Wisconsin Bibliographies in Women's Studies - Feminist Perspectives On The Et

Wisconsin Bibliographies in Women's Studies: Feminist Perspectives on the Ethic of Care (Dudley, 1994)
Feminist Perspectives on the Ethic of Care (Dudley, 1994)

This bibliography is number 69 of the series "Wisconsin Bibliographies in Women's Studies" published by the University of Wisconsin System Women's Studies Librarian's Office, Room 430 Memorial Library, 728 State Street, Madison, WI 53706. 608-263-5754; email the Women's Studies Librarian
FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES ON THE ETHIC OF CARE: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Introduction
The theories of Carol Gilligan (1977, 1982 and later) and Nel Noddings (1984 and later) are "central to understanding the origins of, and many directions within, feminist ethics today." Their contributions are "especially
important...for providing powerful feminist critiques of traditional ethical theories of rights and justice and for
http://www.library.wisc.edu/libraries/WomensStudies/bibliogs/ethicbib.html (1 of 39)24/07/2007 18:37:08
articulating the earliest descriptions of an ethic of care" (Cole and Coultrap-McQuin, 3).
An ethic of care and responsibility develops from an individual's feeling of interconnectedness with others. is contextual and arises from experience. It is It
characterized by nurturance and an emphasis on responsibilities to others. An ethic of justice, on the It is formulated
other hand, is an expression of autonomy.
in terms of universal, abstract principles and is characterized by rationality and an emphasis on individual rights. Some describe an ethic of caring as a "female"
approach to morality and an ethic of rights and justice as a "male" approach.
Dialogue around the issue has included agreement, refinements, further study, criticism, revision, and rejection. Some questions remain: "Can a care orientation be To what extent are Can the
distinguished from a justice orientation?
either of these moral 'voices' related to gender?
ethic of care based on relatedness and responsiveness to others be considered a truly feminist ethic?" (Larrabee, 4).
This bibliography begins chronologically with responses to Gilligan's IN A DIFFERENT VOICE which was published in 1982. The listings represent a selection of books, articles,
and essays that essentially concentrate on the ethic of care or on important aspects of it. For the most part, they The bibliography
express a theoretical point of view.
includes only a few works that discuss applications of the ethic of care in work situations such as health and medicine, moral education, and social work.
The issue of "mothering" has a life of its own, although it sometimes intersects the issue of an ethic of care. the exception of works by Sara Ruddick, which inform discussions around the ethic of care, the bibliography excludes items about "mothering." Bibliography With
Auerbach, Judy, et al. Different Voice.'" 149-162.
"Commentary on Gilligan's 'In a FEMINIST STUDIES 11 (Spring 1985):
Warns that certain ambiguities in
Gilligan's work leave open "possibilities for antifeminist interpretations and applications."
Baier, Annette C.
"The Need for More Than Justice."
In
Hanen, Marsha, and Kai Nielsen, eds. AND FEMINIST THEORY.
SCIENCE, MORALITY
Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Calgary: University of Calgary Discusses Gilligan's perspective
supplementary volume 13. Press, 1987, 41-56.
of care which, when integrated with justice, will result in a positive revision of morality.
Baier, Annette C.
"What Do Women Want in a Moral Theory?" Reprinted in Larrabee,
NOUS 19.1 (March 1985): 53-63. Mary Jeanne, ed.
AN ETHIC OF CARE: FEMINIST AND New York: Routledge,
INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES. 1993, 19-32.
Argues that a moral theory which
emphasizes the concept of trust may able to integrate both obligation (rights and duties) and the ethics of love and care.
Baines, Carol T., Patricia M. Evans, and Sheila M. Neysmith, eds. WOMEN'S CARING: FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1991. An
WELFARE.
anthology on applied ethics that focuses on the Canadian experience. "Investigates the influence of an ethic of
care on the development of social work, nursing, and
teaching, and examines the connections between caring and poverty, wife abuse, and child neglect."
Bartlett, Elizabeth Ann.
"Beyond Either/Or: Justice and Care In Cole, Eve Browning, EXPLORATIONS IN Bloomington: Applying
in the Ethics of Albert Camus." and Susan Coultrap-McQuin, eds.
FEMINIST ETHICS: THEORY AND PRACTICE. Indiana University Press, 1992, 82-88.
Camus's concept of rebellion, finds a close relationship between the ethic of care and the ethic of rights and justice.
Bebeau, Muriel J. and Mary Brabeck.
"Ethical Sensitivity and
Moral Reasoning Among Men and Women in the Professions." In Brabeck, Mary M., ed. WHO CARES? THEORY, RESEARCH, New
AND EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ETHIC OF CARE. York: Praeger, 1989, 144-163. Parts appeared in
"Integrating Care and Justice Issues in Professional Moral Education: A Gender Perspective." MORAL EDUCATION 16.3 (1987). empirical studies. JOURNAL OF
Authors work involves
They see the ethic of care, not as a
complete developmental theory of moral reasoning, but rather as one component of morality.
Blum, Lawrence A. Moral Theory."
"Gilligan and Kohlberg: Implications for ETHICS 98 (April 1988): 472-491. AN ETHIC OF New
Reprinted in Larrabee, Mary Jeanne, ed.
CARE: FEMINIST AND INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES. York: Routledge, 1993, 49-68. Discusses
