourisation, etc. may at some point require application of a compositional wimulator. Such simulators internaUy generate the PVT characteristics of the hydrocarbon fluids using a tuned phase behaviour package. me tuning as performed prior to the simulations by adjusting certain coefficients and/or parameters in the phase behaviour package such that it reproduces, within acceptable limits? the results of a particular laboratory experiment on the hydrocarbon fluid. The coefficient adjustment is accomplished using regression analysis5 or trial-and+rror computer runs. It is important in such applications that data errors (from sampling, laboratory analysis, etc) be kept to en absolute minimum. Furthermore, fluid samples from different wells wiU, hopeful~y, have similar or neer+imilar characteristics such that a representative or several regional representatives can be used to typify the whole. Unfortunately, this is not always the case.
For example, h Fig. 4we djspley plots of retrograde liquid dropout (as percentage of hydrocarbon pore volume) as functions of pressure for several fluid samples taken from a large (2000 km*) lean gas retrograde condensate reservoir (the name and location are witheld for proprietary reasons). Such data are derived from constant volume depletion experiments under controUed laboratory conditions on what presumably are representative fluid semples7. Obviously, from Fig. 4 one cannot easily decide which well sample is representative. The proper choke becomes even more cIouded given the poasibititiea for eempting errora (contamination, fluid 10ss, long dMsnce transport, etc.). However, in development planning, one frequently empIoye a simulator in worst caee/beet case scenarios. An effort is then made to determine the most likely case between these extremes (this could be the average of the extremes), and then plan the development around the latter. In this context. if one considers depletion without cycling, men the data from WeUe 1 and 6 clearly define the worat and best cases, respectively, assuming retrograde liquid condensation occurs in the reservoir prior to fluid entry into the welLs. The phase behaviour package is then tuned to each situation, i.e. an effort is made to reproduce the curves in Fig. 4 for WeUs 1 end 6 to characterise the hydrocarbon properties for the worst end best case situations. Should the resuIts from the subsequent simulations for each scenario not differ subetant. Jly, then one need not concern himself about defining the most likely case since averages from the eXtrema would be sufficient. Otherwise, one might take some curve weighted in favour of the pIots that are closest together in Fig. 4 (shown by the dashed line), fit the phase beheviour package to this, end w this tuned result in the simulator for the moat Iikely scenario.

development. Here weve just conveyed the flavour for some particular cases. The approach one takes is of course problem+ependent and may be unique for a given reservoir. (2) The devebpment plan, even though aided by sophisticated tools, should be regarded as tentative. Effort should be made, during the early stages, to endow it with maximum flexibility and continually upd&te it with additional simulation studies as new data are obtained. SIMULATORS AS PREDICTIVE TOOLS IN DEVELOPED RESERVOIRS. In a sense, development of a reservoir is an on-going process that continues over its productive life. However, one can divide reservoirs into two categories - those with little or no productive history, end those that have produced for some period of time. Ihe distinction is particularly clear with regard to reservoir simulation. In the former case, the simulator is applied in a qualitative sense, i.e., it is not a priori calibrated to a particular reservoir% characteristics, since these are largely unknown. In the latter, the response of the reservoir to some predecided development plan is presumably known, and effort is first devoted to the task of calibrating the simulator such that it reproduces the response - i.e. the past production history. This history matching involves trial-end-error runs with the simulator in which input data adjustments are made within reasonable bounds until a satisfactory match is achieved. * TypicaUy, one seeks to reproduce the field-wide pressure, water-oil ratio and ges+il tatio performance and also match individual weU behaviour for the asme vnriables. Unfortunately, the procedure frequently involves iuconditioned systems, and unique results are not guaranteed. As a consequence, it can be time consuming, coatty, and, at times, frustrating. However, a reaourcefuI engineer with in-depth understanding of reservoir behaviour can achieve meaningful matches. Performing Evaluation of the Lookout Eutte RundleA Pool Once a satisfactory match is achieved, the simutator is used in a predictive mode to investigate various production alternatives. Here again, the objective is to optimise future operations of the reservoir. As an example of such an appUcation, we cite the Lookout Butte Rundle A Pool located in Alberta, Canada~4. The reservoir is a tight, interbedded limestone having an average porosity of 6.5% and permeabilities in the range 0.1 to 0.3 md. fie reservoir dips to the west end north and is delineated by en extensive aquifer on the west, and a fault on the east (see Fig 5). It contains a dry gas

