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RM Bridge Modeler User Guide This document is an integral part of the program package RM Bridge. Duplication and dissemination is only allowed with explicit permission of Bentley Systems, Incorporated. 2008, Bentley Systems, Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
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Contents I
Contents
1 General Information ............................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7.1 2.7.2 2.8 2.9 2.10 3 3.1 3.2 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1-1 Program Start ................................................................................................. 1-1 Input Conventions .......................................................................................... 1-2 Definitions ..................................................................................................... 1-3 Bridge Axes ............................................................................................... 1-3 Segments .................................................................................................... 1-3 Cross-Sections ........................................................................................... 1-5 Parts ........................................................................................................... 1-5 Variables .................................................................................................... 1-8 Program Version, Project Directory .............................................................. 2-2 General Toolbar ............................................................................................. 2-2 Navigation Panel ............................................................................................ 2-3 Unit Control ................................................................................................... 2-3 Axis, Cross-Section and Segment List Windows .......................................... 2-3 Edit Functions ................................................................................................ 2-4 Zoom functions .............................................................................................. 2-4 Icons ........................................................................................................... 2-5 Free-Hand Symbols ................................................................................... 2-5 Modeling Functions ....................................................................................... 2-5 Recalculation Functions ................................................................................. 2-6 File Functions ................................................................................................ 2-6 Introduction .................................................................................................... 3-1 Toolbar for Horizontal Axis Construction ..................................................... 3-1
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RM Bridge Modeler User Guide 3.3 4 4.1 4.2 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.7.1 5.7.2 5.7.3 5.8 5.8.1 5.8.2 5.9 5.9.1 5.9.2 5.10 5.11 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 7 7.1 7.2 7.2.1
Contents II
3D Points........................................................................................................ 3-2 Introduction .................................................................................................... 4-1 Toolbar for Vertical Axis Construction ......................................................... 4-2 Introduction .................................................................................................... 5-1 Construction Line (CL) Toolbar .................................................................... 5-3 Variables and Cross-Section Input ................................................................ 5-6 Part, Formula and Point Lists ........................................................................ 5-6 Layers............................................................................................................. 5-6 Cross-Section Lock ........................................................................................ 5-7 Element Definition ......................................................................................... 5-7 Icons ........................................................................................................... 5-7 Individual Mesh Refinement ..................................................................... 5-9 Copying Elements ...................................................................................... 5-9 Link Segments ............................................................................................. 5-11 Principles ................................................................................................. 5-11 Link Segment Cross-Section ................................................................... 5-12 Reference Points .......................................................................................... 5-13 Icons ......................................................................................................... 5-13 Local Mesh Refinement ........................................................................... 5-13 Dimension Line............................................................................................ 5-15 Import and Management of Cross-Sections................................................. 5-15 Introduction .................................................................................................... 6-1 Expressions and Tables .................................................................................. 6-1 Formula Input Window .................................................................................. 6-3 Introduction .................................................................................................... 7-1 Further Functions in the Segment Management Window .......................... 7-3 Connections between two nodes ................................................................ 7-4
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RM Bridge Modeler User Guide 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 8
Contents III
Modelling Supports with Spring Elements ................................................ 7-7 Cross members ......................................................................................... 7-10 Copying Segments or Sequences ................................................................. 7-14 Copying Complete Segments................................................................... 7-14 Copying Sequences of a Segment ............................................................ 7-14 Existing FE-Cross-Sections at the Segment Points ..................................... 7-16 Active Segment Point Details ...................................................................... 7-16 Stay cable input ............................................................................................ 7-17 Segment Type Free Pier ........................................................................... 7-17 Link Segments ............................................................................................. 7-17
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Contents IV
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General Information
1.1 Introduction
Every structural analysis is based on mathematical models. The quality of the answers gained from such models depends strongly on the quality of the approximations and generalizations that underlie each particular model. Such approximations are necessary to describe geometric properties and the resistance behavior of structures among others. The Modeler of RmBridge (formerly geometric preprocessor GP) was invented in order to achieve high accuracy in describing the geometry of bridges. The RmBridge Modeler is a geometric pre-processor for the definition of structural bridge systems. It supports the construction of road axes in both plan view and elevation and generates structural information for bridges along such road axes. Powerful interactive tools allow the definition of cross-sections for these bridges. The Modeler transforms the individual axes together with the associated cross-sections into a structural database and makes this information available for analysis in RmBridge. Describing general concepts and the basic program functions is the aim of this Modeler User Guide. Detailed input descriptions are given through online help texts by pressing the <F1> -button. They are not repeated in this book. The input follows some basic rules, which comply with most Windows applications. The database of the Modeler is part of the RmBridge database. However, it consists of files (gpdata*.gp9) which are separate from the actual analysis database (db-*.rm9) of RmBridge. The Modeler database is stored in the RmBridge project directory in parallel tot he analysis database. The file management is either done by respective functions in the Modeler or by Windows applications such as the Windows Explorer. General bridge modeling concepts are discussed in the RmBridge Analysis User Guide.
