Chapter 8: Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral (shoulder) girdle - attaches bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton Clavicle

le - s-shaped bone with medial anterior portion (convex) and medial posterior portion (concave) - most broken bone in the body; due to weak point in the curves (can damage median nerve when broken) - medial end of clavicle (sternal extremity) articulates with the manubrium of the sternum to form the sternoclavicular joint. - lateral end of the clavicle (acromial extremity) articulates with the acromium of the scapula to form the acromioclavicular joint. Scapula (shoulder blade) - large triangular flat bone - sharp ridge (spine) runs diagonally across the posterior surface of the flattened triangular body of the scapula. - lateral end is the acromion, the high point of the shoulder - articulates with the acromial extremity of the clavicle - glenoid cavity is a shallow depression inferior to the acromion which accepts the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral joint. - thin edge near the vertebral column is the medial (vertebral) border - thicker edge closer to the arm is the lateral (axillary) border - the medial and axillary borders form the inferior angle - superior angle is formed by the superior border and the vertebral border - scapular notch allows the suprascapular nerve to pass through - lateral end of the superior border is the coracoid process (tendons attach here) - supraspinous fossa & infraspinous fossa located superior and inferior on the spine - on the anterior surface is the subscapular fossa (attachment for tendons)

Upper Limb (30 bones in each)

- Humerus - longest and largest bone of the upper limb - articulates proximally with the scapula and distally with the ulna/radius - proximal end of the humerus features: - head that articulates with the glenoid cavity to form glenohumeral joint - anatomical neck which is the site of the epiphyseal line (oblique groove) - greater tubercle (lateral projection to the anatomical neck; can be felt) - lesser tubercle (projects anteriorly) - surgical neck - after the tubercle, where the bone forms the shaft - body (shaft) that contains a v-shaped area called the deltoid tuberosity - distal end of the humerus features: - capitulum - rounded process that articulates with the head of the radius - radial fossa receives the head of the radius (when forearm is bent/flexed) - trochlea - medial to the capitulum, articulates with the ulna - coronoid fossa receives the coronoid process of ulna when the forearm is bent - olecranon fossa is the posterior depression; receives the olecranon of ulna when forearm is straight/extended - medial & lateral epicondyles are rough projections where the tendons can attach; the ulnar nerve lies posterior to the medial epicondyle and can be felt - Ulna - medial aspect of the forearm and longer than the radius - proximal end of the ulna features: - olecranon forms the prominence of the elbow - coronoid process along with the olecranon receives the trochlea of the humerus - trochlear notch is between the coronoid process and the olecranon; forms part of the elbow joint - ulnar tuberosity is the attachment point for tendons & ligaments; inferior to coronoid process

- distal end of the ulna features: - head that is separated from the carpal bones by a fibrocartilage disc - styloid process is located on the posterior side of the distal end - Radius - lateral aspect of the forearm - proximal end of the radius features: - head (disc-shaped) articulates with capitulum of humerus & radial notch of the ulna - inferior to the head is the neck (constricted); on the neck is a roughened projection called the radial tuberosity (point of attachment for biceps brachii) - distal end of the radius features: - shaft ends to form a styloid process on the lateral side of the radius - Ulna and radius articulate with the humerus to form the elbow joint - head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus - trochlear notch of ulna receives the trochlea of the humerus - Ulna and radius connected with one another by interosseous membrane (provides attachment for tendons of deep muscles) - The radial notch of the ulna (inferior to the trochlear notch) articulates with the head of the radius, which is called the proximal radioulnar notch - The head of the ulna articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius; which is called the distal radioulnar joint - Distal end of radius articulates with 3 carpal bones (lunate, scaphoid, & triquetrum) to form the radiocarpal (wrist) joint Carpals (8) - intercarpal joints between carpals - proximal row (lateral --> medial): - scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform (sticks out at your pinky) (SLTP) - distal row (lateral --> medial): - trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate (TTCH) - Sometimes Lovers Try Positions That They Cant Handle Metacarpals (5)

- base (proximal), shaft and head (distal) -- also called knuckles - carpometacarpal joints (articulate carpals and metacarpals) - metacarpophalangeal joints (articulate metacarpals and phalanges) Phalanges (14) - proximal, middle, distal (except thumb)

Pelvic (hip) girdle - consists of two hip (coxal) bones - the pelvic bones connect anteriorly to form the pubic symphisis joint - the posterior portion of the pelvic bone articulates with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint - the complete ring of bone is called the bony pelvis - accepts the lower limbs and provides strong support for vertebral column and protects pelvic organs - hip bone of a newborn consists of 3 bones separated by cartilage which fuse as the infant ages: superior ilium, superior & posterior ischium, and inferior & anterior pubis bones

