Lectures on Rock Mechanics

SARVESH CHANDRA Professor Department of Civil E i D t t f Ci il Engineering i Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur KANPUR, 208016 India email: sarv@iitk.ac.in sarv@iitk ac in

The problem in mathematics is black and white but the real world i grey Albert Einstein ld is Alb t Ei t i

Rock Mechanics Problems

How will rock react when put to mens use? p What is the bearing capacity of rock on surface an at depths? What is the shear strength of rocks? What is the response of rocks under dynamic / earthquake type loading? What is the modulus of elasticity of rock and how to get it? What are the effects of rock defects (jointing bedding planes, schistocity, fissures, cavities and other discontinuities) on its strength? What are the mechanisms of failure of rocks?

Rock as a Construction Material

For laying structural foundations to support structures For constructing Underground openings g g p g For protecting slopes For supporting railway tracks Ballasts As base and sub-base for roads and runways As aggregate in concrete Making facia for buildings.

Era

Period
Quaternary

Epoch

Time Boundaries (Years Ago)

10,000 10 000 2 million 5 million 26 million 38 million ll 54 million 65 million 130 million 185 million 230 million 265 million 310 million 355 million 413 million 425 million 475 million 570 million 3.9 billion 4.7 billion

Holocene - Recent Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene

Geolo gic Time Scale

Cenozoic Tertiary y

Oligocene g Eocene Paleocene

Cretaceous Mesozoic M s z ic Jurassic Jur ssic Triassic Permian Carboniferous Paleozoic Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Precambrian Pennsylvanian Mississippian

Greenland

Earth Beginning

What are we calling a rock?

Grade Description Lithology VI V IV III II I
Soil Completely weathered Highly weathered Moderately weathered Slightly g y weathered Fresh rock Some organic content, no original structure Decomposed soil, some remnant structure Partly changed to soil, soil > rock Partly changes to soil, rock > soil Increased fractures and mineral staining Clean rock

Excavation

Foundations

May need to Unsuitable save and re-use Scrape Scrape NB corestones Rip Blast Assess by soil testing Variable and unreliable Good for most small structures Good for anything except large dams Sound

Blast

Engineering classification of weathered rock

Primary Rock Types by Geologic Origin

Sedimentary Types
Grain Clastic Aspects
Coarse
Conglomerate Breccia

Metaphorphic

Igneous Types
Extrusive

Carbonate

Foliated Massive Intrusive

Limestone Conglomerate

Gneiss

Marble

Pegmatite Granite

Volcanic Breccia

Medium

Sandstone Siltsone

Limestone Chalk

Schist Phyllite

Quartzite

Diorite Diabase

Tuff

Fine

Shale Mudstone

Calcareous Mudstone

Slate

Amphibolite

Rhyotite

Basalt Obsidian

Index Properties of Intact Rock

Specific Gravity of Solids, Gs Unit Weight, Porosity, n Ultrasonic Velocities (Vp and Vs) ( Compressive Strength, qu Tensile Strength, T0 Elastic Modulus, ER (at 50% of qu)

Specific Gravity of Rock Minerals

galena it pyrite barite olivine dolomite calcite chlorite feldspar quartz serpentine gypsum halite 0
Reference Value (fresh water)

Common Minerals Average Gs = 2.70

Specific Gravity of Solids, Gs Solids

Unit Weights of Rocks

28

Saturated Unit Weight T (kN/m ) t,

26

sat = water [ Gs(1-n) + n]

24

22

20

18

16

Dolostone Graywacke Mudstone Sandstone

Granite Limestone Siltstone Tuff

Gs = 2.80 2.65 2.50

0.4 0.5 0.6

14

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Porosity, Porosity n

Geologic Mapping of Rock Mass Features

INHERENT COMPLEXITIES
1. 1 2. Rock fracture R kf t
under compressive stresses

Size effects
response of rock to loading affected by the size of the l d d l th loaded volume (j i t & f t (joints fractures) )

3.

Tensile strength
is low (similar to concrete); HOWEVER a rock mass can have even less tensile strength

COMPLEXITIES.
4. Groundwater effects
water in joints: if under pressure, reduces normal stress (less resistance along joints) water in permeable rocks (e.g. sandstone) soil like response softening of clay seams & argillaceous rocks (e.g. shales)

COMPLEXITIES.
5. Weathering
chemical/physical alteration, reduction of engineering p p properties limestone caverns, sinkholes: Karst basic rocks with olivine (e.g. basalt) and py ( g ) pyroxene minerals are reduced to montmorillonite by hydrolysis

Cavernous limestone

Coffin Bay

STRUCTURAL FEATURES or DISCONTINUITIES

1) Bedding planes 2) Folds
tension joints at the crest of a fold (strike, dip & shear jo s) s ea joints) folding may cause shear failure along bedding planes (axial plane or fracture cleavage)