philosophical differences between Gilligan's and Kohlberg's views and defends Gilligan's voice of care.
Brabeck, Mary M.
"Moral Judgment: Theory and Research on DEVELOPMENT
Differences between Males and Females." REVIEW 3 (1983): 274-291. Jeanne, ed.
Reprinted in Larrabee, Mary
Contrasts Gilligan's and Kohlberg's
theories on moral development, examines the evidence for Gilligan's claims about sex differences, and calls for a theory of morality that integrates care and justice.
Brabeck, Mary M., ed.
WHO CARES?
THEORY, RESEARCH, AND New
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ETHIC OF CARE. York: Praeger, 1989.
An anthology which "brings
together the work of scholars who have been critiquing and extending the ethic of care and its claims to being
gender related."
The question 'who cares?' is addressed
from the perspectives of various academic disciplines: philosophy, psychology, theology, and education. essays are listed separately in this bibliography. All
Bureau, Lucille Roy.
"La critique feministe du domaine RESOURCES FOR A
moral: vers un nouveau paradigme."
FEMINIST RESEARCH 20 (Spring/Summer 1991): 43-47.
critique of Gilligan and Noddings, with suggestions for moral education and research. Argues it is a question
not only of giving women a voice but of making them conscious of that voice.
Calhoun, Cheshire.
"Justice, Care, Gender Bias."
JOURNAL OF Addresses
PHILOSOPHY 85 (September 1988): 451-463.
critics of Gilligan's challenges to moral theory and calls for some shifts in the traditional priorities which exclude women's moral experience.
Card, Claudia. 101-108.
"Caring and Evil."
HYPATIA 5 (Spring 1990):
Discusses deficiencies in Noddings's care
ethic, including the danger of "valorizing relationships in which carers are seriously abused."
Card, Claudia.
VIRTUES AND MORAL LUCK.
Working Papers, Madison,
Institute for Legal Studies, series 1, no. 4.
Wis.: Institute for Legal Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison Law School, 1985. Compares
Gilligan's ethic of care with contemporary philosophies of ethics and suggests, in contrast to Gilligan, that virtues are not sex-related.
Cohen, Cheryl H. Politics."
"The Feminist Sexuality Debate: Ethics and HYPATIA 1.2 (Fall 1986): 71-86.
"Explores both a 'rights view' of ethics and a 'responsibilities view' and shows...how an appeal to ethics might take feminist sexual politics beyond the current debate."
Cole, Eve Browning, and Susan Coultrap-McQuin, eds. EXPLORATIONS IN FEMINIST ETHICS: THEORY AND PRACTICE. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992. Anthology. Some of the essays are listed separately in The Introduction places the ethics
this bibliography.
of care within the broader context of feminist ethics. Extensive bibliography.
Curtin, Deane.
"Toward an Ecological Ethic of Care." Proposes "a
HYPATIA 6 (Spring 1991): 60-74.
politicized ecological ethic of care which can express ecofeminist insights."
Davies, Lesley.
CARING: A FEMININE APPROACH TO ETHICS. Canterbury, 18 pages.
Women's Studies Occasional Papers, no. 18. Eng.: University of Kent, 1990. Unseen.
Davion, Victoria. 1990): 90-100.
"Pacificism and Care."
HYPATIA 5 (Spring
Argues against Ruddick's connection Also discusses how
between pacificism and mothering.
pacificism and care may be incompatible.
Dietz, Mary G.
"Citizenship With a Feminist Face: The POLITICAL THEORY 13.1
Problem With Maternal Thinking." (1985): 19-37.
Addresses the question of whether or
not an ethic of care can be fairly applied in legislation and social policy.
Dillon, Robin S.
"Care and Respect."
In Cole, Eve Browning, EXPLORATIONS IN Bloomington: Argues for a
and Susan Coultrap-McQuin, eds.
FEMINIST ETHICS: THEORY AND PRACTICE. Indiana University Press, 1992, 69-81.
more unified approach to morality by combining both the care perspective and the justice perspective (or what she calls respect).
Eisenberg, Nancy, Richard Fabes, and Cindy Shea.
"Gender
Differences in Empathy and Prosocial Moral Reasoning: Empirical Investigations." WHO CARES? In Brabeck, Mary M., ed.
THEORY, RESEARCH, AND EDUCATIONAL New York: Praeger,
IMPLICATIONS OF THE ETHIC OF CARE. 1989, 127-143.
A review of the literature that
relates empathy and caring to girls and women.
Eugene, Toinette M.
"Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless
Child: The Call and Response for a Liberational Ethic of Care by Black Feminists." CARES? In Brabeck, Mary M., ed. WHO
THEORY, RESEARCH, AND EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS New York: Praeger, 1989, 45-62.
OF THE ETHIC OF CARE.
Reflects on aspects of the "Afro-American ethic of care as liberation which is regularly practiced and embodied by black women."
Flanagan, Owen, and Kathryn Jackson.
"Justice, Care, and ETHICS
Gender: The Kohlberg-Gilligan Debate Revisited."
97 (April 1987): 622-637. Jeanne, ed.
Reprinted in Larrabee, Mary
Evaluates Gilligan's and Kohlberg's
moral psychology debate from a philosophical point of view. care. Includes a call for a better understanding of
Fraser, Nancy.
"Toward a Discourse Ethic of Solidarity." In
PRAXIS INTERNATIONAL 5.4 (1986): 425-429.
comparison with an ethic of care, an ethic of solidarity is better for larger political contexts.
Friedman, Marilyn. Gender."
"Beyond Caring: The De-Moralization of
In Hanen, Marsha, and Kai Nielsen, eds. Canadian Journal Calgary: Reprinted in
SCIENCE, MORALITY AND FEMINIST THEORY. of Philosophy, supplementary volume 13.
University of Calgary Press, 1987, 87-110. Larrabee, Mary Jeanne, ed.
AN ETHIC OF CARE: FEMINIST New York:
AND INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES. Routledge, 1993, 258-273.
Argues that "care and
justice do not define distinct moral perspectives." However, they do "point to other important differences