Ilium - largest of the three bones - forms superior portion of acetabulum - superior border has the iliac crest that ends in a blunt projection called the anterior superior iliac spine - below the anterior superior iliac spine is the anterior inferior iliac spine - on the lateral side of the ilium, you have 3 gluteal lines, which give attachment points for the tendons of the gluteal muscles - on the medial side of the ilium, you have the iliac fossa which provides attachment for tendons and ligaments, and the iliac tuberosity which is the attachment for the sacroiliac ligament - posterior side of the ilium, there is the posterior superior iliac spine and the posterior inferior iliac spine. inferior to these spines is the greater sciatic notch, which is a notch for the sciatic nerve

Ischium - forms the posterior portion of the acetabulum - lateral side has the body of the ischium and the ramus of the ischium; which connects to the pubis bone - below the ischial spine is the lesser sciatic notch (allows passage of the sciatic nerve)

Pubis - inferior ramus of the pubis connects to the ramus of the ischium to form the obturator foramen - forms the anterior portion of the acetabulum and inferior to the acetabulum is the superior ramus of the pubis - anterior border contains the pubic crest that ends in a lateral projection called the pubic tubercle - connection of the two pubis bones forms the pubic symphysis joint

True & False Pelvis - true pelvis is inferior or below the pelvic brim - false pelvis is superior or above the pelvic brim

Lower Limbs (30 bones in each) - connect to the pelvic girdle through the head of the femur

Femur - is the longest, largest, strongest bone in the body - head articulates with acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip (coxal) joint - the fovea capitis located in the center of the head of the femur, attaches to a ligament within the acetabulum to stabilize the joint - the head of the femur tapers down to the neck of the femur, which leads to the shaft (body) of the bone

Proximal end (Femur) - greater trochanter (prominence felt on the lateral side of the hip) and lesser trochanter provides attachment for tendons of the thigh and buttock muscles

- posterior side of the femur below the lesser trochanter is the gluteal tuberosity, which provides attachment for the gluteal muscles - on the posterior side of the shaft is the linea aspera, which also provides an attachment for the quadriceps muscles Distal end (Femur) - lateral and medial epicondyle provides attachment points for tendons and ligaments - lateral and medial condyle articulates with the lateral and medial condyle of the tibia, respectively to form the tibiofemoral joint - on the posterior side of the femur between the condyles is the intercondylar fossa - on the anterior side of the femur between the condyles is the patellar surface Patella - increases the leverage of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris to maintain position when the knee is bent - superior portion of patella is called the base and the inferior portion of patella is called the apex - on the posterior side of the patella, there is two articular facets for the lateral and medial condyles of the femur; the lateral articular facet is larger and deeper than the medial articular facet Tibia/Fibula - the shin bone; the part you can feel is the anterior border (crest) of the tibia - the lateral and medial condyle of the tibia articulates with the respective condyles of the femur to form the tibiofemoral (knee) joint - just below the lateral and medial condyles is the tibial tuberosity, which is an attachment point for the patellar ligament to connect the apex of the patella to the tibia - medial malleolus is located in the distal end of the tibia and articulates with the talus bone to form the talocrural (ankle) joint; the medial malleolus is the protrusion on the medial surface of the ankle - fibular notch located in the distal lateral end of the tibia articulates with the distal end of the fibula to form the distal tibiofibular joint

- the head of the fibula articulates with the posterior side of the lateral condyle of the tibia to form the proximal tibiofibular joint - the lateral malleolus of the fibula articulates with the talus bone to form the talocrural (ankle) joint; the lateral malleolus is the protrusion on the lateral surface of the ankle Tarsals - proximal row (lateral --> medial) - calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone - talus only tarsal bone to form the talocrural (ankle) joint - middle row (lateral --> medial) - cuboid, navicular - distal row (lateral --> medial) - lateral (third) cuneiform, intermediate (second) cuneiform, medial (first) cuneiform Metatarsals - proximal base articulates with the tarsals to form the tarsometatarsal joint - intermediate shaft - distal head articulates with the phalanges to form the metatarsalphalangeal joints Phalanges - proximal end articulates with the metatarsals to form the metatarsalphalangeal joints - middle articulates with the proximal and distal phalanges to form the interphalangeal joints - big toe (hallux) only has proximal and distal phalanges