Rapid Protection Assessment

Sindh 2010
The main objective of this assessment is to collect information about the current situation of affected communities in terms of protection but with a focus on women and child protection. The assessment will allow to review the strategy of the cluster and to ensure an adequate and efficient response to the needs of the flood affected communities. Ruman Younis 10/22/2010 1

Executive Summary
The recent floods in Pakistan have led to widespread destruction of housing and infrastructure across the country. According to OCHA, the floods have affected close to 19 million people in the four provinces and AJK. Many of the affected people have been left homeless and are living as IDPs. In Sind, where the figure of affected population is 4.7 million, the IDP settlements are managed by various governmental and non -governmental actors. The main objective of this assessment is to collect information about the current situation of affected communities in terms of protection but with a focus on women and child protection. The assessment will allow to review the strategy of the cluster and to ensure an adequate and efficient response to the needs of the flood affected communities. Five districts of Sindh province were selected to conduct the assessment: Jacobabad, Shikarpur, Khairpur, Kambar Shahdadkot, Larkana. Two teams of six persons collected information in each district using questionnaire for key informants and individual interviews, Focus Group Discussions of women, men and different age groups of boys and girls. The data was gathered in one week in six sites per district by local and international partners of the cluster. The outcome of the field assessment is the collection of 176 sheets: 114 on adults and 62 on children. Across all the sites the assessment found issues related to: hurdles in return and recovery; access to flood related assistance; lack of information; documentation/compensation and security. Women and children faced special issues with regard to all the above mentioned areas. Furthermore, elders and physically and mentally challenged persons faced serious problems in the form of discrimination and lack of assistance by the authorities. Key Findings:

Children: For children, flood has impacted their mental and physical well being. Children, and their parents across the districts, reported that the adolescents and the young were under deep depression after the floods. Moreover, the unsafe conditions at camps are a serious cause of concern for them. At one site, children reported that one of their fellows had been bitten by a snake and they were all scared after the incident. Further, educational activities of the school going children have been severely impacted due to the flood. Authorities need to ensure provision of safe environment and schooling facilities to the IDPs. Documentation and registration: Respondents across the districts complained about lack of transparency in the NADRA registration process. Widespread corruption at the various phases of registration process from the getting a token to the issuance of Watan card were reported. Quite a number of respondents said they had to give bribe of up to 5000 Rs for getting the token. Furthermore, majority of the affected people being illiterate and un-acquainted with the use of ATM have to pay an agent to withdraw money. Also, many cases of sale of Watan card at lesser price for monetary or non-monetary items were reported. This kind of futures contract can lead to future disputes in case of non-fulfillment of the promise of payment of 100000 Rs by the government.

Also, in many camps female headed households are being deprived of assistance due to increase in the number of fake families. Organizers need to devise a mechanism to distinguish genuine vulnerable families from the fake ones. Forced Return: As the flood water recedes many camps and public buildings are being closed, this is going to cause serious problems for the IDPs as many of them lack shelter. Provision of shelter should be made on urgent basis. Inadequate health facilities: Inadequate health and hygiene facilities are a cause of major concern for the IDPs. Female members face special problems due to lack of privacy in wash etc.

List of Tables and Figures

Table 1: List of Participant organizations Table 2: Team wise distribution of districts and sites: Table 3: Number of Records team-wise Table 4: District-wise distribution of the respondents Table 5: Type of Community unit interviewed Table 6: If organized Camp, Camp is managed by Table 7: Record of interviews analyzed in the quantitative section Table8: What are the three biggest challenges you face to recover? Table 9: What kind of assistance are getting, if any? Table 10: If assistance is available, what kind of problems you or other affected people face in getting it? Table 11: If yes, what type of documents did you lose? Table 12: Are you or your family facing any of the below mentioned threats? Table 13: What are the greatest problems for women in your community? Table 14: What are you most worried about for BOYS in your families and community in terms of difficulties/risks/threats against them? Table 15: What are you most worried about for BOYS in your families and community in terms of difficulties/risks/threats against them? Table 16: If displaced, when does the community intend to return home? Table 17: Are you receiving any assistance? Table 18: Are you receiving information on the registration, Compensation scheme by NADRA? Table 19: What kind of documents did you lose, if any? Table 20: What are the greatest problems facing women in your community? Table 21: Do single women, female-headed households, widows in your community have access to assistance? Table 22: What are you most worried about for BOYS in your families and community in terms of difficulties/risks/threats against them? Table 23: What are you most worried about for GIRLS in your families and community in terms of difficulties/risks/threats against them? Table 24: What are the most pressing concerns of elderly persons in your community? Table 25: Are any members of your community still missing since the floods? Figure 1: Types of Respondents Figure 2: Type of Community Unit Figure 3: Three biggest challenges faced to recovering Figure 4: Biggest impediments to resolving land or housing disputes? Figure 5: Receiving assistance? Figure 6: Are you receiving info rmation on the registration, compensation scheme by NADRA? Figure 7: Lost important Documents during Flood, Yes. Figure 8: Issued WATAN Card, Yes. Figure 9: Reasons for not getting lost documents re-issued. Figure 10: Have you received full amount of Rs 20,000? Figure 11: Do single women, female-headed household, widows in your community have access to assistance? 4

Figure 12: Most pressing concerns of the vulnerable children (e.g. orphans, without usual care givers, who don't appear to be with adults, who are disabled) Figure 13: Are any members of Community still missing since the floods? Figure 14A: If a returnee, what are the biggest challenges you face to recover? (Female Group) Figure 14A: If a returnee, what are the biggest challenges you face to recover? (Male Group) Figure 15: Biggest Challenges for Returnees to recover Figure 16: Assistance Services Figure 17: Why have you not been issued a watan card? Figure 18A: Challenges faced (Female Group) Figure 18B: Challenges faced (Male Group) Figure 19: Most pressing concerns for single women, female headed households, widows Figure 20: What are the main challenges of physically and mentally challenged persons in your community?