in moral orientation."
Friedman, Marilyn.
"Care and Context in Moral Reasoning." WOMEN
In Kittay, Eva Feder, and Diana T. Meyers, eds. AND MORAL THEORY. 1987, 190-204.
Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield,
Earlier version appeared as "Abraham, Care and
Socrates, and Heinz: Where Are the Women?
Context in Women's Moral Reasoning," in Harding, Carol, ed. MORAL DEVELOPMENT: PHILOSOPHICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL Chicago:
ISSUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL REASONING. Precedent, 1985, 25-42.
Discusses the importance of
both care and contextual thinking in moral reasoning.
Fry, Sara T. Ethics."
"The Role of Caring in a Theory of Nursing HYPATIA 4 (Summer 1989): 88-103. Reprinted in
Holmes, Helen Bequaert, and Laura M. Purdy, eds. FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICAL ETHICS. Indiana University Press, 1992, 93-106. Bloomington: Argues for
caring as the foundational value for a theory of nursing ethics and stresses it must be "grounded within a moralpoint-of-view of persons rather than any idealized conception of moral action, moral behavior, or system of moral justification."
Gilligan, Carol.
"Concepts of the Self and of Morality."
HARVARD EDUCATIONAL REVIEW 47.4 (November 1977): 481517. Reprinted as "In a Different Voice: Women's
Conceptions of Self and of Morality," in Pearsall, Marilyn. WOMEN AND VALUES: READINGS IN RECENT FEMINIST 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993, 342-
PHILOSOPHY. 368.
Gilligan's first articulation of the idea that
women have a different moral development from that of men. She believes women's morality centers on notions
of caring and responsibility rather than rights and rules.
Gilligan, Carol.
IN A DIFFERENT VOICE: PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY Cambridge: Harvard University
AND WOMEN'S DEVELOPMENT. Press, 1982.
Discusses empirical studies of moral Sees a
development that specifically include women.
discrepancy between women's experience and the existing models of human development and identifies a "different voice," a moral perspective based on care.
Gilligan, Carol, Nona P. Lyons, and Trudy J. Hanmer, eds. MAKING CONNECTIONS: THE RELATIONAL WORLDS OF ADOLESCENT GIRLS AT EMMA WILLARD SCHOOL. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1990.
A collection of essays on
the psychological development of girls aged 11 to 16. Each essay investigates "the ways in which girls orchestrate themes of connection and separation and concerns about care and justice in speaking about themselves, about their relationships, and about experiences of conflict."
Gilligan, Carol, et al., eds.
MAPPING THE MORAL DOMAIN: A
CONTRIBUTION OF WOMEN'S THINKING TO PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY AND EDUCATION. Cambridge: Center for the Study of
Gender, Education and Human Development, Harvard University Graduate School of Education, 1988. "The
differences between a 'justice perspective' and a 'care perspective' are explored...in a variety of studies undertaken in different contexts."
Gilligan, Carol.
"Moral Orientation and Moral Development." WOMEN
In Kittay, Eva Feder, and Diana T. Meyers, eds. AND MORAL THEORY. 1987, 19-33. DIFFERENT VOICE.
Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, Updates the research begun in IN A Clarifies the relation of gender and
moral viewpoint and examines the roots of and the relationship between the care perspective and the
justice perspective.
Gilligan, Carol.
"Reply by Carol Gilligan."
SIGNS: JOURNAL
OF WOMEN IN CULTURE AND SOCIETY 11 (Winter 1986): 324333. Reprinted as "Reply to Critics" in Larrabee, Mary AN ETHIC OF CARE: FEMINIST AND New York: Routledge,
Jeanne, ed.
Gilligan's defense against
criticisms, including those raised by Greeno and Maccoby, Kerber, Luria, and Stack, all of whom contributed to a forum on Gilligan's work in SIGNS, 1986 (see listings in this bibliography).
Greeno, Catherine G., and Eleanor E. Maccoby. Is the 'Different Voice'?"
"How Different
SIGNS: JOURNAL OF WOMEN IN
CULTURE AND SOCIETY 11 (Winter 1986): 310-316. Reprinted in Larrabee, Mary Jeanne, ed. AN ETHIC OF New
CARE: FEMINIST AND INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES. York: Routledge, 1993, 193-198. Warns against
remaining trapped in such gender stereotypes as women's caring nature and calls for more empirical data to test specific claims of gender differences.
Held, Virginia.
"Feminism and Moral Theory."
In Kittay, Eva
Feder, and Diana T. Meyers, eds. THEORY. 128.
WOMEN AND MORAL
Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, 1987, 111MORALITY AND MORAL
Reprinted in Arthur, John, ed. 3rd ed.
CONTROVERSIES.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Explores the experience
Prentice Hall, 1993, 72-84.
of mothering and the mother/child relationship and their implications for a feminist moral theory in which the morality of care is given significance.
Held, Virginia.
"Non-Contractual Society."
In Hanen,
Marsha, and Kai Nielsen, eds. FEMINIST THEORY.
SCIENCE, MORALITY AND
Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Calgary: University of Calgary Discusses the question, what
supplementary volume 13. Press, 1987, 111-137.
would social relations look like if "we thought of them as LIKE relations between mothers and children?" Argues
that such a focus would result in a morality based on caring and concern for others.
Higgins, Ann.
"The Just Community Educational Program: The
Development of Moral Role-taking as the Expression of Justice and Care." In Brabeck, Mary M., ed. WHO CARES?
THEORY, RESEARCH, AND EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE

ETHIC OF CARE.
New York: Praeger, 1989, 197-215.
Parts
appeared as "A Feminist Perspective on Moral Education" in JOURNAL OF MORAL EDUCATION 16.3 (1987). Draws, in
part, on her work in the Bronx schools system and argues that the expression of care can take place only in the context of justice.
Hoagland, Sarah Lucia. Card, Claudia, ed.
"Some Thoughts About 'Caring.'" FEMINIST ETHICS. Lawrence:
In
University Press of Kansas, 1991, 246-263.
Shortened
version appeared as "Some Concerns About Nel Noddings' CARING," in HYPATIA 5 (Spring 1990): 109-114. Critical discussion of Noddings's work. Contends that
"caring cannot be insular and it cannot ignore the political reality, material conditions, and social structure of the world."
Houston, Barbara.
"Caring and Exploitation."
HYPATIA 5
(Spring 1990): 115-119.
Finds dangers in Noddings's
ethic of caring because it can encourage exploitation.
Houston, Barbara.
"Prolegomena to Future Caring." WHO CARES?
In
THEORY, RESEARCH, AND
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ETHIC OF CARE. York: Praeger, 1989, 84-100.
New
Committed to Gilligan's
and Noddings's "enterprise of trying to describe how women themselves understand their own morality," but points out philosophical and political problems with the claims that care is gender related.
Houston, Barbara.
"Rescuing Womanly Virtues: Some Dangers of In Hanen, Marsha, and Kai Nielsen, Canadian
Moral Reclamation." eds.
SCIENCE, MORALITY AND FEMINIST THEORY.
Journal of Philosophy, supplementary volume 13. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1987, 237-262. Includes a discussion of caring as a 'womanly virtue' and points out that adopting such gender specific virtues may contribute to a firmer establishment of women's relative powerlessness.
Houston, Barbara and Ann Diller. Care."
"Trusting Ourselves to
RESOURCES FOR FEMINIST RESEARCH 16.3 (September Explores ways to move toward self-
1987): 35-38.
determination and trust within an ethic of care.
Katzenstein, Mary Fainsod, and David D. Laitin. Feminism, and the Ethics of Care."
"Politics,
In Kittay, Eva
Feder, and Diana T. Meyers, eds. THEORY. 281.
WOMEN AND MORAL
Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, 1987, 261Outlines essential criteria by which an ethics
of care can be integrated with a progressive feminist politics.
Kerber, Linda K.
"Some Cautionary Words for Historians."
SIGNS: JOURNAL OF WOMEN IN CULTURE AND SOCIETY 11 (Winter 1986): 304-310. Jeanne, ed. Reprinted in Larrabee, Mary
Links Gilligan's ideas with those of Agrees the "women's sphere"
earlier feminist writers.
of care has been undervalued, but warns of romantic oversimplification of women's moral personalities.
King, Roger J.H.
"Caring About Nature--Feminist Ethics and HYPATIA 6 (Spring 1991): 75-89.
the Environment."
Examines the application of the language of an ethic of care to ecofeminism.
Kittay, Eva Feder, and Diana T. Meyers, eds. THEORY.
WOMEN AND MORAL An
Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, 1987.
anthology, all of which deals directly or indirectly with debates inspired by Gilligan and Noddings. Introduction includes a comparison of the justice perspective and the care perspective. Some of the
articles are listed separately in this bibliography.
Larrabee, Mary Jeanne, ed.
INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES. 1993.
A collection of "several of the key essays
published during the initial decade following the appearance of IN A DIFFERENT VOICE." Contains "both
clearly feminist voices and those seemingly neutral to the interests of feminists," and illustrates the breadth of the topic. Includes an informative introduction and Many of the essays are
an extensive bibliography.
listed separately in this bibliography.
Lauritzen, Paul.
"A Feminist Ethic and the New Romanticism-HYPATIA 4
Mothering as a Model of Moral Relations." (Summer 1989): 29-44.
Claims that using maternal
experiences to express an ethic of care and compassion constitutes a new romanticism which is both attractive and potentially dangerous.
Leffers, M. Regina.
"Pragmatists Jane Addams and John Dewey HYPATIA 8 (Spring 1993): 64-
Inform the Ethic of Care." 77.
Looks to the ideas of Addams and Dewey to
provide a theoretical model that can explain "why the caring response in moral reasoning is capable of becoming universal, including the self, those who are close to us, and those who lie outside our circle of personal relationships."
Li, Chenyang.
"The Confucian Concept of Jen and the Feminist HYPATIA 9 (Winter
Ethics of Care: A Comparative Study." 1994). Forthcoming.
Luria, Zella.
"A Methodological Critique."
SIGNS: JOURNAL
OF WOMEN IN CULTURE AND SOCIETY 11 (Winter 1986): 316321. Reprinted in Larrabee, Mary Jeanne, ed. AN ETHIC
OF CARE: FEMINIST AND INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES. New York: Routledge, 1993, 199-203. Questions
Gilligan's methodology and urges further research.
Lykes, M. Brinton.
The Caring Self: Social Experiences of In Brabeck, Mary M., ed. WHO
Power and Powerlessness." CARES?
THEORY, RESEARCH, AND EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS
New York: Praeger, 1989, 164-179.
Studies the "social character of the ethic of care through the lives of non-middle class non-white women" and suggests that "differences in morality and in selfunderstanding are grounded in social experiences of power and powerlessness, some of which are due to gender."
Lyons, Nona P.
"Two Perspectives: On Self, Relationships, HARVARD EDUCATIONAL REVIEW 53 (May Includes interview data and an
and Morality." 1983): 125-145.
empirical study which test Gilligan's hypotheses of the relationship of gender to self-definition and moral choice.
Lyons, Nona P. Choices."
"Ways of Knowing, Learning, and Making Moral In Brabeck, Mary M., ed. WHO CARES? THEORY,
RESEARCH, AND EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ETHIC OF CARE. New York: Praeger, 1989, 103-126. Earlier
version in JOURNAL OF MORAL EDUCATION 16.3 (1987). "Takes up issues of morality, self, and approaches to knowing of adolescent high school girls." Addresses the
potential educational implications of her findings.
Manning, Rita.
"Just Caring."
In Cole, Eve Browning, and EXPLORATIONS IN FEMINIST Bloomington: Indiana Defends an ethic of caring
Susan Coultrap-McQuin, eds. ETHICS: THEORY AND PRACTICE. University Press, 45-54.
in which rules and rights still have a place by providing a "moral minimum" for interpersonal behavior.
Manning, Rita.
SPEAKING FROM THE HEART: A FEMINIST Lanham, MD: Rowman & Endorses an ethic of care "both
PERSPECTIVE ON ETHICS. Littlefield, 1992.
as an adequate and as a feminist moral philosophy." Includes a discussion of some feminist critiques of moral philosophy, her criteria for an adequate and feminist ethic, the effect of experiences on moral reasoning, the voice of care as both a morality and an ethic, caring for persons, and caring for animals.
Martin, Jane Roland.
"Transforming Moral Education." WHO CARES?
In
THEORY, RESEARCH, AND New
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ETHIC OF CARE. York: Praeger, 1989, 183-196.
Earlier version in Argues for a
JOURNAL OF MORAL EDUCATION 16.3 (1987).
feminist perspective on moral education which will