In concluding this section we emphasise two things: (1) llIere are many different waya in which a reservoir simulator can play a vital role in optimum reservoir

*Efforts have been made to deveIop software ~ams that automate the history matching t-e=. However, these have not found Iairge scale use on a commerical basis to+ate.

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condensate underIain by the aquifer. GeoIogicaI and core data indicate the reservoir is extensively fractured and that In late 1963 production vertical fractures dominate. commenced by depletion coupled with gaa cycling. Dry gas was injected into one weU(We114-13 in Fig. 5)untiIlate 1967 at which time it was converted to a producer and blowdown Prior to this, only minor amounts of water, were started. four producing welL~ produced. However, thereafter experienced water production that increased steadily until the water-gas ratio averaged 1 x 10-5 m/m 1 by June, 1972. The objectives of the study were to determine the mechanisms causing the water production, develop an optimum depIetion plan for the reservoir, and evaIuate the surface facilities required to carry out the depletion plan. To determine if water production was caused by water coning or fingering, two types of modeI studies were executed: Individual well coning studies using a radial gas-water simulator, and crossaectional studies to evaluate fingering. Both invoked history matching the performance data. In addition, the adequacy of the reservoir description required to match the history was evaluated. Finally, calibration of the simulator was accomplished by matching the pressure history of the entire field and the individual well performances. The results of the history match were used to determine the distribution of gas-in-place and the water influx in the prediction and optimisation phases of the study. In addition the reservoir simulator, after history matching, was coupled with a gas gathering system simulator to optimise the surface faciUtiea15. The latter exercise involved examining various possible effective line diameters and welI connections to yield a maximum in deliverability. In Figs. 6 and 7 we show typical matches of pressure and watergas ratio for one of the wells in the field. It was concluded from the history match runs that water coning was the cause of the water production in the reservoir. The prediction phase of the study involved choosing one or more optimum infill drilling locations from among the four possible sites indicated by the arrows in Fig. 5. A base case, with no infiU drilling was also run. The total field deliverability for each case is shown in Fig. 8. For the predictions, both the reservoir and surface system were simulated simultaneously. The field was produced at the maximum of the production facilities. Wells were shut in when their production declined below 0.15 x 106 m/D or when the gas-water contact reached the bottom perforations. Well 14-13 initially increased the field deliverability about 3 x 106 m/D over the other cases and 5.8 x 106 ma/D over the base case. Because the gas-water contact had been depressed by gas-injection in the proximity of this location, the water influx rate was very high as the contact rebounded. As a result, the well watered out at Lfie end of 1978. Consequently, this is regarded as a high risk well. Well 5-21 presents a low risk end is necessary to drain gas from the tighter portions of the reservoir in the south. The 15-29 weIl is located in that part of the reservoir which is poorly defined. This region has limited communication with the