Table of Contents
Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 7 Research Context & Justification .............................................................................................................. 7 Aims and Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 7 Research Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 8 Research Methods .................................................................................................................................. 10 Research Approach ................................................................................................................................. 11 General Data Set ..................................................................................................................................... 12 Quantitative & Qualitative Variables ...................................................................................................... 14 Research Limitations ............................................................................................................................... 14 Assessment Results: District-Wise Analysis ................................................................................................ 15 Organized Camps .................................................................................................................................... 15 Return and Recovery............................................................................................................................... 15 Access to Flood Related Assistance ........................................................................................................ 17 Documentation/Compensation .............................................................................................................. 19 Security ................................................................................................................................................... 22 Women.................................................................................................................................................... 23 Children ................................................................................................................................................... 24 Physically/ Mentally Handicapped and Elderly Persons ......................................................................... 26 Missing Persons ...................................................................................................................................... 26 Results: Gender-Wise Analysis.................................................................................................................... 28 Return and Recovery............................................................................................................................... 28 Access...................................................................................................................................................... 29 Documentation/Compensation .............................................................................................................. 30 Security ................................................................................................................................................... 31 Women.................................................................................................................................................... 32 Children ................................................................................................................................................... 34 Physically/ Mentally Handicapped and Elderly Persons ......................................................................... 35 Missing Persons ...................................................................................................................................... 36 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 37

Introduction
The Protection and Child Protection cluster in Sindh province was established as a forum for protection and child protection actors operational in areas affected by floods. This forum facilitates the coordination and implementation of protection and child protection strategies and responses, including advocacy. The cluster decided to undertake an in-depth assessment of the protection and child protection needs of affected communities.

Research Context & Justification

The recent floods in Pakistan have led to widespread destruction of housing and infrastructure across the country. According to OCHA, the floods have affected close to 19 million people in the four provinces and AJK. Many of the affected people have been left homeless and are living as IDPs. In Sind, where the figure of affected population is 4.7 million, the IDP settlements are managed by various governmental and non -governmental actors.

Aims and Objectives

The main objective of this assessment is to collect information about the current situation of affected communities in terms of protection but with a focus on women and child protection. The assessment will allow to review the strategy of the cluster and to ensure an adequate and efficient response to the needs of the flood affected communities.

Research Methodology
Keeping in view the qualitative nature of the research question itself, the fundamental approach of the research has been qualitative. Five districts of Sindh province were selected to conduct the assessment: Jacobabad, Shikarpur, Khairpur, Kambar Shahdadkot, Larkana. Two teams of six persons collected information in each district using questionnaire for key informants and individual interviews, Focus Group Discussions of women, men and different age groups of boys and girls. The data was gathered in one week in six sites per district by local and international partners of the cluster. The outcome of the field assessment is the collection of 176 sheets: 114 on adults and 62 on children. Field researchers, provided by various NGOs operational in the area, were trained prior to deployment. Data collected through PDAs from different sites was forwarded to McRAM team on daily basis. The teams were divided into pairs of an interviewer and a PDA enumerator to record answers on the specifically designed software.

Sr# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Table 1: List of Participant organizations f pa Organization NGOs P No. of Participants Sindh Rural Support Organization (SRSO) Indus Resource centre (IRC) PFF World Vision International (WVI) Helper Social Development Organization (HSDO) Plan International Save the Children Bhattai Social Welfare Association (BSWA) Hina and Nayha Disaster Services (HANDS) Youth Action for Pakistan (YAP) Others TOTAL 16 9 8 6 5 5 2 2 1 1 5 60

Sites for the interviews

Table 2: Team wise distribution of districts and sites:

District Teams Team 1 Jacobabad Team 2 Sites Farooq Jakhrani Pump Faateh Muhammad Rind GGHS Single Section Jed Bye pass Garhi Khairo Al Harbiya Camp GBHS Mian Muhammad Soomro JCD Govt High School No.1 City Lajpaal Camp Khema Basti Mirzapur Golo Daro Banbihar Tent City Shahibagh Benazir Basti Camp Larkana Road Camp Boys High School Camp GGHS Shahdadkot Mini Stadium Shahdadkot Qamar Ground Camp Jhukar Do Jaro Municiple Stadium Bakhrani Areja Army Camp New Anaj Mandi IRC Tent City Hussainabad Village Jabbar Shaikh Adho Narejo Team 12 Khairpur Civil Society Camp Govt Primary School

Team 3 Shikarpur Team 4

Team 5

Team 6 Qambar Shahdadkot

Team 7

Team 8

Larkana

Team 9

Team 10

Team 11 Khairpur

UNHCR and McRAM provided the training and technical assistance to the assessment teams. A training session was held on Oct 4-5. The participants were trained on Oct 4-5. Special focus was laid in making the participants comfortable with the use of PDAs and the software.

Research Methods
Structured interviews were conducted along six lines of participants: FGD adult male, FGD Adult Female, Key informant male Key informant Female FGD Children Male and, FGD Children Female

The following pie chart depicts the proportion of each type of respondent: Figure 1: Types of Respondents
FGD Children Female, 15% FGD Children Male , 15% FGD adult male, 29%

Key informant Female , 15%

Key informant male , 12%

FGD Adult Female, 14%

Questionnaires (Appendix A) were provided to the teams in PDAs and hardcopy forms. For the ease of interviewers, hard copy of the survey translated in Sindhi was also made available. Data was collected in the field on the PDAs. The teams were provided with extra PDA batteries to ensure smooth functioning of PDAs during the data collection. The data was transferred on daily basis to the database managed by Mc RAM team.