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and shows the current calculation model. The navigation window remains unchanged, only the sub-functions of the Modeler are presented in addition to the RmBridge analysis functions. Any already defined axes are directly presented in the graphics window when the Modeler is started. An empty window appears if no axes have yet been defined. The respective icons for defining or modifying axes are arranged at the left edge of the graphics window. The user can switch to the other functions of the Modeler, e.g. crosssection definition or segment definition, by selecting the respective function in the navigation tree. On selecting the exit button ( -Icon) or any other RmBridge function outside the modeler, the program leaves the Modeler level and returns to the RmBridge analysis level (without automatic update of the RmBridge analysis model). The analysis model update is performed by pressing the Remodel button replacing in the Modeler the RmBridge Recalc button (see section 2.1 and chapter 8).
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Arrow Check box Radio button Input field Button Selective list Icon or Button
1.4 Definitions
1.4.1 Bridge Axes In many instances the precise geometry of a bridge must be derived from a known road or railway axis. The RmBridge Modeler provides all the necessary functions to enter such axes and to use them as a basis for all ensuing modeling operations. The distance measured along an axis is called station. An axis in plan view is defined by straight lines and arcs which can be connected by spiral-shaped curves called spirals. In elevation, an axis is given by a series of straight lines, arcs and parabolas. The combination of the information from the two views defines the three-dimensional position of the axis. 1.4.2 Segments Segments identify components of a bridge and group logical units together within a bridge (e.g. bridge girders, piers, cross beams). Segments are partitioned by segmentpoints. Segments are either related to an axis (master segments) or depend on the geometry and position of specified segment-points in other segments (slave segments) (Figure 2).
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Supports Bridge
Pylon
Cross beams
Main girders
Piers Axis Slave reference line Axis Slave origin Master segment (main girders)
Figure 2 - Master segments and slave segments
Structural points
Segments are connected at segment-points. The slave origin specifies the position of the reference line for the slave segment. The connection point(s) specify the position of the physical connection between segments. These connections in the structural model are usually made with eccentric spring elements with a physical length of zero. Each segment-point becomes a node in RmBridge and structural elements are generated between each two neighboring nodes within a segment for the analysis in RmBridge.
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Segment points
Segment point (master) Slave origin Connection points Segment point slave
Eccentric connections
Spring elements
1.4.3 Cross-Sections Cross-sections of segments are modeled with cross-section elements (Figure 4). These three and four-sided elements are used in RmBridge to compute all relevant crosssection properties. Certain reference points within the cross-section such as reinforcement-points, stress check points, connection points, temperature points or geometry points can be identified during the cross-section input sequence in the Modeler.
Segment points
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 22 22 2 2
Part numbers
1111
1.4.4 Parts Cross-sections can be split into parts. Each part consists of a number of cross-section elements or, alternatively, a number of other parts (Figure 4, Figure 5). These parts can be referenced to create a multiple series of structural elements within a single segment.
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Parts can also be used to define composite action within a beam, consisting of two to eight parts (Figure 6).
Composite section (cross-section C=A+ B) Only flange (cross-section B) Only web (cross-section A)
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Modeler: 1 series of segment points 1 part RmBridge: 1 series of structural nodes 1 series of structural elements Modeler: 1 series of segment points 3 parts (A, B, C=A+B) RmBridge: 1 series of structural nodes 3 series of structural elements
B C=A+B (composite) A
Modeler: 1 series of segment points 2 parts (A, B) RmBridge: 2 series of structural nodes 2 series of structural elements
Modeler: 1 series of segment points 12 parts (A-K) RmBridge: 4 series of structural nodes 12 series of structural elements
B C=A+B F=D+E
H I=G+H
K L=J+K
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Certain geometric parameters may vary along an axis according to simple mathematical rules (e.g. variations in cross-sections (Figure 7), distance of lanes from the main axis). These rules, or functions, can be entered and referenced in the relevant input sequences.
t=f(station)
H=f(station)
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General Toolbox
Pull-down navigation
export/
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TDV Setup: Defaults for input and output language, text editors and color definitions can be entered. These specifications are valid for all TDV programs. Terminate the current session and restart the program to activate changes in these definitions. Print/Plot a File: Calls the Windows print function. Program Help: Provides access to the extensive RmBridge online help system (same as shortcut key <F1> ). More detailed help (online manuals) is available with the main menu item Help?. TDF Viewer: This icon allows for viewing reports created in TDF format.
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selected type. Use the functions described in chapter 2.6 to modify the list or click on the object in the list which needs to be activated for the ensuing input actions. Open list of axes: Opens a list of the existing axes, which may be added, modified, or deleted (see chapter 3 and 4). Open list of cross-sections: Opens a list of existing cross-sections, which may be added, modified, deleted, imported, or exported (see chapter 5). Global mesh refinement can be selected here to refine all elements of one cross-section. The edges of the elements are divided by the number of the input value. I.e. if you input 3 for a quadrangle you get 9 elements. Open list of segments: Opens a list of the existing segments, which may be added, modified, or deleted (see chapter 7).