redefine our cultural ideal and education itself.
Meyers, Diana T.
"The Socialized Individual and Individual
Autonomy: An Intersection Between Philosophy and Psychology." eds. In Kittay, Eva Feder, and Diana T. Meyers, Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Suggests that through
WOMEN AND MORAL THEORY.
Littlefield, 1987, 139-153.
the care perspective moral autonomy can be achieved without denying human conectedness.
Michaels, Meredith W.
"Morality Without Distinction."
PHILOSOPHICAL FORUM 17.3 (Spring 1986): 175-187. Presents an integrationist approach toward an ethic of care and an ethic of rights and justice, and argues against an assumed dichotomy between reason and emotion.
Mullett, Sheila. Caring."
"Consensual Discourse and the Ideal of A
ATLANTIS 13 (Spring 1988): 24-26.
response to Leslie Wilson (see below).
Mullett, Sheila. in Ethics."
"Only Connect: The Place of Self-Knowledge In Hanen, Marsha, and Kai Nielsen, eds. Canadian Journal
SCIENCE, MORALITY AND FEMINIST THEORY.
of Philosophy, supplementary volume 13.
Calgary: Presents
University of Calgary Press, 1987, 309-338.
"a view of a certain kind of morally relevant selfknowledge which is connected with caring."
Mullett, Sheila. Ethics."
"Shifting Perspective: A New Approach to
In Code, Lorraine, Sheila Mullett, and FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES: Toronto:
Christine Overall, eds.
PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS ON METHOD AND MORALS. University of Toronto Press, 1988, 109-126.
Discusses some requirements for a feminist perspective of moral theory, including, most importantly, a concept of caring.
Noddings, Nel.
CARING, A FEMININE APPROACH TO ETHICS AND Berkeley: University of California "Builds a philosophical argument for
MORAL EDUCATION. Press, c1984.
an ethics based on natural caring, a feminine view in the deep, classical sense, rooted in receptivity, relatedness, and responsiveness."
Noddings, Nel. M., ed.
"Educating Moral People." WHO CARES?
In Brabeck, Mary
THEORY, RESEARCH, AND EDUCATIONAL New York: Praeger,
IMPLICATIONS OF THE ETHIC OF CARE.
1989, 216-232.
Earlier version appeared as "Do We
Really Want to Produce Good People?" in JOURNAL OF MORAL EDUCATION 16 (October 1987): 177-188. Suggests that
"an education aimed at producing good people must include feminine perspectives on good and evil" and shows how education might move toward the moral ideal of caring.
Noddings, Nel.
"Ethics from the Standpoint of Women." THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON
In
Rhode, Deborah L., ed. SEXUAL DIFFERENCE. Press, 1990.
New Haven, CT: Yale University WOMEN AND 2nd ed.
Reprinted in Pearsall, Marilyn.
VALUES: READINGS IN RECENT FEMINIST PHILOSOPHY. Belmont, Ca: Wadsworth, 1993, 379-390.
Discusses
aspects of an ethic of caring that are non-oppressive for women.
Noddings, Nel.
"Feminist Fears in Ethics."
JOURNAL OF
SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY 21 (Fall/Winter 1990): 25-33. Describes several feminist fears about ethics of caring and response and argues that fear should not guide attempts to construct an adequate moral theory.
Noddings, Nel. 126.
"A Response."
HYPATIA 5 (Spring 1990): 120-
Responds to essays by Card, Hoagland, and Argues that "an
Houston in the same issue of HYPATIA.
ethic of caring is liberational rather than exploitive because the expectation is that all people, not just women, should act as carers."
Nunner-Winkler, Gertrude.
"Two Moralities?
A Critical
Discussion of an Ethic of Care and Responsibility versus an Ethic of Rights and Justice." M., and Jacob L. Gewirtz, eds. BEHAVIOR, AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT. 348-361. In Kurtines, William MORALITY, MORAL New York: Wiley, 1984, AN
Reprinted in Larrabee, Mary Jeanne, ed.
ETHIC OF CARE: FEMINIST AND INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES. New York: Routledge, 1993, 143-156. A
critique and reinterpretation of Gilligan's position with respect to sex-specific moral preferences.
Okin, Susan Moller. Justice."
"Reason and Feeling in Thinking about
ETHICS 99 (January 1989): 229-249.
Critiques and reinterprets John Rawls in "an attempt to develop a feminist approach to social justice." Disputes feminist dichotomies that have been drawn between an ethic of justice and an ethic of care.
Peeples, S. Elise.
"Her Terrain is Outside His 'Domain'." A defense of
HYPATIA 6 (Summer 1991): 192-199.
Gilligan in response to Bill Puka's "The Liberation of Caring" (listed in this bibliography). follows Peeples's article. Puka's reply
Puka, Bill.
"The Liberation of Caring: A Different Voice for HYPATIA 5 (Spring 1990): WHO CARES?
Gilligan's 'Different Voice.'" 58-82.
Reprinted in Brabeck, Mary M., ed.
THEORY, RESEARCH, AND EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ETHIC OF CARE. New York: Praeger, 1989, 19-44; and in AN ETHIC OF CARE: FEMINIST New York:
Proposes an alternative
hypothesis to Gilligan in which care is a set of coping strategies for dealing with sexist oppression.
Rigterink, Roger J.
"Warning: The Surgeon Moralist Has
Determined That Claims of Rights Can Be Detrimental to Everyone's Interests." Coultrap-McQuin, eds. THEORY AND PRACTICE. In Cole, Eve Browning, and Susan EXPLORATIONS IN FEMINIST ETHICS: Bloomington: Indiana University
Press, 1992, 38-44.
Argues that the concept of
rights is inadequate with respect to real-life moral situations and opts instead for a feminist ethic that emphasizes concerns and cares.
Romain, Dianne.
"Care and Confusion."
In Cole, Eve EXPLORATIONS Bloomington: Discusses
Browning, and Susan Coultrap-McQuin, eds. IN FEMINIST ETHICS: THEORY AND PRACTICE. Indiana University Press, 1992, 27-37.
difficulties she finds with Gilligan's methodology and especially with the lack of clarification of the relationship between socialscience.html and moral philosophy.
Rothbart, Mary K., Dean Hanley and Marc Albert. Differences in Moral Reasoning." 1986): 645-653.
"Gender
SEX ROLES 15 (December
Describes research that tests
Gilligan's hypothesis plus the effects of dilemma content on moral judgment. Results suggest that moral
reasoning involves both gender and situational factors.
Ruddick, Sara.
"From Maternal Thinking to Peace Politics."
In Cole, Eve Browning, and Susan Coultrap-McQuin, eds. EXPLORATIONS IN FEMINIST ETHICS: THEORY AND PRACTICE.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992, 141-155. Advocates for women the transformation of a formerly private way of relating to people (mothering, caring labor) into public, and liberating, discussions of peace.
Ruddick, Sara.
"Maternal Thinking."
FEMINIST STUDIES 6.2
(Summer 1980): 342-367. Pearsall, Marilyn. FEMINIST PHILOSOPHY.
Condensed versions reprinted in
WOMEN AND VALUES: READINGS IN RECENT 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, MOTHERING:
1993, 368-379; and in Trebilcot, Joyce. ESSAYS IN FEMINIST THEORY. Allanheld, 1983, 213-230.
Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Includes her perspective
of maternal thinking as expressing the notion of 'attentive love,' an ethical mode she proposes for transforing morality.
Ruddick, Sara. PEACE.
MATERNAL THINKING: TOWARD A POLITICS OF New York:
Boston: Beacon Press, 1989.
Ballantine Books, 1990.
"Develops a system of
feminist peace politics based on the complex, idealistic, pragmatic activity of mothers." Portions of
the book originally appeared as articles, all of which
are listed in this bibliography.
Ruddick, Sara.
"Remarks on the Sexual Politics of Reason." WOMEN
In Kittay, Eva Feder, and Diana T. Meyers, eds. AND MORAL THEORY. 1987, 237-260.
Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, Claims that women's moral reasoning,
which is based on experience, generates a "morality of love" and "maternal thinking" both of which should inform peace politics.
Scaltsas, Patricia Ward. Feminist Aims?"
"Do Feminist Ethics Counter
In Cole, Eve Browning, and Susan EXPLORATIONS IN FEMINIST ETHICS: Bloomington: Indiana University Examines three main themes of
Coultrap-McQuin, eds. THEORY AND PRACTICE. Press, 1992, 15-26.
feminist ethics, including the emphasis on the values of empathy, nurturance, or caring, and explores the extent to which each theme does or does not endorse a restrictive view of women's position.
Schwartz-Shea, Peregrine and Debra D. Burrington.
"Free
Riding, Alternative Organization and Cultural Feminism-The Case of Seneca Women's Peace Camp." WOMEN &
POLITICS 10.3 (1990): 1-37.
Warns about the free-
rider problem--situations in which the "burden of maintenance is unequally shared" among women. Argues
that caring must include empowerment--aiding and requiring others to empower themselves.
Seigfried, Charlene Haddock. Sensitivity to Context." CARES?
"Pragmatism, Feminism, and In Brabeck, Mary M., ed. WHO
THEORY, RESEARCH, AND EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS New York: Praeger, 1989, 63-83.
Shows how associating the care and justice orientations "with situations primarily and gender only secondarily will lead to more worthwhile results than continued empirical research intended to demonstrate that women's moral reasoning differs in kind from men's."
Sevenhuijsen, Selma L.
"The Morality of Feminism."
HYPATIA
6 (Summer 1991): 173-191.
Includes a discussion of
the ethics of care and responsibility to illustrate how "a feminism which starts from 'difference' can lead to a renewed conception of morality."
Shapiro, Joan Poliner and Carroll Smith-Rosenberg.
"The
'Other Voices' in Contemporary Ethical Dilemmas: The