northern and southern parts. Moreover, it is aIso regarded ashightisk since it is near to Well 4-32 which was shut in because of high water production. The 13-32 location gives the highest cumulative gas production and increases field deliverability 3.4 x 106 m:/D over the productivity in 1972 (the year the study was performed). This well is in communication with some other wetls in the field and was considered as a future drilling location. There was, however, some concern because of its proximity to the fault on the east. The utility of a reservoir simulator should be recognised in this brief case history. It provides engineering answers to certain questions that one might pose regarding future exploitation of a reservoir. It, however, cannot make the decision as to which possibility is the optimum. This remains within the realm of human judgment (thankfully). The judgment, in this case, was that Well 5-21, because of Iow risk, should be drilled to recover gas from the southern portion of the reservoir. Moreover, Well 14-13 shouId be drilled even though it constitutes a high risk because of substantial water influx. However, without it, gas in the North may be trapped otherwise by the incoming water. FinalIy, one shouId abandon Well 15-29 as a poasibilit y and re+vaIuate drilling of Well 13-32 after more history becomes available. Other interesting case histories involving history matching and predictions have appeared in the recent literature. One involves the Leroy Gas Storge Facility in Wyoming16. A simulator wqa used to match the pressure history of the reservoir incIuding the effect of a time-and pressure-dependent leak to the surface. The simulator was a useful tool in the ccmprehensi /e analysis required to understand, monitor and control the leakage. The case history is significant in that it documents how reIevant computer simulations can, with other engineering studies, lead to safe and economic gas storage operations. Two other recent studies akc are of interest. One describes application of a black OK simulator to the El Gueria reservoir in the Ashstart Field of offshore Tunisia17. The other treats the Sawtelle Field in California 18, The EI Gueria is a moderately to highly fractured nummulitic limestone originaUy containing an undersaturated oil of 0.88 relative density. The reservoir is produced with injection of seawater to maint~in pressure above the bubblepoint pressure. A three+imensional model was constructed to perform the history match and predictions. Ihe model was also augmented by wellbore hydraulics routines to simulate vertical or inclined flow to the surface. fie Sawtell study employed a two+imensional, three-phase black oil model and is of interest since it involves a complex and unusually shaped reservoir. Finally, we cite the simulation study of the East Velma West Block Sims Sand Unit in 0klahoma19. This study is of intereat since it involves a rather old reservoir for which few data exists for the primary production phase (1949-1962). The history match of field pressures, gasand water+il ratios was largely for the secondary recovery phase (1962-1972) in which water was injected. of continued Predictions included the possibility waterflood operations and inject ion of carbon dioxide.

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APPLICATIONS TO EOR PROJECTS Sometimes reservoir simulators are used to assess the relative merits of various enhanced oil recovery (EOR) schemes. In such cases, the simulator is used in a predictive mode both with or without prior history matching. In particular, Aydelotte and Pope20 and George, et a121 report on the novel use of reservoir simulators to validate and assist in the development of simplified, reliable inexpensive predictive- modeLs for steamfloodin ~ and micell ar~lymer flooding. Recently, Frazier and Todd 2 employed a simulator to design and evaluate an application of Iiquified petroleum gas (LPG) in a reservoir that had previously been waterflooded. The choice was to either abandon the field or attempt an EOR process. The simulation study indicated that an additional 7% of the original oil in-place could be me predictions recovered from a miscible LPG flood. involved use of the best available reservoir description, i.e. no history match runs were employed to calibrate the simutator. l%e project was initiated in the field with propane As of injection in three wells starting in July, 1980. December 1981, it appeared as though the process was working as predicted by the simulation study. Simulation has been used to design, monitor and evaluate several steam inection projects23-27. The Georgsdorf Field in Germany A presents an interesting case 7 history. Here, production history over 10 years, including six was satisfactorily matched. steam injection, with Considering the usual reservoir complexities and the difficulties associated with nonisothermaI operations, the matches are remarkably good. Predictions were then made to determine steam requirements in certain portions of the reservoir, to arrive at a plan for future project expansion, and to ascertain where new injection welLs and infill producers should be located. A very interesting application of the use of reservoir simulators in the management of reservoirs is provided by the Bati Raman Field in Turkey 28. The reservoir contains substantial reserves (2.9 x 108 m) of a heavy crude oil (relative density = 0.986) with a bubble point pressure of 1103 kPa, The amount of gas in solution at the bubble point pressure is quite low, i.e. 3.2 m/m 1. There is no natural At discovery in 1961 the water intlux into the reservoir. reservoir prewre was 11,032 kPa. Currently, it is 2,758 kPa. There are 103 wells - all pumping - with a total production rate of 413 m/D. The estimated primary recovery is 1.5% of the original oil in-place. A pilot waterflood indicated that an additional 3.5% could be recovered by this means. The reservoir presents an intriguing and difficult challenge for two reasons: (1) lt is Turkey?? largest single oil reserve; (2) It has essentially no internal energy to as..ist production, i.e. recovery must ,rely almost entirely on external means. A suite of simulation studies were executed to screen various EOR processes. Simulation of water flooding led to a prediction of 5% recovery, confirming the field pilot tests. fhe reservoir presents other complexities in that it is fractured and displays dual porosity29 characteristics in .aome parts. Simulation of steam flooding indicates 32% recovery if the system behaves like a single poiosity system whereas only half