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RM Bridge Modeler User Guide 2.7.1 Icons Full view: Fit the entire project to the screen. Enlarge, Smaller: Zoom into / out of the current plot. Shift left, Shift right: Move the current plot left / right. Shift up, Shift down: Move the current plot up / down. Redraw view: Redraw the current screen. 2.7.2 Free-Hand Symbols
The RmBridge Modeler also recognizes a range of so-called free-hand symbols for different screen manipulations. These functions are available in all graphic windows. The symbols are drawn using the left mouse button while holding down the <Ctrl> button at the same time. The following symbols are available: Smaller: Enlarge the view, picture becomes smaller (zoom out). Enlarge: Scale down the view, picture becomes larger (zoom in). Full: Fit the entire project to the screen. Redraw: Redraw the current plot. Zoom: The line represents the diagonal (to scale) of the required zoom rectangle. Up, Down, Left, Right: Move the plot horizontally or vertically in the direction of the drawn line. Previous: Draw the previous screen. Hardcopy: The actual screen is saved as bitmap (*.bmp) with the current screen solution.
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Open 3D-view: Opens the window for a three-dimensional view of the defined structure. Show ground plan: Pops up the plan view window. (see chapter 3, Plan View Geometry). Show elevation window: Opens the input window for the definition of the axis in vertical view (see chapter 4, Vertical View Geometry). Show cross-section window: Opens the input window for the definition of crosssections (see chapter 5, Cross-Section Definition). Open segment points of current segment: Opens the input window for section points (see chapter 7, Segment Definition). Opens list of formulas and tables: Opens the input window for arithmetic formulas and tables (see chapter 6, Formulas).
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3.1 Introduction
First the axis has to be created in the axis list (see chapter 2.5). Show ground plan: The geometry of an axis is defined by a series of axis elements. In plan view these axis elements are straight lines, spiral curves, arcs, and cubic curves. Spirals connect axis elements with different curvatures. The shape of the spiral is defined by input parameters. An axis must be activated (see 2.5) before any axis elements can be entered. Axis elements can be defined via input windows accessed through the Toolbar for horizontal axis definition (Figure 8). Axis elements are always added at the end of the existing sequence. As soon as an axis element is fully defined it is also plotted on the graphic screen. Once entered, the geometric properties of axis elements can only be modified in the axis list, which can be reached by the toggle button (Switch to list view). However, individual elements can be deleted sequentially starting from the end of the sequence using the delete last axis elementicon and new elements may be defined. This is done by choosing the icon Delete last axis element (see chapter 3.2).
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Append cubic curve to axis: A cubic element is connected to the previous axis element. The input can be done either by radius with start and end radius or curvature with start and end curvature. The curve continues tangentially to the endpoint of the last axis element. Delete last axis element: The undo icon deletes the last axis element in the active axis after this action is confirmed one more time. This action can be repeated to delete further axis segments.
3.3 3D Points
In addition to the axis definition the Modeler allows for defining and managing arbitrary points in space. These points are named objects with the coordinates in space as properties. They can be used in various situations as reference objects (e.g. as start point of Segments). The 3D point management also offers interfaces to other programs with a point database (e.g. road planning software or geodesy programs). They allow taking over points from point lists of other programs or storing such point lists for being used in other programs. Note that the sequence of the coordinate values is X, Z, Y in the RmBridge coordinate system, corresponding to the common sequence in geodesy applications, where X and Y are the coordinate in ground plan and Z indicates the altitude.
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4.1 Introduction
First the axis has to be created in the axis list (see chapter 2.5). Show elevation window: The axis elements to describe the geometry of an axis in elevated view available in the Modeler are straight lines, arcs and parabolas. These axis elements can be entered in two ways: sequentially, or as a tangent polygon to be rounded with parabolas in a further step. Horizontal co-ordinates and distances in these input procedures are always measured along the axis (station). The station range of the axis definition in elevated view may differ from that in plan view. A mouse-click on the corresponding icon in the Modeling functions toolbar (see chapter 2.8, Modeling Functions and Figure 8) activates the input window for the axis in elevation as shown in Figure 9. Please note that an axis must be activated in the Axis management window and that every axis must be defined in all three dimensions, i.e. in plan and elevated view.
Name of the active axis Close window
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Cross-Section Definition
5.1 Introduction
The geometry of cross-sections is defined by connecting intersection points of construction lines (CL). Construction lines are entered using the tools in the CL-toolbar at the top left hand side of the Cross-section input window (Figure 12). Each construction line (CL) is constructed in relation to at least one other construction line or to one of the two default construction lines CL1 and CL2, the two axes of the crosssection. The intersection point of CL1 and CL2 marks the point where the axis intersects the cross-section plane. Each cross-section is partitioned into cross-section elements. A cross-section element is a two-dimensional three or four-sided area enclosed by parts of CL's. All relevant crosssectional properties are computed from this cross-section element mesh, the direction of input has no influence on the result. Adjacent cross-section elements must share corner nodes to ensure correct connectivity in the cross-section element mesh (Figure 10), even across part boundaries. The sides of the cross-section elements must not intersect.
1 2 2
1 2 2
wrong 2
correct 2
Cross-section elements with different properties can be grouped into cross-section parts. Figure 12 shows the connection between CLs, cross-section elements and parts. Certain reference points within the cross-section such as reinforcement-points, stress check points, connection points, temperature points or geometry points can be identified. These points may consist of single points or be integrated in polygons. A solid graphic cursor signifies that an input function is active. Use the <Escape> button to terminate an input sequence and to switch the cursor back to a dashed line type. Please note that a cross-section must be activated in the Cross-section management window. The logic connection between cross-section geometry and segment-points is made at a later point (chapter 7, Segment Definition).