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Research Approach
This report is an attempt to analyze general problems faced by the flood victims in terms of the following: Return and Recovery Access to Flood related assistance Information Documentation/Compensation Security

And an endeavor to highlight the protection issues faced by the most vulnerable groups of population such as women, children, physically and mentally challenged persons, elderly persons, and Missing persons, specific sections are added in the report. The analysis is based on 176 survey questionnaires filled by the assessment teams from the five districts of upper sindh. 32 Survey questionnaires on children contained only open ended questions and therefore have been dealt separately. The data on 114 close ended questionnaires has been analyzed to show differences across districts and identify the priority areas for protection. This report contains both the district and gender wise analysis of the data. This will enable the authorities and aid providing agencies to pay attention to the districts and gender where problems are more acute. The results have been shown in terms of bar charts and pie charts. The basic characteristics of the respondents from each district are depicted in the following chart:

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Figure 2: Type of Community Unit

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 84% 51% 20% 17% 0% 17% 14% 29% 0% 17% 17% 16% 31% 29% 69% 53% Shikarpur Qambar Shahdadkot Larkana 17% Khairpur Jacobabad Type of Community Unit

Majority of the respondents were dwellers of an organized ten camp with the maximum number of respondents being from Larkana. Second majority dwellers were those living in public buildings and those returning to their original villages. None of the respondents, however, were affectees living with the host community.

General Data Set

More than 170 respondents were interviewed during the course of this study. The number of records (team-wise) is illustrated in the table below:

Table 3: Number of Records team-wise Team # 1 2 3 FGD Adult Male 3 3 3 Female 3 3 2 FGD Children Male 3 3 4 Female 4 3 2 Key Informant Male 3 2 2 Female 3 3 3 Grand Total 19 17 16
12

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Grand Total

2 1 2 1 4 3 2 3 2 29

4 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 30

3 3 2 2 4 3 1 1 2 31

3 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 31

3 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 24

3 2 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 32

18 12 10 11 20 19 11 12 12 177

(An interview carried out for practice was also included in the data set but has not been included in the analysis) Table 4: District-wise distribution of the respondents

RPA T. # 3: Number of Records by District and Record Type Team # FGD Adult FGD Children Key Informant Male Female Male Female Male Female Jacobabad 6 6 6 6 5 6 Khairpur 7 6 4 7 4 7 Larkana 6 6 7 6 6 6 Qambar Shahdadkot 5 6 7 6 4 6 Shikarpur 5 6 7 6 5 6 Grand Total 29 30 31 31 24 31

Grand Total 35 35 37 34 35 176

Table 5: Type of Community unit interviewed

Organized Unorganized Type of Tent Spontaneous Community Camp Settlement Unit

Jacobabad Khairpur Larkana Qambar Shahdadkot Shikarpur

7 18 31 18 24

6 0 0 6 6

Public Building (School, previously abundant building etc ) 6 6 0 10 5

Affectees Living with the Host Community

Returnees Returnees in TOTAL in their Secondary Origin Displacement Village

0 0 0 0 0

10 11 6 0 0

6 0 0 0 0

35 35 37 34 35

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Majority of the affectees interviewed in Jacobabad belonged to the retunrees category alone. However, in the remaining four districts of Khairpur, Larkana, Qambar Shahdadkot and Shikarpur, majority of the respondents were dwelling in organized tent camps during the course of the study.

Quantitative & Qualitative Variables

All the interviews (except FGD Children Male and FGD Children Female questionnaires which were open ended) contained questions on following sections: camp management Return and recovery Access to flood related Assistance Information Documentation/Compensation Security Women Children Physically and mentally challenged persons Elderly persons and ; Missing persons/Family/ Separation

Research Limitations
There are structural limitations to this research, including the following: Reliability of data collected through first-hand interviews is subject to respondents bias. A few questions included in the survey may have appeared difficult for children to understand properly.

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Assessment Results: District-Wise Analysis

Organized Camps
Of those living in organized camps, a vast majority of these camps were organized and managed by either government, non-governmental organization (NGOs) or the armed forces. The table below provides the descriptive statistics. In Jacobabad, 100% of these camps were organized by armed forces; in Kahirpur 67% by NGOs and 33% by government; in Larkana 39% by armed forces, 42% by government and 19% by NGOs; in Qambar Shahdadkot 33% by armed forces, 34% by government and 33% by NGOs; and in Shikarpur 25% by armed forces, 50% by government and 25% by NGOs. As is evident, none of the relief camps were organized or managed by private firms, landlords or others.

Table 6: If organized Camp, Camp is managed by Organization Government NGO Armed Private Landlord Forces Firm Jacobabad 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% Shikarpur 50% 25% 25% 0% 0% Qambar Shahdadkot 33% 33% 33% 0% 0% Larkana 42% 19% 39% 0% 0% Khairpur 33% 67% 0% 0% 0%

Other 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Total 7 24 18 31 18

The rest of the analysis is based on the following figures (114 interviews) obtained after excluding data on FGD children(which is analyzed serparately).

District Jacobabad Khairpur Larkana

Table 7: Record of interviews analyzed in the quantitative section FGD Adult male Key Informant Male 6 7 6 5 5 Female 6 6 6 6 6 Male 5 4 6 4 5 Female 6 7 6 6 6

Total 23 24 24 21 22

Qambar Shahdadkot Shikarpur

Return and Recovery

The biggest challenges facing the returnees were housing, loss/damage of irrigation system and infrastructural rehabilitation issues. Furthermore, majority of these issues were faced in Larkana, Shikarpur and Khairpur.

