1.

intransigent [in trnssjnt, in trnzjnt] adj

refusing to compromise: stubbornly or unreasonably refusing even to consider changing a decision or attitude

n (plural intransigents)
unyielding person: somebody who refuses to compromise or change an attitude or decision, especially in politics -intransigence, , n -intransigently, , adv

cogent
cogent [kjnt]

adj

rationally persuasive: forceful and convincing to the intellect and reason a cogent argument [Mid-17th century. < Latin cogent- , present participle of cogere "drive together" < agere "drive"] -cogency, , n -cogently, , adv

egalitarian
egalitarian [i gll trree n]

adj

believing in equality: maintaining, relating to, or based on a belief that all people are, in principle, equal and should enjoy equal social, political, and economic rights and opportunities [Late 19th century. < French galitaire < gal "equal" < Latin aequalis (see equal)]

inform
inform [in fwrm] (past and past participle informed, present participle informing, 3rd person present singular informs)

1. vt tell somebody: to communicate information or knowledge to somebody The police informed us of the accident. 2. or inform yourselfvr learn about something: to familiarize yourself with a subject 3. vi give information to police: to give confidential or incriminating information about somebody else's activities, especially to the police 4. vt ARTS be essential characteristic of something: to play an essential part in determining the nature, shape, or structure of something His religious beliefs inform his entire work. 5. vt give structure to something: to give structure or substance to something (formal) the ethics that inform the profession [14th century. Via French < Latin informare "give form to" < forma "shape"]

enjoin [in jyn, en jyn] (past and past participle enjoined, present participle enjoining, 3rd person present singular enjoins)

vt

1. command somebody: to command somebody to do something or behave in a particular way were enjoined to be silent 2. impose something: to impose a condition or course of action on others enjoined secrecy upon us 3. U.S. forbid something: to forbid or prohibit something forcefully The terms of the contract enjoin the disclosure of trade secrets. 4. LAW forbid or command legally: to forbid or command somebody to do something by means of a legal injunction -enjoiner, , n -enjoinment, , n

Arm's Length Relationship An arm's length relationship is a term used to describe a type of business relationship a corporation should have with a close associate to avoid a conflict of interest. For example, when you negotiate with your banker or your supplier, any agreement which results will likely reflect market value and commercially reasonable terms and conditions. When you loan money to your son or daughter, you may be inclined to provide much more favorable terms and conditions. The first example would be considered to be an arm's length relationship, while the second example would not. When your corporation does business with or makes loans to corporate officers and directors, the relationship must be at arm's length to avoid conflicts of interest.

The objective of social security as being the prevention, by social means, of very low standards of living irrespective of whether these are the results of chronic deprivation or temporary adversity
n (plural preserves)
1. exclusive area of activity: something that one particular person or group regards as being his, her, or its exclusive concern, or a place kept for one person or group to enjoy exclusively The children considered the tree house their own preserve. aberrant [ brrnt]

adj

not typical: deviating from what is normal or desirable endemic [en dmmik]

adj

1. MEDICINE restricted to one place: describes a disease occurring within a particular area Typhoid fever used to be endemic in the Deep South. insistent [in sstnt]

adj

1. persistent: persistent in maintaining or demanding something She was most insistent. 2. demanding attention: persistently calling for or compelling attention insistent pleas inhere (past and past participle inhered, present participle inhering, 3rd person present singular inheres)

vi

be normal part of something: to be a natural and integral part of something (formal) underpin [ndr pn] (past and past participle underpinned, present participle underpinning, 3rd person present singular underpins)

vt

1. 2.

support from below: to support a weakened wall or structure by propping it up from below act as support for: to act as a support or foundation for something (often passive) the hard facts that underpin these assumptions

audacity
audacity [aw dsstee]

1. 2.

boldness or daring: daring or willingness to challenge assumptions or conventions or tackle something difficult or dangerous impudence: lack of respect in somebody's behavior toward another person

protoprefix
1. first in time, earliest protolithic protomartyr 2. original, ancestral protostar Proto-Norse 3. first in a series, having the least amount of a particular element or radical protactinium venal

adj
1. open to bribery: open to persuasion by corrupt means, especially bribery 2. corrupt: characterized by corruption 3. able to be bought: able to be obtained for a price

Venality,
inexorable [in ksrb'l]

adj
1. 2.

unstoppable: impossible to stop adamant and pitiless: not moved by anyone's attempts to plead or persuade (formal)