this amount is recoverable by steam if it is indeed a dual system throughout. Nevertheless, this process and immiscibIe carbon dioxide injection appear the most favorable. From an economic viewpoint, the latter process is the most feasible because of a nearby carbon dioxide gas reserve and the high initiaI investment requirements for steam injection. Currently, a large reservoir simuiat ion study using a fractured reservoir simuIator capable of handling carbon dioxide diffusion into the heavy oil is being executed. At the same time a field pilot project is being planned to assist in optimum development of the reservoir. Early indications are that 17- 32% recovery can be expected. CONCLUSIONS Reservoir simulators play an active and important role in the optimum management of oil and gas reservoirs. They prGvide insights which could not otherwise be obtained, especially in complex systems where simpler reservoir engineering methods are found wanting. We have seen how they can be used in the infancy, maturity and final days of a reservoir% life. Indeed, in some instances, they have indicated the existence of additional oil reserves which were later discovered by subsequent However, we emphasise that there is no driIling30. substitute for sound engineering judgment. Ultimately, the opt imisation must be done on that level. A reservoir simulator is just another tool in the engineer% arsenal that, hopefully, enables him to probe deeper, and gain a larger measure of understanding. REFERENCES 1. 2. Coats, K.H.: Reservoir Simulation: State~f-theArtn, J. Pet. Tech (Aug., 1982) 1633-1642. Handyside, D.D. and Chipman, W.I.: A Preliminary Study of the Hibernia Fieldw, Paper No. 82-32-24, Presented at the 33rd Annual Technical Meeting of the PetroIeum Sociey of CIM, Calgary, Cmada 6-9 June, 1982. Costs, K.H., Dempsey, J.R. and Henderson, J. H.: me Use of VerticaI Equilibrium in TwoDimensional Simulation of Three-DimensionaI Reservoir Performance, Sot. Pet. Eng. J. (March, 1971), 63. Kyte, J.R. and Berry, D.W.: New Pseudo Functions To Control Numericai Dispersion, Sot. Pet. Eng. J. (August, 1975), 269. Coats, K.H.: Simulation of Gas Condensate Reservoir Performance, Paper SPE 10512, Sixth SPE Symposium on Reservoir Simulation, 31 Jan, -3 Feb., 1982, New Orleans, La. Gondouin, M., to Predict Deliverability Eng. J. (June, Iffly, R, and Husson, J.: An Attempt the Time Dependence of Wetl in Gas Condensate Fields, Sot. Pet. 1967), 113-124.

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Whitson, C. H., and Torp, S.B.: Evacuating Constant volume DepIetion Data, J/of Pet, Tech. (March, 1973),610-620. Chavent, C. Dupuy, M. and Lemonnier, P.: History Matching by Use of Optimal Control Theory, ~ Pet, Eng. J., (February 1975) 74-86, AIME, Vol 259. Wasserman, M.L., Emanuel, A.S., and Seinfeld, J. H.: tlpra~tical Applications of optimal Control Theory to Historv-Matchin$l Multiphase Simulator Models, Sot. Pet: Eng. J. ( Augus~ 1975 347-355; Trans., AIME, vol.259. Gavalas, G.R. Shah, P.C., and Seinfeldt J. H.: Bayesian Matching by Reservoir . Estimation, WH~~t~e{. Eng. J. (December 1976) 337350; Trans., AIME, Vol. 261. van Den Bosch. B. and Seinfeld. J. H.: History Reservoir-: matcting ii Two-Phase Petroleum Incompres..ible flow: Sec. Pet. EnE. J.z (December 1977), 398-406, 17, No. 6. Watson, A.T., Gavalas, G.R. and Seinfeld, J. H.: ~!ldentifiability of Estimates of Two-Phase Reservoir Properties in History Matching Sec. Pet. Eng. J. (MC., 1984), 687-706. Veatch, R.W. and Thomas, G.W.: A Direct Approach for History Matching, Paper SPE 3515 presented at SPE-AIME 46th Annual Fall Meeting, New Orleans, Oct. 3-6, 1971. Hnatiuk, J.: Gas Cycling in the Lockout Butte J.Can. Pet. Tech.~ (July - Sept, Rundle Pod, 1965).