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Figure 3: Three biggest challenges faced to recovering

Security Concerns 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 25% 23% 16% 15% 21% 13% 9% 9% 9% 6% 9%

No Livelihoods (lost previous job, 0% No access to land or farming Dispute/ problem related to house Infrastructure still requires Land/ irrigation system requires House or apartments gone or too 0% 5% 1% 2% 3% 2% 1%

Shikarpur Qambar Shahdadkot Larkana

20% 21% 19% 16% 20% 21% 25%

Khairpur 34% Jacobabad

30% 33% 34% 27% 31%

10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Furthermore, for those displaced, the community intends to return home to almost 98% of the people. However, it does not specify how much time it will take for rehabilitation of these returnees. The major concerns highlighted by the respondents in terms of rehabilitation were largely associated with housing. One of the biggest problems was that the place of origin was still under water and the housing facilities were unavailable. Also, farming possibilities had been undercut and livelihood sources were also curtailed due to flooding. The following table shows district-wise break-up of these problems faced.

District

Table8: What are the three biggest challenges you face to recover? Place House No Dispute Cannot Donot No Security of gone/ farming related prove own land livelihoo concerns origin too possible to right to and d where where still damaged house occupy cannot commu communi under to live owners home/ rent land nity ty used water hip or land for used to to live land farming live tenure 32% 27% 27% 31% 31% 30% 30% 25% 25% 21% 23% 20% 16% 27% 24% 0% 2% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 2% 0% 3% 3% 4% 13% 14% 13% 19% 4% 0% 3% 0% 0%

Other concern s related to the return

Jacobabad Khairpur Larkana Qambar Shahdadkot Shikarpur

9% 7% 14% 0% 0%

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Those facing housing disputes further indicated that nobody had so far tried resolving their disputes. And the most glaring reasons that counts towards non-resolving of these disputes is the absence of livelihood opportunities, lack of government support and action, and fear of retaliation.

Figure 4: Biggest impediments to resolving land or housing disputes

Discrimination No livelihood where I used to live Not aware of how (or where) to No clear decision by government actors No clear decision by community Cannot prove right to occupy home or Lack of ownership documents Fear of violence/ retaliation 0% 5% 5% 4% 5% 6% 5% 8% 9% 11% 11% 11% 7% 11% 11% 8% 6% 6% 9% 6% 5% 13% 11% 9% 11% 16% 17% 17% 19% 17% 27% 28% Shikarpur Qambar Shahdadkot Larkana Khairpur Jacobabad 19% 17% 21% 16% 22%

22%

28% 25%

10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Access to Flood Related Assistance

More than 70% of the respondents are receiving flood-related assistance, as illustrated in the following chart, with majority assistance being provided to the Larkana and Qambar Shahdadkot affectees.

Figure 5: Receiving assistance?

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 92% 78% 83% 90% 77%

Yes No 17% 4% Jacobabad 17% 0% Khairpur 8% 0% 23% 10% 0% Qambar Shahdadkot 0% Shikarpur No Response

Larkana

The services available in this regard primarily constitute food, shelter, sanitation and health facilities, education, safe drinking water facilities and services for ante-natal and post natal care. Prime focus is on 17

food, water and shelter facilities, with an average of 24% positive response in each district, and in the education services. Table 9: What kind of assistance are getting, if any?

Options Jacobabad Khairpur Larkana Qambar Shahdadkot Shikarpur Total Options

Shelter 22% 22% 25% 22% 23% 23%

Food 24% 22% 27% 24% 22% 23%

Drinking Water 16% 22% 22% 24% 23% 22%

Sanitation Health 13% 20% 8% 18% 15% 15% 25% 15% 19% 13% 17% 17% Services for ante-natal and post natal care 13% 10% 7% 0% 19%

Education Child Friendly Spaces 53% 35% 60% 100% 44% 20% 29% 0% 0% 25%

Community Women Center Center

Jacobabad Khairpur Larkana Qambar Shahdadkot Shikarpur

7% 0% 7% 0% 13%

7% 26% 27% 0% 0%

However, those facing problems in terms of flood related assistance stated the following as the most glaring issues: assistance priority given on first-come-first-serve basis and the general attitude of those influential amongst the affectees who do not allow the less influential ones to get assistance. Maximum problems faced in Jacobabad, Larkana and Qambar Shahdadkot were in terms of this particular phenomenon, whereas in Khairpur and Shikarpur the priority for those who came first was the most pertinent problem. Table 10: If assistance is available, what kind of problems you or other affected people face in getting it?

Options

Jacobabad Khairpur

Priority is given to those who arrived first and you arrived after to the area 25% 50%

You do not have documents which are requested by those given assistance

You are You are asked to discriminated pay or give against something other than money in exchange for the assistance 0% 13% 10% 13%

Stronger or more powerful people do not allow you to get assistance

25% 13%

40% 13%
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Larkana Qambar Shahdadkot Shikarpur

30% 25% 43%

10% 18% 4%

10% 4% 9%

10% 18% 13%

40% 36% 30%

While analyzing the role being played by NADRA in terms of registration and compensation scheme, the following response was generated: a high percentage of up to 38% respondents in Khairpur replied in negative, the similar trend was observed in other districts.

Figure 6: Are you receiving information on the registration, compensation scheme by NADRA?
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Jacobabad Khairpur Larkana Qambar Shahdadkot Shikarpur 0% 0% 26% 17% 0% 0% 38% 24% 23% 5% Yes No No Response 74% 63% 79% 76% 73%

Documentation/Compensation
Respondents were questioned as to whether they (or their family members) lost any important documents during the flood. The following chart depicts that 100% of the respondents in Qambar Shahdadkot and Larkana stated that they had lost such documents in the flood, as opposed to Khairpur and Jacobabad where 83% of the respondents indicated so.

