UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS FACULTY OF ENGINEERING Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY (ELEC 1033Y(1))

Experiment 1033.7: Angular Displacement Measurement And Temperature Detection 1. Objectives: (i) To investigate the operation of a potentiometer type angular displacement sensor, and (ii) To implement a signal conditioning circuit for detecting a threshold temperature limit. 2. Procedure 2.1 Angular Displacement Potentiometer Characteristics In this experiment, it is required to obtain the variation of the output voltage available from an angular displacement sensor, connected to its signal conditioning circuit. The effect of the load resistance on the non-linearity of the measurement system is also investigated.

(i) Make sure the power supply provided is switched off, with its voltage control knob in the zero position (fully anticlockwise). (ii) Construct the circuit shown in Figure 1(a), using RL = 1 k. Follow the pin-out of the angular displacement sensor in Figure 1 (b), when constructing circuit.

A
Angular displacement sensor

+ -

A Vs 5V C
Load

C B VCB (b)

RL (a)

Figure 1(a) Connections to sensor, (b) Pin indications of sensor (Top view)
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CAUTION: Have your circuit checked before switching on the power supply

(iii) Switch on the power supply and adjust the supply voltage to 5 V. (iv) Connect a digital voltmeter across the load terminals. (v) Turn the knob of the angular position sensor fully anticlockwise, corresponding to an angular displacement of 00. Verify that the voltmeter reads 0V. (vi) Increase the angular displacement () in 200 steps up to the maximum displacement, and record the output voltage, VCB, for each setting. Tabulate the readings. (vii) Switch off the power supply. Replace the load by a 10 k resistor. (viii) Switch on the power supply and repeat step (vi). (ix) Switch off the circuit and remove the 10 k resistor. The load terminals are now open-circuited, corresponding to a value of R L = . (x) Switch on the power supply and repeat step (vi). (xi) Switch off the power supply and disconnect the sensor from the circuit. (xii) Using a digital ohmmeter, measure and record the value of sensor resistance between terminals A and B. (xiii) Measure and record the value of sensor resistance between terminals B and C (RCB ) for angular displacements, , from 00 to maximum, in steps of 200. Tabulate the readings.

2.2 Temperature Detection Using A Thermistor In this experiment it is required to implement signal-conditioning circuitry so as to detect the condition where temperature falls below a given limit. When the condition is detected, the circuit causes a Light Emitting Diode (LED) to light up.

(i) Make sure the power supply provided is switched off, with its voltage control knob in the zero position (fully anticlockwise). (ii) Construct the circuit shown in Figure 2(a). Follow the pin-out provided in Figure 2(b) for the uA741 OP AMP, when constructing circuit.

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+ 15 V 4.7 k VT Vref Thermistor 2 4.7 k 4.7 k 3 7 + uA741 4 6 4.7 k uA 741 LED Notch 1 (a) 2 (b) 3 4 8 7 6 5

Figure 2(a) Temperature Detector Circuit, (b) Pin layout of uA741 Integrated Circuit

CAUTION: Have your circuit checked before switching on the power supply

(iii) Switch on the power supply and adjust the supply voltage to 15 V. (iv) Using a digital voltmeter, measure the voltage Vref, between terminal 2 and ground. Also measure the voltage VT, between terminal 3 and ground. (v) Make sure that the thermistor is taped against the outer wall of the beaker provided. (vi) Fill the beaker provided with hot water, and measure the water temperature with a mercury thermometer. (vii) As the water cools, measure and record its temperature (T) in steps of about 5 0C down to room temperature, as well as the corresponding value of VT. Also note the status of the Light Emitting Diode (LED) for each reading. Tabulate the readings. (viii) Record the water temperature at which the LED turns on, and the corresponding value of VT. If necessary, add hot or cold water gradually to adjust the water temperature for obtaining the point of transition form OFF to ON of the LED.

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3. Results 3.1 Angular displacement sensor (i) From the tables recorded in Section 2.1(vi), draw, on the same axes, graphs of VCB against for values of RL = 1 k, RL = 10 k and R L = . (ii) For each graph, determine the maximum non-linearity in the output voltage as a percentage of full-scale output. (iii) From the table recorded in Section 2.1(xiii), draw a graph of sensor resistance, RCB, against . Hence determine the maximum non-linearity of the sensor resistance as a percentage of full-scale resistance.

3.2 Temperature detector (i) From the table recorded in Part 2.2(vii), draw a graph of VT against T. (ii) On the graph, mark the point where the LED changes status.

4. Questions (i) Comment on the shape of the graphs obtained in Section 3.1(i), and show mathematically how they are affected by the load resistance. (ii) Explain the effect of the load resistance on the maximum non-linearity in the output voltage in Section 3.1(ii). (iii) Explain the shape of the graph obtained in Section 3.1(iii), and about the sensor non-linearity. (iv) Comment on the graphs obtained in Section 3.2(i), and explain the variation of the thermistor voltage with the water temperature. (v) Explain whether the water temperature and the thermistor temperature are similar. (vi) What is the temperature below which the LED turns ON? Compare the voltage at which the LED is ON with the measured voltage, Vref. (vii) Show how the circuit can be modified so that the LED turns ON below a higher threshold temperature than that stated in Part 4(vi). (viii) Show how the circuit can be modified so that the LED turns ON when temperature exceeds the threshold temperature stated in Part 4(vi) (i.e. over-temperature detection). (ix) State typical applications for the circuits in Figures 1(a) and 2(a).

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