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CL2 CL1
Construction lines
Cross-section elements
Parts
The icons at the top left of the cross-section window are pop out icons, which can be accessed by hitting the right mouse button and choose from the list (Figure 12). There are several possibilities of automatic element mesh refinement: Global mesh refinement: All elements are subdivided automatically (see chapter 2.5). Local mesh refinement: Elements containing a reference point are refined (see chapter 5.9). Individual mesh refinement: An individual refinement of any element can be defined (see chapter 5.7).
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Dimension line
Elongation or shortening of construction lines Zoom functions Status and prompt line Layers Reference sets list Part list Variable list
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Parallel translation along an axis: Generates a CL at a certain distance parallel to an existing CL. The distance is measured parallel to one of the axes (CL1 or CL2) (Figure 13b). Follow the prompts and enter the distance through the formula and parameter list. Parallel translation along a point: Generates a CL at a certain distance parallel to an existing CL. The distance is measured perpendicular to the reference CL starting at a specified point (Figure 13c). Follow the prompts and enter the distance through the formula and parameter list. 2 Intersection points: Click on two existing intersection points of CLs to specify a new CL. Use the trim-functions or to crop the CL or to activate the whole CL. Absolute angle: Click on an existing intersection point of two CLs and generate a new CL with an absolute angle (angle from the horizontal axis anticlockwise) given by the formula and parameter list (Figure 13d). Use the trim-functions or to activate the whole CL or to crop the CL. Angle relative to a base line: Click on an existing intersection point of two CLs, specify one of the two reference CLs as a reference line to generate a new CL at an angle to the reference line given by the formula and parameter list (Figure 13e). Use the trim-functions or to activate the whole CL or to crop the CL. Intersection polygon: This function supports the definition of polygons which serve the same purpose as construction lines. The polygon is defined by a series of CLintersection points and an optional parallel distance given by the formula and parameter list. Parallel translation of a polygon: A polygon parallel to an existing polygon at an orthogonal distance given by the formula and parameter list can be created by this function. Trim polygon: An intersecting CL can trim a polygon. Delete unused construction lines: Deletes all polygons and CLs, which are not referenced by cross-section elements, parts or reference points. Elongation or shortening at begin: Trims the positive side of the active CL at x/y = 0. Use this function again to un-do the trim function. This function also changes the default for new CLs, note the status line. Elongation or shortening at end: Trims the negative side of the active CL at x/y = 0. Use this function again to un-do the trim function. This function also changes the default for new CLs, note the status line. Change side: Switches a parallel or an angle to the other side of the reference CL. A CL must be activated for this function. Change object color: The color of the constructions lines may be changed directly by pressing the icon.
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(a) New CL
(b) New CL
Reference CL
New CL (c)
Reference CL
(d)
(e)
New CL
Reference CL
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5.5 Layers
All the different drawing elements can be defined on different layers to obtain clearly arranged cross-sections. Up to ten layers are possible. The layers window can be opened by clicking on the arrow beside Layers at the bottom left of the window. The active layer may be chosen (only one at a time possible). An unlimited amount of visible ones can be displayed at once.
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Assign shear factors: Shear factors for Qy, Qz, and Mx may be entered. Create stiffener at element edge: This function allows creating bracings at existing cross-section elements easily. Follow the prompts and modify the dimensions of the bracing in the opened input window New element Stiffener (Figure 15). Note: It is not yet possible to combine stiffener with local or individual mesh refinement.
+R (e)
(a)
(c)
linear
curved parabolic
(d) (b)
-R
(f)
Angle 1 Width
Angle 2
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When selecting an element and hitting the Modify-button, an individual mesh refinement can be chosen by selecting a refinement type of the list (Figure 16).
If other border elements exist where edges are parted, the neighboring elements are also refined automatically, corresponding to the prior refined element (see chapter 5.9.2, Local Mesh Refinement). 5.7.3 Copying Elements There are four different possibilities to copy elements within a cross-section. The copied elements depend geometrically on their source elements. If the geometry of the source element is changed, the geometry of the dependent elements changes as well. Construction lines and reference points are not copied. Copy elements to active part: With this function one or more elements of a part can be copied to an active part. The current part (to which the new element should be copied to) has to be activated in the input field for parts. The position of the copied element relative to its active part position is the same as the relative position of the source element to its part position. Elements get copied to the active part by clicking the source elements. Follow the prompts in the command line.
Part position 2 2
Part position 1
1 1
Source element
1
Copied element
2
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Copy elements by mirroring: With this function one or more elements can be mirrored relative to a specified axis. The mirror axis is a chosen construction line.
Source element 1
1 1
1
1
Copied element 1
1
Mirror axis
Source element 2
Copied element 2
Note that after copying, rotating and mirroring elements, the position of the axis (intersection point of construction line 1 and 2) has the desired position in your defined overall cross-section.
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Copy elements by rotation: With this function elements may be copied and rotated about a defined angle (). This angle has to be input in the Variable field as constant or as variable. Choose the centre-point (intersection point at two construction lines). By clicking on a source element it will be copied and rotated about the specified angle. This procedure may be repeated infinitely.