Value of the New Scholarship on Women in the Teaching of Ethics." WOMEN'S STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM 12.2 Addresses the need for alternative
(1989): 199-211.
ethics courses which value, among other things, cooperation and caring.
Shogan, Debra. 1988.
CARE AND MOTIVATION.
Toronto: OISE Press,
Focuses around the questions: what does it
mean to care in a moral sense?; how does one become a caring person? "Develops the thesis that care is a form
of motivation, specifically the motivation to bring about the welfare and fair treatment of others." Also
addresses the issue of "how we can cultivate in others the motivation to care."
Shogan, Debra.
"Gender and Moral Agency."
ATLANTIS 13
(Spring 1988): 87-91.
In critiquing Gilligan's work,
argues that different moral situations require distinct moral responses (either justice or care) and finds there may be gender differences in which situation is responded to.
Sichel, Betty A.
"Ethics of Caring and the Institutional
Ethics Committee."
HYPATIA 4 (Summer 1989): 45-56.
Reprinted in Holmes, Helen Bequaert, and Laura M. Purdy, eds. FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICAL ETHICS.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992, 113-123. Argues that ethics committees in health care facilities should adopt the feminine ethics of care.
Sichel, Betty A.
"Women's Moral Development in Search of JOURNAL OF MORAL EDUCATION
Philosophical Assumptions." 14.3 (1985): 149-161.
Questions Gilligan's thesis
that morality is divided on the basis of gender.
SOCIAL RESEARCH 50.3 (Autumn 1983). Entire issue (entitled "Women and Morality") is devoted to responses to Gilligan's work. The articles explore
the nature of the relation between women and morality, although none is about the ethic of care, per se.
Spelman, Elizabeth V. of Virtue."
"The Virtue of Feeling and the Feeling FEMINIST ETHICS.
In Card, Claudia, ed.
Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991, 213-232. Examines the issue of women's treatment (or mistreatment) of each other. Argues that until
feminists consider for whom women have or have not