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Figure 7: Lost important Documents during Flood, Yes.

Jacobabad, 9%

Shikarpur, 41%

Khairpur, 29%

Qambar Shahdadkot, 100%

Larkana, 8%

Amongst the lost documents, largest proportion was of CNIC where Larkana respondents indicated a percentage of as high as 46%, followed by land documentary proofs where Jacobabad respondents indicated highest percentage of 21%. Of lesser importance amongst the lost documents were Form B, marriage certificates and domicile certificates, as indicated in the following chart. Most of those reporting other lost their driving and arms licenses. Table 11: If yes, what type of documents did you lose?

Options

Jacobabad Khairpur Larkana Qambar Shahdadkot Shikarpur

CNIC Form Birth Marriage School Land B Certificate Certificate Certificate Documents(proof of ownership) 40% 2% 0% 8% 21% 17% 36% 7% 5% 12% 5% 22% 46% 0% 0% 8% 12% 21% 34% 3% 3% 3% 14% 24% 37% 6% 0% 3% 20% 23%

Domicile Other Certificate 2% 10% 6% 14% 9% 10% 2% 8% 3% 3%

In the same flow of questions, the respondents were interviewed about Watan Card being issued to them. 64% of the respondetns from Shikarpur responded positively, followed by 29% positive response in Qambar Shahdadkot and Khairpur both, as opposed to only 17% in Jacobabad and 13% in Larkana.

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Figure 8: Issued WATAN Card, Yes.

Jacobabad, 17% Shikarpur, 41%

Khairpur, 29%

Qambar Shahdadkot, 29%

Larkana, 8%

Reasons stated for not being issued a Watan Card are depicted in the following bar chart: majority of the respondents from each district indicated that they simply did not know about Watan Card. A serious

problem that was preventing the affected people from getting watan cards was the rampant bribe involved in the process. Interviewees narrated stories how they were asked to pay amount of up to 5000 Rs for issuance of the card. Many cited the un-cooperative behavior of NADRA as a serious impediment.

Figure 9: Reasons for not getting lost documents re-issued.

Other No CNIC NADRA registration office is too far Village of origin is not in the list Do Not Know about it 0% 0% 0% 5% 5% 11% 11% 35% 30% 32% 33% 28% 44% Shikarpur Qambar Shahdadkot Larkana Khairpur 33% 35% Jacobabad 47%

15%21% 7% 11% 20% 10%16% 19% 20% 11%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

In the course of assessing the compensation being provided to these affectees, they were questioned whether they had received full compensation of PKR 20,000. As many as 87% in Jacobabad, 71% in Khairpur, 92% in Larkana, 90% in Qambar Shahdadkot and 55% in Shikarpur responded negatively to this question, which clearly depicts lack of government commitment in rehabilitation of the flood victims.

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Figure 10: Have you received full amount of Rs 20,000?

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Jacobabad Khairpur Larkana Qambar Shahdadkot Shikarpur 9% 4% 29% 0% 8% 10% 0% 0% 5% 87% 71% 55% 41% Yes No No response 92% 90%

Security
Security issues are a major concern for the flood victims at present. The following chart identified the most glaring and pertinent problem of physical violence to be at maximum in Larkana with 42% reporting as opposed to 65% reporting for theft and robbery in Jacobabad destrict. Harassment and threats were the third most commonly faced security concern with highest reporting in Khairpur. Sexual violence was only evident in Shikarpur district with a minimal of 15% reporting. Table 12: Are you or your family facing any of the below mentioned threats?

Districts

Physical Theft, Harassment, Presence Presence InterViolence robbery threats of arms of drugs communal disputes 15% 65% 31% 50% 27% 20% 38% 0% 23% 0% 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% 12% 0% 19% 8% 12%

Sexual Violence 0% 0% 0% 4%

Jacobabad

Khairpur 13% Larkana 42% Qambar 19% Shahdadkot Shikarpur 15%

25%

20%

0%

0%

25%

15%

Upon facing these issues, majority of the respondents approach their camp leaders and community elders. However, many of those reporting other said they didnt go to anyone because nobody

solves their problem. And even upon reporting such crimes, a vast majority of 43% of the respondents in Jacobabad and 38% in Larkana stated that they were not helped.

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Women
Women problems were also addressed during the course of the study. Respondents were questioned as to what kind of problems did women in their community face at large. Lack of privacy and personal safety was the major concern across all districts with most emphasis in Qambar Shahdadkot (51%), followed by discrimination. Other issues included lack of sanitation and washing facilities, unequal

treatment and lack of privacy. Few women said they were being forced to work.
Table 13: What are the greatest problems for women in your community?

District

No safe Discriminatio place n and Privacy

Physical violence by someone they know 7% 6% 3% 10%

Jacobabad Khairpur Larkana Qambar Shahdadkot Shikarpur

37% 45% 50% 51%

11% 12% 0% 15%

Physical violence by someone they dont know 0% 0% 0% 0%

Sexual Violence

Being forced to marry

Could Other not ask the question

0% 0% 3% 0%

0% 0% 7% 0%

19% 18% 3% 13%

26% 18% 33% 10%

49%

10%

8%

10%

5%

5%

3%

10%

Next question in line was whether single widows, female-headed household, widows in the

community had access to the assistance. A mixed response was evident in Jacobabad as opposed to positive response in Khairpur (71%), Qambar Shahdadkot (67%) and Shikarpur (68%). The largest concern for such females was personal safety and privacy across all districts.