Copied element
1
1
1
Source element
Copy elements by translation: With this function elements can copied and moved along a chosen base line. The required distance in the base line direction has to be input in the Variable field. This can be a constant or a variable, which has been defined before.
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It is necessary to define at least two cross-sections: one for the geometrical definition of the cross-section of e.g. truss girders, and the second to define the cross-section of the link segment beam. It is possible to define different cross-sections at begin and end of every Link segment. The cross-sections of the link segments are easily defined as any other girder. 5.8.2 Link Segment Cross-Section To define the location of the link segments in 3D space you have got to define nodes. The first two dimensions are added in the cross-section window. This is done by adding parts. Open the parts window by clicking on the arrow beside Part: at the bottom of the cross-section window. Then hit the insert icon. Select Cable or Node, depending on what you want to create. For truss girders you have to choose Node. If you choose Cable the link segments that you create is only able to support tensions. After that you have got to define which nodes the link segments are connecting. Create link: This is done by choosing this icon at the top of the cross-section screen. After clicking on two nodes, an input window pops up (You can also double-click on the same node for link segments along the axis!). Here you have to input a name (which you need later in the segment list), 2D location between the created nodes (Parts-you have to take care of the order of your input), the position of the beams of the link segments (You can change the starting and ending location by clicking on the button <Change> - the position of the link segments and the position of the beams can be different!), and the segment point steps (you can imagine it as the third dimension). For every location in space you have to create an own link segment.
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Note: The position of the link segment can be different to the position of the beam itself. Further definition for link segments see chapter 7.8, Link Segment.
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this point is situated is automatically refined. The refinement depends on where the stress check point is located in the element see Figure 21. If the point is in the centre (point 1) the element is refined like the left element in Figure 21. If the point is near to the edge in the centre (point 2) the element is parted like in the centre. If it is near to a corner (point 3) the refined mesh looks like in the picture on the right.
1 2 3
1 3 2
If other border elements exist where edges are parted, the neighbouring elements are refined automatically, corresponding to the prior refined element. In Figure 21 these are the points 2 and 3. The refinement looks as in the Figure 22.
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Opens the cross-section catalogue (Import of a cross section into the current project) Writes selected crosssection to the crosssection catalogue Import of DXF files (AutoCAD)
Figure 23 - Cross-section management window
It is recommended to save your own catalogue into a ASCII-file after modifying it, but dont use the name gpcata_e.dat (English version) in the program directory, because this file will be overwritten by an update or a de-installation of GP. The access to ASCIIinterface of catalogue is possible in the cross-section management window.
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When opening Catalogue Work on catalogue the cross-section catalogue can be managed (see Figure 25). The list on the top left of the opened window shows all existing cross-section groups. With the Edit functions at the top left, new groups can be created and existing groups can be modified or deleted. The list at the bottom of the window contains all cross-sections belonging to the selected group. With the Edit functions at the bottom left, these cross-sections can be copied, modified or deleted. Import from TCL file: Clicking on this button the windows open file dialog for selecting a catalogue-file opens. A pre-defined cross-section catalogue is stored in the current program directory. The selected file is opened in the ASCII import mode. By clicking the left mouse-button while pressing the <Ctrl> -button a cross-section can be marked. With <Apply> the selected cross-section will be copied to the current project. Export to TCL file: This function saves the whole cross-section catalogue into a named TCL file.
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Export cross-section to catalogue: This function offers the possibility to insert a user defined cross-section from the Modeler to the cross-section catalogue. This application is offered in the cross-section input window (Figure 26). A cross-section, to be added to the catalogue, can be assigned either to an existing group or to a new one. In the input field description cross-section specific details can be input. With <Apply> the cross-section is added to the selected group. In the window at the top right the pre-view of the selected cross-section is shown (Figure 26). Import cross-section from AutoCAD file: DXF/DWG formats can be imported to a defined insertion position to the RmBridge Modeler.
Shows the existing crosssections of the selected group Description of the created cross-section Applys a new cross section
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Formulas 6-1
Formulas
6.1 Introduction
Certain geometric parameters may vary along an axis in accordance with certain (mathematical) rules (e.g. variations in the flange depth, distance between two main girders). These rules, or functions, must be taken into account at three different stages during the input in the Modeler (Figure 27). Firstly, the variable parts of a cross-section must be identified as such (see chapter 5.3, Variables and Cross-Section Input). Secondly, the actual rules must be entered. This is the purpose of the functions explained in this chapter. And thirdly, the cross-section parameter must be related to the appropriate mathematical expression, so that the exact position of the variable parts can be computed as functions of the station along a segment.
constant fh(s) fh(s) constant s=a s=b Stations s constant fh(s=a) constant fh(s=b) constant
Figure 27 - Variable flange depth
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Formulas 6-2
Station values sg (global station), sl (local station), sp (segment point number). Constants pi and e. Basic trigonometric functions cos(), sin(), tan(), acos(), asin(), atan(). Please note that all angles are given in radians! Basic exponential and logarithmic functions sqr(), ln(), log(), exp() with (exp(2.5) = e2.5). Logic functions abs(), min(), max, hright(), hleft(), dirac(), diract(). abs(a) gives the absolute value of the argument. min(a,b) gives the smaller value of two arguments. max(a,b) gives the greater value of two arguments. hright(a,b) =1 if a>b, else =0 hleft(a,b) =1 if a<b, else =0 dirac(a,b,eps) =1 if b-eps<a<b+eps, else =0 (Figure 28a). diract(a,b,eps1, eps2) = triangular interpolation (Figure 28b).