cared, the ethics of care lacks virtue.
Stack, Carol B. Color."
"The Culture of Gender: Women and Men of
SIGNS: JOURNAL OF WOMEN IN CULTURE AND SOCIETY Reprinted in Larrabee, Mary
11 (Winter 1986): 321-324. Jeanne, ed.
Responds to Gilligan's findings from
an African-American perspective, pointing out that a consideration of history, race, and class would result in additional moral "voices."
Stocker, Michael.
"Duty and Friendship: Toward a Synthesis In Kittay,
of Gilligan's Contrastive Moral Concepts." Eva Feder, and Diana T. Meyers, eds. THEORY.
WOMEN AND MORAL
Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, 1987, 56-68.
Uses friendship as a test case to demonstrate that care and duty are conjoined in a unitary morality.
Thompson, Audrey.
"Friendship and Moral Character: Feminist In PHILOSOPHY OF
Implications for Moral Education."
EDUCATION 1989: PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION SOCIETY. Normal,
Ill: The Society, 1990, 61-75.
Argues that
"friendship as illuminated by feminist theory and by the feminine ethics of care offers insight into conceptions of character and responsibility."
Tomm, Winnifred.
"Gender Factor or Metaphysics in a EXPLORATIONS: JOURNAL FOR Critical
Discussion of Ethics."
ADVENTUROUS THOUGHT 6 (Fall 1987): 5-24. response to Noddings.
Tomm, Winnifred.
"Theories of Human Nature in Spinoza, ATLANTIS 13 (Spring 1988):
Vasubandhu, and Feminism." 66-74.
"Dialogue between feminist ethics and the
ethics of Spinoza and Vasubandhu may lead to...a holistic theory of human nature in which obligation and caring are inseparable manifestations of selfexpression."
Tronto, Joan C. Care."
"Beyond Gender Difference to a Theory of Reprinted in
SIGNS 12.4 (1987): 644-663.
AN ETHIC OF CARE: FEMINIST New York:
Argues that the discourse
about an ethic of care should center around its adequacy as a moral theory rather than gender difference.
Tronto, Joan C.
MORAL BOUNDARIES: A POLITICAL ARGUMENT FOR New York: Routledge, forthcoming Demonstrates that "care cannot be a
AN ETHIC OF CARE. (December 1993).
useful moral and political concept until its traditional and ideological associations as a 'women's morality' are challenged... Urges readers to understand the
constraints of thinking about care in terms of traditional moral boundaries, and to understand its political significance."
Tronto, Joan C.
"Political Science and Caring:, Or, the WOMEN & POLITICS
Perils of Balkanized Social Science." 7 (Fall 1987): 85-97.
Investigates an historical
antecedent to the ethic of care which calls into question the unique connection between women and caring and suggests how political scients might look at the issue of care.
Waithe, Mary Ellen.
"Twenty-three Hundred Years of Women
Philosophers: Toward a Gender Undifferentiated Moral
Theory."
In Brabeck, Mary M., ed.
WHO CARES?
THEORY,
RESEARCH, AND EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ETHIC OF CARE. New York: Praeger, 1989, 3-18. Examines the
ethic of care within an historical context and argues that the writings of early women philosophers suggest the possibility of joining justice and care within an undifferentiated moral philosophy.
Wilson, Leslie.
"Is a 'Feminine' Ethic Enough?"
ATLANTIS 13
(Spring 1988): 15-23.
Argues for a feminist "re-
vision" of the notion of caring to ensure it does not contribute to the oppressive social system of patriarchy.
Compiled by Virginia Dudley January 1994
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Wisconsin Bibliographies in Women's Studies: Feminist Perspectives on the Ethic of Care (Dudley, 1994)

