NUTRITION

WHAT IS NUTRITION? The process that organisms obtain energy from food, for growth, maintenance and repair of damage tissue TYPES OF NUTRITION 1) Autotrophs (self, feed)
Photosynthesis (Green plants) Chemosynthesis (Bacteria synthesis organic compounds by oxidising inorganic

compounds - ammonia) 2) Heterotrophs (cannot synthesise their own food)

Holozoic (Herbivours, Carnivours & Omnivours) Saprophytic (Organisms fed on dead / decaying matter Parasitic (Organisms obtains nutrient by living on/ in the body of other living organisms

BALANCE DIET
Balance diet: a diet which contains the right amounts of carbohydrate, proteins, fat,

vitamins, mineral, water and fibers.

Healthy diet: should provide the body with all the substances necessary to maintain

growth, to keep good health and repair damage tissue.

WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT EFFECTING THE DAILY ENERGY REQUIREMENT? Climate! Colder place need more energy to maintain body temp. because of the lost of energy to the surrounding. FACTORS EFFECTING DAILY ENERGY REQUIREMENT
Body size - The smaller person have a larger surface per unit volume compare to a

larger person, the rate of heat loss is higher, they need more energy.

 Gender - Male need more energy because they are more active & the metabolic rate is

higher then female.

Growing children have higher metabolic rate than older people. They need more

energy.
Occupation - Person does heavy work needs more energy than a person who is only

moderately active. NUTRIENTS IN FOOD

Carbohydrates: (rice, noodles, potatoes)

Source of energy for motion and growth Used to form supporting structures in plants (cell wall) Effective methods for food storage (starch/glycogen) Part of nucleus (DNA) Lack of it : become very weak

Proteins : (meat, fish, cheese, eggs)

Make new cells for growing Repair & Replace damaged cells/tissues Make enzymes, antibodies & hormones Lack of it: kwashiorkor, very weak, muscle are poorly developed

Fat : ( oils, butter, milk, nuts)

Supply energy Part of cell membrane Help absorb certain vitamins (ADEK) Too much: excess fat stored under the skin (obese) Too little: vitamins wont be absorbed, cell membrane wont be formed

normally
Vitamins:

To protect health. Biological catalyst for chemical reaction in the body. 2 categories:

i) Fat soluble vitamins

A,D,E,K Stored in the body fat No need to consume everyday (stored in the body)

ii) Water soluble vitamins

C and B (8 types) Dissolved easily in water, easily lost Cannot be stored in the body, need to be consumed everyday. Vitamin A

Source: Milk, green leaf, butter, tomatoes, cod liver, egg. Function: Normal growth, healthy eyes & skin. Deficiency disease: Night blindness.

Vitamin B1

Source: Milk, peas, cereals, green leaf. Function: Growth & development. Deficiency disease: Beriberi (disease affects the nervous system).

Vitamin B2

Source: Peas, yeast, egg, meat. Function: Healthy skin growth. Deficiency disease: Skin disease, retarded growth.

Vitamin B4

Source: Whole cereals, potatoes, tomatoes, meat, fish. Function: Healthy skin, digestive & nervous system. Deficiency disease: Pellagra (disease affect the skin, alimentary canal & nervous system).

Vitamin C

Source: Tomatoes, green leaf, vegetables, fruits. Function: Healthy growth, strong blood vessels. Deficiency disease: Scurvy (gums easily bleed).

Vitamin D

Source: Sunlight, milk, butter. Function: Strong bones & teeth. Deficiency disease: Rickets ( Soft bones & deformed on children).

Vitamin E

Source: Vegetables, oils, milk, butter. Function: Protect the cell membrane. Deficiency disease: Affect fertility.

Vitamin K

Source: Green vegetables, Soya bean oils. Function: Help in clotting the blood. Deficiency disease: Excessive bleeding from wound.

Mineral salts:

Major trace mineral- required in large amount Minor trace mineral- required in small amount

Iron - Formation of heamoglobin Calcium - Strong bones & teeth, muscle contractions, clotting blood Phosphorus - Strong bones Potassium - Growth & osmotic balance Sodium - Osmotic balance, proper functioning of nervous system Iodine - Body metabolism, development of brain Roughage/ fiber

Higher water holding capacity Help peristalsis / bowel movement Prevent from constipation Lower the cholesterol Reduce the risk of heart disease

 Water:

Medium for biochemical reactions Medium for transportation of respiratory gases Regulates body temp. Removes excretory waste Maintain osmotic pressure Aids peristaltic movement Hydrolyse some food substances Dissolve most chemical substances

SPECIAL DIET
Pregnant lady

Need more nutrient to provide more energy to meet the need of my growing fetus
Baby

Folate brain development Iron prevent from anemic Calcium - growth of babys bone & teeth

Need mothers milk to provide me with energy & nutrient.

Children

They are active & love to play. They need carbohydrates to give us energy and protein to develop new tissue.
Vegetarian

They need supplement in order to complete their need.

Diabetic

Low sugar.
Teenagers

Carbohydrates provides energy (theyre active) Protein still growing Iron menstruation (girl)

Athletes

Carbohydrates they need more energy.

MALNUTRITION
Starvation insufficient amount of food Eating disorder:

Anorexia Nervosa Girls believe themselves to be fat (theyre extremlely thin), Bulimia Overconcern with body weight, eat a lot and then force themselves

dont want to eat. to vomit.

Overweight/ Obesity - high risk of diabetes,hypertension, heart attack Over consumption of cholesterol & saturated fat:

Can cause arthrosclerosis (build up fatty deposits in the coronary arteries/

blood vessels.
Constipation: lack of dietary fiber.

Class Of Chemicals
Cells need various types of organic and inorganic compounds to enable them to carry out their functions, as well as build their cellular components. While organic compounds contain the element carbon, inorganic compounds do not. Below is the classified descriptions of chemical compound. Carbohydrate
Starch made up of long chain of glucose The ratio of C:H:O in it is 1:2:1 Cellulose that strengthens the cell walls of plants Maltose can be converted into glucose by hydrolysis Its glucose molecules can be converted into glycogen

Lipid
Cholesterol is an example of it Fats have the triglyceride molecules in them

 Fatty acids can be saturated and unsaturated The hormone testosterone is an example of it

Nucleic Acid
An example is the DNA found in the nucleus of a cell Genetic material that directs protein synthesis Contain pentose sugars and phosphate groups

Protein
Amino acids are its building blocks Nearly all enzymes are examples of it The haemoglobin molecules in the red blood cells Builds muscles and aids growth

Water
An inorganic compound with no carbon in it A polar molecule with two H atoms and one O atom A universal solvent Acts as a medium for reactions in one's body