Folding

DISCONTINUITIES
3) Faults
shear displacement zones - sliding

Faults may contain

Fault F lt gouge (clay) weak ( l ) k Fault breccia (re-cemented rock) weak Rock flour weak Angular fragments may be strong

Defects

Defects

DISCONTINUITIES
4) Shear zones
bands of materials - local shear failure

5) Dykes
igneous intrusions (near vertical) weathered dykes, e.g. dolerite weathers to montmorillonite unweathered dykes attract high stresses

6) Joints
breaks with no visible displacement

Joint Patterns

sedimentary rocks usually contain 2 sets of joints, joints orthogonal to each other and the bedding plane

JOINTS
1) Open ) p Filled Healed (or closed) 2) Stepped Undulating Planar Pl 2B) each of the above can be Rough Smooth Slickensided

JOINT CLASSES (AS 1726-1993)

I II II IV V VI VII VIII IX Stepped St d Rough R h Smooth Slickensided Rough Smooth Slickensided Rough Smooth Slickensided

Undulating

Planar

Order of Description of Rocks (AS 1726-1993)

ROCK MATERIAL COMPOSITION rock name g grain size ( (Table A6) ) texture and fabric (Table A7) colour

e.g. Basalt, fine, massive, vesicular, dark grey to black

Order of Description of Rocks (AS 1726-1993)

ROCK MATERIAL CONDITION weathering (Table A9) strength (Table A8)

e.g. VL strength, XW OR EH strength, FR

Order of Description of Rocks (AS 1726-1993)

ROCK MASS PROPERTIES structure defects (much information required) weathering of joints

Structure: sed e ta y oc s sedimentary rocks bedded, laminated a ated metamorphic igneous rocks foliated, banded, cleaved massive flow banded massive,

DEFECTS information needed

tightness ti ht cementation or infill smoothness or irregularity of surfaces
class of joint

water in joints joint orientation joint spacing

DESIGN IN ROCK
Take into account: Local geological structure Shear strength of the rock mass Impact of water on stability R k anchoring? Rock h i ? Drilling and blasting procedures Monitoring of stability
the observational method

Intact Rock
H t Heterogeneous Anisotropic Spatial variability (soils less so) (soils the same)

Yield mechanisms are non-linear & depend on stress level and rock type Failures are often brittle (soils strain soften or harden past the peak strength)

Rock Masses
C t i di Contain discontinuities with littl t ti iti ith little tensile il strength Scale effect
response is dependent on stressed volume

Affected by groundwater & weathering In-situ stresses difficult to estimate

Rock Masses

DEFINITIONS
Dip angle, w: the acute angle measured in a vertical plane between the line of maximum dip in a non horizontal plane and the horizontal non-horizontal plane i.e. 0 i e 0 w 90 90 Dip direction, w: the geographical azimuth measured in a clockwise direction from north (0) of the vertical plane in which ( ) p the dip angle is measured i.e. 0 w 360

Dip Angle
North Horizontal

Line of maximum dip

Dip direction
Azimuth is the direction of an object, measured clockwise around the observer's horizon from North, i.e. an object due north has an azimuth of 0

Dip Direction
North N th Horizontal w

Line of maximum dip

Quantitative Classification of Rock Mass

Description of Joints: Orientation, Persistence, Roughness, Wall Strength, Aperture, Filling, Seepage, Strength Aperture Filling Seepage Number of sets, Block size, spacing. ISRM commissions report i i t Classification of Rock Material Based on Uniaxial Compressive Strength

Ranges for some Common Rock Material Term Kg/cm2 Schist, Silt stone VW-W, Sand y < 70 Very Weak- VW Stone, Lime stone Weak- W 70-200 VW-M,Granite, Medium Strong-MS 200-700 Basalt Gneiss, Strong MS 200 700 Basalt, Gneiss Strong- S 700-1400 Quartzite, Marble MS-VS MS VS Very Strong- VS Strong > 1400 |

Uniaxial Compressive Strength

Classification for Rock Material Strength

Intact Rock Classification

Rock Type Geologic Formation and Age I di Indices:
Specific Gravity, Porosity, Unit Weight, Wave Velocities W V l iti Strength (compressive, tensile, shear) Elastic Modulus

 What is Rock Mechanics? Rock R k mechanics is a h i i discipline that uses the p c p es of ec a cs principles o mechanics to describe the behaviour of rock of engineering scale.

 How to correlate the properties of rock studied in the laboratory with in-situ properties? What in-situ test methods will provide actual inp situ conditions and properties of rock? g parameters are to be used for rock What design p slope design? How to stabilize slopes and underground openings?