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Figure 11: Do single women, female-headed household, widows in your community have access to assistance?
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 71% 63% 48% 48% 38% 29% 4% Jacobabad 33% Yes 27% 5% Shikarpur No No response 67% 68%

0% Khairpur

0% Larkana

0% Qambar Shahdadkot

A mixed response was generated when the survey participants were questioned as to whether the community was providing them with male support. The respondents said they helped single women without male support by sharing/bringing food items for them and registering their names with aid providing agencies. Women, across all districts, also stated that no evident violence has been experienced since floods. In situations where there has been violence against women, they generally approach the community leaders for help and in clear majority of cases they do attend to their concerns.

Children
(CH1 excluded from the analysis due to a technical error in software at the time of data collection.)
Pertinent issues faced in terms of boys being displaced due to flood mainly included schooling and health problems, across all districts, with highest proportion of affectees being in Jacobabad, Khairpur and Larkana. No safe place for male children to play was also a glaring concern across all districtis followed by child labor and abuse. Other concerns included fear of physical injuries. Table 14: What are you most worried about for BOYS in your families and community in terms of difficulties/risks/threats against them?

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District

No Diseases No Child Physical Sexual Trafficking/ Drugs None Other school safe Labor Violence violence Abduction place to play 26% 21% 36% 24% 29% 37% 33% 31% 29% 30% 21% 19% 24% 19% 17% 2% 14% 3% 9% 6% 2% 5% 5% 3% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 0% 2% 3% 0% 0% 0% 5% 2% 5% 5% 0% 5% 0% 5% 0% 0% 3% 5%

Jacobabad Khairpur Larkana Qambar Shahdadkot Shikarpur

In line with the analysis for the male children, female counterparts also experienced somewhat similar concerns: schooling, health concerns and no safe place to play for their female children were the three major issues facing the flood victims. Other issues included the non-affordability of wedding expenditures leading to weddings being postponed. Table 15: What are you most worried about for BOYS in your families and community in terms of difficulties/risks/threats against them?

District

No scho ol

Disease No s safe plac e to play 32% 36% 33% 34% 15% 23% 22% 18%

Chil d Labo r 0% 9% 2% 0%

Physica l Violenc e 3% 4% 7% 6%

Sexual violenc e

Trafficki ng/Abdu ction

Drugs

None

Other

Jacobabad Khairpur Larkana Qambar Shahdadk ot Shikarpur

21% 23% 35% 30%

0% 0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0%

3% 0% 0% 0%

12% 6% 0% 2%

15% 0% 2% 10%

29%

35%

18%

5%

5%

0%

0%

0%

4%

4%

At present, across all districts, many children are leading households without a senior family member in each district. The most pressing concern for vulnerable children (orphans, without usual care givers,

who dont appear to be with adults, who are disabled) were apparently lack of assistance (wwith highest proportion being in Larkana) and unequal access to assistance (with highest proportion being in Jacobabad). Child labor was an equally problematic issue across all districts.

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Figure 12: Most pressing concerns of the vulnerable children (e.g. orphans, without usual care givers, who don't appear to be with adults, who are disabled)
60% 52% 50% 40% 30% 22% 20% 10% 0% Lack of assistance Unequal access Discrimination to assistance Child Labor Violence 18% 14% 9% 45% 43% 38% 33% 30% 24% 19% 16% 10% 15% 16% 14% 13% 5% 9% 9% 3% 41% Jacobabad Khairpur Larkana Qambar Shahdadkot Shikarpur

Physically/ Mentally Handicapped and Elderly Persons

For the physically and mentally handicapped, the most pressing concerns again were lack of assistance and unequal access to assistance, followed by mental depression after floods, lack of Medicare and

discrimination. Same trend was evident within the elderly community across all districts. However, the districts most affected in terms of both the above mentioned segments of the community were primarily Jacobabad and Qambar Shahdadkot.

Missing Persons
As high as 33% of the respondents in Larkana stated that one or the other of their community member was missing since the floods. Jacobabad respondents were next in line with 30% stats, followed by Shikarpur with 14%.

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Figure 13: Are any members of Community still missing since the floods?
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 95% 79% 67% 57% Yes 30% 21% 13% 5% Jacobabad Khairpur Larkana Qambar Shahdadkot 33% 14% 5% Shikarpur No No Response 82%

Efforts have been made in order to relocate these lost members and reunite them with their families, primarily through reporting to authorities, but of not much use so far.

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Results: Gender-Wise Analysis

Return and Recovery
Amongst the females, the major challenge facing them in terms of returning to their homes was housing (75%) and loss of livelihood (47%). Figure 14A: If a returnee, what are the biggest challenges you face to recover? (Female Group)
No Livelihoods (lost Other concerns, Security previous job, 26% Concerns, 0% business, farm etc.), 47% No access to land or farming, 26% Dispute/ problem related to house ownership or land tenure, 4% Infrastructure still requires rehabilitation, 38% Land/ irrigation system requires rehabilitation, 55%

Female Groups

House or apartments gone or too damaged to live, 75%

For the male members, the major challenges remained the same, however, the descriptive stats varied, with housing issues scoring 80% and loss of livelihood scoring 43%. Chart 14B: If a returnee, what are the biggest challenges you face to recover?
Other concerns, 23% Security No Livelihoods Concerns, 3% (lost previous job, business, farm etc.), 43%

Male Groups
House or apartments gone or too damaged to live, 80%

No access to land or farming, 36% Dispute/ problem related to house ownership or land tenure, 5%

Infrastructure still requires rehabilitation, 36%

Land/ irrigation system requires rehabilitation, 57%

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Efforts are being made to return home by these affectees, as majority of the respondents indicated. However, the respondents do not specify any specific time period 1 to 4 months is what the majority said. Most of those reporting other said they are waiting for appropriate time to return. Table 16: If displaced, when does the community intend to return home?