dirac() 1 0
eps (a)
diract() 1 0
Mathematical expressions can be entered alphanumerically (e.g. x^2/sg+cos(sg-50)). An internal interpreter converts the expression into station-dependent geometric properties. In many instances it is more practical to enter the station-dependent information for certain known points and to interpolate between these points. For these cases, so-called tables can be generated. Two values need to be entered for each discrete point the station (Var A) and the value of the function at this station (Var B). A number of different interpolation functions are available in the Modeler (constant (Figure 29a), linear (Figure 29b) and three different parabolic functions (Figure 29c-e)). Both, mathematical expressions and tables, can reference other functions both built in or user-defined at a different point in the formula window. The <i> -button brings up a graphic representation of the active table. For expression names only use characters a-z, A-Z in the first position and in addition 0-9 and the symbol _ thereafter. Do not use predefined function names. Note: It is not allowed to use identical names for tables or functions as for existing names of already defined variables.
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Formulas 6-3
(a) b b
(b)
constant b (c)
a b
linear (d)
parabolic 0 b (e)
parabolic 1
parabolic 2
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Formulas 6-4
The Edit functions described in chapter 2.6 (icons at the left side of the window) serve as tools to work on the Mathematical expressions and tables list. The Point edit functions provide access to the Table points of the active table. An active table can be displayed on a separate graphic window by clicking on the <i> button (Figure 30). With the tools at the bottom of the window, one or several tables may be saved or existing tables can be loaded. So, modifying and editing tables is easily done in the text editor. The actual or all defined tables can be saved to a simple ASCII format by clicking the button <Save> respectively <Save all tables> . The ASCII files can be edited, modified and extended. <Load> reads the changed file and updates the listing. Different input types can be selected. <Load all tables> loads all saved tables and overwrites the existing ones. This is a very powerful and easy to handle input facility for tables.
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Segment Definition
7.1 Introduction
Segment information is built from data generated by the functions described in previous chapters. The geometry of segments in longitudinal direction depends on the reference line (or axis for master segments) and in orthogonal directions on the shape of the cross-section. All geometry definitions may be given in terms of formulas. Segment points govern the degree of structural discretization within segments. The structural system for RmBridge, which will be generated from the Modeler data, will have a structural node at each segment point and structural elements between the respective consecutive nodes. Please note that a segment and an axis must be activated in the Segment management window and the Axis management window.
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RM Bridge Modeler User Guide The following segment types are available in the RmBridge Modeler: Main Girder Pier Cable Free Pier Cross Member
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Connection: Defines connections between segments or between a segment and a rigid support point (see chapter 7.2.1, Connections). New sg-table: This function is used to define tables with the functions sg, sl and sp (station dependent functions), which will be assigned to the segment points. The function sg returns the global station at the segment point. The function sl returns the local station at the segment point. Local means that the station at the 1st segment point is 0.0 and the station of all following points are related to the first one. The function sp returns the number of the segment point.
<New sg-table>
Points by reference segment: Segment points related to points of a reference segment can be defined. To each reference point, a point in the current segment will be searched, where their <Points by Ref.-Segment> distance line is positioned normal to the axis of the current segment. Optionally, two different tables may be built and stored in files that consists of the distances between the points and the angles between the cross-sections at the points, respectively. Segment point details: Switch between variable view (variable definition) and parts view (material, numbering and group definition).
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The connection input window (Figure 32) opens on clicking the <Connection> button. Four possibilities are offered: New rigid connection between two segments (e.g. topologic connection of two segments to an overall structure) input by two parts or segment points, New Spring-0 for a connection to the ground from a node of any segment point (spring constants are defined by clicking on <Constants> ), New Spring for a general connection between two segment points and New Abutment as a fast abutment definition.
New Rigid Connection When clicking on this button, a window for detailed input data opens to define a new rigid connection between two segment points (Figure 33). The parts of the crosssections in the existing segments have to be numbered. The respective connection points must have been defined before in the cross-section definition. A beam can have only one rigid connection each at the start as well as at the end.
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New Spring-0 With this function a spring element between an existing connection point (reference point) of a cross-section and the earth (node 0) can be defined. Springs of this type can be connected to a structural node of any segment point. The element number, the spring constants and the direction of the spring have to be specified using the button <Constants> in the input window shown in Figure 34.
New Spring This function opens a window where springs between two connection points in the cross-section can be defined. At least one node of a spring element has to be connected to a structural node. The other node can be situated at a connection point anywhere
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within the cross-section. The element number, the spring constants and the direction of the spring have to be specified using the button <Constants> in this input window.
Select the segmentpoints of the 2-nodespring Select a segment for the spring connection
New Abutment The RmBridge Modeler provides the possibility of a quick and easy abutment definition (standard abutment with 2 bearings).