Feminist Perspectives on the Ethic of Care (Dudley, 1994)

FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES ON THE ETHIC OF CARE: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

other hand, is an expression of autonomy.

approach to morality and an ethic of rights and justice as a "male" approach.

distinguished from a justice orientation?

either of these moral 'voices' related to gender?

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express a theoretical point of view.

Auerbach, Judy, et al. Different Voice.'" 149-162.

"Commentary on Gilligan's 'In a FEMINIST STUDIES 11 (Spring 1985):

Warns that certain ambiguities in

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"The Need for More Than Justice."

Hanen, Marsha, and Kai Nielsen, eds. AND FEMINIST THEORY.

Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Calgary: University of Calgary Discusses Gilligan's perspective

supplementary volume 13. Press, 1987, 41-56.

"What Do Women Want in a Moral Theory?" Reprinted in Larrabee,

NOUS 19.1 (March 1985): 53-63. Mary Jeanne, ed.

AN ETHIC OF CARE: FEMINIST AND New York: Routledge,

INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES. 1993, 19-32.

Argues that a moral theory which

care on the development of social work, nursing, and

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Bartlett, Elizabeth Ann.

in the Ethics of Albert Camus." and Susan Coultrap-McQuin, eds.

Bebeau, Muriel J. and Mary Brabeck.

"Ethical Sensitivity and

Authors work involves

They see the ethic of care, not as a

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Blum, Lawrence A. Moral Theory."

Reprinted in Larrabee, Mary Jeanne, ed.

"Moral Judgment: Theory and Research on DEVELOPMENT

Reprinted in Larrabee, Mary

AN ETHIC OF CARE: FEMINIST AND New York: Routledge,

INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES. 1993, 33-48.

Contrasts Gilligan's and Kohlberg's

Brabeck, Mary M., ed.

THEORY, RESEARCH, AND New

EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ETHIC OF CARE. York: Praeger, 1989.

An anthology which "brings

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The question 'who cares?' is addressed

Bureau, Lucille Roy.

"La critique feministe du domaine RESOURCES FOR A

moral: vers un nouveau paradigme."

FEMINIST RESEARCH 20 (Spring/Summer 1991): 43-47.

"Justice, Care, Gender Bias."

PHILOSOPHY 85 (September 1988): 451-463.

Card, Claudia. 101-108.

"Caring and Evil."

HYPATIA 5 (Spring 1990):

Discusses deficiencies in Noddings's care

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VIRTUES AND MORAL LUCK.

Working Papers, Madison,

Institute for Legal Studies, series 1, no. 4.

Cohen, Cheryl H. Politics."

of care within the broader context of feminist ethics. Extensive bibliography.

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"Toward an Ecological Ethic of Care." Proposes "a