Options No Response 1 to 4 months Do not Know In less than 1 month Other Total

Female Groups Count Column % 19 36% 16 30% 7 13% 5 9% 6 11% 53 100%

Male Groups Count Column % 13 21% 23 38% 13 21% 6 10% 6 10% 61 100%

Reasons enumerated by the respondents as to why they have not returned to homes so far primarily include the following: according to both gender groups the place of origin is still under water, housing facilities are more than damaged and farming is not possible.

Figure 15: Biggest Challenges for Returnees to recover

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 82% 79% 74% 68% 69% 49% 34% 36% 20% 11% 3% 2% 5% 4% 2% 6% Male Groups Female Groups

When questioned about who they approach for dispute resolution, the female group indicated that they either do not report to anyone (38%) or to the community leader s (34%). Similar trend was witnessed in the male community with 34% descriptive stats for each of the two above mentioned reasons.

Access
Majority of the respondents across both gender groups indicated that they are receiving assistance. Table 17: Are you receiving any assistance?

Gender

Yes No No response Total Count Row % Count Row % Count Row % Count Row %
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Female Groups Male Groups Total

44 52 96

83% 85% 84%

8 9 17

15% 15% 15%

1 0 1

2% 0% 1%

53 61 114

100% 100% 100%

The type of assistance was primarily food, shelter, health and sanitation facilities for both the gender groups, followed by education in the priority list. However, there are issues in terms of priority being given to those who came first and that the influential people do not allow the less powerful to gain this access.

Figure 16: Assistance Services

7% Services for ante-natal and post natal care 9% 8% Women Center 15% 3% Community Center 4% 15% Child Friendly Spaces 13% Education Health Sanitaion Drinking Water Food Shelter 36% 57% 53% 75% 83% 75% 33% 57% 48% 69% 74% 75% Female Groups Male Groups

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%100%120%140%160%

Documentation/Compensation
When questioned about receiving any information regarding registration or compensation scheme by NADRA, the following response was generated: Table 18: Are you receiving information on the registration, Compensation scheme by NADRA?

Gender Female Groups Male Groups Total

Yes 70% 75% 73%

No 28% 23% 25%

No Response 2% 2% 2%

70% of females and 75% of males replied in positive that they were receiving such information. Respondents were questioned as to whether they (or their family members) lost any important documents during the floods. 87% of the male group and 89% of the female group responded in a yes.

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CNIC was the most commonly indicated lost document amongst both the gender groups, with descriptive stats of as high as 89% for the male group. Land documentation lost was the next major setback for the male as well as the female group, followed by school certificate. Table 19: What kind of documents did you lose, if any?

Options CNIC Form B Birth Certificate Marriage Certificate School Certificate Land Documents(proof ownership) Domicile Certificate Other

Female Male Groups Groups Total Percentage Reporting 81% 89% 85% 4% 11% 8% 2% 7% 4% 17% 15% 16% 26% 33% 30% of 43% 15% 6% 51% 21% 16% 47% 18% 11%

When asked as to if they have issued Watan card, 70% of the male group responded in negative. On a similar note, 67% of the female group also responded with a no. the reasons provided as depicted in the following bar chart:

Figure 17: Why have you not been issued a watan card?
Do Not Know about it 23% 13% 20% 15% 23% Village of origin is not in the list of affected areas issue NADRA registration office is too far No CNIC 100% Other

Male Groups

Female Groups

25%

15% 8% 21% 13%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

Amongst the females, lack of awareness was the major reason with 25% scoring, followed by no CNIC (21%). In the male group, however, lack of awareness and other reasons scored equal on the scale. These other reasons included lack of transparency in the issuing process.

Security
The flood victims interviewed were facing a wide variety of problems across both the gender groups. Amongst females, the most pertinent threat was theft/robbery (40%), harassment (30%) and physical

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violence (23%). Other reasons, which constituted 43% of the descriptive stats primarily, included lack of privacy, and forced marriages. Figure 18A: Challenges faced (Female Group)

Female Groups
Sexual Violence, 4% Other, 43%

Physical Violence, 23%

Intercommunal disputes/ conflict with nearby Presence of populations, drugs, 4% Presence of arms, 2% 13%

Theft, robbery, 40%

Harassment, threats, 30%

Moving to the male group, same threats made the stats. However, 54% reported other threats which primarily included financial insecurity. Some respondents also reported harassment of their female family members as the leading concern. Figure 18B: Challenges faced (Male Group)

Male Groups
Physical Violence, 16%

Other, 54% Theft, robbery, 36% Sexual Violence, 3%

Women

Inter-communal disputes/ conflict with nearby populations, 13%

Presence of drugs, 3%

Presence of arms, 2%

Harassment, threats, 20%

Women problems were also addressed during the course of the study. Respondents were questioned as to what kind of problems did women in their community face at large. Lack of privacy and personal safety was the major concern in the female (70%) as well as male group (69%), followed by 32

discrimination. Other issues included lack of sanitation and washing facilities and unequal

treatment. Table 20: What are the greatest problems facing women in your community? Options No safe place and Privacy Discrimination Female Male Groups Groups Total Percentage Reporting 70% 69% 69% 23% 8% 15% 7% 3% 2% 3% 20% 31% 11% 4% 3% 4% 16% 27%

Physical violence (by someone they know / family) 15% Physical violence (by someone they don't know outside family 4% Sexual Violence 4% Being forced to marry someone by their families 4% Could not ask the question or receive answer 11% Other 23%

Next question in line was whether single widows, female-headed household, widows in the

community had access to the assistance. Major proportion of 66% of the males replied with a positive response, coupled with 49% of the females who responded positively to this question. Table 21: Do single women, female-headed households, widows in your community have access to assistance? No Yes No Response Gender Row N Row N Row N % % % Female Groups 49% 49% 2% Male Groups 66% 33% 2% Total 58% 40% 2%
The most pressing concerns for single, windowed women of the community were personal safety and privacy, which was acknowledged by both the gender groups with high scores. Discrimination was the next major concern in this regard, again pointed out by both gender groups. Majority of those reporting other cited postponement of weddings as a major concern.