In most cases the Modeler automatically recognises the corresponding connection points depending on the position of the segment. It is just necessary to enter the element numbers of the springs, modify the spring constants, if necessary, and enter the node
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number where the spring-0 should be connected to. For conventional input see chapter 0.0.0. 7.2.2 Modelling Supports with Spring Elements Supports with a discrete stiffness can be defined by using spring elements. The local orientation of these springs in comparison to the global coordinate system of RmBridge is shown in Figure 37. The Modeler automatically creates the local coordinate system of these spring elements, taking into account the plan angle 2 of the superstructure elements the spring is connected to. The local axis xL of the springs is always oriented in the global YG direction, i.e. the elevation angle 1 will be set to 90. The plan angle 2 will always be zero. The angle will be created as the angle between the global Xaxis and the tangent to the horizontal projection of the respective superstructure axis.
K YG ZG xL yL =0 I zL 1=90 2=0 XG YG ZG
xL yL 1=90 2=0 XG
=90
zL
Figure 37 - Orientation of spring elements, for the final RM Left Hand System
Figure 37 shows the generated axis system for superstructure axes in global x ( = 0) and z (=90) directions. To achieve a consistent logical model of the support spring, the axis, the cross-sections of girder elements, the segment numbering and assignment, and the part numbering and assignment must have been defined before. Note that any angle directly defined by the user will be added to the default angle derived from the superstructure axis direction, i.e. angles entered by the user represent the angle between the superstructure axis direction and the main principal inertia plane of the pier or bearing modeled by the spring. Simple Supports connected to a Structural Node Using the <Connection> -button in the Segment input-window allows for creating a support by selecting New Spring-0. This spring element connects the node 0 (rigid base) with the defined connection point (CP0) of the cross-section at the specified
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segment point. By using the <Constants> -button the stiffness of the spring element can be modified. It must be carefully checked if any rotational stiffness term (CM Y, CMY, CMZ) must be entered in order to avoid torsion freedom of the connected superstructure. Be careful when defining the stiffness because of the local co-ordinate system (Xlocal, Ylocal, Zlocal) differing from the global system (see 7.2.2). The structural length of spring elements is zero per definition with a length of zero. An appropriate eccentric connection from the connection point CP0 to the structural node is generated automatically in the Modeler.
AXIS 1
Xglobal
Zlocal
Ylocal
Definition of a simply supported Pier First, a new segment (slave segment) and a cross-section for the pier have to be defined. In the Segment list window (Figure 8) the name of the segment and the type of the segment Pier have to be entered. The default for the direction of the cross-section of the pier is exactly horizontal. By entering an angle a rotation of the pier about the vertical axis can be defined. With the input of the reference-segment and one connection point, the position of the pier is exactly defined in relation to the main girder. In the Segment point list (Figure 31) the height of the pier and the segment points, which govern the degree of structural discretization within the segment can be entered (the height 0.00 m should be defined at the top of the pier). The master-segment and the slave-segment have to be connected. This function is offered in the Segment input-window of the pier segment. By using the button <Connection> a New spring between the two segments can be created. The input terms are the two segments (seg1, seg2) to be connected, the corresponding segment points and the parts of the cross-sections as well as the number of the element (1105).
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Also the position of the element and the connection points belonging to them (CP0, CP1) are requested in this input window (Figure 39). The connection from the pier to the earth will be defined as a support spring (New spring-0) (see chapter 0.0.0).
node 101 seg1 (master-segment) Spring-element 1105 +0,00 CP1 Length of zero seg2 (slave-segment)
Co-ordinate -system structure (global)
Yglobal
Xglobal
Multiple Bearing/Spring Support Definition A predefined input window of the following definition is described in chapter 0.0.0. First, the required connection points (called in the following CP0, CP1 and CP2) have to be defined in the cross-section window (see chapter 5.9). The connection to the earth will be created with a New spring-0 over the <Connection> -button in the Segment input-window. After the input of the segment points, the element number, the connection point and the Free node number, (1100) the spring can be generated (The connection to Node 0 will be created automatically.). The input of free node number is necessary because otherwise the connection from CP0 would be created directly to the structural node (101) (see chapter 0.0.0). By clicking on the <Constants> -button the corresponding stiffness of the spring (KN/m) as well as a deviation from the direction of the local co-ordinate system can be entered and modified. The connection to the structural node (101) will be defined eccentrically with two spring elements created as New springs. In the input window the segments, the segment points, the start node (1100), the element number (1101, 1102) as well as their element position (CP1, CP2) have to be entered (see Figure 40).
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The structural interpretation of this input sequence is an eccentric connection between node 1100 and node 101. The stiffness of the two piers will be regulated by the spring constants of the spring elements situated in CP1 and CP2.
(spring 1100)
Xglobal
CP0
Node 0
Ylocal
7.2.3 Cross members Cross members are needed for the simulation of transverse structural behaviour of roadway slabs (double T-beams, multiple box-sections.). Two examples are shown in Figure 41 - Examples for cross-member definitions.
Cross-member element Cross-member elements
Part 1
Part 2
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
For a reasonable cross-member definition a minimum of two parts must be defined to be connected by cross-members. Where cross members need to be positioned between two main girders, connection points have to be defined in the respective cross-sections (see chapter 5.9).