Difference Between State and Government

I.The State refers to the present state of system. It also refers to a governed entity such as a province. A government on the other hand is a kind of agency through which authority is exercised by political units. There are different types of states such as Sovereign state, Member state, Federated state and Nation state. The term government on the contrary refers to the civil government of a sovereign state. There are different types of government such as Anarchism, Authoritarian, Communism, Constitutional monarchy, and Constitutional republic, Democracy, Dictatorship, Monarchy, Oligarchy, Plutocracy, Theocracy and Legalism. A state is an organized political community occupying a certain territory. A government on the contrary is an organization that has the power to make and enforce laws for a definite territory. The word govern has the meaning of power to administrate. It is interesting to note that a state generally occupies a certain geographic area. A state is characterized by the presence of culture, language, people and history as well. One of the major differences between a state and a government is that a state is like an organization whereas a government is like a management team. A state is an independent entity characterized by certain tasks to be carried out. It is interesting to note that these administrative tasks are carried out by the so called government for the proper functioning of the state. In short it can be said that a government has the complete right to exercise power over people and the region. In other words a state is the territory and the government has the right to exercise its power over the territory. One of the important differences between a state and a government is that a state is a geographic entity covering people and trade, whereas a government is a political administration of state or a country.

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II. In a popular talk the terms the 'State' and Government" are very often used synonymously.
Common people use them in an identical sense. Even the king like Louis XIV ignored this distinction when he said. "I am the State". What he claimed was actually the government and the State whose authority he had possessed. The political scientists make a clear distinction between the State and government. Some of the difficult problems of political science are solved on the basis of the distinction between the State and government. Some of the difficult problems of political science are solved on the basis of the distinction between the State and government. Here are some of the important differences between the State and government. 1. The Stale has four elements like population, territory. Government and sovereignty. Government is a narrow concept and it is an element of the State. It is rightly said the State is an organic concept in which the government is a part. Willoughby writes. "By the term government is designated the organization of the State machinery through which is designated the organization of the State machinery through which its purposes are formulated and executed'". Government is an agent of the State. That is why in a democracy, it is considered as servant and the State as master. Government is compared with the brain of the living organism; what the brain is to the man. The government is to the State. 2. The State is more or less permanent and continues from time immemorial. But the government is temporary. It changes frequently. A government may come and go, but the State continues for ever. Death of a ruler or the overthrow of a government in general elections does not mean the change of the State. If the Janata Government replaces the Congress Government, it involves no fundamental changes in the structure of the State of India. 3. The State is generally composed of all citizens but all of them are not members of the government. The government consists of only a few selected citizens. The organ of the government consists of only a few selected citizens. The organs of the government are executive, legislature and judiciary. The few selected persons will run these three organs of the government. Thus, the State is a much broader organization than the government. Membership of the State is compulsory but not that of the government. 4. The State possesses sovereignty. Its authority is absolute and unlimited. Its power cannot be taken away by any other institution. Government possesses no sovereignty, no original authority, but only derivative powers delegated by the State through its constitution. Powers of government are delegated and limited. 5. The State is an abstract concept whereas government is a concrete one. Nobody sees the State and the State never acts. The government is a physical manifestation and it acts for the State. It consists of a definite group of persons who can be seen and known. It is a tangible organization which can be seen and questioned. 6. All States are identical in character and nature. Whether big or small, the characteristics of the State do not undergo changes. But governments are of different types and they may vary form the State to the. State Various political scientists, have given different classifications of government. Aristotle had classified government into monarchy, aristocracy and democracy Marriot has classified government into parliamentary or presidential and unitary or federal. Thus, there is no uniform pattern of government. But the State is a universal institution having one single form with its four essential characteristics. 7. Lastly the citizens possess rights to go against, government and not against the State. The State only acts through the government and the government may commit mistakes and not the State. Thus, the citizens have only rights to go against the government. Moreover, the State consists of a the citizens, the citizens go against the State, it will mean to go against themselves. This is an impossible proposition. The State is therefore, and indestructible union of citizens having the chief characteristic of permanence and continuity. Government is only a part of the State.

rectitude

1. righteousness: strong moral integrity in character or actions 2. correctness: correctness in judgment (formal) the admirable rectitude of her assessments 3. straightness: straightness in form or shape (formal) [15th century. Directly or via French < late Latin rectitudo < Latin rectus "straight, right"] -rectitudinous incongruous [in kng groo ss]

adj

1. unsuitable or odd: unsuitable or out of place in a specific setting or context 2. inconsistent with something: not in accord or consistent with something ludicrous

adj

absurdly ridiculous: utterly ridiculous because of being absurd, incongruous, impractical, or unsuitable brinkmanship [brngkmn shp] or brinksmanship [brngksmn shp]

strategic risk-taking: the practice, especially in international relations, of taking a dispute to the verge of conflict in the hope of forcing the opposition to make concessions