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Aydelotte, R.S, and Pope, G. H.: A Simplified Predlcltve Model for Steamdrive Performance, & Pet. Tech. (May, 1983), 991-1002. Paulj G.W., Lake, L.W. and Porx, G.A.: tA Simplified Predicative Model for Micellar-Polymer Flooding, Paper SPE 10733, presented at the 1982 California Regional Meeting of the SPE, 24-26 ,March 1982,, San Franchco, Ca. Frazier, G.D. and Todd, M.R.: Alvord (3000 ft $trawn) LPG F1ccd - Design and Performance Evaluationn, J. Pet. Tech, (Jan., 1984), 119-131 Chu, C. and Trimble, A.F.: Numerical Simulation of Steam Displacement-Field Performance Applications, J. Pet. Tech. (June 1975) 765-776. Munoz, J. D.: Numerical Simulation of Steam Drive in the Tia Juana M-6 Project, !The Future of Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, McGraw-Hilt Bock Co., Inc. New York City (1981) Chapt. 47. Williams, R.L.: Steam ftccd Pilot Design for a Massive, Steeply Dipping Reservoir, paper SPE 10321 presented at the 1981 SPE Annual Technical Conference, San Antonio. Ott. 5-7. Moughamian. J. M., et al.: Simulation and Design of Steam Drive in a Vertical Reservoir, J. Pet. Tech. (JuIY, 1982) 1546-54. Sobocinski, D.P., Leskova, H. and Greebe, F.: Simulating a Steamflood at the Georgsdorf Field, Federal Republic of Germany, J. Pet. Tech. (Nov., 1984), 1952-1964. Kantar, K., Karcuguz, D., Issever, K. and Vrana, L,: Design Concepts of a Heavy-Oil Recovery Procesq by an- lmmiscib[e Applicatio~, J. Pet. Te@h.(Feb., 1985) 275-283. Warren, J.E. and Root, P.J.: The Behaviour of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs, Sec. Pet, Eng. J. (Sept., 1963) 24S-255. Avon, D. Ashbcurne, T.J. and CNektuyi, D.O.: tThe Secondary Recovery Project at Ogharete Field, Nigeria, J. Pet. Tech. (April, 1984) 671-677.

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28. 15. Dempsey, J. R., Patterso~ J. K., and Coats, K.H.: !~A Rigourousand Ef~lcient Method fOr Gas Field Gathering System Design and Compression Studies, Presented at the 21st Annual Technical Meeting of the Petroleum Scciet y of CIM, May, 1970 Calgary, Canada. Araktingi, R.E., Benefie?d, M.E., Bes..enyei, Z.! Coats, K.H., and Tek, M.R.: Leroy Storage, Units County, Wyoming: A Case History of Attemptec Gas-Migration Control, J. PET. TECH (Jan., 1984) 132-140. Anz, J.W. and ENOUZ, M.: TIevetopment anc Operation of the El Gueria Reservoir, Ashtart Field Offshore Tunisia, J. Pet. Tech., (March, 1985), 481487. Engineer, R. Quinn, J.S. and Hoist, P.H.: Sawtelh Field, California: Simulation of a Complex am Unusually Shaped Reservoir, J. Pet. Tech. (Marct 1985), 488-498. Wiling, J. D.: A Full Field Model-Study of the Ms1 Velma West Block, Sims Sand Unite Reservoir, ~ Pet. Tech. (Aug:, 1985), 1429-1440.

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0.67

-u
I

[ 0.28