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New cross members are constructed like any segment by inserting a new segment and define as segment type Cross member. First, all parameters of one cross member segment is defined and after that it may be copied (see chapter 7.3). The geometry of a cross member is defined by its connection points and the associated parts of the cross-section (Figure 41 - Examples for cross-member definitions). Details about the material as well as the cross-section of the cross member can be defined in the pop-up window after pressing <Additional Parameters> . Assignment of cross-sections to the cross-members
7.2.3..1 Generating tables for b1 and b2
Already defined tables can be assigned to the width of the reference cross-section. If the main-girder elements have different element lengths, with this feature the cross-sections for the cross-members can be created with the corresponding width (the width of the cross members varies with the element length of the main-girder). This requires that the reference cross-section be created with the variable dimensions b1 and b2 (see Figure 42).
7.2.3..2 Use of the function _hdp (half distance between two segment points)
The width of cross-sections (b1, b2) depends on the adjacent element lengths before and after segment points of the main-girder (b1=L1/2, b2=L2/2) (see also chapter 0.0.0). Instead of assigning tables with the corresponding width of the cross section, there is also the possibility to assign the function _hdp(-1) and _hdp(1). When using these functions, the program automatically calculates the width of the cross-sections from the adjacent half girder element length for generating the appropriate cross-sections. The expression _hdp(-1) delivers the half element length before the segment point and _hdp(1) the adjacent half element length after the segment point. This expression can be combined also with formulas and other expressions. Note, that for arranging the cross-sections at the correct position, the eccentricity check boxes (Y, Z) have to be clicked in the input field of the crossmember definition.
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The following example shows a general view of a double T-beam. The plotted cuboids represent a cross-member element, which is connected at two defined connection points between two series of longitudinal girders.
Li bi
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Note that in the Modeler GUI cross-sections are generally presented as views against the axis direction. In order to define the eccentric position of crossmember elements properly, they must usually be oriented from the right main girder to the left main girder, e.g. from axis 2 axis 1 as shown in Figure 43 General view of a double T-beam). Position of the cross-section of the cross-member without consideration of the eccentricities:
This means that the drawn cross-section (see Figure 45) will be input at the specified connection points in the middle of the upper edge of the cross-section with b1=b2 =(L1+L2)/2. Position of the cross-section of the cross-member with consideration of the Zeccentricity:
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The cross-section of the cross-member will be inserted according to the defined geometry in z-direction and in y-direction at the upper edge of the cross-section. Position of the cross-section considering both eccentricities (Y, Z): In this case the cross-section will be inserted according to the defined cross-section (see above Figure 45) at the specified connection point.
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The numbering of copied elements and spring elements has to be assigned afterwards by editing subsequently. This guarantees that the user can create the numbering in accordance with his personal ideas.
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must be activated). By double-clicking a line of the variable lists or by pressing the symbol Modify on the left side of the variable lists, the input window for the assignment of expressions opens. By clicking on the desired line and pressing the key <Ctrl> simultaneously (the marked line is highlighted with red color) a new value or table can be assigned in the input field expression directly or selectively by clicking on the arrow-button. To copy variables from begin to the end of the segment or vice versa (left table to the right), select the desired lines of the table and copy the desired expressions from the one table to the other by hitting the <All> or the < > key. Note that if you change tables or formulas, you have to reassign these tables or formulas to the specified variables.
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To define the link segments corresponding to the main girder, press <Link Segments> Create Link Segment at the top of the segment list window. In the popup window you input the link segment name defined in the cross-section window, the points and positions where this link segment shall be created, the activation or deactivation of the link segment (when deactivated, link segments will not be calculated), the position of the link segments - at the begin or at the end of the segment, the cross-sections of the link segment beams, the link segment cross-section plane (normal to cross-section, vertical and horizontal in elevation), and you can insert hinges. Note: Its very useful to control the connections of the link segments with the 3D view window while creating them. After that, you choose Parts and hit the Edit icon on the left side of the segment list window. Here you apply a group, a material and a numbering of the link segment beams (They are named B plus the chosen number).
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If the option Recalculation is selected, the geometric data describing the structure in the Modeler are evaluated in order to be suitable detailed to describe the analysis model. This detailed data can then be directly transferred to the RmBridge analysis database. This concerns in principle the evaluation of all tables and mathematical formulas, and the assignment of the respective numerical values to the individual segment points and elements (see also 2.9). The option Check numbering brings about a proof check whether the numbering of the individual segment points and elements is complete and consistent, and whether a meaningful mathematical model for the structural analysis can be created. If the option Create Model is selected, the proof check of the numbering is in any case performed.
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If the option Create Model is selected, the data of the analysis model are created and stored in the RmBridge analysis database. Additional options govern, whether the existing RmBridge analysis database shall be initialized before inserting the Modeler data, or whether the new data only replace those data of the analysis database, which have been defined in the Modeler database. Other additional options can be set in the <Options> menu. They allow for the data of different object categories (cross-sections, segments, etc) to be excluded or included in the transfer process. This <Options> menu also governs the storage of backup files for saving the current status of the Modeler database. These backup files are TCL files in ASCII format. Different export possibilities are available.
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