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Figure 19: Most pressing concerns for single women, female headed households, widows
Other Could not ask the question or receive 11% 15% 21% 10%

3% Being forced to marry someone by their 4% Sexual Violence 8%2% Female Groups Male Groups

0% Physical violence (by someone they don't 4% 2% Physical violence (by someone they know 4% Discrimination No safe place and Privacy 13% 18% 38% 41%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Children
(CH1 excluded from the analysis due to a technical error in software at the time of data collection.)
Pertinent issues faced in terms of boys being displaced due to flood mainly included schooling and health problems, as identified by both gender groups. No safe place for male children to play was also a glaring concern, again pointed out by both gender groups, followed by child labor and abuse. Other concerns included physical injuries. Table 22: What are you most worried about for BOYS in your families and community in terms of difficulties/risks/threats against them?

Options No school Diseases No safe place to play Child Labor Physical Violence Sexual violence Trafficking/Abduction Drugs None Other

Female Male Groups Groups Percentage Reporting 57% 75% 77% 79% 40% 57% 17% 18% 11% 11% 2% 0% 6% 3% 6% 2% 8% 7% 2% 10%

Total 67% 78% 49% 18% 11% 1% 4% 4% 7% 6%

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In line with the analysis for the male children, female counterparts also experienced somewhat similar concerns: schooling, health concerns and no safe place to play for their female children were the three major issues facing the flood victims, as identified by both gender groups. Other issues, as stated by the male group primarily, included the non-affordability of wedding expenditures leading to weddings being postponed. Table 23: What are you most worried about for GIRLS in your families and community in terms of difficulties/risks/threats against them?

Options No school Diseases No safe place to play Child Labor Physical Violence Sexual voilance Trafficking /Abduction Drugs None Other

Female Male Groups Groups Percentage Reporting 60% 64% 79% 72% 36% 49% 6% 10% 17% 7% 4% 0% 6% 3% 0% 2% 6% 11% 9% 13%

Total 62% 75% 43% 8% 11% 2% 4% 1% 9% 11%

Physically/ Mentally Handicapped and Elderly Persons

Both the gender groups stated that for the physically and mentally handicapped, the most pressing concerns again were lack of assistance and unequal access to assistance. These reasons were closely linked to mental depression after floods, lack of Medicare and discrimination. Discrimination

was also pointed to be a glaring concern for this segment of the community. The following chart depicts the results for the handicapped members amongst the flood victims interviewed.

Figure 20: What are the main challenges of physically and mentally challenged persons in your community?
Other Do Not Know Violence Discrimination Unequal access to assistance Lack of assistance 0% 13% 15% 8% 10% 11% 7% 19% 28% 43% 20% 40% 11% 34% 39% 60% 80% 100% Female Groups Male Groups

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Similar concerns were highlighted for the elderly of the community, as illustrated in the following table: Table 24: What are the most pressing concerns of elderly persons in your community?

Options Lack of assistance Unequal access to assistance Discrimination Violence Do Not Know Other

Female Male Groups Groups Percentage Reporting 53% 61% 28% 44% 28% 26% 8% 7% 17% 20% 26% 28%

Total 57% 37% 27% 7% 18% 27%

Missing Persons
Nearly three-fourths of both the gender groups stated that none of their community members were missing. However, this does not erase the possibility of flood victims completely lost in the course of the water flow since the practical figures are alarmingly high. Table 25: Are any members of your community still missing since the floods?

Gender Female Groups Male Groups Total

No Yes No Response Row N Row N Row N % % % 17% 76% 8% 23% 75% 2% 20% 75% 4%

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Conclusion
The floods that hit Pakistan in July 2010 were bigger than Tsunami. Thousands of people have died and millions of homes have been destroyed. It has not only brought along socio-economic consequences but also political and infrastructural insurgency. This assessment was an attempt to collect information about the current situation of affected communities in terms of protection but with a focus on women and child protection and to review the strategy of the cluster and to ensure an adequate and efficient response to the needs of the flood affected communities. The results of this assessment show that respondents across the districts complained about lack of transparency in the NADRA registration process. Widespread corruption at the various phases of registration process from the getting a token to the issuance of Watan card were reported. Quite a number of respondents said they had to give bribe of up to 5000 Rs for getting the token. Furthermore, majority of the affected people being illiterate and un-acquainted with the use of ATM have to pay an agent to withdraw money. Also, many cases of sale of Watan card at lesser price for monetary or nonmonetary items was widespread. This kind of futures contract can lead to future disputes in case of non-fulfillment of the promise of payment of 100000 Rs by the government. Also, in many camps female headed households are being deprived of assistance due to increase in the number of fake families. Organizers need to devise a mechanism to distinguish genuine vulnerable families from the fake ones.

As the flood water recedes many camps and public buildings are being closed, this is going to cause serious problems for the IDPs as many of them lack shelter. Provision of shelter should be made on urgent basis.

Finally, inadequate health and hygiene facilities are a cause of major concern for the IDPs. Female members face special problems due to lack of privacy in wash etc.

Relief efforts are underway; however a lot still needs to be done in order to restore the pre-flood situation.

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Appendix A
[Add Questionnaire here.]

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